Bono Region

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    <title>Bono Region</title>
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De '''Bono Region''' dey de middle belt of [[Ghana]] wey esan be one of de 16 administrative regions for Ghana. Na ebe part of de else while Brong-Ahafo region wey dem divide am into [[Bono East Region|Bono East]] region den [[Ahafo Region|Ahafo]] region.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190904041412/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2019/February-15th/brong-ahafo-to-be-known-as-bono-region.php &quot;Brong Ahafo to be known as Bono Region&quot;]. ''MyJoyonline''. Archived from [http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2019/February-15th/brong-ahafo-to-be-known-as-bono-region.php the original] on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Edey occupy total land surface like 11,481 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (4,433 sq mi). E get 1,208,649 people wey dey de region insyd according to 2021 Population Census. Sunyani, wey dem san call am de green city for Ghana be de regional capital.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210518223305/https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/sunyani-14-year-old-final-year-jhs-student-found-dead-in-suspected-suicide/ &quot;Sunyani: 14-year-old final year JHS student found dead in suspected suicide&quot;]. ''Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana''. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Boakye, Edna Agnes (19 May 2021). [https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/lets-wait-for-police-investigation-into-death-of-14-year-old-final-year-student-school/ &quot;Let's wait for police investigation into death of 14-year-old final year student – School&quot;]. ''Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana''. Retrieved 19 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sunyani]] fi brag einself say ebe de cleanest capital city den esan be major conference destination secof e get cool environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;WhiteOrange. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201206010630/https://www.ghana.travel/places-to-visit/regions/brong-ahafo/ &quot;Brong Ahafo&quot;]. ''Ghana Tourism Authority''. Archived from [https://www.ghana.travel/places-to-visit/regions/brong-ahafo/ the original] on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/sunyani-remains-the-cleanest-city-in-ghana-despite-the-challenges-environmental-health-officer/ &quot;Sunyani remains the cleanest city in Ghana despite the challenges – Environmental Health Officer - MyJoyOnline&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.businessghana.com/site/directory/district-assembly/16230/Sunyani-Municipal-Assembly &quot;Sunyani Municipal Assembly&quot;]. ''BusinessGhana''. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Creation of de region ==
Dem created de region afta dem komot de Ahafo den Bono East regions from de den Brong-Ahafo region. Dis be de fulfilment of a campaign promise made by Nana Akuffo Addo prior to de 2016 national election.&lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews (2018-12-27CET18:27:59+01:00). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131162937/https://www.africanews.com/2018/12/27/ghana-referendum-for-creation-of-six-new-regions-underway// &quot;Ghana referendum vote towards creation of six new regions&quot;]. ''Africanews''. Retrieved 2024-01-22.&lt;/ref&gt; De Ministry of Regional Reorganization den Development wey edey Hon. Dan Botwe wey create de new district, so rydee we no get any region wey we call am Brong Ahafo Region so be Brong Ahafo Region Co-ordinating Council (BARCC).

De Ministry stand for Article 255 of de 1992 constitution den Article 186 of de Local Governance Act, 2016 (Act 936 as Amended), so Bono Regional Co-ordination Council (BRCC) come replace BARCC. Den dem do inaugurate to talk de general public so say ego work well well.&lt;ref&gt;Afful, Aba (15 February 2019). [https://yen.com.gh/122864-bono-region-brong-ahafo-region.html &quot;Gov't decides the new name of the Brong-Ahafo region; decision on others too&quot;]. ''Yen.com.gh - Ghana news''. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230131161442/https://announcernewsonline.com/creation-of-new-regions-ec-fully-funded-for-referendum-dan-botwe-p28843-233.htm &quot;Creation of new regions: EC fully funded for referendum - Dan Botwe&quot;]. ''announcernewsonline.com''. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Districts of the Bono Region (2019).png|thumb|De Map of de Districts for Bono Region]]
De political administration wey dey de region insyd be thru local government system. Dem divide de region into 12 Municipal District Assemblies (MDAs); 5 Municipal Assemblies den 7 District Assemblