Talk:Main Page

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      <text bytes="31785" sha1="haj3qyk6v77g0flr7owfe06u35hrc1r" xml:space="preserve">== Request for Admin ==
Hello everybro, as ebe me wey I start de Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for be de admin so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa

* Hello everyone, as I started the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can be the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to be an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, support new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much
''You go fi support me for here ''

'''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 17:47, 6 July 2023 (GMT)

:[[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[User talk:Ibn Dagara|talk]]) 22:15, 17 October 2023 (GMT)
I strongly support [[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]])

==Support==
#[[User:NanaYawBotar|NanaYawBotar]] ([[User talk:NanaYawBotar|talk]]) 18:00, 6 July 2023 (GMT)
# [[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 18:54, 6 July 2023 (GMT)
# [[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]] ([[User talk:Gyanford|talk]]) 19:27, 6 July 2023 (GMT)
#[[User:Cornelius Agordome|Cornelius Agordome]] ([[User talk:Cornelius Agordome|talk]]) 11:05, 10 July 2023 (GMT)
#[[User:Amuzujoe|Amuzujoe]] ([[User talk:Amuzujoe|talk]]) 21:39, 10 July 2023 (GMT)
# [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 18:27, 19 July 2023 (GMT)
# [[User:Azorbli|Azorbli]] ([[User talk:Azorbli|talk]])
# [[User:MartinezYA|MartinezYA]] ([[User talk:MartinezYA|talk]]) 05:51, 18 October 2023 (GMT)
#[[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]])

== Support ==

support [[Special:Contributions/197.210.76.72|197.210.76.72]] 13:56, 14 August 2023 (GMT)

== Support ==

support [[User:Umargana1|Umargana1]] ([[User talk:Umargana1|talk]]) 13:58, 14 August 2023 (GMT)

== Update links from Incubator to local ==

Some links on the FA blurb are still external to the incubator project. (Also, if we could get some more templates and modules imported from enwiki, like [[:en:Template:Documentation]], that would be great. Maybe we can raise it on Meta so someone with more experience can import/recreate them with dependencies?). [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 19:32, 23 August 2023 (GMT)

:Also, the page is using a Portuguese map, instead of the English file: [[:File:Ghana Regions map.png]] [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 19:35, 23 August 2023 (GMT)
::Thanks for the observation [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:43, 2 September 2023 (GMT)

== Request to continue Adminship ==
Hello everybro, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go continue be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for continue de adminship so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa

* Hello everyone, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can continue being the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to continue being an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, supporting new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much
''You go fi support me for here ''
'''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:41, 13 October 2023 (GMT)
===Support===
# [[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[User talk:Ibn Dagara|talk]]) 22:15, 17 October 2023 (GMT)
#[[User:Azorbli|Azorbli]] ([[User talk:Azorbli|talk]])
# [[User:MartinezYA|MartinezYA]] ([[User talk:MartinezYA|talk]]) 05:51, 18 October 2023 (GMT)
# [[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]])
#[[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 14:01, 19 October 2023 (GMT)
# [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 06:23, 22 October 2023 (GMT)

== Ghana Month Edit-a-thon ==

Dear Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia Community,

We are excited to announce a month-long initiative aimed at enhancing gender representation on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. This project, organized by the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikimedians Community, seeks to address the underrepresentation of notable female personalities on our platform.

Project Objectives:

1. To increase the visibility and representation of Ghanaian women on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia.

2. To create a more inclusive and diverse portrayal of Ghanaian history and culture.

3. To engage the community in actively contributing to articles related to notable female personalities.

Planned Activities:

1. Editing Workshops: Hands-on workshops to teach participants how to contribute and edit articles on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. Guidance on creating and improving articles related to notable female personalities in Ghana.

2. Panel Discussions: Featuring gender activists, notable female personalities, and Wikimedians. Discussing the importance of gender representation and its impact on knowledge diversity.

3. Content Creation Competition: A friendly competition encouraging participants to create or improve Wikipedia articles. Incentives such as awards, certificates, or recognition for outstanding contributions.

4. Outreach Events: Awareness campaigns at media stations with urban reach using Ghanaian Pidgin. Emphasizing that Ghanaian Pidgin is a written language, encouraging public participation.

5. Closing Ceremony: An in-person event at the end of the month to celebrate achievements. Showcasing edited articles, sharing success stories, and expressing gratitude to participants.

Significance of the Project:
Gender representation is a crucial aspect of creating a comprehensive and diverse narrative. By actively participating in this initiative, you contribute to breaking gender stereotypes and fostering a more inclusive portrayal of Ghanaian history and achievements. Your involvement is instrumental in making a positive impact on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia community.

How You Can Participate:

Join our WhatsApp group for regular updates and discussions.
Follow us on X (formerly Twitter) for real-time updates and engagement ([https://twitter.com/Ghpidginwiki @Ghpidginwiki]) .
Register for upcoming events using Wikimedia Event Registration tools.

Let's come together as a community to make a meaningful change. Your participation matters!

Thank you for your support and commitment.

Best regards,

[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:54, 14 January 2024 (GMT)

== Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience ==

{{int:Hello}} Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedians!

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know about our plans to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. For this, our team would want you to read about the tool and test it so you can:

* Give us your feedback

* Ask us questions

* Tell us how to improve it.

Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it.

'''Background information'''

[[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and provide feedback to make it better.

[https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will:

* Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones.

* Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device.

Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since it has a Content Translation tool enabled by default.

We plan to enable the tool by 15th of February 2024, if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats:

* As a reply to this message

* On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]].

'''Try the tool'''

Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;from=en&amp;to=gpe&amp;sx=true#/sx our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:trv:Special:ContentTranslation|https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve.

'''Provide feedback'''

Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on:

* The tool

* What you think about our plans to enable it

* Your ideas for improving the tool.

Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback.

[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 05:26, 31 January 2024 (GMT) On behalf of the WMF Language team.

:Thanks for this message and we are grateful the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia has been selected to try this new feature. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:09, 1 February 2024 (GMT)

== Flower of the month ==

[[File:Chrysothemis_pulchella_̠11.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Chrysothemis pulchella&lt;/center&gt;]]
Dear all.

For your huge efforts on Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia I want to award you with the [[:als:Wikipedia:Blueme vum Monet|Flower of the month]].

Best regards, --[[User:Holder|Holder]] ([[User talk:Holder|talk]]) 06:00, 8 March 2024 (GMT)

:We appreciate you @[[User:Holder|Holder]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:55, 8 March 2024 (GMT)

== Request to continue Adminship ==

Hello everybro, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go continue be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for continue de adminship so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa

* Hello everyone, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can continue being the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to continue being an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, supporting new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much

''You go fi support me for here ''
'''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:05, 11 October 2024 (GMT)

:Carry on plus the good job, adey throw my support give you. [[Special:Contributions/154.161.146.186|154.161.146.186]] 01:43, 12 October 2024 (GMT)

==== Support ====
*[[User:Heatrave|Heatrave]] ([[User talk:Heatrave|talk]]) 11:26, 11 October 2024 (GMT)
*Bro dey for long on Wikipedia top n so he get more knowledge on it top, I dey support am strongly [[User:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[User talk:Ruky Wunpini|talk]]) 11:48, 11 October 2024 (GMT)
*yh we dey give you total support. [[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 13:15, 11 October 2024 (GMT)
*I Dey support DaSupremo. Eve hard working and he Dey do the job well.  [[Special:Contributions/154.160.6.233|154.160.6.233]] 14:46, 11 October 2024 (GMT)
*[[User:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[User talk:Zakaria Tunsung|talk]]) 00:55, 13 October 2024 (GMT)
*I dey support Supremo for dis role [[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]]
*Adey support DaSupremo for dis role sake of he be the co-founder wey he sana be experienced editor [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]]

== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia  ==

{{Int:Hello}} Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team.  [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 03:28, 23 October 2024 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], thanks for reaching out and thanks for considering the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia for this feature. I will share this info on our WhatsApp page for others' valuable contribution. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:41, 23 October 2024 (GMT)
::Hello [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]],
::Thank you for responding to this message. We will go ahead and enable the feature since there are no objections to having it in your Wiki. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 22:59, 6 November 2024 (GMT)
:::Noted with thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 23:11, 6 November 2024 (GMT)

== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.
Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. 

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:55, 13 March 2025 (GMT)
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== Our Digi Rights Edit-a-thon ==

Hello everyone! Our Digi Rights Edit-a-thon be project wey dey seek make e amplify youth voices den dey enhance civic engagement insyd a secure digital space by make we create den improve content on Wikipedia den Wikidata. De focus regions dey include de Sahel region, neighbouring West Africa, den de Horn of Africa.

We go contribute to bridging content gaps on topics such as de African Union Convention on Cybersecurity and Personal Data Protection, e-democracy, digital mobilisation insyd social movements, SDG16, freedom of expression, den human rights. Additionally, de initiative go highlight de roles of governments, NGOs, den grassroots organisations wey dey address censorship, surveillance, den online disinformation insyd Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, den Togo

You fi join dis campaign for dis link top: (https://w.wiki/EWvG). Thanks waa [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 08:51, 19 June 2025 (GMT)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:35, 6 January 2026 (GMT)
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== Annual review of de Universal Code of Conduct den Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I dey wrep to you make you know say dem now gbele de annual review period give de Universal Code of Conduct den Enforcement Guidelines. You fi make suggestions for changes thru 9 February 2026. Dis be de first step of chaw dem go take for de annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information den find a conversation to join on de UCoC page for Meta top]].

De [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) be a global group dem dedicate to providing an equitable den consistent implementation of de UCoC. Na dem plan den implement dis annual review by de U4C. For more information den de responsibilities of de U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you fi review de U4C Charter]].

Please share dis information plus oda members insyd your community werever else wey fi be appropriate.

-- In cooperation plus de U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:01, 19 January 2026 (GMT)
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== Re-using references with different details – introducing Sub-referencing ==

[[File:Sub-referencing re-use + RefPreview.png|thumb|Sub-referencing: Example]]
Hi, I’m Johannes from WMDE’s [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Sorry for writing in English, please support us by translating this message!

We’ve been working on a new feature to improve re-using references with different details: '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]]'''. We’ve deployed the feature to German-language Wikipedia four months ago. After iterating on the initial feedback we’re ready to rollout sub-referencing to additional wikis. 

'''What to expect?'''

You will notice footnotes like [1.1] in Wikipedia articles, if citations are used with different details (e.g. different page numbers) using sub-references. We are implementing a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-held community wish]]: Many Wikipedia articles currently contain references that are almost identical but differ in details such as the page number. This leads to cluttered reference lists which make it harder for readers to quickly assess how many different sources have been used. And unlike with [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references in wikitext and VisualEditor|identical reuses]], re-using references with different details [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references with different details in wikitext|previously required duplicating the reference]], which led to longer wikitext and – [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references with different details in VisualEditor|especially in VisualEditor]] – also to more time expenditure.

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] solves these issue: We are adding a new [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#In wikitext|wikitext attribute]] &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;details=&quot;...&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; – similar to the existing attribute &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ref name=&quot;...&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#In VisualEditor|VisualEditor users]] can use the &quot;add details&quot; button to insert sub-references. You can find detailed instructions [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our project page]]. We also [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published a report]] about our learnings on the first three months of sub-referencing on German Wikipedia which you might find interesting.

'''Deployment'''

We’ll likely deploy sub-referencing to this project on February 17. Please let me know if you have any questions. We look forward to your feedback on the new feature, either on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|our discussion page]], my [[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|user talk page]], or as a reply to this post.

Best regards from the Technical Wishes team --[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 15:34, 3 February 2026 (GMT)

:Today we've deployed [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing]] to gpewiki. Please let us know if you notice any issues or if you have suggestions on how to improve the feature. We’re already [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings#Further deployments and our next steps|working on some ideas]] like improving the reader’s view if there are lots of sub-references in the same article. You can find more information about the feature and how to re-use references with different details using sub-references in VisualEditor and Wikitext in the announcement above or on [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|our project page]].
::
:Some suggestions: We are using a [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] for pages using sub-referencing to quickly identify any issues with the new feature. You can change the category name via [[MediaWiki:Cite-tracking-category-ref-details]]. You might want to create the category page (currently [[:Category:Pages that use sub-references]]) using &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__HIDDENCAT__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to hide it from the default reader’s view (see [[:d:Q129764848]]).
::
:You could also consider creating local versions of [[MediaWiki:Cite-ve-dialog-subreference-help-dialog-link]] and [[MediaWiki:Cite-ve-dialog-subreference-help-dialog-link-ve]] to point directly at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|translated versions of our project page]] (if existing – or link to local help pages on sub-referencing if the community creates them). The default ''Special:MyLanguage'' links to our metawiki project page unfortunately won't work properly for logged-out editors and will always lead to the English version. Both links are used for VisualEditor users, the first one is displayed in a pop-up when using the &quot;add details&quot; button for the first time, the second link is permanent when using the VE dialogue to add details to a reference.
::
:If you’ve enabled the gadget [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference tooltips]] in your user preferences instead of using the default [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews/sv|Reference Previews]], you [[:phab:T416304#11622766|won’t see the entire sub-reference information]]. We will soon provide guidance to communities on how to update the gadget.
::
:You can use our [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing talk page]] to provide feedback on the new feature – or just reply to this post. Thanks for piloting the feature! [[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 16:23, 24 February 2026 (GMT)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

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Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now in the 2026 U4C election&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (GMT)
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== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 June 2026 (GMT)
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      <sha1>haj3qyk6v77g0flr7owfe06u35hrc1r</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haitian independence debt</title>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Ordenanza_de_emancipación_de_Haití.png|Ordenanza_de_emancipación_de_Haití.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 16 June 2026.</comment>
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De '''Haitian independence debt''' dey involve an 1825 agreement between Haiti den France dat dey include France demanding an indemnity of 150 million francs insyd five annual payments of 30 million to be paid by Haiti insyd claims over property wey include Haitian slaves dat be lost through de Haitian Revolution insyd return for diplomatic recognition.  Haiti be forced to take a loan for de first 30 million, den insyd 1838 France agreed to reduce de remaining debt to 60 million to be paid over 30 years, plus de final payment paid insyd 1883.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forsdick&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forsdick |first1=Charles |date=2013 |title=Haiti and France: Settling the Debts of the Past |journal=Politics and Power in Haiti |pages=141–159 |doi=10.1057/9781137312006_7 |isbn=978-1-349-45710-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=de Cordoba|first=Jose|date=2004-01-02|title=Impoverished Haiti Pins Hopes for Future On a Very Old Debt|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107300144534788700|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, ''The New York Times'' estimates dat because of oda loans taken to pay off dis loan, de final payment to debtors be actually insyd 1947. They approximated that in total 112 million francs was paid in indemnity, which when adjusted for the inflation rate would be $560 million insyd 2022, but considering dat if e have been invested insyd de Haitian economy instead, e can be valued at $115 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gamio|first1=Lazaro|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Porter|first3=Catherine|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|last5=McCann|first5=Allison|last6=Apuzzo|first6=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Haiti's Lost Billions|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/05/20/world/americas/enslaved-haiti-debt-timeline.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Méheut|first1=Constant|last2=Porter|first2=Catherine|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Apuzzo|first4=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2025, France dey create a commission to study de impact of de debt France dey impose on Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2025-04-22|title=France’s Debt to Haiti: A Day Late, A Dollar Short - Daily Euro Times|url=https://dailyeurotimes.com/frances-debt-to-haiti-a-day-late-a-dollar-short/|access-date=2025-04-22|website=dailyeurotimes.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Restoration France ein demand of payments insyd exchange for recognizing Haiti ein independence dey deliver to de country by several French warships insyd 1825, twenty-one years after Haiti ein declaration of independence insyd 1804.&lt;ref name=&quot;Francepay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 August 2010|title=France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for &quot;Independence Debt&quot;|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/17/france_urged_to_pay_40_billion|url-status=live|website=Democracy Now!}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why The US Owes Haiti Billions - The Briefest History|url=http://www.africaspeaks.com/reasoning/index.php?topic=8805.0;wap2|website=www.africaspeaks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite several revolutions insyd France after dat date (July Revolution, French Revolution of 1848, Paris Commune), successive governments, be they imperial, monarchist or republican, continued enforcing de debt den coercing Haiti to pay. Haiti had to take a loan insyd 1875 to pay back de final portion of de original loan, den de bank dat benefited most from dis be Crédit Industriel et Commercial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Apuzzo|first1=Matt|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Porter|first4=Catherine|date=2022-05-20|title=How a French Bank Captured Haiti|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/french-banks-haiti-cic.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even after de indemnity be paid, Haiti had to continue paying de oda loans, den de government of de United States funded de acquisition of Haiti ein treasury insyd 1911,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Douglas, Paul H. from ''Occupied Haiti,'' ed. Emily Greene Balch (New York, 1972), 15–52 reprinted in: ''Money Doctors, Foreign Debts, and Economic Reforms in Latin America.'' Wilmington, Delaware: Edited by Paul W. Drake, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; den insyd 1922, de rest of Haiti ein debt be moved to be paid to American investors.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hubert |first=Giles A. |date=January 1947 |title=War and the Trade Orientation of Haiti |journal=Southern Economic Journal |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=276–284 |doi=10.2307/1053341 |jstor=1053341}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The New York Times'' states dat e take until 1947 for Haiti to finally pay off all de associated interest to de National City Bank of New York (now Citibank).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Marquand|first=Robert|date=2010-08-17|title=France dismisses petition for it to pay $17 billion in Haiti reparations|work=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0817/France-dismisses-petition-for-it-to-pay-17-billion-in-Haiti-reparations|access-date=2019-08-31|issn=0882-7729}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2016, de Parliament of France repealed de 1825 ordinance of Charles X, though no reparations have been offered by France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; These debts have been denounced by some historians den activists as responsible for Haiti ein poverty today den a case of odious debt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Catherine|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Apuzzo|first3=Matt|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|date=2022-05-20|title=The Root of Haiti's Misery: Reparations to Enslavers|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|access-date=2022-05-23|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

=== Saint-Domingue colony ===
Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, be de most profitable den productive European colony insyd de world going into de 1800s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McLellan|first=James May|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIxDYmc0c3YC|title=Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue and the Old Regime|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0226514673|edition=reprint|page=63|quote=[...] French Saint Domingue at its height in the 1780s had become the single richest and most productive colony in the world.|access-date=2010-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Alcenat|first=Westenly|title=The Case for Haitian Reparations|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2017/01/haiti-reparations-france-slavery-colonialism-debt/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Jacobin|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; France acquired much of ein wealth by using slaves, plus de slave population of Saint-Domingue alone accounting for forty percent of de entire [[Atlantic slave trade]] by de 1780s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Catherine|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Apuzzo|first3=Matt|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|date=2022-05-20|title=The Root of Haiti's Misery: Reparations to Enslavers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521202042/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|archive-date=2022-05-21|access-date=2024-08-09|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between de years of 1697 den 1804, French colonists brought 800,000 West African slaves to what be then known as Saint-Domingue to work on de vast plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;canada-haiti.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest News &amp;#124; The Canada-Haiti Information Project|url=https://canada-haiti.ca/|website=canada-haiti.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Saint-Domingue population dey reach 520,000 insyd 1790, den of those 425,000 be slaves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Piketty|first=Thomas|title=Capital and ideology|date=2020|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-98082-2|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England|pages=216|language=en|translator-last=Goldhammer|translator-first=Arthur}}&lt;/ref&gt; De mortality rate among slaves be high, plus de French often working slaves to death den transporting more to de colony instead of providing necessities as e be cheaper.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Cedric J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1195468275|title=Black marxism: the making of the Black radical tradition|date=2020|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-6371-5|edition=Third edition, revised and updated|location=Chapel Hill|pages=146|language=en|oclc=on1195468275}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de time, goods from Haiti comprised thirty percent of French colonial trade while its sugar represented forty percent of de Atlantic market.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; By de 1770s, more than sixty percent of de coffee consumed insyd Europe come from de French West Indies, primarily from Saint-Domingue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cobrink |first=Tamira |date=2021 |title=Slave-based coffee in the eighteenth century and the role of the Dutch in global commodity chains |journal=Slavery &amp; Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=15–42 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2020.1860465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Independent Haiti den de rejection of de international community ===
Haiti ein legacy of debt begin shortly after a widespread slave revolt against de French, plus Haitians gaining their independence from France insyd 1804, followed by de 1804 massacre of much of de remaining European population of Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Orizio|first=Riccardo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC|title=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe|date=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Governor-General of Haiti, ordered de execution of remaining whites; insyd response, Thomas Jefferson, United States President, feared a slave revolt would spread to de United States, ceased de aid dat be initiated by ein predecessor John Adams den sought de international isolation of Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Milestones: 1784–1800 - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-20|website=United States Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Joslyn|date=2010-01-19|title=Haiti: The Pearl of the Antilles|language=en-US|work=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/haiti-pearl-antilles/|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0027-8378}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De news of de New Haitian State be thus received plus great fear den rejection by de countries den colonial powers of de region, since all of these countries were slaveholding nations den were nervous dat their slaves might follow de Haitian example.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Girard|first=Philippe R.|title=Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|location=New York|page=61|chapter=The Tumultuous History|quote=Being a black-majority Republic that was born from a slave rebellion and a war of independence, Haiti was surrounded by cautious neighbors in every scenario.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Nicholls|first=David|title=Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour and National: Independence in Haiti|publisher=Rutgers UP|year=1996|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|page=36|quote=... The existence of Haiti gave hope to the slaves of the New World, and this constituted a threat to the European colonial powers and to slave owners in the United States...}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Haitian diplomat den politician, Jacques Nicolas Léger writes dat even Simón Bolívar ignored Haiti when he called de Congress of Panama for fear of offending de United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Leger|first=Jacques Nicolas|title=Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors|publisher=The Neale Publishing Co.|year=1907|location=New York|quote=Even less could he trust the [[United States]]. Their attitude was so irreconcilable that even Simón Bolívar, to please them, thought it convenient to overlook the services that Haiti and the Haitians provided him. When convening the Congress of Panama, he, who personally had the greatest obligation to Alexandre Pétion and his fellow citizens, deliberately ignored the people who had helped him, thus belittling the only nation that had supported him in his fight for the independence of his country...}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After de declaration of independence, no state was willing to trade plus Haiti, which led Haiti ein first president Alexandre Pétion to suggest paying an indemnification to France, solely for de value of lost real estate, insyd order to see de ''de facto'' embargo lifted. Nevertheless, de French calculation of de indemnification (made insyd 1825 den confirmed insyd 1826) be based on articles 44 den 48 of de Code Noir, which established dat de enslaved labourers on an estate insyd de preceding 30 years constituted 30–60 percent of de property value.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gaillard-Pourchet|first=Gusti-Klara|date=November 2023|title=La dette de l'indépendance d'Haïti. L'esclave comme unité de compte (1794-1922)|url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/fr/dette-independance-haiti-article|access-date=2024-03-31|website=bnf.fr|publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France|lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haiti had hoped dat de United Kingdom would support their recognition due to Britain ein strained relationship plus France, even providing British merchants lower import duties, though during de Congress of Vienna insyd 1815 Britain agreed not to prevent France ein actions by &quot;whatever means possible, include dat of arms, to recover Saint-Domingue den to subdue de inhabitants of dat colony&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Léger|first=Jacques Nicolas|url=http://archive.org/details/haitiherhistoryh00lguoft|title=Haiti, her history and her detractors|date=1907|publisher=New York, Neale|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1823, Britain recognized de independence of Colombia, Mexico den oda nations insyd de Americas while refusing to recognize Haiti, leading to de Haitian government abolishing de lower import duties granted to British merchants insyd 1825.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; De United States likewise could not be counted on as a potential ally. Despite their anti-colonial assertion insyd de Monroe Doctrine of 1823, de American government refused to recognize Haiti, largely due to opposition by Southern slaveowners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Skidmore|first1=Thomas E.|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-14-the-united-states-and-latin-america/moments-in-u-s-latin-american-relations/a-history-of-united-states-policy-towards-haiti/|title=Modern Latin America|last2=Smith|first2=Peter H.|last3=Green|first3=James Naylor|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992923-8|edition=8th|location=New York|language=en|chapter=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first American ambassador to Haiti – plus e recognition of Haiti ein independence – only came insyd 1862, a year after de Southern politicians who had blocked such a move had left Congress after declaring secession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Haiti - Countries - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/haiti}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ordinance of Charles X ==
As a show of force, captain Ange René Armand, baron de Mackau, insyd de ship ''La Circe'', along plus two men-of-war, arrived at Port-au-Prince on 3 July 1825.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Soon after, more warships led by admirals Pierre Roch Jurien de La Gravière and Grivel arrived at Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A total of fourteen French warships equipped plus 528 cannons dey present demands dat Haiti compensate France for ein loss of slaves den de 1804 Haiti massacre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Na de following ordinance of Charles X, King of France (1824–1830), be presented:&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|&quot;Charles, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre.

&quot;To everyone here present, Greetings.

&quot;Having seen articles '''14''' and '''73''' of the '''Charter'''

&quot;Wishing to attend to the interest of French Commerce, to the misfortunes of the former colonists of Saint-Domingue and to the precarious condition of the present inhabitants of the island;

&quot;We have ordered and order the following:

&quot;'''Art. I.''' The ports of the French part of Saint-Domingue shall be open to the commerce of all nations.

&quot;The duties levied in these ports either on ships or merchandise at the times of their entry or departure shall be equal and uniform for all nations except for the French flag, on behalf of which these duties are to be reduced to half the amount.

&quot;'''Art. II.''' The present inhabitants of the French part of Saint-Domingue shall pay at the Caisse des Dépots et Consignations of France, in five annual instalments, the first one due on 31 December 1825, the sum of one hundred and fifty millions of francs, in order to compensate the former colonists who may claim an indemnity.

&quot;'''Art. III.''' Under these conditions we grant, by the present Ordinance, to the present inhabitants of the French part of Saint-Domingue the full independence of their Government.

&quot;And the present Ordinance shall be sealed with the great seal.

&quot;Done at Paris in the Palace of Tuileries, this 17 April A. D. 1825, and the first of our reign.

&quot;Charles.

&quot;By the King: The Peer of France, Minister-Secretary of State for the Navy and the colonies.

&quot;Comte de Chabrol.&quot;
|}

De Haitians want de French to recognize de Spanish part of de island as part of Haitian territory. However, de French flatly ignored dis request. France had returned ''de jure'' de Spanish part of de island to Spain insyd de Treaty of Paris of 1814, which annulled de Treaty of Basel of 1795. Therefore France had no claim to de formerly Spanish part of Hispaniola which e can renounce insyd favor of Haiti.

Under Charles X ein ordinance, France dey demand an indemnity payment of 150 million francs insyd exchange for recognizing Haiti ein independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Insyd addition to de payment, Charles ordered dat Haiti provide a fifty percent discount on French import duties, making payment to France more difficult.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; On 11 July 1825, de senate of Haiti signed de agreement to pay France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Territorial discussions ==

De final discussions between France den Haiti regarding de signing of de Ordinance took place between de months of April den July 1825. By those dates, de Haitians had already been occupying Santo Domingo militarily for 3 years den 1 month.

During de discussions, de Haitians demanded from France dat de Spanish part of de island be recognized by France as de territory of Haiti insyd de aforementioned Ordinance. De French dey reject dis Haitian demand as inadmissible, ill-founded den lacking legal basis; France, they argue, had returned de Spanish part of de island to Spain insyd de Treaty of Paris of 1814, which annulled de Treaty of Basel of 1795. Therefore, dis territory be not theirs to dispose of, therefore, de Haitians dey occupy Spanish territory, not French.

Furthermore, de French be not going to reward Haiti by giving de Haitians a territory dat did not belong to France, when de Haitians made France lose ein most profitable colony, Saint-Domingue, insyd de first place. De French-Spanish relations which had been tense during de Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) had markedly improve following de imposition by force of an absolutist regime under Ferdinand VII which was Bourbon, Legitimist den Absolutist, very much like Charles X. Whatever de political expediency might have been (den there seemed to be none), Charles X was not of a disposition to reward a revolutionary Republic at de expense of a regime he viewed very much as kindred.

De Haitians alleged dat they were militarily occupy de territory of an independent state, de Republic of Spanish Haiti, free of any power, den dat ein president den founder José Núñez de Cáceres had recognized de Haitian occupation. De French reject dis claim of de Haitians, since de Republic of Spanish Haiti be just an attempt at a state that existed only for two months den a few days, den dat never receive official diplomatic recognition, neither of ein metropolis, nor of any oda country besides Haiti.

Furthermore, France den oda major powers had not yet (as of 1822) recognize Haiti as an independent nation, therefore, de French argue, de colony of one country could not recognize de sovereignty of de colony of another.

At de same time, de Haitians want France to force de Dominicans to pay de Haitian Independence Debt, den to sana collect local taxes from them, so dat they would contribute to de payment of dis debt. De French rejected this claim by the Haitians. France did not have to collect compensation from the inhabitants of de Spanish part since they had not created any loss for France dat had to be compensated. Furthermore, de French never create slave plantations on de Spanish part of de island when e be under French control.

== Indemnity payment ==

De payments be designed by France to be so large dat e be effectively create a &quot;double debt&quot;; France would receive a direct annual payment den Haiti would pay French bankers interest on de loans required to meet France ein annual demands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; France view Haiti ein debt as de &quot;principal interest insyd Haiti, de question dat dominated everything else for us&quot;, according to a French minister.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Much of de debt would be paid directly to de French state-owned Caisse des dépôts et consignations (CDC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; France order Haiti to pay de 150 million francs over a period of five years, plus de first annual payment of 30 million francs being six times larger than Haiti ein yearly revenue. Haiti be oblige to take out a loan from de French bank Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie to make de payment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Piot|first=Gaston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ4wAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22Ternaux+Gandolphe+et+Cie%22&amp;pg=RA1-PA83|title=De l'alienation de l'ager publicus pendant la période républicaine: Des règles de compètence applicables aux états et aux souverains étrangers|publisher=Impr. F. Levé|year=1887|page=83|language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie insyd turn organized a bond auction to raise de sum. A consortium led by Jacques Laffitte agree to pay 800 francs for each of de 30,000 thousand-franc bonds to de CDC. Of de 24 million dat de Laffitte consortium paid to de CDC, 20 million had itself been borrowed at 3 percent interest from de CDC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brière&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Brière |first=Jean-François |date=Fall 2006 |title=L'Emprunt de 1825 dans la dette de l'indépendance haitienne envers la France |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=126–134 |jstor=41715332 |lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1826, Haiti shipped de contents of ein treasury to France insyd bags&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; to make up de remaining 6 million francs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brière&quot; /&gt;

Haiti continue to take out loans from France den de United States insyd oda to fulfill payments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Such large payments become impossible for Haiti den defaults occur immediately, plus Haiti ein late payments often dey raise tensions plus France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie seized assets of de Haitian government for failing to pay on ein loan, though de Tribunal de la Seine overturned these actions on 2 May 1828.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt; On 12 February 1838, France agree to reduce de debt to 90 million francs to be paid over a period of 30 years to compensate former plantation owners who dey loose ein property den slaves; de 2004 equivalent of US$21 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sommers, Jeffrey. ''Race, Reality, and Realpolitik: U.S.-Haiti Relations in the Lead Up to the 1915 Occupation''. 2015. {{ISBN|1498509142}}. p. 124.&lt;/ref&gt; President Boyer, who agree to make de payments to prevent an invasion, be forced from Haiti insyd1843 by citizens who demanded lower taxes den more rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

By de late 1800s, eighty percent of Haiti ein wealth was being used to pay foreign debt; France be de highest collector, followed by de German Empire den de United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Henri Durrieu, head of de French bank Crédit Industriel et Commercial (CIC), be inspired to increase revenue for de bank by following de example of state-run banks acquiring capital from oda distant French colonies such as Martinique den Senegal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Insyd 1874 den 1875 Haiti took out two large loans from CIC, greatly increase de nation ein debt. French banks charged Haiti 40% of de capital insyd commissions den fees.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Thomas Piketty described de loans as an early example of &quot;neocolonialism through debt&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

From 1880 to 1881, Haiti grant a currency issuance concession to create de National Bank of Haiti (BNH), headquartered insyd Paris by CIC which be simultaneously funding de construction of de Eiffel Tower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; BNH be described as an entity of &quot;pure extraction&quot; by Paris School of Economics economic historian Éric Monnet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; On de board of de BNH was Édouard Delessert, de great-grandson of French slave trader den owner Jean-Joseph de Laborde who dey establish ein when France control Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Haitian Charles Laforestrie, who mainly lived insyd France den successfully pushed for Haiti to accept de 1875 loan plus de CIC, later retired from ein positions insyd Haiti amid corruption allegations, joining de BNH board insyd Paris after its founding.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; CIC took $136 million in 2022 US dollars from Haiti and distributed those funds among shareholders, who made 15% annual returns on average, not returning any of de earnings to Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; These funds distributed among shareholders ultimately deprived Haiti of at least $1.7 billion dat could have been put towards infrastructural development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Under de French-controlled BNH, Haitian funds be overseen by France den all transactions generated commissions, plus CIC shareholders profits often being larger than de entire budget for Haiti ein public works.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; De French government acknowledged de payment of 90 million francs insyd 1888 den over a period of about seventy years, Haiti paid 112 million francs to France, about $560 million insyd 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== United States occupation of Haiti ===
Insyd 1903, Haitian authorities begin to accuse de BNH of fraud den by 1908, Haitian Minister of Finance Frédéric Marcelin pushed for de BNH to work on de behalf of Haitians, though French officials begin to devise plans to reorganize ein financial interests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; French envoy to Haiti Pierre Carteron write following Marcelin ein objections dat &quot;It is of de highest importance dat we study how to set up a new French credit establishment insyd Port-au-Prince ... Without any close link to de Haitian government.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Businesses from de United States had pursue de control of Haiti for years den from 1910 to 1911, de United States Department of State backed a consortium of American investors – headed by de National City Bank of New York – to acquire control of de National Bank of Haiti to create de Bank of de Republic of Haiti (BNRH), plus de new bank often holding payments from de Haitian government, leading to unrest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gebrekidan|first1=Selam|last2=Apuzzo|first2=Matt|last3=Porter|first3=Catherine|last4=Méheut|first4=Constant|date=2022-05-20|title=Invade Haiti, Wall Street Urged. The U.S. Obliged.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/haiti-wall-street-us-banks.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

France would still keep a stake insyd de BNRH, though CIC be excluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Following de overthrow of Haitian president Michel Oreste insyd 1914, de National City Bank den de BNRH demand de United States Marines to take custody of Haiti ein gold reserve of about US$500,000 – equivalent to $13,526,578 insyd 2021 – insyd December 1914; de gold be transported aboard USS ''Machias'' in wooden boxes and place into the National City Bank's New York City vault days later.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2007-07-13|title=U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915-34|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/88275.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-24|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;central banks haiti gold&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bytheway|first1=Simon James|title=Central Banks and Gold: How Tokyo, London, and New York Shaped the Modern World|last2=Metzler|first2=Mark|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1501706509|page=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; De overthrow of Haiti ein president Vilbrun Guillaume Sam den subsequent unrest result insyd President of de United States Woodrow Wilson dey order de invasion of Haiti to protect American business interests on 28 July 1915.&lt;ref&gt;Weinstein, Segal 1984, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Six weeks later, de United States seized control of Haiti ein customs houses, administrative institutions, banks den de national treasury, plus de United States using a total of forty percent of Haiti ein national income to repay debts to American den French banks for de next nineteen years until 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;Weinstein, Segal 1984, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1922, BNRH be completely acquire by National City Bank, ein headquarters was moved to New York City and Haiti's debt to France was moved to be paid to American investors.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Munro |first=Dana G. |year=1969 |title=The American Withdrawal from Haiti, 1929–1934 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/2511314 |jstor=2511314}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under U.S. government control, a total of forty percent of Haiti's national income was designated to repay debts to American den French banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; Haiti would pay ein final indemnity remittance to National City Bank insyd 1947, plus de United Nations dey report dat at dat time, Haitians be &quot;often close to de starvation level&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Aftermath ==

''De New York Times'' reported de payments cost Haiti much of ein development potential, removing about $21 to $115 billion of growth from Haiti (about one to eight times de nation ein total economy) over two centuries, according to calculations conducted by fifteen prominent economists. Haiti could potentially have experienced a level of development on par plus neighboring Caribbean island nations dat gained independence insyd de early 19th century, such as de Dominican Republic den Jamaica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

De history of Haiti ein indemnity be not taught as part of education insyd France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Aristocratic French families have largely forgotten dat ein families benefited from de debt payments of Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; President of France François Hollande would eventually describe de money paid by Haiti to France as &quot;de ransom of independence&quot; den insyd 2016, de Parliament of France repealed de 1825 ordinance insyd a symbolic gesture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Reparation requests ===

==== Aristide government ====
On 7 April 2003, President of Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide demanded dat France pay Haiti over 21 billion U.S. dollars, what he say be de equivalent insyd today ein money of de 90 million gold francs Haiti dey force to pay Paris after winning ein freedom from France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Méheut|first1=Constant|last2=Porter|first2=Catherine|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Apuzzo|first4=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714100559/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|archive-date=2024-07-14|access-date=2024-08-05|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson Miller&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Dionne|last=Jackson Miller|title=Haiti: Aristide's Call for Reparations From France Unlikely to Die|date=March 12, 2004|access-date=20 April 2009|publisher=Inter Press Service news|url=http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=22828|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202065348/http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=22828|archivedate=2 December 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Revolution&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Frank E. Smitha|title=Haiti, 1789 to 1806|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h34-np2.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182348/http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h34-np2.html|archivedate=2009-02-12|access-date=2009-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; French den Haitian officials later dey claim to ''The New York Times'' dat Aristide ein calls for reparations led to French den Haitian officials collaborating plus de United States on removing Aristide because France feared dat discussions of reparations will set a precedent for oda former colonies, such as Algeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Insyd February 2004, a coup d'état occurred against President Aristide. De United Nations Security Council, of which France be a permanent member, rejected a 26 February 2004, appeal from de Caribbean Community (CARICOM) for international peacekeeping forces to be sent into ein member state Haiti. However, de Security Council voted unanimously to send troops into Haiti three days later, just hours after Aristide ein controversial resignation. De provisional prime minister Gérard Latortue who assumed office after de coup would later rescind de reparations demand, calling it &quot;ridiculous&quot; den &quot;illegal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2004-04-20|title=Haiti Drops Its Demand For Refund From France|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108241560696887142|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240804062736/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108241560696887142#selection-5523.0-5523.45|archive-date=2024-08-04|access-date=2024-08-05|work=The Wall Street Journal|quote=&quot;This claim was illegal, ridiculous and was made only for political reasons,&quot; Prime Minister Gerard Latortue said Sunday. &quot;This matter is closed. What we need now is increased cooperation with France that could help us build roads, hospitals, schools and other infrastructure.&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Myrtha Desulme, chairperson of de Haiti-Jamaica Exchange Committee, told IPS, &quot;I believe dat [de call for reparations] could have something to do plus it, because they [France] be definitely not happy about it, den make some very hostile comments ... I believe that he did have grounds for that demand, because that is what started the downfall of Haiti.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson Miller&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Revolution&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|year=200a|title=A Country Study: Haiti – Boyer: Expansion and Decline|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html#ht0021|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601203635/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html|archivedate=2009-06-01|access-date=2007-08-30|publisher=&lt;big&gt;*&lt;/big&gt; Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2010 earthquake ====

Following de 2010 Haiti earthquake, de French foreign ministry made a formal request to de Paris Club on 17 January 2010 to completely cancel Haiti's external debt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2010-01-15|title=France asks Paris Club to speed up Haiti debt|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE60E0ZB|access-date=2022-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of commentators, for example ''The New York Times''' Matt Apuzzo, Selam Gebrekidan, Constant Méheut, and Catherine Porter, analyze how Haiti's current troubles stem from its colonial past,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haiti's Troubled Path to Development|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/haitis-troubled-path-development|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drawing references from the early 19th-century indemnity demand and how it had severely depleted de Haitian government ein treasury den economic capabilities.

== Gallery ==
=== Copies of de ordinance ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;550px&quot;&gt;
File:Ordinace original screenshot.png|Image of de first page of de original handwritten ordinance
File:Ordenanza de emancipacion.png|Photograph of de ordinance insyd de French Law Bulletin, de official gazette of de French government (Law Bulletin, Volume No. 58 – Law No. 1798 – April 17, 1825)
&lt;/gallery&gt;
=== Oda images ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;550px&quot;&gt;
File:Jean Boyer firma la ordenanza de 1825.png|Engraving wey dey show Haitian Presido Jean Pierre Boyer plus an inkwell, quill, den scroll insyd ein right hand, ready to sign de ordinance. To de left of am, insyd de background, dem fi see French sailors on de Port-au-Prince dock, wey dey make sure dat dem sign de ordinance.
File:Grabado de Carlos X de Francia danddole la independencia a Haití.jpg|Engraving dem titleː &lt;br /&gt; &quot;His Majesty, Charles X, The Beloved, recognizing &lt;br /&gt; the Independence '''''of Saint-Domingue'''''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
* [https://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/17/france_urged_to_pay_40_billion France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for &quot;Independence Debt&quot;] – video report by ''Democracy Now!''

[[Category:Economic history of Haiti]]
[[Category:France–Haiti relations]]
[[Category:Reparations for slavery]]
[[Category:Third World debt cancellation activism]]
[[Category:Aftermath of de Napoleonic Wars]]</text>
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De '''Haitian independence debt''' dey involve an 1825 agreement between Haiti den France dat dey include France demanding an indemnity of 150 million francs insyd five annual payments of 30 million to be paid by Haiti insyd claims over property wey include Haitian slaves dat be lost through de Haitian Revolution insyd return for diplomatic recognition.  Haiti be forced to take a loan for de first 30 million, den insyd 1838 France agreed to reduce de remaining debt to 60 million to be paid over 30 years, plus de final payment paid insyd 1883.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forsdick&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forsdick |first1=Charles |date=2013 |title=Haiti and France: Settling the Debts of the Past |journal=Politics and Power in Haiti |pages=141–159 |doi=10.1057/9781137312006_7 |isbn=978-1-349-45710-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=de Cordoba|first=Jose|date=2004-01-02|title=Impoverished Haiti Pins Hopes for Future On a Very Old Debt|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107300144534788700|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, ''The New York Times'' estimates dat because of oda loans taken to pay off dis loan, de final payment to debtors be actually insyd 1947. They approximated that in total 112 million francs was paid in indemnity, which when adjusted for the inflation rate would be $560 million insyd 2022, but considering dat if e have been invested insyd de Haitian economy instead, e can be valued at $115 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gamio|first1=Lazaro|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Porter|first3=Catherine|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|last5=McCann|first5=Allison|last6=Apuzzo|first6=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Haiti's Lost Billions|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/05/20/world/americas/enslaved-haiti-debt-timeline.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Méheut|first1=Constant|last2=Porter|first2=Catherine|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Apuzzo|first4=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2025, France dey create a commission to study de impact of de debt France dey impose on Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2025-04-22|title=France’s Debt to Haiti: A Day Late, A Dollar Short - Daily Euro Times|url=https://dailyeurotimes.com/frances-debt-to-haiti-a-day-late-a-dollar-short/|access-date=2025-04-22|website=dailyeurotimes.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Restoration France ein demand of payments insyd exchange for recognizing Haiti ein independence dey deliver to de country by several French warships insyd 1825, twenty-one years after Haiti ein declaration of independence insyd 1804.&lt;ref name=&quot;Francepay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 August 2010|title=France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for &quot;Independence Debt&quot;|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/17/france_urged_to_pay_40_billion|url-status=live|website=Democracy Now!}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why The US Owes Haiti Billions - The Briefest History|url=http://www.africaspeaks.com/reasoning/index.php?topic=8805.0;wap2|website=www.africaspeaks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite several revolutions insyd France after dat date (July Revolution, French Revolution of 1848, Paris Commune), successive governments, be they imperial, monarchist or republican, continued enforcing de debt den coercing Haiti to pay. Haiti had to take a loan insyd 1875 to pay back de final portion of de original loan, den de bank dat benefited most from dis be Crédit Industriel et Commercial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Apuzzo|first1=Matt|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Porter|first4=Catherine|date=2022-05-20|title=How a French Bank Captured Haiti|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/french-banks-haiti-cic.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even after de indemnity be paid, Haiti had to continue paying de oda loans, den de government of de United States funded de acquisition of Haiti ein treasury insyd 1911,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Douglas, Paul H. from ''Occupied Haiti,'' ed. Emily Greene Balch (New York, 1972), 15–52 reprinted in: ''Money Doctors, Foreign Debts, and Economic Reforms in Latin America.'' Wilmington, Delaware: Edited by Paul W. Drake, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; den insyd 1922, de rest of Haiti ein debt be moved to be paid to American investors.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hubert |first=Giles A. |date=January 1947 |title=War and the Trade Orientation of Haiti |journal=Southern Economic Journal |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=276–284 |doi=10.2307/1053341 |jstor=1053341}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The New York Times'' states dat e take until 1947 for Haiti to finally pay off all de associated interest to de National City Bank of New York (now Citibank).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Marquand|first=Robert|date=2010-08-17|title=France dismisses petition for it to pay $17 billion in Haiti reparations|work=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0817/France-dismisses-petition-for-it-to-pay-17-billion-in-Haiti-reparations|access-date=2019-08-31|issn=0882-7729}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2016, de Parliament of France repealed de 1825 ordinance of Charles X, though no reparations have been offered by France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; These debts have been denounced by some historians den activists as responsible for Haiti ein poverty today den a case of odious debt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Catherine|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Apuzzo|first3=Matt|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|date=2022-05-20|title=The Root of Haiti's Misery: Reparations to Enslavers|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|access-date=2022-05-23|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

=== Saint-Domingue colony ===
Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, be de most profitable den productive European colony insyd de world going into de 1800s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McLellan|first=James May|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIxDYmc0c3YC|title=Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue and the Old Regime|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0226514673|edition=reprint|page=63|quote=[...] French Saint Domingue at its height in the 1780s had become the single richest and most productive colony in the world.|access-date=2010-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Alcenat|first=Westenly|title=The Case for Haitian Reparations|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2017/01/haiti-reparations-france-slavery-colonialism-debt/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Jacobin|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; France acquired much of ein wealth by using slaves, plus de slave population of Saint-Domingue alone accounting for forty percent of de entire [[Atlantic slave trade]] by de 1780s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Catherine|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Apuzzo|first3=Matt|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|date=2022-05-20|title=The Root of Haiti's Misery: Reparations to Enslavers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521202042/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|archive-date=2022-05-21|access-date=2024-08-09|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between de years of 1697 den 1804, French colonists brought 800,000 West African slaves to what be then known as Saint-Domingue to work on de vast plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;canada-haiti.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest News &amp;#124; The Canada-Haiti Information Project|url=https://canada-haiti.ca/|website=canada-haiti.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Saint-Domingue population dey reach 520,000 insyd 1790, den of those 425,000 be slaves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Piketty|first=Thomas|title=Capital and ideology|date=2020|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-98082-2|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England|pages=216|language=en|translator-last=Goldhammer|translator-first=Arthur}}&lt;/ref&gt; De mortality rate among slaves be high, plus de French often working slaves to death den transporting more to de colony instead of providing necessities as e be cheaper.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Cedric J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1195468275|title=Black marxism: the making of the Black radical tradition|date=2020|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-6371-5|edition=Third edition, revised and updated|location=Chapel Hill|pages=146|language=en|oclc=on1195468275}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de time, goods from Haiti comprised thirty percent of French colonial trade while its sugar represented forty percent of de Atlantic market.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; By de 1770s, more than sixty percent of de coffee consumed insyd Europe come from de French West Indies, primarily from Saint-Domingue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cobrink |first=Tamira |date=2021 |title=Slave-based coffee in the eighteenth century and the role of the Dutch in global commodity chains |journal=Slavery &amp; Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=15–42 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2020.1860465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Independent Haiti den de rejection of de international community ===
Haiti ein legacy of debt begin shortly after a widespread slave revolt against de French, plus Haitians gaining their independence from France insyd 1804, followed by de 1804 massacre of much of de remaining European population of Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Orizio|first=Riccardo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC|title=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe|date=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Governor-General of Haiti, ordered de execution of remaining whites; insyd response, Thomas Jefferson, United States President, feared a slave revolt would spread to de United States, ceased de aid dat be initiated by ein predecessor John Adams den sought de international isolation of Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Milestones: 1784–1800 - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-20|website=United States Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Joslyn|date=2010-01-19|title=Haiti: The Pearl of the Antilles|language=en-US|work=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/haiti-pearl-antilles/|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0027-8378}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De news of de New Haitian State be thus received plus great fear den rejection by de countries den colonial powers of de region, since all of these countries were slaveholding nations den were nervous dat their slaves might follow de Haitian example.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Girard|first=Philippe R.|title=Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|location=New York|page=61|chapter=The Tumultuous History|quote=Being a black-majority Republic that was born from a slave rebellion and a war of independence, Haiti was surrounded by cautious neighbors in every scenario.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Nicholls|first=David|title=Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour and National: Independence in Haiti|publisher=Rutgers UP|year=1996|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|page=36|quote=... The existence of Haiti gave hope to the slaves of the New World, and this constituted a threat to the European colonial powers and to slave owners in the United States...}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Haitian diplomat den politician, Jacques Nicolas Léger writes dat even Simón Bolívar ignored Haiti when he called de Congress of Panama for fear of offending de United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Leger|first=Jacques Nicolas|title=Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors|publisher=The Neale Publishing Co.|year=1907|location=New York|quote=Even less could he trust the [[United States]]. Their attitude was so irreconcilable that even Simón Bolívar, to please them, thought it convenient to overlook the services that Haiti and the Haitians provided him. When convening the Congress of Panama, he, who personally had the greatest obligation to Alexandre Pétion and his fellow citizens, deliberately ignored the people who had helped him, thus belittling the only nation that had supported him in his fight for the independence of his country...}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After de declaration of independence, no state was willing to trade plus Haiti, which led Haiti ein first president Alexandre Pétion to suggest paying an indemnification to France, solely for de value of lost real estate, insyd order to see de ''de facto'' embargo lifted. Nevertheless, de French calculation of de indemnification (made insyd 1825 den confirmed insyd 1826) be based on articles 44 den 48 of de Code Noir, which established dat de enslaved labourers on an estate insyd de preceding 30 years constituted 30–60 percent of de property value.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gaillard-Pourchet|first=Gusti-Klara|date=November 2023|title=La dette de l'indépendance d'Haïti. L'esclave comme unité de compte (1794-1922)|url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/fr/dette-independance-haiti-article|access-date=2024-03-31|website=bnf.fr|publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France|lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haiti had hoped dat de United Kingdom would support their recognition due to Britain ein strained relationship plus France, even providing British merchants lower import duties, though during de Congress of Vienna insyd 1815 Britain agreed not to prevent France ein actions by &quot;whatever means possible, include dat of arms, to recover Saint-Domingue den to subdue de inhabitants of dat colony&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Léger|first=Jacques Nicolas|url=http://archive.org/details/haitiherhistoryh00lguoft|title=Haiti, her history and her detractors|date=1907|publisher=New York, Neale|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1823, Britain recognized de independence of Colombia, Mexico den oda nations insyd de Americas while refusing to recognize Haiti, leading to de Haitian government abolishing de lower import duties granted to British merchants insyd 1825.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; De United States likewise could not be counted on as a potential ally. Despite their anti-colonial assertion insyd de Monroe Doctrine of 1823, de American government refused to recognize Haiti, largely due to opposition by Southern slaveowners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Skidmore|first1=Thomas E.|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-14-the-united-states-and-latin-america/moments-in-u-s-latin-american-relations/a-history-of-united-states-policy-towards-haiti/|title=Modern Latin America|last2=Smith|first2=Peter H.|last3=Green|first3=James Naylor|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992923-8|edition=8th|location=New York|language=en|chapter=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first American ambassador to Haiti – plus e recognition of Haiti ein independence – only came insyd 1862, a year after de Southern politicians who had blocked such a move had left Congress after declaring secession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Haiti - Countries - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/haiti}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ordinance of Charles X ==
As a show of force, captain Ange René Armand, baron de Mackau, insyd de ship ''La Circe'', along plus two men-of-war, arrived at Port-au-Prince on 3 July 1825.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Soon after, more warships led by admirals Pierre Roch Jurien de La Gravière and Grivel arrived at Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A total of fourteen French warships equipped plus 528 cannons dey present demands dat Haiti compensate France for ein loss of slaves den de 1804 Haiti massacre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Na de following ordinance of Charles X, King of France (1824–1830), be presented:&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|&quot;Charles, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre.

&quot;To everyone here present, Greetings.

&quot;Having seen articles '''14''' and '''73''' of the '''Charter'''

&quot;Wishing to attend to the interest of French Commerce, to the misfortunes of the former colonists of Saint-Domingue and to the precarious condition of the present inhabitants of the island;

&quot;We have ordered and order the following:

&quot;'''Art. I.''' The ports of the French part of Saint-Domingue shall be open to the commerce of all nations.

&quot;The duties levied in these ports either on ships or merchandise at the times of their entry or departure shall be equal and uniform for all nations except for the French flag, on behalf of which these duties are to be reduced to half the amount.

&quot;'''Art. II.''' The present inhabitants of the French part of Saint-Domingue shall pay at the Caisse des Dépots et Consignations of France, in five annual instalments, the first one due on 31 December 1825, the sum of one hundred and fifty millions of francs, in order to compensate the former colonists who may claim an indemnity.

&quot;'''Art. III.''' Under these conditions we grant, by the present Ordinance, to the present inhabitants of the French part of Saint-Domingue the full independence of their Government.

&quot;And the present Ordinance shall be sealed with the great seal.

&quot;Done at Paris in the Palace of Tuileries, this 17 April A. D. 1825, and the first of our reign.

&quot;Charles.

&quot;By the King: The Peer of France, Minister-Secretary of State for the Navy and the colonies.

&quot;Comte de Chabrol.&quot;
|}

De Haitians want de French to recognize de Spanish part of de island as part of Haitian territory. However, de French flatly ignored dis request. France had returned ''de jure'' de Spanish part of de island to Spain insyd de Treaty of Paris of 1814, which annulled de Treaty of Basel of 1795. Therefore France had no claim to de formerly Spanish part of Hispaniola which e can renounce insyd favor of Haiti.

Under Charles X ein ordinance, France dey demand an indemnity payment of 150 million francs insyd exchange for recognizing Haiti ein independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Insyd addition to de payment, Charles ordered dat Haiti provide a fifty percent discount on French import duties, making payment to France more difficult.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; On 11 July 1825, de senate of Haiti signed de agreement to pay France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Territorial discussions ==

De final discussions between France den Haiti regarding de signing of de Ordinance took place between de months of April den July 1825. By those dates, de Haitians had already been occupying Santo Domingo militarily for 3 years den 1 month.

During de discussions, de Haitians demanded from France dat de Spanish part of de island be recognized by France as de territory of Haiti insyd de aforementioned Ordinance. De French dey reject dis Haitian demand as inadmissible, ill-founded den lacking legal basis; France, they argue, had returned de Spanish part of de island to Spain insyd de Treaty of Paris of 1814, which annulled de Treaty of Basel of 1795. Therefore, dis territory be not theirs to dispose of, therefore, de Haitians dey occupy Spanish territory, not French.

Furthermore, de French be not going to reward Haiti by giving de Haitians a territory dat did not belong to France, when de Haitians made France lose ein most profitable colony, Saint-Domingue, insyd de first place. De French-Spanish relations which had been tense during de Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) had markedly improve following de imposition by force of an absolutist regime under Ferdinand VII which was Bourbon, Legitimist den Absolutist, very much like Charles X. Whatever de political expediency might have been (den there seemed to be none), Charles X was not of a disposition to reward a revolutionary Republic at de expense of a regime he viewed very much as kindred.

De Haitians alleged dat they were militarily occupy de territory of an independent state, de Republic of Spanish Haiti, free of any power, den dat ein president den founder José Núñez de Cáceres had recognized de Haitian occupation. De French reject dis claim of de Haitians, since de Republic of Spanish Haiti be just an attempt at a state that existed only for two months den a few days, den dat never receive official diplomatic recognition, neither of ein metropolis, nor of any oda country besides Haiti.

Furthermore, France den oda major powers had not yet (as of 1822) recognize Haiti as an independent nation, therefore, de French argue, de colony of one country could not recognize de sovereignty of de colony of another.

At de same time, de Haitians want France to force de Dominicans to pay de Haitian Independence Debt, den to sana collect local taxes from them, so dat they would contribute to de payment of dis debt. De French rejected this claim by the Haitians. France did not have to collect compensation from the inhabitants of de Spanish part since they had not created any loss for France dat had to be compensated. Furthermore, de French never create slave plantations on de Spanish part of de island when e be under French control.

== Indemnity payment ==

De payments be designed by France to be so large dat e be effectively create a &quot;double debt&quot;; France would receive a direct annual payment den Haiti would pay French bankers interest on de loans required to meet France ein annual demands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; France view Haiti ein debt as de &quot;principal interest insyd Haiti, de question dat dominated everything else for us&quot;, according to a French minister.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Much of de debt would be paid directly to de French state-owned Caisse des dépôts et consignations (CDC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; France order Haiti to pay de 150 million francs over a period of five years, plus de first annual payment of 30 million francs being six times larger than Haiti ein yearly revenue. Haiti be oblige to take out a loan from de French bank Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie to make de payment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Piot|first=Gaston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ4wAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22Ternaux+Gandolphe+et+Cie%22&amp;pg=RA1-PA83|title=De l'alienation de l'ager publicus pendant la période républicaine: Des règles de compètence applicables aux états et aux souverains étrangers|publisher=Impr. F. Levé|year=1887|page=83|language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie insyd turn organized a bond auction to raise de sum. A consortium led by Jacques Laffitte agree to pay 800 francs for each of de 30,000 thousand-franc bonds to de CDC. Of de 24 million dat de Laffitte consortium paid to de CDC, 20 million had itself been borrowed at 3 percent interest from de CDC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brière&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Brière |first=Jean-François |date=Fall 2006 |title=L'Emprunt de 1825 dans la dette de l'indépendance haitienne envers la France |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=126–134 |jstor=41715332 |lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1826, Haiti shipped de contents of ein treasury to France insyd bags&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; to make up de remaining 6 million francs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brière&quot; /&gt;

Haiti continue to take out loans from France den de United States insyd oda to fulfill payments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Such large payments become impossible for Haiti den defaults occur immediately, plus Haiti ein late payments often dey raise tensions plus France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie seized assets of de Haitian government for failing to pay on ein loan, though de Tribunal de la Seine overturned these actions on 2 May 1828.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt; On 12 February 1838, France agree to reduce de debt to 90 million francs to be paid over a period of 30 years to compensate former plantation owners who dey loose ein property den slaves; de 2004 equivalent of US$21 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sommers, Jeffrey. ''Race, Reality, and Realpolitik: U.S.-Haiti Relations in the Lead Up to the 1915 Occupation''. 2015. {{ISBN|1498509142}}. p. 124.&lt;/ref&gt; President Boyer, who agree to make de payments to prevent an invasion, be forced from Haiti insyd1843 by citizens who demanded lower taxes den more rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

By de late 1800s, eighty percent of Haiti ein wealth was being used to pay foreign debt; France be de highest collector, followed by de German Empire den de United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Henri Durrieu, head of de French bank Crédit Industriel et Commercial (CIC), be inspired to increase revenue for de bank by following de example of state-run banks acquiring capital from oda distant French colonies such as Martinique den Senegal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Insyd 1874 den 1875 Haiti took out two large loans from CIC, greatly increase de nation ein debt. French banks charged Haiti 40% of de capital insyd commissions den fees.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Thomas Piketty described de loans as an early example of &quot;neocolonialism through debt&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

From 1880 to 1881, Haiti grant a currency issuance concession to create de National Bank of Haiti (BNH), headquartered insyd Paris by CIC which be simultaneously funding de construction of de Eiffel Tower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; BNH be described as an entity of &quot;pure extraction&quot; by Paris School of Economics economic historian Éric Monnet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; On de board of de BNH was Édouard Delessert, de great-grandson of French slave trader den owner Jean-Joseph de Laborde who dey establish ein when France control Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Haitian Charles Laforestrie, who mainly lived insyd France den successfully pushed for Haiti to accept de 1875 loan plus de CIC, later retired from ein positions insyd Haiti amid corruption allegations, joining de BNH board insyd Paris after its founding.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; CIC took $136 million in 2022 US dollars from Haiti and distributed those funds among shareholders, who made 15% annual returns on average, not returning any of de earnings to Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; These funds distributed among shareholders ultimately deprived Haiti of at least $1.7 billion dat could have been put towards infrastructural development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Under de French-controlled BNH, Haitian funds be overseen by France den all transactions generated commissions, plus CIC shareholders profits often being larger than de entire budget for Haiti ein public works.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; De French government acknowledged de payment of 90 million francs insyd 1888 den over a period of about seventy years, Haiti paid 112 million francs to France, about $560 million insyd 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== United States occupation of Haiti ===
Insyd 1903, Haitian authorities begin to accuse de BNH of fraud den by 1908, Haitian Minister of Finance Frédéric Marcelin pushed for de BNH to work on de behalf of Haitians, though French officials begin to devise plans to reorganize ein financial interests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; French envoy to Haiti Pierre Carteron write following Marcelin ein objections dat &quot;It is of de highest importance dat we study how to set up a new French credit establishment insyd Port-au-Prince ... Without any close link to de Haitian government.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Businesses from de United States had pursue de control of Haiti for years den from 1910 to 1911, de United States Department of State backed a consortium of American investors – headed by de National City Bank of New York – to acquire control of de National Bank of Haiti to create de Bank of de Republic of Haiti (BNRH), plus de new bank often holding payments from de Haitian government, leading to unrest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gebrekidan|first1=Selam|last2=Apuzzo|first2=Matt|last3=Porter|first3=Catherine|last4=Méheut|first4=Constant|date=2022-05-20|title=Invade Haiti, Wall Street Urged. The U.S. Obliged.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/haiti-wall-street-us-banks.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

France would still keep a stake insyd de BNRH, though CIC be excluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Following de overthrow of Haitian president Michel Oreste insyd 1914, de National City Bank den de BNRH demand de United States Marines to take custody of Haiti ein gold reserve of about US$500,000 – equivalent to $13,526,578 insyd 2021 – insyd December 1914; de gold be transported aboard USS ''Machias'' in wooden boxes and place into the National City Bank's New York City vault days later.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2007-07-13|title=U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915-34|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/88275.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-24|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;central banks haiti gold&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bytheway|first1=Simon James|title=Central Banks and Gold: How Tokyo, London, and New York Shaped the Modern World|last2=Metzler|first2=Mark|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1501706509|page=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; De overthrow of Haiti ein president Vilbrun Guillaume Sam den subsequent unrest result insyd President of de United States Woodrow Wilson dey order de invasion of Haiti to protect American business interests on 28 July 1915.&lt;ref&gt;Weinstein, Segal 1984, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Six weeks later, de United States seized control of Haiti ein customs houses, administrative institutions, banks den de national treasury, plus de United States using a total of forty percent of Haiti ein national income to repay debts to American den French banks for de next nineteen years until 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;Weinstein, Segal 1984, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1922, BNRH be completely acquire by National City Bank, ein headquarters was moved to New York City and Haiti's debt to France was moved to be paid to American investors.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Munro |first=Dana G. |year=1969 |title=The American Withdrawal from Haiti, 1929–1934 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/2511314 |jstor=2511314}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under U.S. government control, a total of forty percent of Haiti's national income was designated to repay debts to American den French banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; Haiti would pay ein final indemnity remittance to National City Bank insyd 1947, plus de United Nations dey report dat at dat time, Haitians be &quot;often close to de starvation level&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Aftermath ==

''De New York Times'' reported de payments cost Haiti much of ein development potential, removing about $21 to $115 billion of growth from Haiti (about one to eight times de nation ein total economy) over two centuries, according to calculations conducted by fifteen prominent economists. Haiti could potentially have experienced a level of development on par plus neighboring Caribbean island nations dat gained independence insyd de early 19th century, such as de Dominican Republic den Jamaica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

De history of Haiti ein indemnity be not taught as part of education insyd France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Aristocratic French families have largely forgotten dat ein families benefited from de debt payments of Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; President of France François Hollande would eventually describe de money paid by Haiti to France as &quot;de ransom of independence&quot; den insyd 2016, de Parliament of France repealed de 1825 ordinance insyd a symbolic gesture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Reparation requests ===

==== Aristide government ====
On 7 April 2003, President of Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide demanded dat France pay Haiti over 21 billion U.S. dollars, what he say be de equivalent insyd today ein money of de 90 million gold francs Haiti dey force to pay Paris after winning ein freedom from France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Méheut|first1=Constant|last2=Porter|first2=Catherine|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Apuzzo|first4=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714100559/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|archive-date=2024-07-14|access-date=2024-08-05|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson Miller&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Dionne|last=Jackson Miller|title=Haiti: Aristide's Call for Reparations From France Unlikely to Die|date=March 12, 2004|access-date=20 April 2009|publisher=Inter Press Service news|url=http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=22828|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202065348/http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=22828|archivedate=2 December 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Revolution&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Frank E. Smitha|title=Haiti, 1789 to 1806|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h34-np2.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182348/http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h34-np2.html|archivedate=2009-02-12|access-date=2009-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; French den Haitian officials later dey claim to ''The New York Times'' dat Aristide ein calls for reparations led to French den Haitian officials collaborating plus de United States on removing Aristide because France feared dat discussions of reparations will set a precedent for oda former colonies, such as Algeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Insyd February 2004, a coup d'état occurred against President Aristide. De United Nations Security Council, of which France be a permanent member, rejected a 26 February 2004, appeal from de Caribbean Community (CARICOM) for international peacekeeping forces to be sent into ein member state Haiti. However, de Security Council voted unanimously to send troops into Haiti three days later, just hours after Aristide ein controversial resignation. De provisional prime minister Gérard Latortue who assumed office after de coup would later rescind de reparations demand, calling it &quot;ridiculous&quot; den &quot;illegal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2004-04-20|title=Haiti Drops Its Demand For Refund From France|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108241560696887142|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240804062736/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108241560696887142#selection-5523.0-5523.45|archive-date=2024-08-04|access-date=2024-08-05|work=The Wall Street Journal|quote=&quot;This claim was illegal, ridiculous and was made only for political reasons,&quot; Prime Minister Gerard Latortue said Sunday. &quot;This matter is closed. What we need now is increased cooperation with France that could help us build roads, hospitals, schools and other infrastructure.&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Myrtha Desulme, chairperson of de Haiti-Jamaica Exchange Committee, told IPS, &quot;I believe dat [de call for reparations] could have something to do plus it, because they [France] be definitely not happy about it, den make some very hostile comments ... I believe that he did have grounds for that demand, because that is what started the downfall of Haiti.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson Miller&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Revolution&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|year=200a|title=A Country Study: Haiti – Boyer: Expansion and Decline|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html#ht0021|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601203635/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html|archivedate=2009-06-01|access-date=2007-08-30|publisher=&lt;big&gt;*&lt;/big&gt; Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2010 earthquake ====

Following de 2010 Haiti earthquake, de French foreign ministry made a formal request to de Paris Club on 17 January 2010 to completely cancel Haiti's external debt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2010-01-15|title=France asks Paris Club to speed up Haiti debt|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE60E0ZB|access-date=2022-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of commentators, for example ''The New York Times''' Matt Apuzzo, Selam Gebrekidan, Constant Méheut, and Catherine Porter, analyze how Haiti's current troubles stem from its colonial past,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haiti's Troubled Path to Development|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/haitis-troubled-path-development|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drawing references from the early 19th-century indemnity demand and how it had severely depleted de Haitian government ein treasury den economic capabilities.

== Gallery ==
=== Copies of de ordinance ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;550px&quot;&gt;
File:Ordenanza de emancipacion.png|Photograph of de ordinance insyd de French Law Bulletin, de official gazette of de French government (Law Bulletin, Volume No. 58 – Law No. 1798 – April 17, 1825)
&lt;/gallery&gt;
=== Oda images ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;550px&quot;&gt;
File:Jean Boyer firma la ordenanza de 1825.png|Engraving wey dey show Haitian Presido Jean Pierre Boyer plus an inkwell, quill, den scroll insyd ein right hand, ready to sign de ordinance. To de left of am, insyd de background, dem fi see French sailors on de Port-au-Prince dock, wey dey make sure dat dem sign de ordinance.
File:Grabado de Carlos X de Francia danddole la independencia a Haití.jpg|Engraving dem titleː &lt;br /&gt; &quot;His Majesty, Charles X, The Beloved, recognizing &lt;br /&gt; the Independence '''''of Saint-Domingue'''''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
* [https://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/17/france_urged_to_pay_40_billion France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for &quot;Independence Debt&quot;] – video report by ''Democracy Now!''

[[Category:Economic history of Haiti]]
[[Category:France–Haiti relations]]
[[Category:Reparations for slavery]]
[[Category:Third World debt cancellation activism]]
[[Category:Aftermath of de Napoleonic Wars]]</text>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Ordenanza_de_emancipacion.png|Ordenanza_de_emancipacion.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 16 June 2026.</comment>
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De '''Haitian independence debt''' dey involve an 1825 agreement between Haiti den France dat dey include France demanding an indemnity of 150 million francs insyd five annual payments of 30 million to be paid by Haiti insyd claims over property wey include Haitian slaves dat be lost through de Haitian Revolution insyd return for diplomatic recognition.  Haiti be forced to take a loan for de first 30 million, den insyd 1838 France agreed to reduce de remaining debt to 60 million to be paid over 30 years, plus de final payment paid insyd 1883.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forsdick&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forsdick |first1=Charles |date=2013 |title=Haiti and France: Settling the Debts of the Past |journal=Politics and Power in Haiti |pages=141–159 |doi=10.1057/9781137312006_7 |isbn=978-1-349-45710-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=de Cordoba|first=Jose|date=2004-01-02|title=Impoverished Haiti Pins Hopes for Future On a Very Old Debt|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107300144534788700|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, ''The New York Times'' estimates dat because of oda loans taken to pay off dis loan, de final payment to debtors be actually insyd 1947. They approximated that in total 112 million francs was paid in indemnity, which when adjusted for the inflation rate would be $560 million insyd 2022, but considering dat if e have been invested insyd de Haitian economy instead, e can be valued at $115 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gamio|first1=Lazaro|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Porter|first3=Catherine|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|last5=McCann|first5=Allison|last6=Apuzzo|first6=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Haiti's Lost Billions|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/05/20/world/americas/enslaved-haiti-debt-timeline.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Méheut|first1=Constant|last2=Porter|first2=Catherine|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Apuzzo|first4=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2025, France dey create a commission to study de impact of de debt France dey impose on Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2025-04-22|title=France’s Debt to Haiti: A Day Late, A Dollar Short - Daily Euro Times|url=https://dailyeurotimes.com/frances-debt-to-haiti-a-day-late-a-dollar-short/|access-date=2025-04-22|website=dailyeurotimes.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Restoration France ein demand of payments insyd exchange for recognizing Haiti ein independence dey deliver to de country by several French warships insyd 1825, twenty-one years after Haiti ein declaration of independence insyd 1804.&lt;ref name=&quot;Francepay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 August 2010|title=France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for &quot;Independence Debt&quot;|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/17/france_urged_to_pay_40_billion|url-status=live|website=Democracy Now!}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why The US Owes Haiti Billions - The Briefest History|url=http://www.africaspeaks.com/reasoning/index.php?topic=8805.0;wap2|website=www.africaspeaks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite several revolutions insyd France after dat date (July Revolution, French Revolution of 1848, Paris Commune), successive governments, be they imperial, monarchist or republican, continued enforcing de debt den coercing Haiti to pay. Haiti had to take a loan insyd 1875 to pay back de final portion of de original loan, den de bank dat benefited most from dis be Crédit Industriel et Commercial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Apuzzo|first1=Matt|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Porter|first4=Catherine|date=2022-05-20|title=How a French Bank Captured Haiti|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/french-banks-haiti-cic.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even after de indemnity be paid, Haiti had to continue paying de oda loans, den de government of de United States funded de acquisition of Haiti ein treasury insyd 1911,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Douglas, Paul H. from ''Occupied Haiti,'' ed. Emily Greene Balch (New York, 1972), 15–52 reprinted in: ''Money Doctors, Foreign Debts, and Economic Reforms in Latin America.'' Wilmington, Delaware: Edited by Paul W. Drake, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; den insyd 1922, de rest of Haiti ein debt be moved to be paid to American investors.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hubert |first=Giles A. |date=January 1947 |title=War and the Trade Orientation of Haiti |journal=Southern Economic Journal |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=276–284 |doi=10.2307/1053341 |jstor=1053341}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The New York Times'' states dat e take until 1947 for Haiti to finally pay off all de associated interest to de National City Bank of New York (now Citibank).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Marquand|first=Robert|date=2010-08-17|title=France dismisses petition for it to pay $17 billion in Haiti reparations|work=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0817/France-dismisses-petition-for-it-to-pay-17-billion-in-Haiti-reparations|access-date=2019-08-31|issn=0882-7729}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2016, de Parliament of France repealed de 1825 ordinance of Charles X, though no reparations have been offered by France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; These debts have been denounced by some historians den activists as responsible for Haiti ein poverty today den a case of odious debt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Catherine|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Apuzzo|first3=Matt|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|date=2022-05-20|title=The Root of Haiti's Misery: Reparations to Enslavers|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|access-date=2022-05-23|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

=== Saint-Domingue colony ===
Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, be de most profitable den productive European colony insyd de world going into de 1800s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McLellan|first=James May|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIxDYmc0c3YC|title=Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue and the Old Regime|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0226514673|edition=reprint|page=63|quote=[...] French Saint Domingue at its height in the 1780s had become the single richest and most productive colony in the world.|access-date=2010-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Alcenat|first=Westenly|title=The Case for Haitian Reparations|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2017/01/haiti-reparations-france-slavery-colonialism-debt/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Jacobin|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; France acquired much of ein wealth by using slaves, plus de slave population of Saint-Domingue alone accounting for forty percent of de entire [[Atlantic slave trade]] by de 1780s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Catherine|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|last3=Apuzzo|first3=Matt|last4=Gebrekidan|first4=Selam|date=2022-05-20|title=The Root of Haiti's Misery: Reparations to Enslavers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521202042/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-history-colonized-france.html|archive-date=2022-05-21|access-date=2024-08-09|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between de years of 1697 den 1804, French colonists brought 800,000 West African slaves to what be then known as Saint-Domingue to work on de vast plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;canada-haiti.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest News &amp;#124; The Canada-Haiti Information Project|url=https://canada-haiti.ca/|website=canada-haiti.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Saint-Domingue population dey reach 520,000 insyd 1790, den of those 425,000 be slaves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Piketty|first=Thomas|title=Capital and ideology|date=2020|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-98082-2|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England|pages=216|language=en|translator-last=Goldhammer|translator-first=Arthur}}&lt;/ref&gt; De mortality rate among slaves be high, plus de French often working slaves to death den transporting more to de colony instead of providing necessities as e be cheaper.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Cedric J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1195468275|title=Black marxism: the making of the Black radical tradition|date=2020|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-6371-5|edition=Third edition, revised and updated|location=Chapel Hill|pages=146|language=en|oclc=on1195468275}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de time, goods from Haiti comprised thirty percent of French colonial trade while its sugar represented forty percent of de Atlantic market.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; By de 1770s, more than sixty percent of de coffee consumed insyd Europe come from de French West Indies, primarily from Saint-Domingue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cobrink |first=Tamira |date=2021 |title=Slave-based coffee in the eighteenth century and the role of the Dutch in global commodity chains |journal=Slavery &amp; Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=15–42 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2020.1860465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Independent Haiti den de rejection of de international community ===
Haiti ein legacy of debt begin shortly after a widespread slave revolt against de French, plus Haitians gaining their independence from France insyd 1804, followed by de 1804 massacre of much of de remaining European population of Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Orizio|first=Riccardo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC|title=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe|date=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Governor-General of Haiti, ordered de execution of remaining whites; insyd response, Thomas Jefferson, United States President, feared a slave revolt would spread to de United States, ceased de aid dat be initiated by ein predecessor John Adams den sought de international isolation of Haiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Milestones: 1784–1800 - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-20|website=United States Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Joslyn|date=2010-01-19|title=Haiti: The Pearl of the Antilles|language=en-US|work=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/haiti-pearl-antilles/|access-date=2021-02-20|issn=0027-8378}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De news of de New Haitian State be thus received plus great fear den rejection by de countries den colonial powers of de region, since all of these countries were slaveholding nations den were nervous dat their slaves might follow de Haitian example.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Girard|first=Philippe R.|title=Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|location=New York|page=61|chapter=The Tumultuous History|quote=Being a black-majority Republic that was born from a slave rebellion and a war of independence, Haiti was surrounded by cautious neighbors in every scenario.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Nicholls|first=David|title=Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour and National: Independence in Haiti|publisher=Rutgers UP|year=1996|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|page=36|quote=... The existence of Haiti gave hope to the slaves of the New World, and this constituted a threat to the European colonial powers and to slave owners in the United States...}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Haitian diplomat den politician, Jacques Nicolas Léger writes dat even Simón Bolívar ignored Haiti when he called de Congress of Panama for fear of offending de United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Leger|first=Jacques Nicolas|title=Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors|publisher=The Neale Publishing Co.|year=1907|location=New York|quote=Even less could he trust the [[United States]]. Their attitude was so irreconcilable that even Simón Bolívar, to please them, thought it convenient to overlook the services that Haiti and the Haitians provided him. When convening the Congress of Panama, he, who personally had the greatest obligation to Alexandre Pétion and his fellow citizens, deliberately ignored the people who had helped him, thus belittling the only nation that had supported him in his fight for the independence of his country...}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After de declaration of independence, no state was willing to trade plus Haiti, which led Haiti ein first president Alexandre Pétion to suggest paying an indemnification to France, solely for de value of lost real estate, insyd order to see de ''de facto'' embargo lifted. Nevertheless, de French calculation of de indemnification (made insyd 1825 den confirmed insyd 1826) be based on articles 44 den 48 of de Code Noir, which established dat de enslaved labourers on an estate insyd de preceding 30 years constituted 30–60 percent of de property value.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gaillard-Pourchet|first=Gusti-Klara|date=November 2023|title=La dette de l'indépendance d'Haïti. L'esclave comme unité de compte (1794-1922)|url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/fr/dette-independance-haiti-article|access-date=2024-03-31|website=bnf.fr|publisher=Bibliothèque nationale de France|lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haiti had hoped dat de United Kingdom would support their recognition due to Britain ein strained relationship plus France, even providing British merchants lower import duties, though during de Congress of Vienna insyd 1815 Britain agreed not to prevent France ein actions by &quot;whatever means possible, include dat of arms, to recover Saint-Domingue den to subdue de inhabitants of dat colony&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Léger|first=Jacques Nicolas|url=http://archive.org/details/haitiherhistoryh00lguoft|title=Haiti, her history and her detractors|date=1907|publisher=New York, Neale|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1823, Britain recognized de independence of Colombia, Mexico den oda nations insyd de Americas while refusing to recognize Haiti, leading to de Haitian government abolishing de lower import duties granted to British merchants insyd 1825.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; De United States likewise could not be counted on as a potential ally. Despite their anti-colonial assertion insyd de Monroe Doctrine of 1823, de American government refused to recognize Haiti, largely due to opposition by Southern slaveowners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Skidmore|first1=Thomas E.|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-14-the-united-states-and-latin-america/moments-in-u-s-latin-american-relations/a-history-of-united-states-policy-towards-haiti/|title=Modern Latin America|last2=Smith|first2=Peter H.|last3=Green|first3=James Naylor|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992923-8|edition=8th|location=New York|language=en|chapter=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; De first American ambassador to Haiti – plus e recognition of Haiti ein independence – only came insyd 1862, a year after de Southern politicians who had blocked such a move had left Congress after declaring secession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Haiti - Countries - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/haiti}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ordinance of Charles X ==
As a show of force, captain Ange René Armand, baron de Mackau, insyd de ship ''La Circe'', along plus two men-of-war, arrived at Port-au-Prince on 3 July 1825.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Soon after, more warships led by admirals Pierre Roch Jurien de La Gravière and Grivel arrived at Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A total of fourteen French warships equipped plus 528 cannons dey present demands dat Haiti compensate France for ein loss of slaves den de 1804 Haiti massacre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Na de following ordinance of Charles X, King of France (1824–1830), be presented:&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|&quot;Charles, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre.

&quot;To everyone here present, Greetings.

&quot;Having seen articles '''14''' and '''73''' of the '''Charter'''

&quot;Wishing to attend to the interest of French Commerce, to the misfortunes of the former colonists of Saint-Domingue and to the precarious condition of the present inhabitants of the island;

&quot;We have ordered and order the following:

&quot;'''Art. I.''' The ports of the French part of Saint-Domingue shall be open to the commerce of all nations.

&quot;The duties levied in these ports either on ships or merchandise at the times of their entry or departure shall be equal and uniform for all nations except for the French flag, on behalf of which these duties are to be reduced to half the amount.

&quot;'''Art. II.''' The present inhabitants of the French part of Saint-Domingue shall pay at the Caisse des Dépots et Consignations of France, in five annual instalments, the first one due on 31 December 1825, the sum of one hundred and fifty millions of francs, in order to compensate the former colonists who may claim an indemnity.

&quot;'''Art. III.''' Under these conditions we grant, by the present Ordinance, to the present inhabitants of the French part of Saint-Domingue the full independence of their Government.

&quot;And the present Ordinance shall be sealed with the great seal.

&quot;Done at Paris in the Palace of Tuileries, this 17 April A. D. 1825, and the first of our reign.

&quot;Charles.

&quot;By the King: The Peer of France, Minister-Secretary of State for the Navy and the colonies.

&quot;Comte de Chabrol.&quot;
|}

De Haitians want de French to recognize de Spanish part of de island as part of Haitian territory. However, de French flatly ignored dis request. France had returned ''de jure'' de Spanish part of de island to Spain insyd de Treaty of Paris of 1814, which annulled de Treaty of Basel of 1795. Therefore France had no claim to de formerly Spanish part of Hispaniola which e can renounce insyd favor of Haiti.

Under Charles X ein ordinance, France dey demand an indemnity payment of 150 million francs insyd exchange for recognizing Haiti ein independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt; Insyd addition to de payment, Charles ordered dat Haiti provide a fifty percent discount on French import duties, making payment to France more difficult.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; On 11 July 1825, de senate of Haiti signed de agreement to pay France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Territorial discussions ==

De final discussions between France den Haiti regarding de signing of de Ordinance took place between de months of April den July 1825. By those dates, de Haitians had already been occupying Santo Domingo militarily for 3 years den 1 month.

During de discussions, de Haitians demanded from France dat de Spanish part of de island be recognized by France as de territory of Haiti insyd de aforementioned Ordinance. De French dey reject dis Haitian demand as inadmissible, ill-founded den lacking legal basis; France, they argue, had returned de Spanish part of de island to Spain insyd de Treaty of Paris of 1814, which annulled de Treaty of Basel of 1795. Therefore, dis territory be not theirs to dispose of, therefore, de Haitians dey occupy Spanish territory, not French.

Furthermore, de French be not going to reward Haiti by giving de Haitians a territory dat did not belong to France, when de Haitians made France lose ein most profitable colony, Saint-Domingue, insyd de first place. De French-Spanish relations which had been tense during de Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) had markedly improve following de imposition by force of an absolutist regime under Ferdinand VII which was Bourbon, Legitimist den Absolutist, very much like Charles X. Whatever de political expediency might have been (den there seemed to be none), Charles X was not of a disposition to reward a revolutionary Republic at de expense of a regime he viewed very much as kindred.

De Haitians alleged dat they were militarily occupy de territory of an independent state, de Republic of Spanish Haiti, free of any power, den dat ein president den founder José Núñez de Cáceres had recognized de Haitian occupation. De French reject dis claim of de Haitians, since de Republic of Spanish Haiti be just an attempt at a state that existed only for two months den a few days, den dat never receive official diplomatic recognition, neither of ein metropolis, nor of any oda country besides Haiti.

Furthermore, France den oda major powers had not yet (as of 1822) recognize Haiti as an independent nation, therefore, de French argue, de colony of one country could not recognize de sovereignty of de colony of another.

At de same time, de Haitians want France to force de Dominicans to pay de Haitian Independence Debt, den to sana collect local taxes from them, so dat they would contribute to de payment of dis debt. De French rejected this claim by the Haitians. France did not have to collect compensation from the inhabitants of de Spanish part since they had not created any loss for France dat had to be compensated. Furthermore, de French never create slave plantations on de Spanish part of de island when e be under French control.

== Indemnity payment ==

De payments be designed by France to be so large dat e be effectively create a &quot;double debt&quot;; France would receive a direct annual payment den Haiti would pay French bankers interest on de loans required to meet France ein annual demands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; France view Haiti ein debt as de &quot;principal interest insyd Haiti, de question dat dominated everything else for us&quot;, according to a French minister.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Much of de debt would be paid directly to de French state-owned Caisse des dépôts et consignations (CDC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; France order Haiti to pay de 150 million francs over a period of five years, plus de first annual payment of 30 million francs being six times larger than Haiti ein yearly revenue. Haiti be oblige to take out a loan from de French bank Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie to make de payment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Piot|first=Gaston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ4wAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22Ternaux+Gandolphe+et+Cie%22&amp;pg=RA1-PA83|title=De l'alienation de l'ager publicus pendant la période républicaine: Des règles de compètence applicables aux états et aux souverains étrangers|publisher=Impr. F. Levé|year=1887|page=83|language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie insyd turn organized a bond auction to raise de sum. A consortium led by Jacques Laffitte agree to pay 800 francs for each of de 30,000 thousand-franc bonds to de CDC. Of de 24 million dat de Laffitte consortium paid to de CDC, 20 million had itself been borrowed at 3 percent interest from de CDC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brière&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Brière |first=Jean-François |date=Fall 2006 |title=L'Emprunt de 1825 dans la dette de l'indépendance haitienne envers la France |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=126–134 |jstor=41715332 |lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1826, Haiti shipped de contents of ein treasury to France insyd bags&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; to make up de remaining 6 million francs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brière&quot; /&gt;

Haiti continue to take out loans from France den de United States insyd oda to fulfill payments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Such large payments become impossible for Haiti den defaults occur immediately, plus Haiti ein late payments often dey raise tensions plus France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie seized assets of de Haitian government for failing to pay on ein loan, though de Tribunal de la Seine overturned these actions on 2 May 1828.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt; On 12 February 1838, France agree to reduce de debt to 90 million francs to be paid over a period of 30 years to compensate former plantation owners who dey loose ein property den slaves; de 2004 equivalent of US$21 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:06&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sommers, Jeffrey. ''Race, Reality, and Realpolitik: U.S.-Haiti Relations in the Lead Up to the 1915 Occupation''. 2015. {{ISBN|1498509142}}. p. 124.&lt;/ref&gt; President Boyer, who agree to make de payments to prevent an invasion, be forced from Haiti insyd1843 by citizens who demanded lower taxes den more rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

By de late 1800s, eighty percent of Haiti ein wealth was being used to pay foreign debt; France be de highest collector, followed by de German Empire den de United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Henri Durrieu, head of de French bank Crédit Industriel et Commercial (CIC), be inspired to increase revenue for de bank by following de example of state-run banks acquiring capital from oda distant French colonies such as Martinique den Senegal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Insyd 1874 den 1875 Haiti took out two large loans from CIC, greatly increase de nation ein debt. French banks charged Haiti 40% of de capital insyd commissions den fees.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Thomas Piketty described de loans as an early example of &quot;neocolonialism through debt&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

From 1880 to 1881, Haiti grant a currency issuance concession to create de National Bank of Haiti (BNH), headquartered insyd Paris by CIC which be simultaneously funding de construction of de Eiffel Tower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; BNH be described as an entity of &quot;pure extraction&quot; by Paris School of Economics economic historian Éric Monnet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; On de board of de BNH was Édouard Delessert, de great-grandson of French slave trader den owner Jean-Joseph de Laborde who dey establish ein when France control Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Haitian Charles Laforestrie, who mainly lived insyd France den successfully pushed for Haiti to accept de 1875 loan plus de CIC, later retired from ein positions insyd Haiti amid corruption allegations, joining de BNH board insyd Paris after its founding.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; CIC took $136 million in 2022 US dollars from Haiti and distributed those funds among shareholders, who made 15% annual returns on average, not returning any of de earnings to Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; These funds distributed among shareholders ultimately deprived Haiti of at least $1.7 billion dat could have been put towards infrastructural development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Under de French-controlled BNH, Haitian funds be overseen by France den all transactions generated commissions, plus CIC shareholders profits often being larger than de entire budget for Haiti ein public works.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; De French government acknowledged de payment of 90 million francs insyd 1888 den over a period of about seventy years, Haiti paid 112 million francs to France, about $560 million insyd 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== United States occupation of Haiti ===
Insyd 1903, Haitian authorities begin to accuse de BNH of fraud den by 1908, Haitian Minister of Finance Frédéric Marcelin pushed for de BNH to work on de behalf of Haitians, though French officials begin to devise plans to reorganize ein financial interests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; French envoy to Haiti Pierre Carteron write following Marcelin ein objections dat &quot;It is of de highest importance dat we study how to set up a new French credit establishment insyd Port-au-Prince ... Without any close link to de Haitian government.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Businesses from de United States had pursue de control of Haiti for years den from 1910 to 1911, de United States Department of State backed a consortium of American investors – headed by de National City Bank of New York – to acquire control of de National Bank of Haiti to create de Bank of de Republic of Haiti (BNRH), plus de new bank often holding payments from de Haitian government, leading to unrest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gebrekidan|first1=Selam|last2=Apuzzo|first2=Matt|last3=Porter|first3=Catherine|last4=Méheut|first4=Constant|date=2022-05-20|title=Invade Haiti, Wall Street Urged. The U.S. Obliged.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/haiti-wall-street-us-banks.html|access-date=2022-05-24|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

France would still keep a stake insyd de BNRH, though CIC be excluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; Following de overthrow of Haitian president Michel Oreste insyd 1914, de National City Bank den de BNRH demand de United States Marines to take custody of Haiti ein gold reserve of about US$500,000 – equivalent to $13,526,578 insyd 2021 – insyd December 1914; de gold be transported aboard USS ''Machias'' in wooden boxes and place into the National City Bank's New York City vault days later.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2007-07-13|title=U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915-34|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/88275.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-24|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;central banks haiti gold&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bytheway|first1=Simon James|title=Central Banks and Gold: How Tokyo, London, and New York Shaped the Modern World|last2=Metzler|first2=Mark|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1501706509|page=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; De overthrow of Haiti ein president Vilbrun Guillaume Sam den subsequent unrest result insyd President of de United States Woodrow Wilson dey order de invasion of Haiti to protect American business interests on 28 July 1915.&lt;ref&gt;Weinstein, Segal 1984, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Six weeks later, de United States seized control of Haiti ein customs houses, administrative institutions, banks den de national treasury, plus de United States using a total of forty percent of Haiti ein national income to repay debts to American den French banks for de next nineteen years until 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;Weinstein, Segal 1984, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1922, BNRH be completely acquire by National City Bank, ein headquarters was moved to New York City and Haiti's debt to France was moved to be paid to American investors.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Munro |first=Dana G. |year=1969 |title=The American Withdrawal from Haiti, 1929–1934 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/2511314 |jstor=2511314}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under U.S. government control, a total of forty percent of Haiti's national income was designated to repay debts to American den French banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; Haiti would pay ein final indemnity remittance to National City Bank insyd 1947, plus de United Nations dey report dat at dat time, Haitians be &quot;often close to de starvation level&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Aftermath ==

''De New York Times'' reported de payments cost Haiti much of ein development potential, removing about $21 to $115 billion of growth from Haiti (about one to eight times de nation ein total economy) over two centuries, according to calculations conducted by fifteen prominent economists. Haiti could potentially have experienced a level of development on par plus neighboring Caribbean island nations dat gained independence insyd de early 19th century, such as de Dominican Republic den Jamaica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

De history of Haiti ein indemnity be not taught as part of education insyd France.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Aristocratic French families have largely forgotten dat ein families benefited from de debt payments of Haiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; President of France François Hollande would eventually describe de money paid by Haiti to France as &quot;de ransom of independence&quot; den insyd 2016, de Parliament of France repealed de 1825 ordinance insyd a symbolic gesture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Reparation requests ===

==== Aristide government ====
On 7 April 2003, President of Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide demanded dat France pay Haiti over 21 billion U.S. dollars, what he say be de equivalent insyd today ein money of de 90 million gold francs Haiti dey force to pay Paris after winning ein freedom from France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Méheut|first1=Constant|last2=Porter|first2=Catherine|last3=Gebrekidan|first3=Selam|last4=Apuzzo|first4=Matt|date=2022-05-20|title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714100559/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html|archive-date=2024-07-14|access-date=2024-08-05|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson Miller&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Dionne|last=Jackson Miller|title=Haiti: Aristide's Call for Reparations From France Unlikely to Die|date=March 12, 2004|access-date=20 April 2009|publisher=Inter Press Service news|url=http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=22828|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202065348/http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=22828|archivedate=2 December 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Revolution&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Frank E. Smitha|title=Haiti, 1789 to 1806|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h34-np2.html|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182348/http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h34-np2.html|archivedate=2009-02-12|access-date=2009-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; French den Haitian officials later dey claim to ''The New York Times'' dat Aristide ein calls for reparations led to French den Haitian officials collaborating plus de United States on removing Aristide because France feared dat discussions of reparations will set a precedent for oda former colonies, such as Algeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Insyd February 2004, a coup d'état occurred against President Aristide. De United Nations Security Council, of which France be a permanent member, rejected a 26 February 2004, appeal from de Caribbean Community (CARICOM) for international peacekeeping forces to be sent into ein member state Haiti. However, de Security Council voted unanimously to send troops into Haiti three days later, just hours after Aristide ein controversial resignation. De provisional prime minister Gérard Latortue who assumed office after de coup would later rescind de reparations demand, calling it &quot;ridiculous&quot; den &quot;illegal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2004-04-20|title=Haiti Drops Its Demand For Refund From France|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108241560696887142|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240804062736/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108241560696887142#selection-5523.0-5523.45|archive-date=2024-08-04|access-date=2024-08-05|work=The Wall Street Journal|quote=&quot;This claim was illegal, ridiculous and was made only for political reasons,&quot; Prime Minister Gerard Latortue said Sunday. &quot;This matter is closed. What we need now is increased cooperation with France that could help us build roads, hospitals, schools and other infrastructure.&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Myrtha Desulme, chairperson of de Haiti-Jamaica Exchange Committee, told IPS, &quot;I believe dat [de call for reparations] could have something to do plus it, because they [France] be definitely not happy about it, den make some very hostile comments ... I believe that he did have grounds for that demand, because that is what started the downfall of Haiti.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson Miller&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Revolution&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|year=200a|title=A Country Study: Haiti – Boyer: Expansion and Decline|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html#ht0021|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601203635/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html|archivedate=2009-06-01|access-date=2007-08-30|publisher=&lt;big&gt;*&lt;/big&gt; Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2010 earthquake ====

Following de 2010 Haiti earthquake, de French foreign ministry made a formal request to de Paris Club on 17 January 2010 to completely cancel Haiti's external debt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2010-01-15|title=France asks Paris Club to speed up Haiti debt|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE60E0ZB|access-date=2022-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of commentators, for example ''The New York Times''' Matt Apuzzo, Selam Gebrekidan, Constant Méheut, and Catherine Porter, analyze how Haiti's current troubles stem from its colonial past,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haiti's Troubled Path to Development|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/haitis-troubled-path-development|access-date=2022-12-05|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drawing references from the early 19th-century indemnity demand and how it had severely depleted de Haitian government ein treasury den economic capabilities.

== Gallery ==
=== Copies of de ordinance ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;550px&quot;&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
=== Oda images ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;550px&quot;&gt;
File:Jean Boyer firma la ordenanza de 1825.png|Engraving wey dey show Haitian Presido Jean Pierre Boyer plus an inkwell, quill, den scroll insyd ein right hand, ready to sign de ordinance. To de left of am, insyd de background, dem fi see French sailors on de Port-au-Prince dock, wey dey make sure dat dem sign de ordinance.
File:Grabado de Carlos X de Francia danddole la independencia a Haití.jpg|Engraving dem titleː &lt;br /&gt; &quot;His Majesty, Charles X, The Beloved, recognizing &lt;br /&gt; the Independence '''''of Saint-Domingue'''''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
* [https://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/17/france_urged_to_pay_40_billion France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for &quot;Independence Debt&quot;] – video report by ''Democracy Now!''

[[Category:Economic history of Haiti]]
[[Category:France–Haiti relations]]
[[Category:Reparations for slavery]]
[[Category:Third World debt cancellation activism]]
[[Category:Aftermath of de Napoleonic Wars]]</text>
      <sha1>sde0ne58c892w7mnyfxddxhlinetsb8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Params</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>20247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104791</id>
      <parentid>75802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T20:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>3655</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Upstream updates</comment>
      <origin>104791</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="81730" sha1="fdgmy2j5zj2k25i8s1rqr5wi8hre2zs" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


	---                                        ---
	---     LOCAL ENVIRONMENT                  ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Abstract utilities ]]--
	----------------------------


-- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers)
local function zero_padded (str)
	return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str)
end


-- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting)
local function natural_sort (var1, var2)
	return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) &lt; var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded)
end


-- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number
local function get_parameter_name (par_str)
	local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end
	return tonumber(ret)
end


-- Return a copy or a reference to a table
local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly)
	if refonly then return src end
	local newtab = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end
	return newtab
end


-- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left
local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len)
	local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt;= idx then
			if key &gt; tmp then cache[key - len] = val end
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = 1 - idx
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = idx - 1
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and
-- always parsing numeric strings as numbers
local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey)
	local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey)
	if skey ~= realkey then
		dest[realkey] = val
		src[skey] = nil
	end
end


-- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys
local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn)
	local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			nn = nn + 1
			nums[nn] = key
		else
			nw = nw + 1
			words[nw] = key
		end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	table.sort(words, sort_fn)
	return nums, words, nn, nw
end


	--[[ Public strings ]]--
	------------------------


-- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local mkeywords = {
	['or'] = 0,
	pattern = 1,
	plain = 2,
	strict = 3
}


-- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local sortfunctions = {
	alphabetically = false,
	naturally = natural_sort
}


-- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers
-- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
--[[

Meanings of the columns:

  col[1] = Loop type (0-3)
  col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3)
  col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback
  col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name
  col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value
  col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]`
  col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]`

A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`)

]]--
local mapping_styles = {
	names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 },
	values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 },
	values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },
	names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 },
	names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 },
	names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 },
	values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 },
	blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
}


-- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local memoryslots = {
	h = 'header',
	f = 'footer',
	i = 'itersep',
	l = 'lastsep',
	n = 'ifngiven',
	p = 'pairsep',
	s = 'oxfordsep'
}


-- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier
local trim_parse_opts = {
	trim_none = { false, false },
	trim_positional = { false, true },
	trim_named = { true, false },
	trim_all = { true, true }
}


-- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local isep_parse_opts = {
	splitter_pattern = false,
	splitter_string = true
}


-- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local psep_parse_opts = {
	setter_pattern = false,
	setter_string = true
}


-- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier
local position_references = {
	add_nothing = 0,
	add_smallest_number = 1,
	add_last_of_sequence = 2,
	add_largest_number = 3
}


-- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `let`


	--[[ Module's private environment ]]--
	--------------------------------------


-- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`)
local modulename = 'Module:Params'


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args`
-- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also
-- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available
local refpipe = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	--coins = true,
	count = true,
	evaluating = true,
	for_each = true,
	list = true,
	list_values = true,
	list_maybe_with_names = true,
	value_of = true
}


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the
-- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if 
-- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own
-- (modified) copy available
local refparams = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	combining = true,
	combining_by_calling = true,
	combining_values = true,
	concat_and_call = true,
	concat_and_invoke = true,
	concat_and_magic = true,
	count = true,
	grouping_by_calling = true,
	mixing_names_and_values = true,
	renaming_by_mixing = true,
	renaming_to_sequence = true,
	renaming_to_uppercase = true,
	renaming_to_lowercase = true,
	--renaming_to_values = true,
	shifting = true,
	splicing = true,
	--swapping_names_and_values = true,
	value_of = true,
	with_name_matching = true
}


-- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we
-- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its
-- optimal value at Module talk:Params)
local maxfill = 1024


-- The private table of functions
local library = {}


-- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position
local static_iface = {}


-- Create a new context
local function context_new (child_frame)
	local ctx = {}
	ctx.frame = child_frame:getParent()
	ctx.opipe = child_frame.args
	ctx.oparams = ctx.frame.args
	ctx.firstposonly = static_iface
	ctx.iterfunc = pairs
	ctx.sorttype = 0
	ctx.n_parents = 0
	ctx.n_children = 0
	ctx.n_available = maxfill
	return ctx
end


-- Move to the next action within the user-given list
local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward)
	local nextfn
	if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then
		nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	if nextfn == nil then error(modulename ..
		': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
	if library[nextfn] == nil then
		if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0)
		else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn ..
			'’ directive can only appear in first position', 0)
		end
	end
	remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward)
	return library[nextfn]
end


-- Main loop
local function main_loop (ctx, start_with)
	local fn = start_with
	repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn
	if ctx.n_parents &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end
	if ctx.n_children &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end
end


-- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table
local function set_strings (dest, opts, start_from)
	local cmd
	if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end
	cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/')
		:match'^/*(.*[^/])'
	if cmd == nil then return start_from end
	local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1
	local vname
	local chr
	for idx = 1, #cmd do
		chr = cmd:byte(idx)
		if chr == sep then
			for key, val in ipairs(amap) do
				dest[val] = opts[argc]
				amap[key] = nil
			end
			argc = argc + 1
		else
			vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)]
			if vname == nil then error(modulename ..
				', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' ..
				string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end
			table.insert(amap, vname)
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end
	return argc
end


-- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children`
local function push_cloned_stack (ctx, tbl)
	local newparams = {}
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
end


-- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or
-- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil`
local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg)
	if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end
	local tmp = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if tmp == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false end
	tmp = sortfunctions[tmp]
	if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false end
	return tmp or nil, 2, true
end


-- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let]|[...][number of additional
-- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]`
local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after)
	local tbl, pin = {}, start_from
	local names
	if src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin]:match'^%s*let%s*$' and
		src[pin + 1] ~= nil and src[pin + 2] ~= nil
	then
		names = {}
		repeat
			names[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])] = src[pin + 2]
			pin = pin + 3
		until src[pin] == nil or not src[pin]:match'^%s*let%s*$' or
			src[pin + 1] == nil or src[pin + 2] == nil
	end
	local tmp = tonumber(src[pin])
	if tmp ~= nil and math.floor(tmp) == tmp then
		if tmp &lt; 0 then tmp = -1 end
		local shf = append_after - pin
		for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp do tbl[idx + shf] = src[idx] end
		pin = pin + tmp + 1
	end
	if names ~= nil then
		for key, val in pairs(names) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return tbl, pin
end


-- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*`
-- class of modifiers
local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style)
	local style
	local shf
	local tmp = src[n_skip + 1]
	if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1
	else shf = n_skip end
	local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5]
	tmp = style[6]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			karg = tonumber(karg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[7]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			varg = tonumber(varg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg)
		end
	end
	local dest, nargs = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist)
	tmp = style[1]
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 2 end
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 1 end
	return dest, nargs, tmp, karg, varg
end


-- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of
-- modifiers
local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami)
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end
	if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end
	local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3
	if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end
	local flg = opts[argc]
	if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end
	return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax &lt; 1) or
		(flg == 3 and ptn == repl)
end


-- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers
local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami)
	local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1
	local keyw
	for _, val in ipairs(opts) do
		if state == 0 then
			nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1
			ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false }
		else
			keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or (
				state &gt; 0 and mkeywords[keyw] &gt; 0
			) then break
			else
				state = mkeywords[keyw]
				if state &gt; 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end
				if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end
			end
		end
		cnt = cnt + 1
	end
	if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami ..
		'’: No pattern was given', 0) end
	return ptns, nptns, cnt
end


-- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing` and `reinterpreting` modifiers
local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp)
	local tmp
	local optslots, noptslots, argc = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from
	local trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = true, false, true, true
	repeat
		noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc]
		if tmp == nil then break end
		tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp]
			trimn, trimu = tmp[1], tmp[2]
			optslots[1] = nil
		elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			iplain, isp = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc]
			optslots[2] = nil
		elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			pplain, psp = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc]
			optslots[3] = nil
		else break end
		argc = argc + 1
	until noptslots &lt; 1
	return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc
end


-- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table
local value_maps = {
	[0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end
	end,
	[1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end
}


-- Private table for `map_names()`
local name_thieves = {
	[0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end
}


-- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table
local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn)
	local cache = {}
	name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric
-- suffixes in its keys
local function make_groups (src)
	-- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable!
	local prefix
	local gid
	local groups = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		-- `key` must only be a string or a number...
		if type(key) == 'string' then
			prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$'
			gid = tonumber(gid) or ''
		else
			prefix = ''
			gid = key
		end
		if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end
		if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			prefix = tonumber(prefix)
			if prefix &lt; 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end
		end
		groups[gid][prefix] = val
	end
	return groups
end


-- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and
-- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length
local function parse_placeholder_string (target)
	local skel = {}
	local canvas = {}
	local idx = 1
	local s_pos = 1
	local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false)
	while e_pos ~= nil do
		canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1)
		skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@'
		idx = idx + 2
		s_pos = e_pos + 2
		e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false)
	end
	if (s_pos &gt; target:len()) then idx = idx - 1
	else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end
	return skel, canvas, idx
end


-- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string
local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru)
	local key
	local val
	local spos1
	local spos2
	local pos1
	local pos2
	local pos3 = 0
	local idx = 1
	local lenplone = #str + 1
	if isp == nil or isp == '' then
		if psp == nil or psp == '' then
			if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else tbl[idx] = str end
			return idx
		end
		spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else val = str end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = str:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
		return idx
	end
	if psp == nil or psp == '' then
		repeat
			pos1 = pos3 + 1
			pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
			val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			tbl[idx] = val
			idx = idx + 1
		until pos2 == nil
		return idx
	end
	repeat
		pos1 = pos3 + 1
		pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
		val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
		spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = val:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
	until pos2 == nil
	return idx
end


-- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values`
local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function
	-- MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local vars = {}
	local sortfn, tmp, do_sort = load_sort_opt(opts[2])
	local argc = set_strings(vars, opts, tmp + 1)
	if argc &lt; tmp then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end
	if next(tbl) == nil then
		if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then
			ctx.params = {
				[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven
			}
		elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end
		return argc
	end
	local cache
	local len
	if do_sort then
		local words
		cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end
		len = len + tmp
	else
		cache = {}
		len = 0
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			len = len + 1
			cache[len] = key
		end
	end
	local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or ''
	for idx = 1, len do
		tmp = cache[idx]
		pmap[nss + 1] = pps
		pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs)
		nss = nss + 2
	end
	tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep
	if tmp ~= nil and nss &gt; 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp
	elseif nss &gt; 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then
		pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep
	end
	pmap[1] = vars.header or ''
	if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end
	ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) }
	return argc
end


-- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric
-- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options
-- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters
local function concat_params (ctx)
	local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		-- We need only the sequence
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end
	else
		if ctx.subset == -1 then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				retval[key + nmax] = val
			else retval[key] = val end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end
	return retval
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this
-- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function flush_params (ctx, fn)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
			for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
			return
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset ~= -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value
-- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_oth)
		return
	end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort)
		local sequence = {}
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do
			if sequence[nums[idx]] then
				fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]])
			else
				fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]])
			end
		end
		if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
		fn_seq(key, val)
		tbl[key] = nil
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
end


-- Finalize and return a concatenated list
local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize)
	if len &gt; 0 then
		local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep
		if tmp ~= nil and len &gt; modsize * 2 then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp
		elseif len &gt; modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep
		end
		lst[1] = ctx.header or ''
		if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end
		ctx.text = table.concat(lst)
	else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
end


	--[[ Modifiers ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to
library.sequential = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc = ipairs
	ctx.subset = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to
library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc = pairs
	ctx.subset = -1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to
library.all_sorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to
library.reassorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 2
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to
library.setting = function (ctx)
	local argc = set_strings(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1)
	if argc &lt; 2 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|pipe to
library.scoring = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local retval = 0
	for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = tostring(retval)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to
library.squeezing = function (ctx)
	local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			newlen = newlen + 1
			indices[newlen] = key
			store[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	table.sort(indices)
	for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to
library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx)
	local tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmax == nil then
				if key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
				nmax = key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
			nnums = nnums + 1
			tmp[key] = val
		end
	end
	if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin &gt; nnums then
		ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax
		if ctx.n_available &lt; 0 then error(modulename ..
			', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' ..
			tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end
		for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = '' end
		for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to
library.clearing = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local numerics = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to
library.cutting = function (ctx)
	local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local len = #tbl
	if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
	if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
	local tot = lcut + rcut
	if tot &gt; 0 then
		local cache = {}
		if tot &gt;= len then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
			tot = len
		else
			for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				if key &gt; len then cache[key - tot] = val
				else cache[key - lcut] = val end
				tbl[key] = nil
			end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to
library.cropping = function (ctx)
	local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local nmin
	local nmax
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	if nmin ~= nil then
		local len = nmax - nmin + 1
		if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
		if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
		if lcut + rcut - len &gt; -1 then
			for key in pairs(tbl) do
				if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end
			end
		elseif lcut + rcut &gt; 0 then
			for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1
			if lshift &gt; 0 then
				for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do
					tbl[idx - lshift] = tbl[idx]
					tbl[idx] = nil
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.purging = function (ctx)
	local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &lt; 1 then
		len = len + table.maxn(tbl)
		if idx &gt; len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		len = len - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.backpurging = function (ctx)
	local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local idx
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &gt; 0 then
		idx = last - len + 1
	else
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or
				key &lt; idx) then idx = key end
		end
		if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		idx = idx - len
		if last &lt; idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		len = last - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to
library.shifting = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then
		error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end
	local tbl = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val
		else tbl[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to
library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local shift = #tbl + 1
	if shift &lt; 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end
	local numerics = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	local nmax
	local nmin
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
			if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0
	local tmp
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			nsize = nsize + 1
			cache[nsize] = key
		end
	end
	table.sort(cache)
	for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do
		tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ]
		tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ]
		tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to
library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx)
	local sortfn
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then
		sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$']
	end
	if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn)
	else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil`
	if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment|
--            [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to
library.splicing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	local tmp1 = opts[1]
	local tmp2
	local argc
	local pos
	local refp
	if tmp1 ~= nil then
		tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1)
		if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then
			pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4,
				tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if tmp2 ~= nil then
				refp = position_references[tmp2]
				if refp == nil then error(modulename ..
					', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) ..
					'’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end
			else refp = 0 end
		else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end
	else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end
	if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end
	if refp == 2 then
		for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end
		refp = 0
	end
	tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil
	if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' then
				if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key
				elseif key &lt; tmp1 then tmp1 = key
				elseif key &gt; tmp2 then tmp2 = key end
			end
		end
	end
	if tmp2 == nil then len = 0
	elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2
	elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end
	if len &gt; 0 and pos + len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len)
	elseif len &lt; 0 and pos - len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len)
	else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end
	ctx.params = tbl
	tmp1 = tonumber(opts[argc])
	if len == 0 and (tmp1 == nil or tmp1 &lt; 1) then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to add cannot be zero', 0) end
	if tmp1 == nil or tmp1 &lt; 0 or math.floor(tmp1) ~= tmp1 then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	tmp2 = argc - pos + 1
	for key = pos, pos + tmp1 - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + tmp1 + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to
library.imposing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end
	ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2]
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to
library.providing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end
	local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])
	if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to
library.discarding = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil then
		ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end
	if len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end
	for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to
library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to
library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]
--            |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_name_matching = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_name_matching')
	local tmp
	local ptn
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local newparams = {}
	for idx = 1, nptns do
		ptn = targets[idx]
		if ptn[3] then
			tmp = ptn[1]
			if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
				tmp = tonumber(tmp)
			end
			newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp]
		else
			for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
				if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
					newparams[key] = val
				end
			end
		end
	end
	ctx.params = newparams
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]
--            |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_name_not_matching')
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then
		local tmp = targets[1][1]
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil
		else tbl[tmp] = nil end
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	local yesmatch
	local ptn
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]
--            |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_value_matching = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_value_matching')
	local nomatch
	local ptn
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		nomatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val == ptn[1] then
					nomatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				nomatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]
--            |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_value_not_matching')
	local yesmatch
	local ptn
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to
library.trimming_values = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let]|[...][number of additional parameters]|[parameter
--            1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1,
		mapping_styles.values_only)
	local model = { title = tname, args = margs }
	value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 2,
		mapping_styles.values_only)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let]|[...][number of additional arguments]|[argument
--            1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1,
		mapping_styles.values_only)
	value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs)
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local mix = ctx.pipe[1]
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if mix == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to
library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1])
	local cache
	local len
	if do_sort then
		local words
		local wl
		cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end
		for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end
	else
		cache = {}
		len = 0
		for _, val in pairs(tbl) do
			len = len + 1
			cache[len] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let]|[...][number of additional parameters]|[parameter
--            1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1,
		mapping_styles.names_only)
	local model = { title = tname, args = rargs }
	map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 2,
		mapping_styles.names_only)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let]|[...][number of additional arguments]|[argument
--            1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1,
		mapping_styles.names_only)
	map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs)
	end)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn)
		local val = tbl[ptn]
		if val ~= nil then
			tbl[ptn] = nil
			tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = val
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		local cache = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache,
				tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax))
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	local cache = {}
	if mix == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val
		end
	else
		local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val
				else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to
--[[
library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template
--            name|[let]|[...]|[number of additional arguments]|[argument
--            1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tmp
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tmp = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local argc
	tmp, argc = load_child_opts(opts, 2, 0)
	local gargs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &lt; 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val
		else gargs[key] = val end
	end
	local groups = make_groups(ctx.params)
	for gid, group in pairs(groups) do
		for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0] = gid
		model.args = group
		groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end
	ctx.params = groups
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.parsing = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=')
	parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
		trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim
--            flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter
--            setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.reinterpreting = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=')
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	local str = tbl[tmp]
	if str ~= nil then
		tbl[tmp] = nil
		parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
			trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.evaluating = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':')
	if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then
		ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe)
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	local new_opts, cache = {}, {}
	local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain,
		psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; 1 then new_opts[key] = val
		elseif key &gt;= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end
	ctx.pipe = new_opts
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to
library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end
	local cache = {}
	local mix_k, mix_v = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', ctx.pipe[2]
	local tmp
	if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key)
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end
	else
		local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k)
		local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			tmp = tostring(key)
			for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do
				if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end
			end
			for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do
				if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end
			end
			cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] =
				table.concat(cnv_v)
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort order]|setting
--            directives|...|pipe to
library.combining = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end,
		'combining'
	) + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return val end,
		'combining_values'
	) + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tname = ctx.pipe[1]
	if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
			title = tname,
			args = ctx.params
		}
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new
--            parameter name|pipe to
library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local mname = ctx.pipe[1]
	if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = ctx.pipe[2]
	if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] =
			tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 4)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local magic = ctx.pipe[1]
	if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] =
			ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params)
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|snapshotting|pipe to
library.snapshotting = function (ctx)
	push_cloned_stack(ctx, ctx.params)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|remembering|pipe to
library.remembering = function (ctx)
	push_cloned_stack(ctx, ctx.oparams)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to
library.entering_substack = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents + 1
	if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl }
	else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then
		ctx.params = {}
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	if currsnap &gt; 0 then
		ctx.params = ctx.children[currsnap]
		ctx.children[currsnap] = nil
		ctx.n_children = currsnap - 1
	else
		local newparams = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
		ctx.params = newparams
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to
library.pulling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end
	local parent
	local tmp = ctx.n_parents
	if tmp &lt; 1 then parent = ctx.oparams else parent = ctx.parents[tmp] end
	tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to
library.detaching_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to
library.dropping_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	ctx.params = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to
library.leaving_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end
	ctx.params = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to
library.merging_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	local child = ctx.params
	ctx.params = parent
	ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1
	for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to
library.flushing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.params
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end
	ctx.children[currsnap] = nil
	ctx.n_children = currsnap - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


	--[[ Functions ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|count
library.count = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local retval = 0
	for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end
	ctx.text = retval
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]
--            |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value
--            n]|[...]
library.concat_and_call = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
		title = tname,
		args = concat_params(ctx)
	}
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend
--            1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            item n=value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2)
	local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{
		title = 'Module:' .. mname,
		args = concat_params(ctx)
	})
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend
--            2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=
--            value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx))
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name
library.value_of = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local val
	local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
		key = tonumber(key)
		val = ctx.params[key]
		-- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in
		-- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable)
		if val ~= nil and (
			ctx.subset ~= -1 or key &gt; #ctx.params or key &lt; 1
		) and (
			ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key &lt;= #ctx.params and key &gt; 0)
		) then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	else
		val = ctx.params[key]
		if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	end
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list
library.list = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = key
			ret[nss + 3] = kvs
			ret[nss + 4] = val
			nss = nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_values
library.list_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	-- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us
	local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = val
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names
library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	mixed_flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = ''
			ret[nss + 3] = ''
			ret[nss + 4] = val
			nss = nss + 4
		end,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = key
			ret[nss + 3] = kvs
			ret[nss + 4] = val
			nss = nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value
--            2]|[...]|[last coin = value N]
--[[
library.coins = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end
	return library.list_values(ctx)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin =
--            value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N]
library.unique_coins = function (ctx)
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	local tmp
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		tmp = get_parameter_name(val)
		tbl[key] = opts[tmp]
		opts[tmp] = nil
	end
	return library.list_values(ctx)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext
library.for_each = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or ''
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
				else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			ret[nss + 1] = pps
			ret[nss + 2] = table.concat(cnv)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]
--            |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tname, args = opts }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	table.insert(opts, 1, true)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = key
			opts[2] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append
--            1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]
--            |[named param n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]

	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = key
			opts[2] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2]
--            |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	table.insert(opts, 1, true)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = key
			opts[2] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local tname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tname, args = opts }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname
	local fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]
--            |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            param n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			opts[1] = val
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local tmp
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val
		else opts[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.pipe = opts
	ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params)
	flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (gid, group)
			for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end
			group[0] = gid
			model.args = group
			ret[nss + 1] = ccs
			ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
			nss = nss + 2
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


	---                                        ---
	---     PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT                 ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|new|pipe to
static_iface.new = function (child_frame)
	local ctx = context_new(child_frame)
	ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false)
	ctx.params = {}
	main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1))
	return ctx.text
end


	--[[ First-position-only functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|self
static_iface.self = function (frame)
	return frame:getParent():getTitle()
end


	--[[ Public metatable of functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


return setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (_, query)
		local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
			': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
		local func = static_iface[fname]
		if func ~= nil then return func end
		func = library[fname]
		if func == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
		return function (child_frame)
			local ctx = context_new(child_frame)
			ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname])
			ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname])
			main_loop(ctx, func)
			return ctx.text
		end
	end
})</text>
      <sha1>fdgmy2j5zj2k25i8s1rqr5wi8hre2zs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Desertification</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104752</id>
      <parentid>101536</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T15:03:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Silas Amo-Osei</username>
        <id>3392</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>104752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16888" sha1="84gpw5idwev0wj1wbi6863svhj5n897" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
      <sha1>84gpw5idwev0wj1wbi6863svhj5n897</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104754</id>
      <parentid>104752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T15:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Silas Amo-Osei</username>
        <id>3392</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>104754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17022" sha1="03m03fd7yba43cljfwcm4drh3ijouka" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; De study find say, between 1982 den 2015, 6% of de drylands for de world inside go though desertification wey be driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; De study find say, between 1982 den 2015, 6% of de drylands for de world inside go though desertification wey be driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; De study find say, between 1982 den 2015, 6% of de drylands for de world inside go though desertification wey be driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change. Despite de average global greening, anthropogenic climate change degrade 12.6%12.6% (5.43 million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of drylands, contributing to desertification den dey  affect 213 million people, 93% of people wey dey live  for developing economies inside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17710-7 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; De study find say, between 1982 den 2015, 6% of de drylands for de world inside go though desertification wey be driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change. Despite de average global greening, anthropogenic climate change degrade 12.6%12.6% (5.43 million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of drylands, contributing to desertification den dey  affect 213 million people, 93% of people wey dey live  for developing economies inside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17710-7 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Agriculture and farming activities&lt;/big&gt;'''

Farming activities such as overgrazing dey cause desertification&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; De study find say, between 1982 den 2015, 6% of de drylands for de world inside go though desertification wey be driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change. Despite de average global greening, anthropogenic climate change degrade 12.6%12.6% (5.43 million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of drylands, contributing to desertification den dey  affect 213 million people, 93% of people wey dey live  for developing economies inside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17710-7 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Agriculture and farming activities&lt;/big&gt;'''

Farming activities such as overgrazing dey cause desertification&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531}}&lt;/ref&gt; . For dis farming activity inside, livestock such as cattle den cows are allowed to feed for   a piece of land top for a long period of time without planting grasses wey go  replace dem. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; De study find say, between 1982 den 2015, 6% of de drylands for de world inside go though desertification wey be driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change. Despite de average global greening, anthropogenic climate change degrade 12.6%12.6% (5.43 million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of drylands, contributing to desertification den dey  affect 213 million people, 93% of people wey dey live  for developing economies inside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17710-7 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Agriculture and farming activities&lt;/big&gt;'''

Farming activities such as overgrazing dey cause desertification&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531}}&lt;/ref&gt; . For dis farming activity inside, livestock such as cattle den cows are allowed to feed for  a piece of land top for a long period of time without planting grasses wey go  replace dem. As a result of dis, de land becomes bare, exposed to heat from de sun which dey cause am  to harden, heavy wind which also dey cause de land to loose ein nutrients.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360779556 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas dem base on de aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts be indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation dey play a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies show say, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dem be washed away by flash floods, wey dey leave infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den cam be an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey dem sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation secof de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth ein land area wey be home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250711080657/https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification dey include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification dey include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions wey dey result from various factors, wey dey include climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas secof climate change den human activities dem call desertification.

As of 2005, na considerable controversy exist over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more dan 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of dese be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich define am as &quot;de process of fertile land wey dey ''transform into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;. Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der sanso exist controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, wey dey include, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of chaw vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Climate change&lt;/big&gt;'''

Research for desertification be hard, den no single metric go fit define all de aspects&lt;ref /&gt;.However, bunch climate change intense be expected say ego increase de current extent of drylands on de continent for de earth inside: from 38% for de late 20th century inside to 50% anaa 56% by say de century go end, under de  &quot;moderate&quot; den high-warming Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 den 8.5. Buncg of de expansion go be seen over regions such as &quot;southwest North America, den northern fringe of Africa, southern Africa, den Australia&quot;. 

Drylands dey cover 41% of de land surface for de earth inside wey dey include 45% of de world's agricultural land.&lt;ref /&gt; De regions dey part of de ecosystem wey be vulnerable to anthropogenic climate den land use change wey desertification be threat to. An observation-based attribution study for desertification inside was carried out for 2020 inside wey account for climate change,  climate variability, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fertilization as well as both de gradual den rapid ecosystem changes caused by land use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7395722/ |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt; De study find say, between 1982 den 2015, 6% of de drylands for de world inside go though desertification wey be driven by unsustainable land use practices compounded by anthropogenic climate change. Despite de average global greening, anthropogenic climate change degrade 12.6%12.6% (5.43 million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of drylands, contributing to desertification den dey  affect 213 million people, 93% of people wey dey live  for developing economies inside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burrell |first=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020-07-31 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17710-7 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Agriculture and farming activities&lt;/big&gt;'''

Farming activities such as overgrazing dey cause desertification&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531}}&lt;/ref&gt; . For dis farming activity inside, livestock such as cattle den cows are allowed to feed for  a piece of land top for a long period of time without planting grasses wey go  replace dem. As a result of dis, de land becomes bare, exposed to heat from de sun which dey cause am  to harden, heavy wind which also dey cause de land to loose ein nutrients.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&amp;oldid=1360779556 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overcultivation den Monocropping den other farming activities wey dey cause desertification in Africa. Planting de same crop repeatedly on de same land dey drains essential nutrients in de land. As de  soil be depleted, it dey loose de organic matter den de ability to retain moisture, causing de soil to harden den crack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |date=2011 |work=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |access-date=2026-06-23 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |isbn=978-1-119-97775-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.unccd.int Official website of the Secretariat] of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
** [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/unccd/unccd.html Procedural history and related documents] on the UNCCD, from the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
* [http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification Official website] of Action Against Desertification, a [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
*[https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-deserts-outlook ''Global Deserts Outlook''] (2006), thematic assessment report in the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Desertification| ]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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    <title>Oramiriukwa River</title>
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'''Oramiriukwa River''' be a stream insyd Imo State, [[Nigeria]] wey dey run a {{convert|14|km|mi|0|adj=on}} course to drain into de Otamiri River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria |url=http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ |publisher=Aquatic Commons |accessdate=2010-10-16 |archive-date=2012-07-08 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708224232/http://aquacomm.fcla.edu/4085/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oramiriukwa one of de Rivers dem find insyd Imo Riverdrainage dey run roughly a 14 km (8.7 mi) course from ein headwaters insyd Abba Isu (Nwangele LGA) den dey release into Otamiri Waterway. In view of de fish gets of neighborhood anglers dey involve an assortment of fishing gear insyd an examining station insyd Emekuku (Owerri LGA), a sum of 17 groups of fish wey dey comprise 27 species be distinguished insyd de waterway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okorie |first=P. U. |date=2005 |title=Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria |url=https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 |journal=AquaDocs |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== Read further ==

* [https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/21739 Icthyofauna of Oramiriukwa River in Imo State, Nigeria.]
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]</text>
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    <title>Sankuru River</title>
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De '''Sankuru River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Sankuru'') be a major river insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ein approximate length of 1,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;ref name=&quot;Brit&quot;&gt;&quot;Sankuru River&quot; in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]], 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.&lt;/ref&gt; dey make am de longest tributary of de [[Kasai River]].

Above de confluence plus ein tributary Mbuji-Mayi e sanso be known as '''Lubilash''' anaa '''Lubilanji'''.&lt;ref name=Brit/&gt; E dey flow northwards den then westwards wey dey cross thru a few towns, most notably Lusambo. Then e dey enter de Kasai River near Bena-Bendi, at {{Coord|4|17|S|20|25|E}}.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:Sankuru River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Kasai River]]</text>
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    <title>Lumi River (East Africa)</title>
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De '''River Lumi''' (sanso be Lomi anaa Luffu) dey locate insyd Rombo District, Kilimanjaro insyd northerneast [[Tanzania]] den a small part insyd southern [[Kenya]] insyd Coast Province. E dey originate on de east side of Mawenzi peak on de east side of (Mount Kilimanjaro), den dey flow so close to de River Rombo as almost to form a fork. De Lumi, however, dey maintain ein southerly direction, wey thus fi be said to represent de upper course of de Ruvu, one of de two main sources of de Pangani River. E dey flow around de Lake Chala den de Taveta town insyd de west den dey empty into de Lake Jipe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf| url-status=dead| archive-date=22 June 2006| title=BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE| accessdate=10 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De fish species ''Barbus'' sp. 'Pangani' only be found insyd de river ein N'joro Springs, wey situate insyd de upper Pangani River drainage basin.

== Wetland management ==
Most of di water wey people dey take from Lumi na from di section wey dey pass through Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;IUCN Eastern Africa Programme (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&amp;pg=PA34 Pangani basin: a situation analysis]''. IUCN. pp. 34–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0760-0|978-2-8317-0760-0]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. Retrieved 9 October 2011&lt;/ref&gt; After dem build plenty dams for Kenyan side of di Lumi, plus di time wey rain reduce, people begin worry say Lake Jipe fit dry. Na im make dem start wetland management programs&lt;ref&gt;Maltby, Edward (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&amp;pg=PA855 The wetlands handbook]''. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp. 855–. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05255-4|978-0-632-05255-4]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. Retrieved 9 October 2011&lt;/ref&gt;. Between 2004–2006, di [[:en:United_Nations_Development_Programme|United Nations Development Programme]] GEF Small Grants Programme together with di Biodiversity Conservation Programme of di European Union finish one de-siltation and restoration project wey return di river to im original course.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020)]&quot;. GEF Small Grants Programme. 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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De '''River Lumi''' (sanso be Lomi anaa Luffu) dey locate insyd Rombo District, Kilimanjaro insyd northerneast [[Tanzania]] den a small part insyd southern [[Kenya]] insyd Coast Province. E dey originate on de east side of Mawenzi peak on de east side of (Mount Kilimanjaro), den dey flow so close to de River Rombo as almost to form a fork. De Lumi, however, dey maintain ein southerly direction, wey thus fi be said to represent de upper course of de Ruvu, one of de two main sources of de Pangani River. E dey flow around de Lake Chala den de Taveta town insyd de west den dey empty into de Lake Jipe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf| url-status=dead| archive-date=22 June 2006| title=BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE| accessdate=10 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; De fish species ''Barbus'' sp. 'Pangani' only be found insyd de river ein N'joro Springs, wey situate insyd de upper Pangani River drainage basin.

== Wetland management ==
Chaw water dem take from de Lumi be from de section wey dey flow thru Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProgrammeInitiative2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=IUCN Eastern Africa Programme |title=Pangani basin: a situation analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&amp;pg=PA34 |accessdate=9 October 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0760-0 |pages=34–}}&lt;/ref&gt; After de building of several dams along de Kenyan side of de Lumi, den plus several periods of reduced rainfall, de dry up of Lake Jipe cam be a concern, wey dey necessitate wetland management programs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maltby2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&amp;pg=PA855|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=855–}}&lt;/ref&gt; During de period of 2004–2006, na de United Nations Development Programme GEF Small Grants Programme den de Biodiversity Conservation Programme of the European Union plete a de-siltation den restoration project of de river ein original course.&lt;ref name=&quot;sgp.undp.org2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html|title=Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020)|date=2006 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme|accessdate=9 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Rivers of Tanzania|Lumi]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kenya|Lumi]]
[[Category:Pangani basin|Lumi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Orisa River</title>
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De '''Orisa River''' ({{lang|yo|Yorùbá:}} {{IPA|yo|òɾisá|}}) be a river insyd Kwara State, [[Nigeria]]. E be an alluvial river den tributary plus a 300-kilometre (186mi) path wey dey originate insyd Ọra den dey flow thru various towns like Aran-Orin, Rore, Olla den Omu-Aran before draining into de [[Niger River|River Niger]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Water Resources in Kwara State Nigeria|last=Oyegun|first=Rowland|URL=https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Water_Resources_in_Kwara_State_Nigeria/h8EMAQAAIAAJ?hl=en|publisher=Matanmi &amp; Sons Printing &amp; Publishing Company|isbn=9781870125}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria|url=https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/3836/1/6%20Paper%20on%20Boundary%20Influence.pdf|access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=Landmark University Repository}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assessment of levels of some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Orisa River, Omu-Aran, Nigeria|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352374043_Assessment_of_levels_of_some_physico-chemical_parameters_and_heavy_metals_of_Orisa_River_Omu-Aran_Nigeria|access-date=March 1, 2026 |website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q138676214|c=no|q=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Orisa|species=no}}
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Niger River]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mo River</title>
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De '''Mo River''' (French: ''Rivière Mo'') be a river of [[Ghana]] den [[Togo]], wey e dey arise insyd Togo den dey flow west, wey dey form a short part of de international boundary between Ghana den Togo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brownlie, I. &quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 250–79}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey empty into [[Lake Volta]] insyd Ghana.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Togo]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana–Togo border]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Otin River</title>
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'''Otin River''' be one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam block am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Otin River |url=https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=heyplaces.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Legend ==
According to Yoruba story, dem say di orisha Otin dey show as person inside Otin River. As historical person, before dem turn am to deity, people believe say she once protect Inisa town from enemy invasion. Na why di townspeople dey worship her today. Otin first come from Otan town, but she waka go Inisa to help fight against invasion from di neighboring towns.

== Region ==
Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 &quot;River Otin stream, Nigeria&quot;.] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.&lt;ref&gt;[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html &quot;River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa&quot;.] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji &amp; Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFSalamiBilewuAyansholaOritola2009|Salami et al. 2009]], p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt; E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFFarazmand1999|Farazmand 1999]], p. 517.&lt;/ref&gt; Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Osun State]]
[[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]]</text>
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'''Otin River''' be one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam block am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Otin River |url=https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=heyplaces.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Legend ==
According to Yoruba mythology, de orisha Otin be personified insyd de Otin River. As a historical figure, before she cam be deified, she be believed to once protect de town of Inisa from invasion by ein enemies, wey de townspeople now worship am as a result. Otin originally be from de town of Otan, buh she cam to Inisa to help fight against invasions by ein neighbors.

== Region ==
Otin River dey cross Odo Otin Local Government Area for northeast Osun State. Di area big reach 950 square kilometre (370 square miles), and na di river give am name.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFBrief_Historical_Background,_Odo-Otin|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Di river dey flow through rugged land, wey elevation dey between 35 to 400 metres (115 to 1,312 feet) above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 &quot;River Otin stream, Nigeria&quot;.] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall for di area dey around 1,400 millimetre (55 inches), and rainy season dey last from April go reach November.&lt;ref&gt;[https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html &quot;River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa&quot;.] ''travelingluck.com''. Retrieved 2023-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Land cover na partly tropical rainforest, but people still dey do rotational bush farming. Cash crops like cocoa, kola and plantain dem dey grow around di settlements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFAdedijiAjibade2008|Adediji &amp; Ajibade 2008,]] p. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFSalamiBilewuAyansholaOritola2009|Salami et al. 2009]], p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt; E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFFarazmand1999|Farazmand 1999]], p. 517.&lt;/ref&gt; Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Osun State]]
[[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]]</text>
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'''Otin River''' be one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam block am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Otin River |url=https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=heyplaces.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Legend ==
According to Yoruba mythology, de orisha Otin be personified insyd de Otin River. As a historical figure, before she cam be deified, she be believed to once protect de town of Inisa from invasion by ein enemies, wey de townspeople now worship am as a result. Otin originally be from de town of Otan, buh she cam to Inisa to help fight against invasions by ein neighbors.

== Region ==
De Otin River dey cross de {{convert|950|km2}} Odo Otin Local Government Area insyd de northeast of Osun state, den dey give am ein name.{{sfn|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin}} De river dey flow thru rugged country, plus elevations wey dey range from {{convert|35|to|400|m}} above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Otin stream, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=ng.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall insyd de area be about {{convert|1400|mm}}, wey de rainy season dey last from April to November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa |url=https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Land cover partly be tropical rainforest, buh der sanso be widespread rotational bush farming den cash crops like cocoa, kola den plantain be grown around de settlements.{{sfn|Adediji|Ajibade|2008|p=111}}
== Course ==
Otin River dey 36 kilometre (22 miles) long. E peak discharge na 76.01 cubic metre (2,684 cubic feet) per second. Di drainage basin cover 475 kilometre square (183 miles square).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFSalamiBilewuAyansholaOritola2009|Salami et al. 2009]], p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt; E be tributary wey dey join Erinle River. For Irepodun LGA, dem build Eko-Ende Dam for Otin River in 1973, wey impound am to form reservoir wey get 5.5 million cubic metre capacity. Otin River headworks dem design am make e fit supply clean water give communities like Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji and Okuku. When dem build di dam, e flood Oba people dem farmlands. As exchange, dem give Oba piped water.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Otin_River#CITEREFFarazmand1999|Farazmand 1999]], p. 517.&lt;/ref&gt; Downstream, Erinle Dam for Olorunda LGA be extension of di old Ede Dam wey dey Erinle River. Di reservoir wey dey behind Ede-Erinle dam stretch about 12 kilometre (7.5 miles) north along Erinle River and e cover di lowest portion of Otin River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Osun State]]
[[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]]</text>
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'''Otin River''' be one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam block am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Otin River |url=https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=heyplaces.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Legend ==
According to Yoruba mythology, de orisha Otin be personified insyd de Otin River. As a historical figure, before she cam be deified, she be believed to once protect de town of Inisa from invasion by ein enemies, wey de townspeople now worship am as a result. Otin originally be from de town of Otan, buh she cam to Inisa to help fight against invasions by ein neighbors.

== Region ==
De Otin River dey cross de {{convert|950|km2}} Odo Otin Local Government Area insyd de northeast of Osun state, den dey give am ein name.{{sfn|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin}} De river dey flow thru rugged country, plus elevations wey dey range from {{convert|35|to|400|m}} above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Otin stream, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=ng.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall insyd de area be about {{convert|1400|mm}}, wey de rainy season dey last from April to November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa |url=https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Land cover partly be tropical rainforest, buh der sanso be widespread rotational bush farming den cash crops like cocoa, kola den plantain be grown around de settlements.{{sfn|Adediji|Ajibade|2008|p=111}}
==Course==

De Otin River be {{convert|36|km}} long, plus a peak discharge of {{convert|76.01|m3}} per second. De drainage basin dey cover {{convert|475|km2}}.{{sfn|Salami|Bilewu|Ayanshola|Oritola|2009|p=26}} E be a tributary of de Erinle River. De Eko-Ende Dam insyd de Irepodun LGA on de Otin River be impounded insyd 1973 to form a reservoir plus a capacity of 5.5&amp;nbsp;MCM. Na de headworks be designed to supply potable water to de communities of Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji den Okuku. Wen dem build de dam e flood farmlands of de Oba people. As a quid-pro-quo, na dem supply piped water to Oba.{{sfn|Farazmand|1999|p=517}} Downstream, de Erinle Dam insyd de Olorunda LGA be an extension of de old Ede Dam on de Erinle River. De reservoir behind de Ede-Ernle dam dey extend about {{convert|12|km}} north along de Ernle River den dey cover de lowest portion of de Otin River.{{sfn|Adediji|Ajibade|2008|p=111}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Osun State]]
[[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]]</text>
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'''Otin River''' be one river wey dey Inisa, Osun State, Nigeria. Eko-Ende Dam block am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Otin River |url=https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=heyplaces.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Legend ==
According to Yoruba mythology, de orisha Otin be personified insyd de Otin River. As a historical figure, before she cam be deified, she be believed to once protect de town of Inisa from invasion by ein enemies, wey de townspeople now worship am as a result. Otin originally be from de town of Otan, buh she cam to Inisa to help fight against invasions by ein neighbors.

== Region ==
De Otin River dey cross de {{convert|950|km2}} Odo Otin Local Government Area insyd de northeast of Osun state, den dey give am ein name.{{sfn|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin}} De river dey flow thru rugged country, plus elevations wey dey range from {{convert|35|to|400|m}} above sea level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Otin stream, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=ng.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rainfall insyd de area be about {{convert|1400|mm}}, wey de rainy season dey last from April to November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa |url=https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Land cover partly be tropical rainforest, buh der sanso be widespread rotational bush farming den cash crops like cocoa, kola den plantain be grown around de settlements.{{sfn|Adediji|Ajibade|2008|p=111}}
==Course==

De Otin River be {{convert|36|km}} long, plus a peak discharge of {{convert|76.01|m3}} per second. De drainage basin dey cover {{convert|475|km2}}.{{sfn|Salami|Bilewu|Ayanshola|Oritola|2009|p=26}} E be a tributary of de Erinle River. De Eko-Ende Dam insyd de Irepodun LGA on de Otin River be impounded insyd 1973 to form a reservoir plus a capacity of 5.5&amp;nbsp;MCM. Na de headworks be designed to supply potable water to de communities of Inisa, Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji den Okuku. Wen dem build de dam e flood farmlands of de Oba people. As a quid-pro-quo, na dem supply piped water to Oba.{{sfn|Farazmand|1999|p=517}} Downstream, de Erinle Dam insyd de Olorunda LGA be an extension of de old Ede Dam on de Erinle River. De reservoir behind de Ede-Ernle dam dey extend about {{convert|12|km}} north along de Ernle River den dey cover de lowest portion of de Otin River.{{sfn|Adediji|Ajibade|2008|p=111}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Brief Historical Background, Odo-Otin}}|url=http://www.odo-otin.os.gov.ng/index.php/about-odo-otin-local-government/brief-history|title=Brief Historical Background|publisher=Odo-Otin Local Government|access-date=2014-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808170258/http://www.odo-otin.os.gov.ng/index.php/about-odo-otin-local-government/brief-history|archive-date=2014-08-08|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|last=Farazmand|first=Ali|title=Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozN1uextK7IC&amp;pg=PA517|access-date=2014-08-17
 |date=1999-09-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-90475-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Olajubu|first=Oyeronke|title=Women in the Yoruba Religious Sphere
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqSAmz6PyC0C&amp;pg=PA81|access-date=2014-08-16
 |date=2012-02-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8611-5}}
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Osun State]]
[[Category:Rivers of Yorubaland]]</text>
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De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' anaa ''Chutes Yelala''; dem sanso spell as ''Ielala'') be a series of waterfalls den rapids on de [[Congo River]] just upstream from Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].
De falls be de lowest of a long series of rapids wey render de river unnavigable, wey dey force colonial explorers to travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool {{convert|350|km|mi}} upstream.{{sfn|Conley|2000|p=57}} De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water dem discharge, den de deepest insyd de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Oberg|first=Kevin|date=July 2008|title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River|url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf|journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; De section of river wey dey end plus de Yellala falls get over 300 species of fish, chaw dem find nower else.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4]

De upper portion of de Lower Congo start with de steep Livingstone Falls just below Kinshasa den e continue for 133 kilometres (83 mi) through plenty small rapids. De central portion of about 129 kilometres (80 mi) be navigable, sometimes e be like lake den sometimes e narrow den as deep as 200 metres (660 ft). De lower portion of about 88 kilometres (55 mi) be de steepest, with huge rapids for de Inga Falls and again for de Yellala falls, after which de river be navigable go de ocean. About 1,250,000 cubic feet (35,000 m3) of water dey flow over de falls each second.[3]

De Yellala Falls be reached by Europeans as early as 1485, when De Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão carry group of men go as far as the falls before disease force them turn back, probably malaria. For that place e set one padrão, wey be large stone cross-shaped marker, wey be customary during de Portuguese Age of Discovery. De stone, wey dem no rediscover until 1911, carry de words: &quot;Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei &lt;nowiki&gt;http://D.João&lt;/nowiki&gt; II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa.&quot; (&quot;Here arrived de ships of illustrious John II, King of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa&quot;.)[6]

Captain James Hingston Tuckey visit insyd 1816. E talk say de local people think say de falls be de residence of one evil spirit, and say anybody wey see them go never see dem again. E visit for dry season, e no too like the falls. E describe de site as say e get one large hill of syenite, wey be course-grained igneous rock, for de south side. De northern side, wey dem make with de same material, no be as high, but e steeper pass de south. E describe de river as say e don force e course den for de middle of de river one island of slate &quot;still dey defy e power, den  e dey break de current into two narrow channels; that one near de south side dey give vent to one great mass of water, over which de torrent dey rush with great fury den noise, as you fit easily conceive&quot;.[8]

Tuckey, wey de Royal Geographical Society of London sponsor make e get information about de slave trade, note de brutality of de Portuguese slave trade and e gather valuable information about de geography, animals, plants, minerals den people of de region. Talking of de people wey live above de falls, Tuckey talk say fowls, eggs, manioc and fruits be property of women. De men never dey deal with de items without discussion with their wives. Beads dem dey give as presents from the men.[fn 1]

For 1848 de Hungarian László Magyar climb de Congo go de Yellala falls, before e spend five years dey explore de region for the south. Because e no get contact plus de outside world, de valuable information wey e gather no really circulate.[9]

Sir Richard Francis Burton, who first saw de falls in 1863, wrote a description of de great Yellala. Waves developed in de course of de river &quot;for a mile and a half above&quot;. Afterwards, the water heads down a slope of around thirty feet &quot;in 300 yards, spuming, colliding den throwing up foam, which looks dingy white against the dull yellow-brown of de less disturbed channel - de movement is that of waves dashing upon a pier&quot;.[13] He went on: &quot;De old river-valley, shown by de scarp of de rocks, must have presented gigantic features, and de height of de trough-walls, at least a thousand feet, gives the Yellala a certain beauty den grandeur. De site is apparently de highest axis of de dividing ridge separating de maritime lowlands from de inner plateau&quot;.[14]

De explorer Henry Morton Stanley, wey visit de falls on April 6, 1880, write say over five or six mile stretch de incline be only 45 feet (14 m), but say de &quot;general fury of dewater be caused by de obstructions wey de giant volume meet for de bed of de narrow defile.&quot; Sir Harry Johnston, wey visit the falls for 1883, call de river &quot;de last grand fall of Yellala&quot; den e detail de sight and sounds of e impression of de falls.


De Yellala Falls den de other falls den rapids upstream have largely isolated de aquatic fauna of de Congo Basin for around five million years, a significant period on an evolutionary timescale.[3]
The cichlid genera ''Steatocranus'', ''Nanochromis'', ''Lamprologus'' den''Teleogramma'' are found only insyd de Congo basin. Several dozen species insyd  these genera are found only in de lower Congo. ''Steatocranus'' are rheophilic, meaning they have adapted to living in fast water. De four species of ''Teleogramma'' are found only insyd de lower Congo rapids. [4] Genetically distinct populations have been found on opposite sides of the river. Although only 1 mile (1.6 km) apart, powerful currents that may exceed 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) have prevented interbreeding.[3]

== References ==</text>
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De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' anaa ''Chutes Yelala''; dem sanso spell as ''Ielala'') be a series of waterfalls den rapids on de [[Congo River]] just upstream from Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. De falls be de lowest of a long series of rapids wey render de river unnavigable, wey dey force colonial explorers to travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool {{convert|350|km|mi}} upstream.{{sfn|Conley|2000|p=57}} De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water dem discharge, den de deepest insyd de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Oberg|first=Kevin|date=July 2008|title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River|url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf|journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; De section of river wey dey end plus de Yellala falls get over 300 species of fish, chaw dem find nower else.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4]

==Location==

De region wey de Congo River drain dey cover one eighth of Africa, wey dey include both tropical rain forest den savanna, much of am insyd a huge, shallow basin. De present system of rivers dem seem to date from around five million years ago, no be long ago on a geological time scale. At dat time de Atlantic continental margin be lifted up den formed a barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake dem form before de Congo River break thru dis barrier, wey dey run thru a narrow, rocky channel about {{convert|350|km|mi}} long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below dis stretch, dem call de lower Congo.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}}

De upper portion of de Lower Congo dey start plus de steep [[Livingstone Falls]] just below Kinshasa den dey continue for {{convert|133|km|mi}} thru a number of smaller rapids. De central portion of about {{convert|129|km|mi}} be navigable, at times lake-like den at times narrow den as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft}}. De lower portion of about {{convert|88|km|mi}} be de steepest, plus huge rapids at de [[Inga Falls]] den again at de Yellala falls, after wich de river be navigable to de ocean.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} About {{convert|1250000|cuft|m3}} of water flows over the falls each second.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

==First European discovery==
De Yellala Falls be reached by Europeans as early as 1485, when De Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão carry group of men go as far as the falls before disease force them turn back, probably malaria. For that place e set one padrão, wey be large stone cross-shaped marker, wey be customary during de Portuguese Age of Discovery. De stone, wey dem no rediscover until 1911, carry de words: &quot;Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei &lt;nowiki&gt;http://D.João&lt;/nowiki&gt; II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa.&quot; (&quot;Here arrived de ships of illustrious John II, King of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa&quot;.)[6]

Captain James Hingston Tuckey visit insyd 1816. E talk say de local people think say de falls be de residence of one evil spirit, and say anybody wey see them go never see dem again. E visit for dry season, e no too like the falls. E describe de site as say e get one large hill of syenite, wey be course-grained igneous rock, for de south side. De northern side, wey dem make with de same material, no be as high, but e steeper pass de south. E describe de river as say e don force e course den for de middle of de river one island of slate &quot;still dey defy e power, den  e dey break de current into two narrow channels; that one near de south side dey give vent to one great mass of water, over which de torrent dey rush with great fury den noise, as you fit easily conceive&quot;.[8]

Tuckey, wey de Royal Geographical Society of London sponsor make e get information about de slave trade, note de brutality of de Portuguese slave trade and e gather valuable information about de geography, animals, plants, minerals den people of de region. Talking of de people wey live above de falls, Tuckey talk say fowls, eggs, manioc and fruits be property of women. De men never dey deal with de items without discussion with their wives. Beads dem dey give as presents from the men.[fn 1]

For 1848 de Hungarian László Magyar climb de Congo go de Yellala falls, before e spend five years dey explore de region for the south. Because e no get contact plus de outside world, de valuable information wey e gather no really circulate.[9]

Sir Richard Francis Burton, who first saw de falls in 1863, wrote a description of de great Yellala. Waves developed in de course of de river &quot;for a mile and a half above&quot;. Afterwards, the water heads down a slope of around thirty feet &quot;in 300 yards, spuming, colliding den throwing up foam, which looks dingy white against the dull yellow-brown of de less disturbed channel - de movement is that of waves dashing upon a pier&quot;.[13] He went on: &quot;De old river-valley, shown by de scarp of de rocks, must have presented gigantic features, and de height of de trough-walls, at least a thousand feet, gives the Yellala a certain beauty den grandeur. De site is apparently de highest axis of de dividing ridge separating de maritime lowlands from de inner plateau&quot;.[14]

De explorer Henry Morton Stanley, wey visit de falls on April 6, 1880, write say over five or six mile stretch de incline be only 45 feet (14 m), but say de &quot;general fury of dewater be caused by de obstructions wey de giant volume meet for de bed of de narrow defile.&quot; Sir Harry Johnston, wey visit the falls for 1883, call de river &quot;de last grand fall of Yellala&quot; den e detail de sight and sounds of e impression of de falls.


De Yellala Falls den de other falls den rapids upstream have largely isolated de aquatic fauna of de Congo Basin for around five million years, a significant period on an evolutionary timescale.[3]
The cichlid genera ''Steatocranus'', ''Nanochromis'', ''Lamprologus'' den''Teleogramma'' are found only insyd de Congo basin. Several dozen species insyd  these genera are found only in de lower Congo. ''Steatocranus'' are rheophilic, meaning they have adapted to living in fast water. De four species of ''Teleogramma'' are found only insyd de lower Congo rapids. [4] Genetically distinct populations have been found on opposite sides of the river. Although only 1 mile (1.6 km) apart, powerful currents that may exceed 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) have prevented interbreeding.[3]

== References ==</text>
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De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' anaa ''Chutes Yelala''; dem sanso spell as ''Ielala'') be a series of waterfalls den rapids on de [[Congo River]] just upstream from Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. De falls be de lowest of a long series of rapids wey render de river unnavigable, wey dey force colonial explorers to travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool {{convert|350|km|mi}} upstream.{{sfn|Conley|2000|p=57}} De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water dem discharge, den de deepest insyd de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Oberg|first=Kevin|date=July 2008|title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River|url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf|journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; De section of river wey dey end plus de Yellala falls get over 300 species of fish, chaw dem find nower else.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4]

==Location==

De region wey de Congo River drain dey cover one eighth of Africa, wey dey include both tropical rain forest den savanna, much of am insyd a huge, shallow basin. De present system of rivers dem seem to date from around five million years ago, no be long ago on a geological time scale. At dat time de Atlantic continental margin be lifted up den formed a barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake dem form before de Congo River break thru dis barrier, wey dey run thru a narrow, rocky channel about {{convert|350|km|mi}} long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below dis stretch, dem call de lower Congo.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}}

De upper portion of de Lower Congo dey start plus de steep [[Livingstone Falls]] just below Kinshasa den dey continue for {{convert|133|km|mi}} thru a number of smaller rapids. De central portion of about {{convert|129|km|mi}} be navigable, at times lake-like den at times narrow den as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft}}. De lower portion of about {{convert|88|km|mi}} be de steepest, plus huge rapids at de [[Inga Falls]] den again at de Yellala falls, after wich de river be navigable to de ocean.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} About {{convert|1250000|cuft|m3}} of water flows over the falls each second.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

==First European discovery==
[[File:Matadi, Congo, pedra de Ielala, Diogo Cão.jpg|thumb|250px|De Stone of Yellala, wey dey bear an inscription of 1485 by Diogo Cão]]
Na de Yellala Falls be reached by Europeans as early as 1485, wen de Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão take a group of men as far as de falls before dem be forced to turn back by disease, probably [[malaria]].{{sfn|Headrick|2010|p=142}} Insyd dat place he set a padrão, a large stone cross-shaped marker, customary during de Portuguese Age of Discovery. De stone, wich no be rediscovered til 1911, dey bear de words: &quot;Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei D.João II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa.&quot; (&quot;Here arrive de ships of illustrious John II, King of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa&quot;.){{sfn|Kochnitzky|1948|p=5}}

==Later European visitors den descriptions==
Captain James Hingston Tuckey visit insyd 1816. E talk say de local people think say de falls be de residence of one evil spirit, and say anybody wey see them go never see dem again. E visit for dry season, e no too like the falls. E describe de site as say e get one large hill of syenite, wey be course-grained igneous rock, for de south side. De northern side, wey dem make with de same material, no be as high, but e steeper pass de south. E describe de river as say e don force e course den for de middle of de river one island of slate &quot;still dey defy e power, den  e dey break de current into two narrow channels; that one near de south side dey give vent to one great mass of water, over which de torrent dey rush with great fury den noise, as you fit easily conceive&quot;.[8]

Tuckey, wey de Royal Geographical Society of London sponsor make e get information about de slave trade, note de brutality of de Portuguese slave trade and e gather valuable information about de geography, animals, plants, minerals den people of de region. Talking of de people wey live above de falls, Tuckey talk say fowls, eggs, manioc and fruits be property of women. De men never dey deal with de items without discussion with their wives. Beads dem dey give as presents from the men.[fn 1]

For 1848 de Hungarian László Magyar climb de Congo go de Yellala falls, before e spend five years dey explore de region for the south. Because e no get contact plus de outside world, de valuable information wey e gather no really circulate.[9]

Sir Richard Francis Burton, who first saw de falls in 1863, wrote a description of de great Yellala. Waves developed in de course of de river &quot;for a mile and a half above&quot;. Afterwards, the water heads down a slope of around thirty feet &quot;in 300 yards, spuming, colliding den throwing up foam, which looks dingy white against the dull yellow-brown of de less disturbed channel - de movement is that of waves dashing upon a pier&quot;.[13] He went on: &quot;De old river-valley, shown by de scarp of de rocks, must have presented gigantic features, and de height of de trough-walls, at least a thousand feet, gives the Yellala a certain beauty den grandeur. De site is apparently de highest axis of de dividing ridge separating de maritime lowlands from de inner plateau&quot;.[14]

De explorer Henry Morton Stanley, wey visit de falls on April 6, 1880, write say over five or six mile stretch de incline be only 45 feet (14 m), but say de &quot;general fury of dewater be caused by de obstructions wey de giant volume meet for de bed of de narrow defile.&quot; Sir Harry Johnston, wey visit the falls for 1883, call de river &quot;de last grand fall of Yellala&quot; den e detail de sight and sounds of e impression of de falls.


De Yellala Falls den de other falls den rapids upstream have largely isolated de aquatic fauna of de Congo Basin for around five million years, a significant period on an evolutionary timescale.[3]
The cichlid genera ''Steatocranus'', ''Nanochromis'', ''Lamprologus'' den''Teleogramma'' are found only insyd de Congo basin. Several dozen species insyd  these genera are found only in de lower Congo. ''Steatocranus'' are rheophilic, meaning they have adapted to living in fast water. De four species of ''Teleogramma'' are found only insyd de lower Congo rapids. [4] Genetically distinct populations have been found on opposite sides of the river. Although only 1 mile (1.6 km) apart, powerful currents that may exceed 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) have prevented interbreeding.[3]
== References ==</text>
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De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' anaa ''Chutes Yelala''; dem sanso spell as ''Ielala'') be a series of waterfalls den rapids on de [[Congo River]] just upstream from Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. De falls be de lowest of a long series of rapids wey render de river unnavigable, wey dey force colonial explorers to travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool {{convert|350|km|mi}} upstream.{{sfn|Conley|2000|p=57}} De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water dem discharge, den de deepest insyd de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Oberg|first=Kevin|date=July 2008|title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River|url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf|journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; De section of river wey dey end plus de Yellala falls get over 300 species of fish, chaw dem find nower else.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4]

==Location==

De region wey de Congo River drain dey cover one eighth of Africa, wey dey include both tropical rain forest den savanna, much of am insyd a huge, shallow basin. De present system of rivers dem seem to date from around five million years ago, no be long ago on a geological time scale. At dat time de Atlantic continental margin be lifted up den formed a barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake dem form before de Congo River break thru dis barrier, wey dey run thru a narrow, rocky channel about {{convert|350|km|mi}} long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below dis stretch, dem call de lower Congo.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}}

De upper portion of de Lower Congo dey start plus de steep [[Livingstone Falls]] just below Kinshasa den dey continue for {{convert|133|km|mi}} thru a number of smaller rapids. De central portion of about {{convert|129|km|mi}} be navigable, at times lake-like den at times narrow den as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft}}. De lower portion of about {{convert|88|km|mi}} be de steepest, plus huge rapids at de [[Inga Falls]] den again at de Yellala falls, after wich de river be navigable to de ocean.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} About {{convert|1250000|cuft|m3}} of water flows over the falls each second.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

==First European discovery==
[[File:Matadi, Congo, pedra de Ielala, Diogo Cão.jpg|thumb|250px|De Stone of Yellala, wey dey bear an inscription of 1485 by Diogo Cão]]
Na de Yellala Falls be reached by Europeans as early as 1485, wen de Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão take a group of men as far as de falls before dem be forced to turn back by disease, probably [[malaria]].{{sfn|Headrick|2010|p=142}} Insyd dat place he set a padrão, a large stone cross-shaped marker, customary during de Portuguese Age of Discovery. De stone, wich no be rediscovered til 1911, dey bear de words: &quot;Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei D.João II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa.&quot; (&quot;Here arrive de ships of illustrious John II, King of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa&quot;.){{sfn|Kochnitzky|1948|p=5}}

==Later European visitors den descriptions==
Captain James Hingston Tuckey visit insyd 1816. He say na de local people think say de falls be de residence of an evil spirit, wey anybro wey see dem go never see dem again.{{sfn|Tuckey|Smith|1818|p=176}} Visiting insyd de dry season, he be disappointed by de falls. He describe de site as comprising a large hill of syenite, a course-grained igneous rock, on de south side. De northern side, dem make of de same material, no be as high, buh steeper dan de south. He describe de river as having force ein course den within de middle of de river an island of slate &quot;still dey defy ein power, den dey break de current into two narrow channels; wey near de south side dey give vent to a great mass of water, over wich de torrent dey rush plus great fury den noise, as easily fi be conceived&quot;.{{sfn|Tuckey|Smith|1818|p=190}}

Tuckey, wey be sponsored by de Royal Geographical Society of London to obtain information on de slave trade, note de brutality of de Portuguese slave trade wey he gather valuable information about de geography, animals, plants, minerals den people of de region.{{sfn|Kalumvueziko|2009|p=39}} Talking of de people wey live above de falls, Tuckey say dat fowls, eggs, manioc den fruits be de property of women. De items never be dealt plus by de men widout a discussion plus dema wives. De men dey give beads as presents.{{sfn|Spencer|1877|p=142}}

Insyd 1848 de Hungarian László Magyar ascend de Congo to de Yellala falls, before he spend five years dey explore de region to de south. Secof ein lack of contact plus de outside world, de valuable information wey he gather receive little circulation.{{sfn|Kalumvueziko|2009|p=39}}

[[File:Yellala Falls 1883.png|thumb|250px|Yellala Falls from Sir Harry Johnston ein 1884 account]]
Sir Richard Francis Burton, wey first see de falls insyd 1863, wrep a description of de great Yellala. Waves develop insyd de course of de river &quot;for a mile den a half above&quot;. Afterwards, de water dey head down a slope of around thirty feet &quot;in 300 yards, spuming, colliding den throwing up foam, wich dey look dingy white against de dull yellow-brown of de less disturbed channel - de movement be dat of waves wey dey dash upon a pier&quot;.{{sfn|Burton|1876|p=284}} He go on: ''&quot;The old river-valley, shown by the scarp of the rocks, must have presented gigantic features, and the height of the trough-walls, at least a thousand feet, gives the Yellala a certain beauty and grandeur. The site is apparently the highest axis of the dividing ridge separating the maritime lowlands from the inner plateau&quot;''.{{sfn|Burton|1876|p=287}}

De explorer Henry Morton Stanley, wey visit de falls on April 6, 1880, wrep dat over a five anaa six mile dey stretch de incline be only {{convert|45|ft|m}}, buh dat de &quot;general fury of de water be caused by de obstructions wich de giant volume dey meet insyd de bed of de narrow defile.&quot;{{sfn|Stanley|1885|pp=202–3}} Sir Harry Johnston, wey visit de falls insyd 1883, dem call de river &quot;de last grand fall of Yellala&quot; wey he detail de sight den sounds of ein impression of de falls.{{sfn|Ballard|1887|p=77}}

==Ecological importance==
[[File:Steatocranus gibbiceps.jpg|thumb|250px|''Steatocranus gibbiceps'', a species of cichlid dem find insyd de lower Congo]]
De Yellala Falls den de oda falls den rapids upstream get largely isolated de aquatic fauna of de Congo Basin for around five million years, a significant period on an evolutionary timescale.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}} De cichlid genera ''Steatocranus'', ''Nanochromis'', ''Lamprologus'' den ''Teleogramma'' be found only insyd de Congo basin. Several dozen species insyd dese genera be found only insyd de lower Congo. ''Steatocranus'' be rheophilic, wey dey mean dem adapt to living insyd fast water. De four species of ''Teleogramma'' be found only insyd de lower Congo rapids. {{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} Genetically distinct populations be found on opposite sides of de river. Although only {{convert|1|mi|km}} apart, powerful currents wey fi exceed {{convert|30|mph}} prevent interbreeding.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' anaa ''Chutes Yelala''; dem sanso spell as ''Ielala'') be a series of waterfalls den rapids on de [[Congo River]] just upstream from Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. De falls be de lowest of a long series of rapids wey render de river unnavigable, wey dey force colonial explorers to travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool {{convert|350|km|mi}} upstream.{{sfn|Conley|2000|p=57}} De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water dem discharge, den de deepest insyd de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Oberg|first=Kevin|date=July 2008|title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River|url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf|journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; De section of river wey dey end plus de Yellala falls get over 300 species of fish, chaw dem find nower else.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4]

==Location==

De region wey de Congo River drain dey cover one eighth of Africa, wey dey include both tropical rain forest den savanna, much of am insyd a huge, shallow basin. De present system of rivers dem seem to date from around five million years ago, no be long ago on a geological time scale. At dat time de Atlantic continental margin be lifted up den formed a barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake dem form before de Congo River break thru dis barrier, wey dey run thru a narrow, rocky channel about {{convert|350|km|mi}} long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below dis stretch, dem call de lower Congo.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}}

De upper portion of de Lower Congo dey start plus de steep [[Livingstone Falls]] just below Kinshasa den dey continue for {{convert|133|km|mi}} thru a number of smaller rapids. De central portion of about {{convert|129|km|mi}} be navigable, at times lake-like den at times narrow den as deep as {{convert|200|m|ft}}. De lower portion of about {{convert|88|km|mi}} be de steepest, plus huge rapids at de [[Inga Falls]] den again at de Yellala falls, after wich de river be navigable to de ocean.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} About {{convert|1250000|cuft|m3}} of water flows over the falls each second.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

==First European discovery==
[[File:Matadi, Congo, pedra de Ielala, Diogo Cão.jpg|thumb|250px|De Stone of Yellala, wey dey bear an inscription of 1485 by Diogo Cão]]
Na de Yellala Falls be reached by Europeans as early as 1485, wen de Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão take a group of men as far as de falls before dem be forced to turn back by disease, probably [[malaria]].{{sfn|Headrick|2010|p=142}} Insyd dat place he set a padrão, a large stone cross-shaped marker, customary during de Portuguese Age of Discovery. De stone, wich no be rediscovered til 1911, dey bear de words: &quot;Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei D.João II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa.&quot; (&quot;Here arrive de ships of illustrious John II, King of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa&quot;.){{sfn|Kochnitzky|1948|p=5}}

==Later European visitors den descriptions==
Captain James Hingston Tuckey visit insyd 1816. He say na de local people think say de falls be de residence of an evil spirit, wey anybro wey see dem go never see dem again.{{sfn|Tuckey|Smith|1818|p=176}} Visiting insyd de dry season, he be disappointed by de falls. He describe de site as comprising a large hill of syenite, a course-grained igneous rock, on de south side. De northern side, dem make of de same material, no be as high, buh steeper dan de south. He describe de river as having force ein course den within de middle of de river an island of slate &quot;still dey defy ein power, den dey break de current into two narrow channels; wey near de south side dey give vent to a great mass of water, over wich de torrent dey rush plus great fury den noise, as easily fi be conceived&quot;.{{sfn|Tuckey|Smith|1818|p=190}}

Tuckey, wey be sponsored by de Royal Geographical Society of London to obtain information on de slave trade, note de brutality of de Portuguese slave trade wey he gather valuable information about de geography, animals, plants, minerals den people of de region.{{sfn|Kalumvueziko|2009|p=39}} Talking of de people wey live above de falls, Tuckey say dat fowls, eggs, manioc den fruits be de property of women. De items never be dealt plus by de men widout a discussion plus dema wives. De men dey give beads as presents.{{sfn|Spencer|1877|p=142}}

Insyd 1848 de Hungarian László Magyar ascend de Congo to de Yellala falls, before he spend five years dey explore de region to de south. Secof ein lack of contact plus de outside world, de valuable information wey he gather receive little circulation.{{sfn|Kalumvueziko|2009|p=39}}

[[File:Yellala Falls 1883.png|thumb|250px|Yellala Falls from Sir Harry Johnston ein 1884 account]]
Sir Richard Francis Burton, wey first see de falls insyd 1863, wrep a description of de great Yellala. Waves develop insyd de course of de river &quot;for a mile den a half above&quot;. Afterwards, de water dey head down a slope of around thirty feet &quot;in 300 yards, spuming, colliding den throwing up foam, wich dey look dingy white against de dull yellow-brown of de less disturbed channel - de movement be dat of waves wey dey dash upon a pier&quot;.{{sfn|Burton|1876|p=284}} He go on: ''&quot;The old river-valley, shown by the scarp of the rocks, must have presented gigantic features, and the height of the trough-walls, at least a thousand feet, gives the Yellala a certain beauty and grandeur. The site is apparently the highest axis of the dividing ridge separating the maritime lowlands from the inner plateau&quot;''.{{sfn|Burton|1876|p=287}}

De explorer Henry Morton Stanley, wey visit de falls on April 6, 1880, wrep dat over a five anaa six mile dey stretch de incline be only {{convert|45|ft|m}}, buh dat de &quot;general fury of de water be caused by de obstructions wich de giant volume dey meet insyd de bed of de narrow defile.&quot;{{sfn|Stanley|1885|pp=202–3}} Sir Harry Johnston, wey visit de falls insyd 1883, dem call de river &quot;de last grand fall of Yellala&quot; wey he detail de sight den sounds of ein impression of de falls.{{sfn|Ballard|1887|p=77}}

==Ecological importance==
[[File:Steatocranus gibbiceps.jpg|thumb|250px|''Steatocranus gibbiceps'', a species of cichlid dem find insyd de lower Congo]]
De Yellala Falls den de oda falls den rapids upstream get largely isolated de aquatic fauna of de Congo Basin for around five million years, a significant period on an evolutionary timescale.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}} De cichlid genera ''Steatocranus'', ''Nanochromis'', ''Lamprologus'' den ''Teleogramma'' be found only insyd de Congo basin. Several dozen species insyd dese genera be found only insyd de lower Congo. ''Steatocranus'' be rheophilic, wey dey mean dem adapt to living insyd fast water. De four species of ''Teleogramma'' be found only insyd de lower Congo rapids. {{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} Genetically distinct populations be found on opposite sides of de river. Although only {{convert|1|mi|km}} apart, powerful currents wey fi exceed {{convert|30|mph}} prevent interbreeding.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Congo River]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]</text>
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'''Tana River County''' be a county insyd de former Coast Province of [[Kenya]]. E be named after de [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]], de longest river insyd Kenya. E get an area of {{convert|38437|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} wey e get a population of 315,943 as of de 2019 census. De county borders Kitui County to de west, Garissa County to de northeast, Isiolo County to de north, Lamu County to de southeast, Kilifi County to de south den de Indian ocean&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=County Government of Tana River |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De administrative headquarters of de county be Hola dem sanso know as Galole. De County get five sub Counties; Tana Delta, Tana River, Tana North, Galedyertu, den Bangal.

Apart from de River Tana, der be several seasonal rivers insyd de county dem popularly know as Galan, wich dey flow insyd a west–east direction from Kitui den Makueni Counties, wey dey drain into de River Tana den eventually into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Makueni County |date=2022-09-15 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makueni_County&amp;oldid=1110379335 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |website=County Government of Tana River |access-date=18 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== De historic town of Ungwana ==
De historic town of Ungwana, near de mouth of de [[Tana_River_(Kenya)|Tana River]], be home to two important mosques wey dey share a curious relationship plus de great mosques of Gedi.

=== De Friday mosque: expansion den transformation ===
De city's Friday mosque, originally 17 metres long, featured an ogee arch framing de mihrab (prayer niche). Decorative coral bosses den de imprint of a lost square plaque (possibly ceramic or marble) adorned de lintel. Archaeological excavations have unearthed ceramic fragments dating to de 14th century, giving an indication of de possible date of de mosque's construction.

A significant extension to de east marked de early 15th century for de Friday mosque. Dis new rectangular section mirrored de length of de original structure but offered slightly more width. De prayer hall was divided into four bays separated by three rows of six square columns. De extension included additional entrances: four to de west provided access to de older section, while two with ogee arches to de east led to an antechamber and rooms flanking de mihrab.

A notable feature of dis extension ebe de addition of an octagonal pillar directly opposite de mihrab den a substantial seven-step minbar built against de qibla wall. De back of de minbar had intricate plaster mouldings, den small holes indicated de presence of a former wooden balustrade. These changes, estimated to have occurred between 1400 den 1450, raise intriguing questions about de motivations behind such a significant transformation.

=== Interesting parallels with Gedi ===
De timing of dis expansion of de Friday mosque coincides with de construction of de new Grand Mosque in Gedi. Dis synchronicity suggests a possible connection, possibly related to a wider religious or political shift ein de region around de mouth of de Tana River den Mida Bay. Ein particular, de addition of de third column opposite de mihrab may not have been purely functional but may reflect de influence of another Muslim sect within de community.

Ungwana boasts a second mosque with a collection of intriguing architectural elements. De northern section of dis mosque retains its original teak lintels imported from India, intricately carved with alveolar motifs. De mihrab arch has a unique design, combining an ogee shape with a semicircle at the apex. De structure displays a rich array of decorative elements, including inlaid ceramics on de lintel den tympanum, an architrave decorated with fish bone motifs, den single-block coral columns with inlaid panels.

De apse plan deviates from de norm, with triangular shapes den mouldings. Ein particular, de mihrab wey surmounted by a bulbous dome topped with a ceramic celadon bottle, similar to that of de Fakhr al-Din mosque, instead of a semi-dome. Dis borrowing of de bulbous dome concept suggests a diffusion of styles across the region. However, its widespread adoption may have been limited by de complex construction techniques required.

=== Chronology den possibilities for further research ===
De existence den unique features of de second mosque present a fascinating chronological puzzle. Could it be det dis 'second' structure was actually Ungwana's first great mosque, built ein de 13th century? Perhaps it was later replaced by de larger Friday mosque, built ein de 14th century den rebuilt ein de 15th century.

De architectural legacy of Ungwana's mosques, with their intriguing parallels to Gedi and hints of external influences, offers a glimpse into de dynamic artistic den religious landscape of de Swahili coast. Further research, including a more comprehensive analysis of de archaeological data den a comparative study of regional architectural trends, wey needed to fully unravel the chronological mysteries den understand de cultural exchanges det shaped these captivating structures.

Despite de large area of de [https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 Tana River district], its only local authority wey Tana River County Council. De district has three constituencies: Garsen, Galole den Bura,15 wards, 54 locations, and 109 sub-Locations [https://girlchildnetwork.org/where-we-work/tana/].
 
De county consists of 81% Muslims, 18% Christians de1% of people ein other religions (including Atheism).

De largest ethnic groups are de Orma and de Wardey Somali people, both traditionally pastoralist communities who raise cattle, sheep den goats and camels. Following dem are de Pokomo, traditionally farmers. De county wey generally dry den prone to drought. Rainfall be erratic, with rainy seasons ein March–May den October–December. Conflicts have occurred between farmers den other people over access to water. Flooding is also a regular problem, caused by heavy rainfall ein upstream areas of de Tana River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Earth from Space: Tana River |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_Tana_River |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A recent survey prepared by ALMRP, Tana River District presented to de Tana River District Steering Group (2004) found det de county wey be 79% food insecure den with an incidence of poverty at 62% (Interim Poverty Strategy Paper (I-PSP), 2000–2003, Kenya).

On 22 August 2012, ein de worst violent incident ein Kenya since 2007, at least 52 people were killed ein ethnic violence ein Tana River County between de Orma den Pokomo communities residing ein Tana River County.&lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2012 |title=Dozens killed in Kenya clashes |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/08/201282214141543505.html |access-date=22 August 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project wey located ein Tana River County. During de years 1981-1988 about 2,200 families from different parts of Kenya were settled ein dis irrigation scheme.

Tana River County consists of forest, woodland and grassland which are minor centers of endemism. De forests are designated National Reserve status if dey have &gt;4 plant endemics den &gt;7 vertebrate endemics (IUCN, 2003). Despite de apparent adequate natural resources, de region remains marginalized from de rest of the country. Efforts at development always seem to center on de huge River Tana, despite massive failures in all the previous irrigation projects in de district, i.e. Bura, Hola and the [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5514/ Tana delta] rice irrigation project which failed after de water works were damaged by de El Niño rains in 1998. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Other economic activities ein [https://learn.e-limu.org/topic/view/?t=1525&amp;c=468 Tana River county] include mining with gems such as Iron ore, Uranium, Gypsum, Barite and illmenite [https://www.kenyacountyguide.co.ke/tana-river-county/].

* 2014 Lamu attacks

== References ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
[[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Tana River County''' be a county insyd de former Coast Province of [[Kenya]]. E be named after de [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]], de longest river insyd Kenya. E get an area of {{convert|38437|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} wey e get a population of 315,943 as of de 2019 census. De county borders Kitui County to de west, Garissa County to de northeast, Isiolo County to de north, Lamu County to de southeast, Kilifi County to de south den de Indian ocean&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=County Government of Tana River |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De administrative headquarters of de county be Hola dem sanso know as Galole. De County get five sub Counties; Tana Delta, Tana River, Tana North, Galedyertu, den Bangal.

Apart from de River Tana, der be several seasonal rivers insyd de county dem popularly know as Galan, wich dey flow insyd a west–east direction from Kitui den Makueni Counties, wey dey drain into de River Tana den eventually into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Makueni County |date=2022-09-15 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makueni_County&amp;oldid=1110379335 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |website=County Government of Tana River |access-date=18 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== De historic town of Ungwana ==
De historic town of Ungwana, near de mouth of de [[Tana_River_(Kenya)|Tana River]], be home to two important mosques wey dey share a curious relationship plus de great mosques of Gedi.

=== De Friday mosque: expansion den transformation ===
De city ein Friday mosque, originally 17 metres long, feature an ogee arch wey dey frame de mihrab (prayer niche). Decorative coral bosses den de imprint of a lost square plaque (possibly ceramic anaa marble) adorn de lintel. Archaeological excavations unearth ceramic fragments wey dey date to de 14th century, wey dey give an indication of de possible date of de mosque ein construction.&lt;ref&gt;Abungu, Islam on the Kenyan coast: an archaeological study of mosques (1986).&lt;/ref&gt;

A significant extension to de east mark de early 15th century for de Friday mosque. Dis new rectangular section mirror de length of de original structure buh e offer slightly more width. Dem divide de prayer hall into four bays wey three rows of six square columns separate. De extension include additional entrances: four to de west provide access to de older section, while two plus ogee arches to de east lead to an antechamber den rooms wey dey flank de mihrab.

A notable feature of dis extension be de addition of an octagonal pillar directly opposite de mihrab den a substantial seven-step minbar dem build against de qibla wall.&lt;ref&gt;Kirkman, Ungwana on the Tana (1966): 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt; De back of de minbar get intricate plaster mouldings, wey small holes indicate de presence of a former wooden balustrade. Dese changes, dem estimate to occur between 1400 den 1450, raise intriguing questions about de motivations behind such a significant transformation.

=== Interesting parallels with Gedi ===
De timing of dis expansion of de Friday mosque coincides with de construction of de new Grand Mosque in Gedi. Dis synchronicity suggests a possible connection, possibly related to a wider religious or political shift ein de region around de mouth of de Tana River den Mida Bay. Ein particular, de addition of de third column opposite de mihrab may not have been purely functional but may reflect de influence of another Muslim sect within de community.

Ungwana boasts a second mosque with a collection of intriguing architectural elements. De northern section of dis mosque retains its original teak lintels imported from India, intricately carved with alveolar motifs. De mihrab arch has a unique design, combining an ogee shape with a semicircle at the apex. De structure displays a rich array of decorative elements, including inlaid ceramics on de lintel den tympanum, an architrave decorated with fish bone motifs, den single-block coral columns with inlaid panels.

De apse plan deviates from de norm, with triangular shapes den mouldings. Ein particular, de mihrab wey surmounted by a bulbous dome topped with a ceramic celadon bottle, similar to that of de Fakhr al-Din mosque, instead of a semi-dome. Dis borrowing of de bulbous dome concept suggests a diffusion of styles across the region. However, its widespread adoption may have been limited by de complex construction techniques required.

=== Chronology den possibilities for further research ===
De existence den unique features of de second mosque present a fascinating chronological puzzle. Could it be det dis 'second' structure was actually Ungwana's first great mosque, built ein de 13th century? Perhaps it was later replaced by de larger Friday mosque, built ein de 14th century den rebuilt ein de 15th century.

De architectural legacy of Ungwana's mosques, with their intriguing parallels to Gedi and hints of external influences, offers a glimpse into de dynamic artistic den religious landscape of de Swahili coast. Further research, including a more comprehensive analysis of de archaeological data den a comparative study of regional architectural trends, wey needed to fully unravel the chronological mysteries den understand de cultural exchanges det shaped these captivating structures.

Despite de large area of de [https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 Tana River district], its only local authority wey Tana River County Council. De district has three constituencies: Garsen, Galole den Bura,15 wards, 54 locations, and 109 sub-Locations [https://girlchildnetwork.org/where-we-work/tana/].
 
De county consists of 81% Muslims, 18% Christians de1% of people ein other religions (including Atheism).

De largest ethnic groups are de Orma and de Wardey Somali people, both traditionally pastoralist communities who raise cattle, sheep den goats and camels. Following dem are de Pokomo, traditionally farmers. De county wey generally dry den prone to drought. Rainfall be erratic, with rainy seasons ein March–May den October–December. Conflicts have occurred between farmers den other people over access to water. Flooding is also a regular problem, caused by heavy rainfall ein upstream areas of de Tana River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Earth from Space: Tana River |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_Tana_River |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A recent survey prepared by ALMRP, Tana River District presented to de Tana River District Steering Group (2004) found det de county wey be 79% food insecure den with an incidence of poverty at 62% (Interim Poverty Strategy Paper (I-PSP), 2000–2003, Kenya).

On 22 August 2012, ein de worst violent incident ein Kenya since 2007, at least 52 people were killed ein ethnic violence ein Tana River County between de Orma den Pokomo communities residing ein Tana River County.&lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2012 |title=Dozens killed in Kenya clashes |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/08/201282214141543505.html |access-date=22 August 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project wey located ein Tana River County. During de years 1981-1988 about 2,200 families from different parts of Kenya were settled ein dis irrigation scheme.

Tana River County consists of forest, woodland and grassland which are minor centers of endemism. De forests are designated National Reserve status if dey have &gt;4 plant endemics den &gt;7 vertebrate endemics (IUCN, 2003). Despite de apparent adequate natural resources, de region remains marginalized from de rest of the country. Efforts at development always seem to center on de huge River Tana, despite massive failures in all the previous irrigation projects in de district, i.e. Bura, Hola and the [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5514/ Tana delta] rice irrigation project which failed after de water works were damaged by de El Niño rains in 1998. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Other economic activities ein [https://learn.e-limu.org/topic/view/?t=1525&amp;c=468 Tana River county] include mining with gems such as Iron ore, Uranium, Gypsum, Barite and illmenite [https://www.kenyacountyguide.co.ke/tana-river-county/].

* 2014 Lamu attacks

== References ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
[[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Tana River County''' be a county insyd de former Coast Province of [[Kenya]]. E be named after de [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]], de longest river insyd Kenya. E get an area of {{convert|38437|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} wey e get a population of 315,943 as of de 2019 census. De county borders Kitui County to de west, Garissa County to de northeast, Isiolo County to de north, Lamu County to de southeast, Kilifi County to de south den de Indian ocean&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=County Government of Tana River |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De administrative headquarters of de county be Hola dem sanso know as Galole. De County get five sub Counties; Tana Delta, Tana River, Tana North, Galedyertu, den Bangal.

Apart from de River Tana, der be several seasonal rivers insyd de county dem popularly know as Galan, wich dey flow insyd a west–east direction from Kitui den Makueni Counties, wey dey drain into de River Tana den eventually into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Makueni County |date=2022-09-15 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makueni_County&amp;oldid=1110379335 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |website=County Government of Tana River |access-date=18 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== De historic town of Ungwana ==
De historic town of Ungwana, near de mouth of de [[Tana_River_(Kenya)|Tana River]], be home to two important mosques wey dey share a curious relationship plus de great mosques of Gedi.

=== De Friday mosque: expansion den transformation ===
De city ein Friday mosque, originally 17 metres long, feature an ogee arch wey dey frame de mihrab (prayer niche). Decorative coral bosses den de imprint of a lost square plaque (possibly ceramic anaa marble) adorn de lintel. Archaeological excavations unearth ceramic fragments wey dey date to de 14th century, wey dey give an indication of de possible date of de mosque ein construction.&lt;ref&gt;Abungu, Islam on the Kenyan coast: an archaeological study of mosques (1986).&lt;/ref&gt;

A significant extension to de east mark de early 15th century for de Friday mosque. Dis new rectangular section mirror de length of de original structure buh e offer slightly more width. Dem divide de prayer hall into four bays wey three rows of six square columns separate. De extension include additional entrances: four to de west provide access to de older section, while two plus ogee arches to de east lead to an antechamber den rooms wey dey flank de mihrab.

A notable feature of dis extension be de addition of an octagonal pillar directly opposite de mihrab den a substantial seven-step minbar dem build against de qibla wall.&lt;ref&gt;Kirkman, Ungwana on the Tana (1966): 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt; De back of de minbar get intricate plaster mouldings, wey small holes indicate de presence of a former wooden balustrade. Dese changes, dem estimate to occur between 1400 den 1450, raise intriguing questions about de motivations behind such a significant transformation.

=== Interesting parallels plus Gedi ===
De timing of dis expansion of de Friday mosque dey coincide plus de construction of de new Grand Mosque insyd Gedi. Dis synchronicity dey suggest a possible connection, possibly relate to a wider religious anaa political shift insyd de region around de mouth of de Tana River den Mida Bay. In particular, de addition of de third column opposite de mihrab no fi be purely functional buh fi reflect de influence of another Muslim sect within de community.

=== De second mosque ===

Ungwana dey boast a second mosque plus a collection of intriguing architectural elements. De northern section of dis mosque dey retain ein original teak lintels dem import from India, dem intricately carve plus alveolar motifs. De mihrab arch get a unique design, wey be combine an ogee shape plus a semicircle at de apex. De structure dey display a rich array of decorative elements, wey dey include inlaid ceramics on de lintel den tympanum, an architrave dem decorate plus fish bone motifs, den single-block coral columns plus inlaid panels.

De apse plan dey deviate from de norm, plus triangular shapes den mouldings. In particular, de mihrab be surmounted by a bulbous dome topped plus a ceramic celadon bottle, similar to dat of de Fakhr al-Din mosque, instead of a semi-dome. Dis borrowing of de bulbous dome concept dey suggest a diffusion of styles across de region. However, ein widespread adoption fi be limited by de complex construction techniques dem require.

=== Chronology den possibilities for further research ===
De existence den unique features of de second mosque present a fascinating chronological puzzle. Could it be det dis 'second' structure was actually Ungwana's first great mosque, built ein de 13th century? Perhaps it was later replaced by de larger Friday mosque, built ein de 14th century den rebuilt ein de 15th century.

De architectural legacy of Ungwana's mosques, with their intriguing parallels to Gedi and hints of external influences, offers a glimpse into de dynamic artistic den religious landscape of de Swahili coast. Further research, including a more comprehensive analysis of de archaeological data den a comparative study of regional architectural trends, wey needed to fully unravel the chronological mysteries den understand de cultural exchanges det shaped these captivating structures.

Despite de large area of de [https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 Tana River district], its only local authority wey Tana River County Council. De district has three constituencies: Garsen, Galole den Bura,15 wards, 54 locations, and 109 sub-Locations [https://girlchildnetwork.org/where-we-work/tana/].
 
De county consists of 81% Muslims, 18% Christians de1% of people ein other religions (including Atheism).

De largest ethnic groups are de Orma and de Wardey Somali people, both traditionally pastoralist communities who raise cattle, sheep den goats and camels. Following dem are de Pokomo, traditionally farmers. De county wey generally dry den prone to drought. Rainfall be erratic, with rainy seasons ein March–May den October–December. Conflicts have occurred between farmers den other people over access to water. Flooding is also a regular problem, caused by heavy rainfall ein upstream areas of de Tana River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Earth from Space: Tana River |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_Tana_River |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A recent survey prepared by ALMRP, Tana River District presented to de Tana River District Steering Group (2004) found det de county wey be 79% food insecure den with an incidence of poverty at 62% (Interim Poverty Strategy Paper (I-PSP), 2000–2003, Kenya).

On 22 August 2012, ein de worst violent incident ein Kenya since 2007, at least 52 people were killed ein ethnic violence ein Tana River County between de Orma den Pokomo communities residing ein Tana River County.&lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2012 |title=Dozens killed in Kenya clashes |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/08/201282214141543505.html |access-date=22 August 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project wey located ein Tana River County. During de years 1981-1988 about 2,200 families from different parts of Kenya were settled ein dis irrigation scheme.

Tana River County consists of forest, woodland and grassland which are minor centers of endemism. De forests are designated National Reserve status if dey have &gt;4 plant endemics den &gt;7 vertebrate endemics (IUCN, 2003). Despite de apparent adequate natural resources, de region remains marginalized from de rest of the country. Efforts at development always seem to center on de huge River Tana, despite massive failures in all the previous irrigation projects in de district, i.e. Bura, Hola and the [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5514/ Tana delta] rice irrigation project which failed after de water works were damaged by de El Niño rains in 1998. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Other economic activities ein [https://learn.e-limu.org/topic/view/?t=1525&amp;c=468 Tana River county] include mining with gems such as Iron ore, Uranium, Gypsum, Barite and illmenite [https://www.kenyacountyguide.co.ke/tana-river-county/].

* 2014 Lamu attacks

== References ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;
[[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Tana River County''' be a county insyd de former Coast Province of [[Kenya]]. E be named after de [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]], de longest river insyd Kenya. E get an area of {{convert|38437|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} wey e get a population of 315,943 as of de 2019 census. De county borders Kitui County to de west, Garissa County to de northeast, Isiolo County to de north, Lamu County to de southeast, Kilifi County to de south den de Indian ocean&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=County Government of Tana River |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De administrative headquarters of de county be Hola dem sanso know as Galole. De County get five sub Counties; Tana Delta, Tana River, Tana North, Galedyertu, den Bangal.

Apart from de River Tana, der be several seasonal rivers insyd de county dem popularly know as Galan, wich dey flow insyd a west–east direction from Kitui den Makueni Counties, wey dey drain into de River Tana den eventually into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Makueni County |date=2022-09-15 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makueni_County&amp;oldid=1110379335 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |website=County Government of Tana River |access-date=18 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== De historic town of Ungwana ==
De historic town of Ungwana, near de mouth of de [[Tana_River_(Kenya)|Tana River]], be home to two important mosques wey dey share a curious relationship plus de great mosques of Gedi.

=== De Friday mosque: expansion den transformation ===
De city ein Friday mosque, originally 17 metres long, feature an ogee arch wey dey frame de mihrab (prayer niche). Decorative coral bosses den de imprint of a lost square plaque (possibly ceramic anaa marble) adorn de lintel. Archaeological excavations unearth ceramic fragments wey dey date to de 14th century, wey dey give an indication of de possible date of de mosque ein construction.&lt;ref&gt;Abungu, Islam on the Kenyan coast: an archaeological study of mosques (1986).&lt;/ref&gt;

A significant extension to de east mark de early 15th century for de Friday mosque. Dis new rectangular section mirror de length of de original structure buh e offer slightly more width. Dem divide de prayer hall into four bays wey three rows of six square columns separate. De extension include additional entrances: four to de west provide access to de older section, while two plus ogee arches to de east lead to an antechamber den rooms wey dey flank de mihrab.

A notable feature of dis extension be de addition of an octagonal pillar directly opposite de mihrab den a substantial seven-step minbar dem build against de qibla wall.&lt;ref&gt;Kirkman, Ungwana on the Tana (1966): 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt; De back of de minbar get intricate plaster mouldings, wey small holes indicate de presence of a former wooden balustrade. Dese changes, dem estimate to occur between 1400 den 1450, raise intriguing questions about de motivations behind such a significant transformation.

=== Interesting parallels plus Gedi ===
De timing of dis expansion of de Friday mosque dey coincide plus de construction of de new Grand Mosque insyd Gedi. Dis synchronicity dey suggest a possible connection, possibly relate to a wider religious anaa political shift insyd de region around de mouth of de Tana River den Mida Bay. In particular, de addition of de third column opposite de mihrab no fi be purely functional buh fi reflect de influence of another Muslim sect within de community.

=== De second mosque ===

Ungwana dey boast a second mosque plus a collection of intriguing architectural elements. De northern section of dis mosque dey retain ein original teak lintels dem import from India, dem intricately carve plus alveolar motifs. De mihrab arch get a unique design, wey be combine an ogee shape plus a semicircle at de apex. De structure dey display a rich array of decorative elements, wey dey include inlaid ceramics on de lintel den tympanum, an architrave dem decorate plus fish bone motifs, den single-block coral columns plus inlaid panels.

De apse plan dey deviate from de norm, plus triangular shapes den mouldings. In particular, de mihrab be surmounted by a bulbous dome topped plus a ceramic celadon bottle, similar to dat of de Fakhr al-Din mosque, instead of a semi-dome. Dis borrowing of de bulbous dome concept dey suggest a diffusion of styles across de region. However, ein widespread adoption fi be limited by de complex construction techniques dem require.

==District subdivisions==
Despite de large area of de Tana River district, ein only local authority be Tana River County Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tana River District second-order administrative division, Coast Province, Kenya |url=https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241215035816/https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ke.geoview.info |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De district get three constituencies: Garsen, Galole den Bura, 15 wards, 54 locations, den 109 sub-Locations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tana River |url=https://girlchildnetwork.org/where-we-work/tana/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=girlchildnetwork.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;6&quot;| '''Administrative divisions''' 
|-
|colspan=&quot;6&quot;| 
|-
!Division  
!Population*
!Urban&lt;br&gt; population*
!population&lt;br&gt; density
!Area (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Headquarters
|-
| Bangale|| 14,853 || 0 || 2 || x || Murarandia
|-
| Bura || 28,848 || 0 || 6 || x || Bura
|-
| Galole || 34,948 || 9,383 || 4 || x || Hola
|-
| Garsen || 51,592 || 4,885 || 4 || x || Garsen
|-
| Kipini || 16,243 || 0 || 19 || x || Kipini
|-
| Madogo || 21,731 || 0 || 12 || x || Kamwangi
|-
| Wenje || 12,686 || 0 || 23 || x || Wenje
|-
| ''Total'' || ''180,901'' || ''14,268'' ||''5 (average)'' || x ||
|-
|colspan=&quot;6&quot;| {{smaller|* 1999 census. Sources:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf Communications Commission of Kenya – Status of Coverage of Communications Services] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616215050/http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf |date=16 June 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls International Livestock Research Institute – Urban Poverty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718022538/http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls |date=18 July 2011 }} (.xls)&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|}

=== Religion ===
De county dey consist of 81% Muslims, 18% Christians den 1% of people insyd oda religions (wey dey include Atheism).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=23 June 2026 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Population ==
{{Historical populations|1979|92,401|1989|128,426|1999|180,901|2009|240,075|2019|315,943|align=none|footnote=source:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.citypopulation.de/php/kenya-admin.php Kenya: Administrative Division population statistics]&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== Religion ===
Religion insyd Tana River County&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot; |Religion (2019 Census)
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot; |Number
|-
|[[Islam]]
|256,422
|-
|Protestant
|22,866
|-
|Catholicism
|11,306
|-
|Oda Christian
|11,148
|-
|Evangelical Churches
|6,791
|-
|African Instituted Churches
|4,015
|-
|No Religion / Atheists
|1,044
|-
|Oda
|453
|-
|Traditionists
|226
|-
|Orthodox
|176
|-
|Hindu
|115
|-
|Dem no know
|80
|-
|Dem no state
|68
|-
|}

==Villages den settlements==
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* Ariti
* Balguda
* Bangale, Kenya
* Baomo
* Baomo
* Borobini
* Bohoni
* Bongonoko
*Chathoro
* Chewani
* Chiffiri
* Laini
* Fitina
* Furaha
* Handarako
* Idsowe
* Ingile
* Irangi
* Wacha Kone
* Wenje
* Maziwa
* Ngao, Kenya
* Wema
{{div col end}}

== References ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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      <text bytes="9162" sha1="89m9sy7x4cvsdlyg6i8u2rgz8tudito" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tana River County''' be a county insyd de former Coast Province of [[Kenya]]. E be named after de [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]], de longest river insyd Kenya. E get an area of {{convert|38437|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} wey e get a population of 315,943 as of de 2019 census. De county borders Kitui County to de west, Garissa County to de northeast, Isiolo County to de north, Lamu County to de southeast, Kilifi County to de south den de Indian ocean&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=County Government of Tana River |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De administrative headquarters of de county be Hola dem sanso know as Galole. De County get five sub Counties; Tana Delta, Tana River, Tana North, Galedyertu, den Bangal.

Apart from de River Tana, der be several seasonal rivers insyd de county dem popularly know as Galan, wich dey flow insyd a west–east direction from Kitui den Makueni Counties, wey dey drain into de River Tana den eventually into de Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Makueni County |date=2022-09-15 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makueni_County&amp;oldid=1110379335 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |website=County Government of Tana River |access-date=18 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== De historic town of Ungwana ==
De historic town of Ungwana, near de mouth of de [[Tana_River_(Kenya)|Tana River]], be home to two important mosques wey dey share a curious relationship plus de great mosques of Gedi.

=== De Friday mosque: expansion den transformation ===
De city ein Friday mosque, originally 17 metres long, feature an ogee arch wey dey frame de mihrab (prayer niche). Decorative coral bosses den de imprint of a lost square plaque (possibly ceramic anaa marble) adorn de lintel. Archaeological excavations unearth ceramic fragments wey dey date to de 14th century, wey dey give an indication of de possible date of de mosque ein construction.&lt;ref&gt;Abungu, Islam on the Kenyan coast: an archaeological study of mosques (1986).&lt;/ref&gt;

A significant extension to de east mark de early 15th century for de Friday mosque. Dis new rectangular section mirror de length of de original structure buh e offer slightly more width. Dem divide de prayer hall into four bays wey three rows of six square columns separate. De extension include additional entrances: four to de west provide access to de older section, while two plus ogee arches to de east lead to an antechamber den rooms wey dey flank de mihrab.

A notable feature of dis extension be de addition of an octagonal pillar directly opposite de mihrab den a substantial seven-step minbar dem build against de qibla wall.&lt;ref&gt;Kirkman, Ungwana on the Tana (1966): 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt; De back of de minbar get intricate plaster mouldings, wey small holes indicate de presence of a former wooden balustrade. Dese changes, dem estimate to occur between 1400 den 1450, raise intriguing questions about de motivations behind such a significant transformation.

=== Interesting parallels plus Gedi ===
De timing of dis expansion of de Friday mosque dey coincide plus de construction of de new Grand Mosque insyd Gedi. Dis synchronicity dey suggest a possible connection, possibly relate to a wider religious anaa political shift insyd de region around de mouth of de Tana River den Mida Bay. In particular, de addition of de third column opposite de mihrab no fi be purely functional buh fi reflect de influence of another Muslim sect within de community.

=== De second mosque ===

Ungwana dey boast a second mosque plus a collection of intriguing architectural elements. De northern section of dis mosque dey retain ein original teak lintels dem import from India, dem intricately carve plus alveolar motifs. De mihrab arch get a unique design, wey be combine an ogee shape plus a semicircle at de apex. De structure dey display a rich array of decorative elements, wey dey include inlaid ceramics on de lintel den tympanum, an architrave dem decorate plus fish bone motifs, den single-block coral columns plus inlaid panels.

De apse plan dey deviate from de norm, plus triangular shapes den mouldings. In particular, de mihrab be surmounted by a bulbous dome topped plus a ceramic celadon bottle, similar to dat of de Fakhr al-Din mosque, instead of a semi-dome. Dis borrowing of de bulbous dome concept dey suggest a diffusion of styles across de region. However, ein widespread adoption fi be limited by de complex construction techniques dem require.

==District subdivisions==
Despite de large area of de Tana River district, ein only local authority be Tana River County Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tana River District second-order administrative division, Coast Province, Kenya |url=https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241215035816/https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ke.geoview.info |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De district get three constituencies: Garsen, Galole den Bura, 15 wards, 54 locations, den 109 sub-Locations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tana River |url=https://girlchildnetwork.org/where-we-work/tana/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=girlchildnetwork.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;6&quot;| '''Administrative divisions''' 
|-
|colspan=&quot;6&quot;| 
|-
!Division  
!Population*
!Urban&lt;br&gt; population*
!population&lt;br&gt; density
!Area (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Headquarters
|-
| Bangale|| 14,853 || 0 || 2 || x || Murarandia
|-
| Bura || 28,848 || 0 || 6 || x || Bura
|-
| Galole || 34,948 || 9,383 || 4 || x || Hola
|-
| Garsen || 51,592 || 4,885 || 4 || x || Garsen
|-
| Kipini || 16,243 || 0 || 19 || x || Kipini
|-
| Madogo || 21,731 || 0 || 12 || x || Kamwangi
|-
| Wenje || 12,686 || 0 || 23 || x || Wenje
|-
| ''Total'' || ''180,901'' || ''14,268'' ||''5 (average)'' || x ||
|-
|colspan=&quot;6&quot;| {{smaller|* 1999 census. Sources:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf Communications Commission of Kenya – Status of Coverage of Communications Services] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616215050/http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf |date=16 June 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls International Livestock Research Institute – Urban Poverty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718022538/http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls |date=18 July 2011 }} (.xls)&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|}

=== Religion ===
De county dey consist of 81% Muslims, 18% Christians den 1% of people insyd oda religions (wey dey include Atheism).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=23 June 2026 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Population ==
{{Historical populations|1979|92,401|1989|128,426|1999|180,901|2009|240,075|2019|315,943|align=none|footnote=source:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.citypopulation.de/php/kenya-admin.php Kenya: Administrative Division population statistics]&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== Religion ===
Religion insyd Tana River County&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot; |Religion (2019 Census)
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot; |Number
|-
|[[Islam]]
|256,422
|-
|Protestant
|22,866
|-
|Catholicism
|11,306
|-
|Oda Christian
|11,148
|-
|Evangelical Churches
|6,791
|-
|African Instituted Churches
|4,015
|-
|No Religion / Atheists
|1,044
|-
|Oda
|453
|-
|Traditionists
|226
|-
|Orthodox
|176
|-
|Hindu
|115
|-
|Dem no know
|80
|-
|Dem no state
|68
|-
|}

==Villages den settlements==
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* Ariti
* Balguda
* Bangale, Kenya
* Baomo
* Baomo
* Borobini
* Bohoni
* Bongonoko
*Chathoro
* Chewani
* Chiffiri
* Laini
* Fitina
* Furaha
* Handarako
* Idsowe
* Ingile
* Irangi
* Wacha Kone
* Wenje
* Maziwa
* Ngao, Kenya
* Wema
{{div col end}}

== References ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&amp;docid=1086876 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Kenya AdminLevels 1-4]
*[http://www.itdg.org/?id=peace5_tana Tana River District: a showcase of conflict over natural resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093302/http://www.itdg.org/?id=peace5_tana |date=28 September 2007 }} at ITDG
*[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/4403328CFC88B82085256D2C006CE5D5/$File/ocha_kenTana200503.PDF?OpenElement Map of the District]
*Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project
*[http://www.mambolook.com/tana-river Article title]

[[Category:Tana River County| ]]
[[Category:Counties of Kenya]]
[[Category:Tana River (Kenya)]]</text>
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    <title>Lake Natron</title>
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      <text bytes="8690" sha1="ka5unbcqoxj0wnmiggh74cv2u0p4vzq" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of World Wildlife Fund East African halophytics ecoregion.

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb Ol Doinyo Lengai. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help ecotourism grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for Kenya.

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="8748" sha1="8072kxp51hb4rgmsh3n5neci27pbmv0" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of World Wildlife Fund East African halophytics ecoregion.

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104650</id>
      <parentid>104649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>104650</origin>
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      <text bytes="9024" sha1="agjy4qr1b7jhp13tjqlprc29xfg7ypv" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of World Wildlife Fund East African halophytics ecoregion.

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104651</id>
      <parentid>104650</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:11:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>104651</origin>
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      <text bytes="9551" sha1="bgwfg6sp7wxatpjzsjduywefqcupm2i" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics ecoregion.

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104652</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="9569" sha1="miohidukqt6wi7t5jjfh5t95vbwzdmj" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]].

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>miohidukqt6wi7t5jjfh5t95vbwzdmj</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104653</id>
      <parentid>104652</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:15:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="9935" sha1="kewtibgj93r4qonp7x1rq1ti0x69dz8" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]].

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), &quot;Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania&quot;, ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104656</id>
      <parentid>104653</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:20:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>104656</origin>
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      <text bytes="10094" sha1="5fryc1wmpgy2gfli47t3gs8yohnt1fl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lake Natron (Tanzania) – 2017-03-06 (very early in rainy season) – satellite image (cropped).jpg|thumb|The lake on 6 March 2017 (satellite image)]]
'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]].

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), &quot;Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania&quot;, ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Lake Natron (Tanzania) – 2017-03-06 (very early in rainy season) – satellite image (cropped).jpg|thumb|The lake on 6 March 2017 (satellite image)]]
'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]].

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), &quot;Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania&quot;, ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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        <id>2562</id>
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[[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust &quot;rafts&quot; pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]]
'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]].

== Visiting the area ==
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), &quot;Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania&quot;, ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104713</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T13:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>104713</origin>
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      <text bytes="10348" sha1="35hycz484dsyry9nvbgnank0los1ae4" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust &quot;rafts&quot; pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]]
'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]].

== Visiting the area ==
[[File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|thumb|340x340px|Lake Natron as seen on NASA's [[:en:World_Wind|World Wind]] program]]
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), &quot;Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania&quot;, ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>35hycz484dsyry9nvbgnank0los1ae4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104717</id>
      <parentid>104713</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T13:23:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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[[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust &quot;rafts&quot; pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]]
[[File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|thumb|308x308px|The lake with [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]]]]
'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]].

== Visiting the area ==
[[File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|thumb|340x340px|Lake Natron as seen on NASA's [[:en:World_Wind|World Wind]] program]]
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), &quot;Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania&quot;, ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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[[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust &quot;rafts&quot; pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]]
[[File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|thumb|308x308px|The lake with [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]]]]
[[File:Lengai from Natron.jpg|thumb|308x308px|[[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]] seen from Lake Natron]]
'''Lake Natron''' na one highly [[:en:Soda_lake|alkaline]] [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] wey dey north side of [[:en:Ngorongoro_District|Ngorongoro District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]Di far northern end cross enter [[:en:Kajiado_County|Kajiado County]] and [[:en:Narok_County|Narok County]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. E dey inside [[:en:Gregory_Rift|Gregory Rift]], wey be di eastern branch of [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; Di lake dey inside [[:en:Lake_Natron_Basin|Lake Natron Basin]], wey be [[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] of international importance.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;]. ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt; E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;

High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive.

Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]&quot;. ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants.

== Fauna ==
Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too.

Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am &quot;near threatened&quot; because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]].

Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem.

Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic.

== Threats and preservation ==
Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection.

One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient.

According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, &quot;Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction.&quot; Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron&lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). &quot;[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]&quot;. ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am.

As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]&quot; (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]].

== Visiting the area ==
[[File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|thumb|340x340px|Lake Natron as seen on NASA's [[:en:World_Wind|World Wind]] program]]
Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), &quot;Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania&quot;, ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Great Man-Made River</title>
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      <id>104654</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="4148" sha1="ap7b8j1k1hh4ruz9gsv483lnf9nlr3e" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ap7b8j1k1hh4ruz9gsv483lnf9nlr3e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104655</id>
      <parentid>104654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:20:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104655</origin>
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      <text bytes="4275" sha1="ftajuae6llh8ida635she0u8tptcd38" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ftajuae6llh8ida635she0u8tptcd38</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104657</id>
      <parentid>104655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:22:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104657</origin>
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      <text bytes="4333" sha1="ea9dcmpkje8rzr061kr797jd7vg3cbn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ea9dcmpkje8rzr061kr797jd7vg3cbn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104658</id>
      <parentid>104657</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:23:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4432" sha1="r6vxuhsksg7jnsfao2tnkprln2653ti" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>r6vxuhsksg7jnsfao2tnkprln2653ti</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104660</id>
      <parentid>104658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:23:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4536" sha1="22d33uphuu30ph51qeuhd6ywx10ntq6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>22d33uphuu30ph51qeuhd6ywx10ntq6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104661</id>
      <parentid>104660</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:24:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4669" sha1="6gyallcqqp5gc5ln5cwscao76j67y7s" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]].     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6gyallcqqp5gc5ln5cwscao76j67y7s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104662</id>
      <parentid>104661</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:25:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4814" sha1="avwgsdlee7dwz96pxoo9x6uir03s21r" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>avwgsdlee7dwz96pxoo9x6uir03s21r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104663</id>
      <parentid>104662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104663</origin>
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      <text bytes="5073" sha1="rx78d9j172i5hvpcjgsz957jfz0xlx3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]).      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rx78d9j172i5hvpcjgsz957jfz0xlx3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104664</id>
      <parentid>104663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:26:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5295" sha1="gkxjcqfru8fu9xk8crthkzbml94gehy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>gkxjcqfru8fu9xk8crthkzbml94gehy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104665</id>
      <parentid>104664</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5343" sha1="h2xabq78yk9ilvycpb7gp8usqxsata3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h2xabq78yk9ilvycpb7gp8usqxsata3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104666</id>
      <parentid>104665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:29:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5385" sha1="l6h3e54033ub7rl47yzcjieumxkz4ld" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>l6h3e54033ub7rl47yzcjieumxkz4ld</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104667</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5468" sha1="5j5myb9ahx4o9dk4gjceeu6mowzyml2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5j5myb9ahx4o9dk4gjceeu6mowzyml2</sha1>
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      <id>104668</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:30:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5841" sha1="ashpr41nygqav709vwi4oucjrhopk0s" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ashpr41nygqav709vwi4oucjrhopk0s</sha1>
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      <id>104669</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:31:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5950" sha1="kjhuyy3hh0mw1fxrdvyvbvx6mv96jgl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks.  

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104670</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6055" sha1="gdp42y5h9a3s43woo0j7jte5oass13g" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>gdp42y5h9a3s43woo0j7jte5oass13g</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104671</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:32:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6214" sha1="i9qagg71erhvdq39q73z5jrogzol0rm" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]].   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>i9qagg71erhvdq39q73z5jrogzol0rm</sha1>
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      <id>104672</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:33:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6302" sha1="m458gp7nh0hk5zef4n1bih02i538afa" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>m458gp7nh0hk5zef4n1bih02i538afa</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104673</id>
      <parentid>104672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:33:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6381" sha1="dte81js0w9eiby5hdg166b29oku8eug" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dte81js0w9eiby5hdg166b29oku8eug</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104674</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:34:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6663" sha1="8odg55fukuf4y0ua5y5idt9emzcl4m8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8odg55fukuf4y0ua5y5idt9emzcl4m8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104676</id>
      <parentid>104674</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:35:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104676</origin>
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      <text bytes="6934" sha1="bvfmdrj3ikwxbggsmvl4sv6sz2ajnjp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bvfmdrj3ikwxbggsmvl4sv6sz2ajnjp</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104677</id>
      <parentid>104676</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:35:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="7026" sha1="7kv0attuyw79k12zjvu8w874k1taijf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.     

== References ==</text>
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      <parentid>104677</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:36:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="7563" sha1="nlww7b0dg5yzyj3dooml661y1j0qeg8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nlww7b0dg5yzyj3dooml661y1j0qeg8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104679</id>
      <parentid>104678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:37:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104679</origin>
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      <text bytes="7669" sha1="kdt5gn2989v7k3kv3hfgrspn2u7f3xf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>kdt5gn2989v7k3kv3hfgrspn2u7f3xf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104680</id>
      <parentid>104679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:37:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104680</origin>
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      <text bytes="8033" sha1="p1b88or065jmxrzpjwajfjssvlr9wjj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>p1b88or065jmxrzpjwajfjssvlr9wjj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104681</id>
      <parentid>104680</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:38:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104681</origin>
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      <text bytes="8165" sha1="2lchh5t2p4muu4a591tf1hes6wzxrhm" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2lchh5t2p4muu4a591tf1hes6wzxrhm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104682</id>
      <parentid>104681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:40:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8233" sha1="9byhi5vjjsamil74yu7cel2vn2ge1it" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9byhi5vjjsamil74yu7cel2vn2ge1it</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104683</id>
      <parentid>104682</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104683</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8599" sha1="sp0m5muj1zgaseocntbwqacfs1nsu61" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>sp0m5muj1zgaseocntbwqacfs1nsu61</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104684</id>
      <parentid>104683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:42:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104684</origin>
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      <text bytes="9017" sha1="6ezz1yieyfcoaoqi8a30577ram71d9x" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6ezz1yieyfcoaoqi8a30577ram71d9x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104685</id>
      <parentid>104684</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="9466" sha1="qdgkvz06xviw37xiutumek9xddgphqu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qdgkvz06xviw37xiutumek9xddgphqu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104686</id>
      <parentid>104685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104686</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9817" sha1="0msyqkg3l1g2psy7g431anta714sw94" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0msyqkg3l1g2psy7g431anta714sw94</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104687</id>
      <parentid>104686</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:43:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10366" sha1="fesvbacr5ik4l6umb2mb86n0dgexyp8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>fesvbacr5ik4l6umb2mb86n0dgexyp8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104688</id>
      <parentid>104687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104688</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10888" sha1="jsafffcpu3p6wdp7qji6prfmzj6lepc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>jsafffcpu3p6wdp7qji6prfmzj6lepc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104689</id>
      <parentid>104688</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:44:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11382" sha1="nytqp4c7a71zw090zmlqig3pxcdwi3j" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nytqp4c7a71zw090zmlqig3pxcdwi3j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104690</id>
      <parentid>104689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:44:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="11663" sha1="ls05dkbcs36vfie8menyhdcy9v9axkc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ls05dkbcs36vfie8menyhdcy9v9axkc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104691</id>
      <parentid>104690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12596" sha1="3bnssaoyn16xz4blmxqs25ymquii1yg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3bnssaoyn16xz4blmxqs25ymquii1yg</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104692</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="12676" sha1="qcn6cx578w7qpolk0el8t3ofr88jt86" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qcn6cx578w7qpolk0el8t3ofr88jt86</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104693</id>
      <parentid>104692</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:46:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104693</origin>
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      <text bytes="13103" sha1="1rabg0y9kx3u5dbqoc867posxfesmnh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1rabg0y9kx3u5dbqoc867posxfesmnh</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104694</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:47:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="13256" sha1="itaqqpkqala6fyh8er91cxpnbb5121v" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns.  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="13348" sha1="nwbllvgw2fi3pwr9tt5t314bdlic19z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104696</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="13672" sha1="6y3tybbbvdq606kquwow2yly1j5ag0z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6y3tybbbvdq606kquwow2yly1j5ag0z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104697</id>
      <parentid>104696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:50:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104697</origin>
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      <text bytes="13804" sha1="6sexio9bhg9vkrok77p71skg6pk9kr8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6sexio9bhg9vkrok77p71skg6pk9kr8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104698</id>
      <parentid>104697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:50:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104698</origin>
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      <text bytes="13976" sha1="1zopmadoziq1tm4l4kjkim4i9z5lymj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.   

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104699</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T12:52:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="14438" sha1="31o8t6sh0egjqpnsvwqhgdm6yl1irx4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>31o8t6sh0egjqpnsvwqhgdm6yl1irx4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104700</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T13:00:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="14740" sha1="tvildzvtnfcizz9ov5sg1r2uzmko5sa" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104701</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="14895" sha1="toqavd83atn7e8u3ic4ubam7w60ikp8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project.

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104702</id>
      <parentid>104701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T13:01:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104702</origin>
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      <text bytes="15321" sha1="nh55c7rn60poti6x9k4rezv6m2z5y2z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nh55c7rn60poti6x9k4rezv6m2z5y2z</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104703</id>
      <parentid>104702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T13:02:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104703</origin>
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      <text bytes="15395" sha1="5t83r9jz3i23f5a9eugvgkr4p0dtlch" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104704</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="15504" sha1="f7ho2b9rhnxu1ak5ludqrph8r79nlzp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="15595" sha1="h90oz1x8joybyhpgdaybyxlnjo5aobp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir.

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="15649" sha1="n433y2ciwr0gvnsq9leialqr945qruq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir.

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="15714" sha1="0ii5oixlf1dig4squ6ywdrl5455vi7w" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="15744" sha1="5674zbnak60tz5jxght72ss0q2dh0yf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="15793" sha1="dk3psnbourtry44gzy5t55sqbkwkc8d" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="15808" sha1="b90cea4ljh7t09dtfswsitfe1iht1d4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="16317" sha1="55km9c98yeztzd84f1aa4k12k9fmwge" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot;&gt;
File:Great_Manmade_River._Libya.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Manmade_River._Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great_Manmade_River.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Manmade_River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The_Great_Man_-_River_Builder.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Great_Man_-_River_Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="16586" sha1="5ff2ygxmevqfr4g8qjely6vukorp54y" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104714</id>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="16773" sha1="713xqjv6oqhhgu3bugnwwxel9rwykpf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Additional sources ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network)</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="16879" sha1="faxcqq7vn6ctkch81wwwtbttu7h77eq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Additional sources ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']</text>
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      <text bytes="17003" sha1="2hb4h1qwylr64am36excjootlkbvtrf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Additional sources ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']
* [http://www.tekfeninsaat.com.tr/#/en/projects/al-khufra-tazerbo-water-conveyance-system TEKFEN İNŞAAT official article]</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="17068" sha1="pvcpjrfzpjzemkymyzk1epr8o63z748" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Additional sources ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']
* [http://www.tekfeninsaat.com.tr/#/en/projects/al-khufra-tazerbo-water-conveyance-system TEKFEN İNŞAAT official article]

== External links ==

* [https://www.gmrp.ly/ Official website]</text>
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      <text bytes="17445" sha1="sfbnfjhemm44asu9kpc6ijlkpon49fj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Additional sources ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']
* [http://www.tekfeninsaat.com.tr/#/en/projects/al-khufra-tazerbo-water-conveyance-system TEKFEN İNŞAAT official article]

== External links ==

* [https://www.gmrp.ly/ Official website]
* [http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504161139/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html|date=2012-05-04}} Joint project of [[:en:IAEA|IAEA]] [[:en:UNDP|UNDP]] den [[:en:Global_Environment_Facility|GEF]] about de Great Manmade River logistics.</text>
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      <text bytes="17557" sha1="6kyg2u5x6ugfag6n5qqy9fpnm26hjdn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Additional sources ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']
* [http://www.tekfeninsaat.com.tr/#/en/projects/al-khufra-tazerbo-water-conveyance-system TEKFEN İNŞAAT official article]

== External links ==

* [https://www.gmrp.ly/ Official website]
* [http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504161139/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html|date=2012-05-04}} Joint project of [[:en:IAEA|IAEA]] [[:en:UNDP|UNDP]] den [[:en:Global_Environment_Facility|GEF]] about de Great Manmade River logistics.
* [http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/prizes/great_man/index.shtml Great Man-Made River International Water Prize]</text>
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      <text bytes="17818" sha1="82m7krp6t1e7vezcrnds0e6k38dt7md" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] wey dem obtain am from de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil aquifer]], across [[:en:Libya|Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest [[:en:Underground_mining_(hard_rock)#Development_mining_vs._production_mining|underground network]] of [[:en:Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)|pipes]] ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den [[:en:Aqueduct_(water_supply)|aqueducts]] for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 [[:en:Well|wells]], most of wey dey ova 500 m [[:en:Depth_in_a_well|deep]], den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of [[:en:Fresh_water|fresh water]] per day to de cities of [[:en:Tripoli,_Libya|Tripoli]], [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]], [[:en:Sirte|Sirte]] den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late [[:en:Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution|Libyan leader]] [[:en:Muammar_Gaddafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;[[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|Eighth Wonder of]] [[:en:Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World|de World]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find [[:en:Petroleum|oil]] for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable [[:en:Fossil_water|fossil water]] underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de [[:en:Gaddafi_government|Gaddafi government]]. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am [[:en:Korea|Korea]] insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of [[:en:Brega|Brega]] ([[:en:Gulf_of_Sidra|Gulf of Sidra]]). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] insyd den and deliver via de port of [[:en:Benghazi|Benghazi]].&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan [[:en:US_dollar|US$]]25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil [[:en:Aquifer|aquifer]] from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]. E accumulate during de last [[:en:Ice_age|ice age]] den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de [[:en:First_Libyan_Civil_War|First Libyan Civil War]] den de [[:en:2011_military_intervention_in_Libya|foreign military intervention]], one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a [[:en:NATO|NATO]] air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include [[:en:Multiple_rocket_launcher|multiple rocket launchers]], dem store am der according to [[:en:Military_intelligence|intelligence]] findings, wey dey present two photos of an [[:en:BM-21_Grad|BM-21]] MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de [[:en:Second_Libyan_Civil_War|Second Libyan Civil War]] from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De [[:en:General_People's_Congress_(Libya)|General Pippoe ein Congress]] hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de [[:en:Basic_People's_Congress_(political)|Basic Pippoe ein Congresses]], wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for [[:en:Italy|Italy]] insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-[[:en:Milan|Milan]] insyd den ein factory for Caivano-[[:en:Naples|Naples]] insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de [[:en:Sarir_field|Sarir]] plant for dis date top. 
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to [[:en:Ajdabiya|Ajdabiya]] reservoir. 
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to [[:en:Ghardabiya|Ghardabiya]] reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to [[:en:Gharyan|Gharyan]].

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Additional sources ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']
* [http://www.tekfeninsaat.com.tr/#/en/projects/al-khufra-tazerbo-water-conveyance-system TEKFEN İNŞAAT official article]

== External links ==

* [https://www.gmrp.ly/ Official website]
* [http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504161139/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html|date=2012-05-04}} Joint project of [[:en:IAEA|IAEA]] [[:en:UNDP|UNDP]] den [[:en:Global_Environment_Facility|GEF]] about de Great Manmade River logistics.
* [http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/prizes/great_man/index.shtml Great Man-Made River International Water Prize]
* [http://www.algaddafi.org/the-great-man-made-river-gmmr---main-page Great Man-Made River website at AlGaddaf.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304145054/http://www.algaddafi.org/the-great-man-made-river-gmmr---main-page|date=2013-03-04}}</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Lake Ngozi (wey some people dey call Lake Ngosi) na di second biggest crater lake for Africa. E dey near Tukuyu, one small town wey dey for highland Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, southern Tanzania for East Africa. Di lake dey inside Poroto Mountains, and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na Holocene caldera wey produce Kitulo pumice about 12,000 years ago during one Plinian e...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="830" sha1="bo2vq5eewxxxczb4sjxyn61i9l0bj03" xml:space="preserve">Lake Ngozi (wey some people dey call Lake Ngosi) na di second biggest crater lake for Africa. E dey near Tukuyu, one small town wey dey for highland Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, southern Tanzania for East Africa. Di lake dey inside Poroto Mountains, and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na Holocene caldera wey produce Kitulo pumice about 12,000 years ago during one Plinian eruption, most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge deposits wey age no clear but dey between Kitulo pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce pyroclastic flow wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano.</text>
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      <text bytes="1393" sha1="c1ffzr423gs79mdnfkstqtl1wrcwirb" xml:space="preserve">Lake Ngozi (wey some people dey call Lake Ngosi) na di second biggest crater lake for Africa. E dey near Tukuyu, one small town wey dey for highland Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, southern Tanzania for East Africa. Di lake dey inside Poroto Mountains, and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na Holocene caldera wey produce Kitulo pumice about 12,000 years ago during one Plinian eruption, most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge deposits wey age no clear but dey between Kitulo pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce pyroclastic flow wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see Maesa lanceolata, Albizia gummifera and Hagenia abyssinica, but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say limnic eruption fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces.</text>
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      <text bytes="1405" sha1="oyp64o56eul3melf5oe5278gpx30lsl" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi''') na di second biggest crater lake for Africa. E dey near Tukuyu, one small town wey dey for highland Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, southern Tanzania for East Africa. Di lake dey inside Poroto Mountains, and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na Holocene caldera wey produce Kitulo pumice about 12,000 years ago during one Plinian eruption, most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge deposits wey age no clear but dey between Kitulo pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce pyroclastic flow wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see Maesa lanceolata, Albizia gummifera and Hagenia abyssinica, but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say limnic eruption fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces.</text>
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      <text bytes="1716" sha1="c3wlb616r7df1togeb1xohhljfnj655" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest crater lake for Africa. E dey near Tukuyu, one small town wey dey for highland Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, southern Tanzania for East Africa. Di lake dey inside Poroto Mountains, and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na Holocene caldera wey produce Kitulo pumice about 12,000 years ago during one Plinian eruption, most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge deposits wey age no clear but dey between Kitulo pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce pyroclastic flow wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see Maesa lanceolata, Albizia gummifera and Hagenia abyssinica, but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say limnic eruption fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces.</text>
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      <text bytes="1860" sha1="4w5k9ef1n2kywk5inbzrptawkhxflyw" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside Poroto Mountains, and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na Holocene caldera wey produce Kitulo pumice about 12,000 years ago during one Plinian eruption, most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge deposits wey age no clear but dey between Kitulo pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce pyroclastic flow wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see Maesa lanceolata, Albizia gummifera and Hagenia abyssinica, but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say limnic eruption fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1942" sha1="dhyvq0i8hl4zr5s3ysrrm2nrpgiikct" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge deposits wey age no clear but dey between Kitulo pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce pyroclastic flow wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see Maesa lanceolata, Albizia gummifera and Hagenia abyssinica, but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say limnic eruption fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>dhyvq0i8hl4zr5s3ysrrm2nrpgiikct</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T13:47:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>104729</origin>
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      <text bytes="2026" sha1="hzgo4lmbkfz37dvwolstqbfgsi9u09a" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see Maesa lanceolata, Albizia gummifera and Hagenia abyssinica, but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say limnic eruption fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>hzgo4lmbkfz37dvwolstqbfgsi9u09a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104730</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T13:54:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>104730</origin>
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      <text bytes="2129" sha1="swuy4sz7wo6sn6wsgs37b1ge6e61trr" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>swuy4sz7wo6sn6wsgs37b1ge6e61trr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104731</id>
      <parentid>104730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:01:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>104731</origin>
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      <text bytes="2631" sha1="ffxa1w4qmknwvoygnow349vfewmn58a" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>ffxa1w4qmknwvoygnow349vfewmn58a</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104732</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="3457" sha1="kudmc5tiepides443gygierz7vxv14c" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104733</id>
      <parentid>104732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:16:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>104733</origin>
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      <text bytes="4127" sha1="slpsguxj9ilqhsoktzmc5uvqg226so1" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di lake no dey get big-big change for water level, na only small difference dey between dry season and rainy season. Air temperature wey dey above di lake dey around 18 °C, and e no dey change much for season to season.&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104734</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="4329" sha1="4h2yu6thnqfspm5yomq4v6cv1pokfwf" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di lake no dey get big-big change for water level, na only small difference dey between dry season and rainy season. Air temperature wey dey above di lake dey around 18 °C, and e no dey change much for season to season.&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sometimes, Safwa hunters go enter di forest. Reports wey dem talk for 2013 say di next year, one geothermal project go start near di volcano wey dey halfway between Ngozi and [[:en:Mbeya|Mbeya]] town.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>4h2yu6thnqfspm5yomq4v6cv1pokfwf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104735</id>
      <parentid>104734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="5069" sha1="omtn86i516xexxt46snm9m2c2ifsnrx" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di lake no dey get big-big change for water level, na only small difference dey between dry season and rainy season. Air temperature wey dey above di lake dey around 18 °C, and e no dey change much for season to season.&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sometimes, Safwa hunters go enter di forest. Reports wey dem talk for 2013 say di next year, one geothermal project go start near di volcano wey dey halfway between Ngozi and [[:en:Mbeya|Mbeya]] town&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013]&quot;. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>omtn86i516xexxt46snm9m2c2ifsnrx</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104736</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:36:06Z</timestamp>
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        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="5446" sha1="sqt294b1r9l6tpjrm1ubuq9pwnw5qrl" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di lake no dey get big-big change for water level, na only small difference dey between dry season and rainy season. Air temperature wey dey above di lake dey around 18 °C, and e no dey change much for season to season.&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sometimes, Safwa hunters go enter di forest. Reports wey dem talk for 2013 say di next year, one geothermal project go start near di volcano wey dey halfway between Ngozi and [[:en:Mbeya|Mbeya]] town&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013]&quot;. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Local folklore ==
Plenty local myths and folk tales dey around di volcanic lake and di area wey dey near am.

Di Nyakyusa People (na ethnic group wey dey for Southern Tanzania) talk say one shaman wey dem call Lwembe bin dey chased from im birth village (Ukwama for Makete area) go reach di waters of Lake Ngozi after di people don tire for di way im magic dey deceive dem

== Reference ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104737</id>
      <parentid>104736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:37:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="5814" sha1="88glnudmtdkdp6hq51rkulhjffl7r1m" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di lake no dey get big-big change for water level, na only small difference dey between dry season and rainy season. Air temperature wey dey above di lake dey around 18 °C, and e no dey change much for season to season.&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sometimes, Safwa hunters go enter di forest. Reports wey dem talk for 2013 say di next year, one geothermal project go start near di volcano wey dey halfway between Ngozi and [[:en:Mbeya|Mbeya]] town&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013]&quot;. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Local folklore ==
Plenty local myths and folk tales dey around di volcanic lake and di area wey dey near am.

Di Nyakyusa People (na ethnic group wey dey for Southern Tanzania) talk say one shaman wey dem call Lwembe bin dey chased from im birth village (Ukwama for Makete area) go reach di waters of Lake Ngozi after di people don tire for di way im magic dey deceive dem.

Once Lwembe come settle for di water edge, di local tribe cattle begin dey disappear. Dem talk say villagers too begin miss if dem waka too near di water. Nyakyusa elders clear di area by rolling one big boulder wey dem put inside fire for three days enter di water, as dem dey cast their own spell. Since dat time, di bad spell wey dey for di Lake never come back.

== Reference ==</text>
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        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="6321" sha1="ibz10ko4fju169g1bfq0oy9ar5ffmac" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di lake no dey get big-big change for water level, na only small difference dey between dry season and rainy season. Air temperature wey dey above di lake dey around 18 °C, and e no dey change much for season to season.&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sometimes, Safwa hunters go enter di forest. Reports wey dem talk for 2013 say di next year, one geothermal project go start near di volcano wey dey halfway between Ngozi and [[:en:Mbeya|Mbeya]] town&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013]&quot;. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Local folklore ==
Plenty local myths and folk tales dey around di volcanic lake and di area wey dey near am.

Di Nyakyusa People (na ethnic group wey dey for Southern Tanzania) talk say one shaman wey dem call Lwembe bin dey chased from im birth village (Ukwama for Makete area) go reach di waters of Lake Ngozi after di people don tire for di way im magic dey deceive dem.

Once Lwembe come settle for di water edge, di local tribe cattle begin dey disappear. Dem talk say villagers too begin miss if dem waka too near di water. Nyakyusa elders clear di area by rolling one big boulder wey dem put inside fire for three days enter di water, as dem dey cast their own spell. Since dat time, di bad spell wey dey for di Lake never come back.

Di most common myth and folk tale na about one group of Colonial German soldiers wey throw treasure inside di lake water. Dem put spell for di Lake to protect di gold and make am hard for anybody wey wan collect am back. Some versions of di myth talk say na dis cause poisonous gas to come out (wey we sabi now fit link to Limnic eruption), while others talk say na one twelve-head snake dey guard di treasure and e dey come surface for sunny days. Whether treasure bin dey true-true still remain mystery.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6517" sha1="s9lcw4jo4i0q3qcg9h2qlmik3a2ideq" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di lake no dey get big-big change for water level, na only small difference dey between dry season and rainy season. Air temperature wey dey above di lake dey around 18 °C, and e no dey change much for season to season.&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sometimes, Safwa hunters go enter di forest. Reports wey dem talk for 2013 say di next year, one geothermal project go start near di volcano wey dey halfway between Ngozi and [[:en:Mbeya|Mbeya]] town&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013]&quot;. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Local folklore ==
Plenty local myths and folk tales dey around di volcanic lake and di area wey dey near am.

Di Nyakyusa People (na ethnic group wey dey for Southern Tanzania) talk say one shaman wey dem call Lwembe bin dey chased from im birth village (Ukwama for Makete area) go reach di waters of Lake Ngozi after di people don tire for di way im magic dey deceive dem.

Once Lwembe come settle for di water edge, di local tribe cattle begin dey disappear. Dem talk say villagers too begin miss if dem waka too near di water. Nyakyusa elders clear di area by rolling one big boulder wey dem put inside fire for three days enter di water, as dem dey cast their own spell. Since dat time, di bad spell wey dey for di Lake never come back.

Di most common myth and folk tale na about one group of Colonial German soldiers wey throw treasure inside di lake water. Dem put spell for di Lake to protect di gold and make am hard for anybody wey wan collect am back. Some versions of di myth talk say na dis cause poisonous gas to come out (wey we sabi now fit link to [[:en:Limnic_eruption|Limnic eruption]]), while others talk say na one twelve-head snake dey guard di treasure and e dey come surface for sunny days. Whether treasure bin dey true-true still remain mystery.&lt;ref&gt;[https://tanzaniasafariclub.com/lake-ngozi/ &quot;Lake Ngozi | Facts &amp; Myths Surrounding Tanzanias Biggest Crater Lake]&quot;. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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'''Lake Ngozi''' (wey some people dey call '''Lake Ngosi'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;]. ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) na di second biggest [[:en:Volcanic_crater_lake|crater lake]] for [[:en:Africa|Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;]. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. E dey near [[:en:Tukuyu|Tukuyu]], one small town wey dey for highland [[:en:Rungwe|Rungwe]] District, [[:en:Mbeya_Region|Mbeya Region]], southern [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] for East [[:en:Africa|Africa]]. Di lake dey inside [[:en:Poroto_Mountains|Poroto Mountains]], and di northern rim of di caldera na di highest point for di range. Di caldera mostly form from trachytic and phonolitic lavas. Ngozi na [[:en:Holocene|Holocene]] caldera wey produce Kitulo [[:en:Pumice|pumice]] about 12,000 years ago during one [[:en:Plinian_eruption|Plinian eruption]], most likely na di same eruption wey create di caldera. Other eruption deposits na Ngozi Tuff (less than 1000 years ago) and Ituwa Surge [[:en:Base_surge|base surge]] deposits wey age no clear but dey between [[:en:Kitulo_National_Park|Kitulo]] pumice and Ngozi Tuff. Di youngest eruption around 1450 CE produce [[:en:Pyroclastic_flow|pyroclastic flow]] wey move south for about 10 km. Some pyroclastic cones dey around di volcano. Di caldera walls get forest, except places wey landslide and high cliff don clear, wey dey make am hard to reach di water. Inside di caldera forest, you go see [[:en:Maesa_lanceolata|Maesa lanceolata]], [[:en:Albizia_gummifera|Albizia gummifera]] and [[:en:Hagenia_abyssinica|Hagenia abyssinica]], but tree species no plenty like di neighbouring mountains because di volcano still young geologically. Di caldera no get hydrothermal activity, but big CO2 dey come out from under di water, and local people get story say di lake fit kill, wey show say [[:en:Limnic_eruptions|limnic eruption]] fit happen. Echo sounding show say di lake floor flat and no get terraces&lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi]&quot;. ''[[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|Global Volcanism Program]]''. [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di lake no dey get big-big change for water level, na only small difference dey between dry season and rainy season. Air temperature wey dey above di lake dey around 18 °C, and e no dey change much for season to season.&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sometimes, Safwa hunters go enter di forest. Reports wey dem talk for 2013 say di next year, one geothermal project go start near di volcano wey dey halfway between Ngozi and [[:en:Mbeya|Mbeya]] town&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013]&quot;. Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Local folklore ==
Plenty local myths and folk tales dey around di volcanic lake and di area wey dey near am.

Di Nyakyusa People (na ethnic group wey dey for Southern Tanzania) talk say one shaman wey dem call Lwembe bin dey chased from im birth village (Ukwama for Makete area) go reach di waters of Lake Ngozi after di people don tire for di way im magic dey deceive dem.

Once Lwembe come settle for di water edge, di local tribe cattle begin dey disappear. Dem talk say villagers too begin miss if dem waka too near di water. Nyakyusa elders clear di area by rolling one big boulder wey dem put inside fire for three days enter di water, as dem dey cast their own spell. Since dat time, di bad spell wey dey for di Lake never come back.

Di most common myth and folk tale na about one group of Colonial German soldiers wey throw treasure inside di lake water. Dem put spell for di Lake to protect di gold and make am hard for anybody wey wan collect am back. Some versions of di myth talk say na dis cause poisonous gas to come out (wey we sabi now fit link to [[:en:Limnic_eruption|Limnic eruption]]), while others talk say na one twelve-head snake dey guard di treasure and e dey come surface for sunny days. Whether treasure bin dey true-true still remain mystery.&lt;ref&gt;[https://tanzaniasafariclub.com/lake-ngozi/ &quot;Lake Ngozi | Facts &amp; Myths Surrounding Tanzanias Biggest Crater Lake]&quot;. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' be river wey dey for Ghana. The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of Techiman, the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=20...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="995" sha1="0iv4jf6x1a7f0entq6acjgqmdf5wv0e" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' be river wey dey for Ghana. The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of Techiman, the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.</text>
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      <text bytes="1347" sha1="lfd3b7ayk81s11dodgni4magvae8zig" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' be river wey dey for Ghana. The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of Techiman, the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local Bono people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest Bono God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1749" sha1="iu9ce3oldy16ryw8wgxj5n8kw8b73s2" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' be river wey dey for Ghana. The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of Techiman, the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local Bono people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest Bono God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2222" sha1="svbwqo8mejgmpoj7mgdgqj7zl3qcdl7" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' be river wey dey for Ghana. The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of Techiman, the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local Bono people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest Bono God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.As at middle of 2008, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2250" sha1="s92uas99wi9ig5ee9j2qov2zul4rte3" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for Ghana. The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of Techiman, the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local Bono people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest Bono God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.As at middle of 2008, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2245" sha1="aw8s54h2hs7mvs475i4g7xoyny3gaqo" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for Ghana. The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of Techiman, the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local Bono people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest Bono God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2713" sha1="ke9c1vdomntl6f1hui31d82r8hgmtod" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for Ghana. The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of Techiman, the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local Bono people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest Bono God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk,the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2731" sha1="2abk4smkciektq74g27zgy3uvepb30q" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be [[river]] wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for bono east region for Ghana inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between Ghana and Ivory Coast&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local Bono people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest Bono God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk,the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2794" sha1="5yhvxnwqr1cgvuta106kc54zjf7cld1" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be [[river]] wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local Bono people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest Bono God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk,the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2823" sha1="tqzfpepitjm3jigftki5slq0a025y3j" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local [[Bono people|Bono]] people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest [[Bono people|Bono]] God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk, the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3335" sha1="gap3hf2e4m01kt7gz64oxw2v4dg9m6r" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local [[Bono people|Bono]] people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest [[Bono people|Bono]] God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk, the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Drainage Basin and Hydrology ==
Tano River be the principal watercourse for the Tano Basin, e be one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana, alongside the Ankobra, Bia , and Pra basins. The basin dey cover around 16060 square kilometers, wey about 92% dey Ghana inside wey 7.4 dey extend into Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3337" sha1="5v5nzftf1v8aitv39jn281hi55dpk0t" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local [[Bono people|Bono]] people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest [[Bono people|Bono]] God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk, the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Drainage Basin and Hydrology ==
Tano River be the principal watercourse for the Tano Basin, e be one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana, alongside the Ankobra, Bia , and Pra basins. The basin dey cover around 16060 square kilometers, wey about 92.6% dey Ghana inside wey 7.4 dey extend into Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3798" sha1="70dndy1tw3vjhyquqwiiu3d78o044h8" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local [[Bono people|Bono]] people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest [[Bono people|Bono]] God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk, the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Drainage Basin and Hydrology ==
Tano River be the principal watercourse for the Tano Basin, e be one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana, alongside the Ankobra, Bia , and Pra basins. The basin dey cover around 16060 square kilometers, wey about 92.6% dey Ghana inside wey 7.4 dey extend into Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N, plus longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. The major tributaries (the small small rivers wey dey flow enter the Tano River inside) na the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4251" sha1="00po3zet26tqn5xjunj9xu3r8mycmaq" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local [[Bono people|Bono]] people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest [[Bono people|Bono]] God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk, the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Drainage Basin and Hydrology ==
Tano River be the principal watercourse for the Tano Basin, e be one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana, alongside the Ankobra, Bia , and Pra basins. The basin dey cover around 16060 square kilometers, wey about 92.6% dey Ghana inside wey 7.4 dey extend into Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N, plus longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. The major tributaries (the small small rivers wey dey flow enter the Tano River inside) na the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Tano Basin dey support agriculture, forestry, mining, and pure water supply for house inside across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast. The river system dey drain one region wey get pure mineral resources well well, like gold and bauxite deposits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4273" sha1="sz77qf7w4nxipng9tc0p6yglpbmffaw" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local [[Bono people|Bono]] people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest [[Bono people|Bono]] God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk, the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Drainage Basin and Hydrology ==
Tano River be the principal watercourse for the Tano Basin, e be one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana, alongside the Ankobra, Bia , and Pra basins. The basin dey cover around 16060 square kilometers, wey about 92.6% dey Ghana inside wey 7.4 dey extend into Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N, plus longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. The major tributaries (the small small rivers wey dey flow enter the Tano River inside) na the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Tano Basin dey support agriculture, forestry, mining, and pure water supply for house inside across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast. The river system dey drain one region wey get pure mineral resources well well, like gold and bauxite deposits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4308" sha1="p2s10bl7muvfdpflsfjwlucptfjcgak" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local [[Bono people|Bono]] people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest [[Bono people|Bono]] God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey]] (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, Unilever slate the area for logging den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk, the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Drainage Basin and Hydrology ==
Tano River be the principal watercourse for the Tano Basin, e be one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana, alongside the Ankobra, Bia , and Pra basins. The basin dey cover around 16060 square kilometers, wey about 92.6% dey Ghana inside wey 7.4 dey extend into Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N, plus longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. The major tributaries (the small small rivers wey dey flow enter the Tano River inside) na the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Tano Basin dey support agriculture, forestry, mining, and pure water supply for house inside across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast. The river system dey drain one region wey get pure mineral resources well well, like gold and bauxite deposits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4341" sha1="1bgr4vlypk3vnxtvnrunamb60gu6v9x" xml:space="preserve">'''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: ''Rivière Tano'') be river wey dey for [[Ghana|Ghana.]] The river dey flow 400 kilometres comot one town wey dem dey call Traa wey e be suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town for [[Bono East Region|bono east region]] for [[Ghana]] inside dey go Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and Aby Lagoon for [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coas]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;t where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. River Tano dey form the last few kilometres for the international land boundary wey dey between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The local [[Bono people|Bono]] people get some indigenous belief say Taakora, the highest [[Bono people|Bono]] God for this Earth, dey live for where the river source dey comot&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The last few [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus monkey]] (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), wey be one of the most threatened primates for the world inside dey live for the forest wey dey between the river and Ehy Lagoon&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.For 2008 inside, [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]] slate the area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] den replace am with oil palm plantations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2020 inside, truck wey dey carry [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river inside. On January 13, dem advise the people say make dem no drink water from the river because of the contamination. But as we dey talk, the river wash back to baseline, e dey normal state now.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Drainage Basin and Hydrology ==
Tano River be the principal watercourse for the Tano Basin, e be one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana, alongside the Ankobra, Bia , and Pra basins. The basin dey cover around 16060 square kilometers, wey about 92.6% dey Ghana inside wey 7.4 dey extend into Ivory Coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N, plus longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. The major tributaries (the small small rivers wey dey flow enter the Tano River inside) na the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Tano Basin dey support agriculture, forestry, mining, and pure water supply for house inside across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast. The river system dey drain one region wey get pure mineral resources well well, like gold and bauxite deposits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&amp;oldid=1360308471 |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Momela Lakes</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2562</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Di '''Momela''' ('''or Momella''') '''Lakes''' na seven shallow lakes wey dey inside [[:en:Arusha_National_Park|Arusha National Park]]. Dem be: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro and Tulusia. Entrance to di park dey for Village Momella, Meru District for Arusha Region, Tanzania.&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="314" sha1="c4t8tped3dlx9q62zl3cy6ttaobczu3" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Momela''' ('''or Momella''') '''Lakes''' na seven shallow lakes wey dey inside [[:en:Arusha_National_Park|Arusha National Park]]. Dem be: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro and Tulusia. Entrance to di park dey for Village Momella, Meru District for Arusha Region, Tanzania.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104748</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:56:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="660" sha1="8y9bxiuhug700epo9m21h250rp0mun9" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Momela''' ('''or Momella''') '''Lakes''' na seven shallow lakes wey dey inside [[:en:Arusha_National_Park|Arusha National Park]]. Dem be: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro and Tulusia&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes &quot;The ''Momela Lakes'']&quot;. Exploring Africa&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb175/arusha%20np%20map.pdf Arusha National Park], [[:en:University_of_Vermont|University of Vermont]]. Accessed 30 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;. Entrance to di park dey for Village Momella, [[:en:Meru_District|Meru District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
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      <text bytes="678" sha1="as1r92c5nrjo8c3zyne1t5so49t88lp" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Momela''' ('''or Momella''') '''Lakes''' na seven shallow lakes wey dey inside [[:en:Arusha_National_Park|Arusha National Park]]. Dem be: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro and Tulusia&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes &quot;The ''Momela Lakes'']&quot;. Exploring Africa&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb175/arusha%20np%20map.pdf Arusha National Park], [[:en:University_of_Vermont|University of Vermont]]. Accessed 30 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;. Entrance to di park dey for Village Momella, [[:en:Meru_District|Meru District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania.

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104750</id>
      <parentid>104749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T14:59:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="1151" sha1="ap9grw79ewfvn4ttgd8i8jclgazvdbf" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Momela''' ('''or Momella''') '''Lakes''' na seven shallow lakes wey dey inside [[:en:Arusha_National_Park|Arusha National Park]]. Dem be: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro and Tulusia&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes &quot;The ''Momela Lakes'']&quot;. Exploring Africa&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb175/arusha%20np%20map.pdf Arusha National Park], [[:en:University_of_Vermont|University of Vermont]]. Accessed 30 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;. Entrance to di park dey for Village Momella, [[:en:Meru_District|Meru District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Momela_Lakes&amp;params=3_13_S_36_52_E_ 3°13′S 36°52′E]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
Di lakes na alkaline, dem form from volcanic debris wey Mount Meru scatter when e blow im top 250,000 years ago. Because di lakes dey alkaline, animals no dey drink di water, but you fit see zebras and birds for di banks. Di lakes na di main highlight for Eastern section of Arusha National Park, wey dey cover di forest of Mount Meru.

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104751</id>
      <parentid>104750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T15:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="1630" sha1="q8w76yjvvnu57axmi1yzwpxhak48btp" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Momela''' ('''or Momella''') '''Lakes''' na seven shallow lakes wey dey inside [[:en:Arusha_National_Park|Arusha National Park]]. Dem be: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro and Tulusia&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes &quot;The ''Momela Lakes'']&quot;. Exploring Africa&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb175/arusha%20np%20map.pdf Arusha National Park], [[:en:University_of_Vermont|University of Vermont]]. Accessed 30 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;. Entrance to di park dey for Village Momella, [[:en:Meru_District|Meru District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Momela_Lakes&amp;params=3_13_S_36_52_E_ 3°13′S 36°52′E]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
Di lakes na alkaline, dem form from volcanic debris wey [[:en:Mount_Meru_(Tanzania)|Mount Meru]] scatter when e blow im top 250,000 years ago&lt;ref&gt;Jens Finke (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&amp;pg=PA401 &quot;Tanzania]&quot;. [[:en:Rough_Guides|Rough Guides]]. Retrieved 2 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;. Because di lakes dey alkaline, animals no dey drink di water&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes &quot;The ''Momela Lakes'']&quot;. Exploring Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;, but you fit see zebras and birds for di banks. Di lakes na di main highlight for Eastern section of Arusha National Park, wey dey cover di forest of Mount Meru.&lt;ref&gt;Jens Finke (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&amp;pg=PA401 &quot;Tanzania&quot;.] [[:en:Rough_Guides|Rough Guides]]. Retrieved 2 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104753</id>
      <parentid>104751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T15:05:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="1642" sha1="la028ef9irvlq4jlxvpgkxkmwjg3efn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Di '''Momela''' ('''or Momella''') '''Lakes''' na seven shallow lakes wey dey inside [[:en:Arusha_National_Park|Arusha National Park]]. Dem be: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro and Tulusia&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes &quot;The ''Momela Lakes'']&quot;. Exploring Africa&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb175/arusha%20np%20map.pdf Arusha National Park], [[:en:University_of_Vermont|University of Vermont]]. Accessed 30 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;. Entrance to di park dey for Village Momella, [[:en:Meru_District|Meru District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Momela_Lakes&amp;params=3_13_S_36_52_E_ 3°13′S 36°52′E]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
Di lakes na alkaline, dem form from volcanic debris wey [[:en:Mount_Meru_(Tanzania)|Mount Meru]] scatter when e blow im top 250,000 years ago&lt;ref&gt;Jens Finke (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&amp;pg=PA401 &quot;Tanzania]&quot;. [[:en:Rough_Guides|Rough Guides]]. Retrieved 2 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;. Because di lakes dey alkaline, animals no dey drink di water&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes &quot;The ''Momela Lakes'']&quot;. Exploring Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;, but you fit see zebras and birds for di banks. Di lakes na di main highlight for Eastern section of Arusha National Park, wey dey cover di forest of Mount Meru.&lt;ref&gt;Jens Finke (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&amp;pg=PA401 &quot;Tanzania&quot;.] [[:en:Rough_Guides|Rough Guides]]. Retrieved 2 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Category:Counties of Kenya</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T16:47:29Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Sankuru River</title>
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      <id>104789</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T17:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>Category:Pangani basin</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T22:35:35Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Articles containing Yoruba-language text</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T22:49:00Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>Category:Pages with Yoruba IPA</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-23T22:49:12Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyabarongo River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27819</id>
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      <id>104803</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T23:53:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358499710|Nyabarongo River]]&quot;</comment>
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De '''Nyabarongo''' (pronunciationⓘ)( anaa '''Nyawarungu''') be a major river insyd [[Rwanda]], part of de upper headwaters of de [[Nile]]. Plus a total length of 351 km (218 mi), e be de longest river entirely insyd Rwanda. E be extended 421 km (262 mi) insyd Lake Rweru wey dey include a 69 km (43 mi) upper course of Kagera River before joining into Ruvuvu River to form de Kagera River. De river dey begin ein course at de confluence of de rivers Mbirurume den Mwogo insyd de South West of de country. Dese two rivers demaselves dey begin insyd Nyungwe Forest, wey dem be considered by sam to be de most distant [[Nile|source of de Nile]]. From ein start, Nyabarongo dey flow northward for 85&amp;nbsp;km (53 miles), den dey form de border between de Western den Southern Provinces.  At de confluence plus de river Mukungwa, de river dey change course den dey flow eastward for 12&amp;nbsp;km (7.5 miles), then to a more South Eastern course for de last 200&amp;nbsp;km (124 miles). For de longest stretch of dis course, de river dey serve as de boundary between de Northern den Southern Provinces, then between de City of Kigali den de Southern Province, den lastly between de City of Kigali den de Eastern Province.

De river then before dey enter de Eastern Province den dey end ein course close to de border plus Burundi. De Nyabarongo River dey empty both into Lake Rweru den de Kagera (anaa Akagera) river insyd a small buh complicated delta. De Kagera river dey outflow from Lake Rweru, a mere 1&amp;nbsp;km from de Nyabarongo delta. Almost all de branches of de Nyabarongo delta empty insyd de lake, however, one branch of de delta dey empty directly insyd de just formed Kagera river. De Kagera River eventually dey flow into [[Lake Victoria]] den dey form de Nile.
[[File:An_aerial_of_Nyabarongo_River_from_Nyungwe_National_Park_to_River_Nile._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg|thumb|An aerial of Nyabarongo River from Nyungwe National Park to [[Nile|River Nile]]. Emmanuel Kwizera]]

== Origins ==
De Nyabarongo River dey originate insyd southwestern Rwanda to de east of [[Lake Kivu]].{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992|p=97}} De river ein sources dey rise insyd de mountain chain wey dey cover chaw of de western third of Rwanda, to de east of de Albertine Rift.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992|p=199}} De main headwaters insyd de forested mountain country, wey dey originate at heights of 2,600 to 2,750 metres (8,530 to 9,020 ft) above sea level, be de Mbirurume den Mwogo rivers.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992|p=201}} De longest of de streams wey dey supply de Mwogo be de Rukarara, wich dey rise insyd de Nyungwe Forest.{{sfn|ITMB Publishing|2007}} De Rukarara dey flow south den then east, wey dey empty into de Mwogo River. De Mwogo dey flow north, wey dey merge plus de Mbirurume River south of Bwakira. From dis confluence, de river dey assume de name Nyabarongo.{{sfn|ITMB Publishing|2007}} De source of de Rukarara be a contender for de overall source of de [[Nile]], de most distant headwater.{{sfn|Grainger|2006}}

== Course ==
[[File:Canoing_in_Nyabarongo.jpg|left|thumb|Canoeing on de Nyabarongo]]
De Nyawarungu dey run northward thru de mountain chain insyd a deep valley roughly parallel to Lake Kivu den about de same elevation of about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). At Muramba e dey swing to de southeast. On ein left bank de Nyabugogo River dey deliver de outflow from Lake Muhazi.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992|p=201}} Around Kigali de river be used for cooking, drinking den bathing. E sanso dey receive sewage den waste from industry den agriculture. About 35 kilometres (22 mi) further downstream de Akanyaru river dey enter on ein right bank, to de southwest of Kigali.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992|p=201}}

== Wetlands ==
[[File:Nyabarongo.jpg|thumb|240x240px|De Nyabarongo River insyd [[Rwanda]]]]

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nima Drainage Channel</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T09:13:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
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      <comment>Create a fresh article</comment>
      <origin>104807</origin>
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Nima Drain be one key part of Accra’s water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; designed to channel out de capital of Ghana's stormwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drainage Channel (commonly referred to as de [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) be a major urban stormwater drainage channel insyd Accra, Ghana. E forms part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basin drainage network den serves as one of de principal conduits for de conveyance of stormwater from de densely populated communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down den surrounding areas into de Odaw Channel. De drainage system has been [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] insyd Accra due to its role insyd managing runoff within sum of de city's most flood-prone districts.  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104808</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T09:18:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
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Nima Drain be one key part of Accra’s water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; designed to channel out de capital of Ghana's stormwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drainage Channel (commonly referred to as de [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) be a major urban stormwater drainage channel insyd Accra, Ghana. E forms part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basin drainage network den serves as one of de principal conduits for de conveyance of stormwater from de densely populated communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down den surrounding areas into de Odaw Channel. De drainage system has been [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] insyd Accra due to its role insyd managing runoff within sum of de city's most flood-prone districts.

'''Background'''
== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T09:22:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104809</origin>
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Nima Drain be one key part of Accra’s water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; designed to channel out de capital of Ghana's stormwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drainage Channel (commonly referred to as de [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) be a major urban stormwater drainage channel insyd Accra, Ghana. E forms part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basin drainage network den serves as one of de principal conduits for de conveyance of stormwater from de densely populated communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down den surrounding areas into de Odaw Channel. De drainage system has been [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] insyd Accra due to its role insyd managing runoff within sum of de city's most flood-prone districts.

'''Background'''

De [[Accra|capital city of Ghana]], de [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, faces perennial] [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 flooding], causing significant economic damage den loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Woman feared dead after being swept away in Nima drain amid heavy rain - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/woman-feared-dead-after-being-swept-away-in-nima-drain-amid-heavy-rain/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drain traverses several neighbourhoods within de Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-18 |title='Clean Up Accra' campaign clears drains in Amasaman, Tema and Ashaiman |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/06/clean-up-accra-campaign-clears-drains-in-amasaman-tema-and-ashaiman/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E originates from de northeastern sections of Accra den passes through Nima den adjacent communities before joining de Odaw drainage system near de Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bortey |first=Francis |date=2026-06-22 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO, Dredge Masters target critical flood-prone Accra areas |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/06/22/zoomlion-nadmo-dredge-masters-target-critical-flood-prone-accra-areas/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104810</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T09:24:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
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{{orphan|date=June 2026}}
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Nima Drain be one key part of Accra’s water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; designed to channel out de capital of Ghana's stormwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drainage Channel (commonly referred to as de [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) be a major urban stormwater drainage channel insyd Accra, Ghana. E forms part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basin drainage network den serves as one of de principal conduits for de conveyance of stormwater from de densely populated communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down den surrounding areas into de Odaw Channel. De drainage system has been [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] insyd Accra due to its role insyd managing runoff within sum of de city's most flood-prone districts.

'''Background'''

De [[Accra|capital city of Ghana]], de [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, faces perennial] [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 flooding], causing significant economic damage den loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Woman feared dead after being swept away in Nima drain amid heavy rain - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/woman-feared-dead-after-being-swept-away-in-nima-drain-amid-heavy-rain/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drain traverses several neighbourhoods within de Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-18 |title='Clean Up Accra' campaign clears drains in Amasaman, Tema and Ashaiman |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/06/clean-up-accra-campaign-clears-drains-in-amasaman-tema-and-ashaiman/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E originates from de northeastern sections of Accra den passes through Nima den adjacent communities before joining de Odaw drainage system near de Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bortey |first=Francis |date=2026-06-22 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO, Dredge Masters target critical flood-prone Accra areas |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/06/22/zoomlion-nadmo-dredge-masters-target-critical-flood-prone-accra-areas/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>8ipa8t18dcpn74u7hlqgjjqa5jl1s2x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104811</id>
      <parentid>104810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T09:24:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>104811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3726" sha1="rj83bgolr914bnbnqdrgc2qgjltlpmo" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{ai-generated|date=June 2026}}
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}}

Nima Drain be one key part of Accra’s water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; designed to channel out de capital of Ghana's stormwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drainage Channel (commonly referred to as de [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) be a major urban stormwater drainage channel insyd Accra, Ghana. E forms part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basin drainage network den serves as one of de principal conduits for de conveyance of stormwater from de densely populated communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down den surrounding areas into de Odaw Channel. De drainage system has been [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] insyd Accra due to its role insyd managing runoff within sum of de city's most flood-prone districts.

'''Background'''

De [[Accra|capital city of Ghana]], de [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, faces perennial] [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 flooding], causing significant economic damage den loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Woman feared dead after being swept away in Nima drain amid heavy rain - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/woman-feared-dead-after-being-swept-away-in-nima-drain-amid-heavy-rain/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drain traverses several neighbourhoods within de Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-18 |title='Clean Up Accra' campaign clears drains in Amasaman, Tema and Ashaiman |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/06/clean-up-accra-campaign-clears-drains-in-amasaman-tema-and-ashaiman/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E originates from de northeastern sections of Accra den passes through Nima den adjacent communities before joining de Odaw drainage system near de Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bortey |first=Francis |date=2026-06-22 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO, Dredge Masters target critical flood-prone Accra areas |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/06/22/zoomlion-nadmo-dredge-masters-target-critical-flood-prone-accra-areas/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>rj83bgolr914bnbnqdrgc2qgjltlpmo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104812</id>
      <parentid>104811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T09:28:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>104812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3756" sha1="izopnb5t40z39vlp3zq0zmbw7xa8nmy" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{ai-generated|date=June 2026}}
{{orphan|date=June 2026}}
}}

Nima Drain be one key part of Accra’s water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; designed to channel out de capital of Ghana's stormwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drainage Channel (commonly referred to as de [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) be a major urban stormwater drainage channel insyd Accra, Ghana. E forms part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basin drainage network den serves as one of de principal conduits for de conveyance of stormwater from de densely populated communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down den surrounding areas into de Odaw Channel. De drainage system has been [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] insyd Accra due to its role insyd managing runoff within sum of de city's most flood-prone districts.

'''Background'''

De [[Accra|capital city of Ghana]], de [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, faces perennial] [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 flooding], causing significant economic damage den loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Woman feared dead after being swept away in Nima drain amid heavy rain - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/woman-feared-dead-after-being-swept-away-in-nima-drain-amid-heavy-rain/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drain traverses several neighbourhoods within de Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-18 |title='Clean Up Accra' campaign clears drains in Amasaman, Tema and Ashaiman |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/06/clean-up-accra-campaign-clears-drains-in-amasaman-tema-and-ashaiman/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E originates from de northeastern sections of Accra den passes through Nima den adjacent communities before joining de Odaw drainage system near de Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bortey |first=Francis |date=2026-06-22 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO, Dredge Masters target critical flood-prone Accra areas |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/06/22/zoomlion-nadmo-dredge-masters-target-critical-flood-prone-accra-areas/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Water management]]</text>
      <sha1>izopnb5t40z39vlp3zq0zmbw7xa8nmy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104813</id>
      <parentid>104812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T09:29:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>104813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3777" sha1="k6btlx5qy6zdlpwtnmrinuo9vbsvqs6" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{ai-generated|date=June 2026}}
{{orphan|date=June 2026}}
}}

Nima Drain be one key part of Accra’s water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; designed to channel out de capital of Ghana's stormwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drainage Channel (commonly referred to as de [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) be a major urban stormwater drainage channel insyd Accra, Ghana. E forms part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basin drainage network den serves as one of de principal conduits for de conveyance of stormwater from de densely populated communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down den surrounding areas into de Odaw Channel. De drainage system has been [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] insyd Accra due to its role insyd managing runoff within sum of de city's most flood-prone districts.

'''Background'''

De [[Accra|capital city of Ghana]], de [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, faces perennial] [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 flooding], causing significant economic damage den loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Woman feared dead after being swept away in Nima drain amid heavy rain - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/woman-feared-dead-after-being-swept-away-in-nima-drain-amid-heavy-rain/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drain traverses several neighbourhoods within de Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-18 |title='Clean Up Accra' campaign clears drains in Amasaman, Tema and Ashaiman |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/06/clean-up-accra-campaign-clears-drains-in-amasaman-tema-and-ashaiman/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E originates from de northeastern sections of Accra den passes through Nima den adjacent communities before joining de Odaw drainage system near de Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bortey |first=Francis |date=2026-06-22 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO, Dredge Masters target critical flood-prone Accra areas |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/06/22/zoomlion-nadmo-dredge-masters-target-critical-flood-prone-accra-areas/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104814</id>
      <parentid>104813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T09:29:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add databox</comment>
      <origin>104814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3789" sha1="jhcql9hbs2pymdaio97fau6m2mgjop0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{ai-generated|date=June 2026}}
{{orphan|date=June 2026}}
}}

Nima Drain be one key part of Accra’s water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; designed to channel out de capital of Ghana's stormwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drainage Channel (commonly referred to as de [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) be a major urban stormwater drainage channel insyd Accra, Ghana. E forms part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basin drainage network den serves as one of de principal conduits for de conveyance of stormwater from de densely populated communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down den surrounding areas into de Odaw Channel. De drainage system has been [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] insyd Accra due to its role insyd managing runoff within sum of de city's most flood-prone districts.

'''Background'''

De [[Accra|capital city of Ghana]], de [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, faces perennial] [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 flooding], causing significant economic damage den loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Woman feared dead after being swept away in Nima drain amid heavy rain - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/woman-feared-dead-after-being-swept-away-in-nima-drain-amid-heavy-rain/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Nima Drain traverses several neighbourhoods within de Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-18 |title='Clean Up Accra' campaign clears drains in Amasaman, Tema and Ashaiman |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/06/clean-up-accra-campaign-clears-drains-in-amasaman-tema-and-ashaiman/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E originates from de northeastern sections of Accra den passes through Nima den adjacent communities before joining de Odaw drainage system near de Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bortey |first=Francis |date=2026-06-22 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO, Dredge Masters target critical flood-prone Accra areas |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/06/22/zoomlion-nadmo-dredge-masters-target-critical-flood-prone-accra-areas/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Infrastructure insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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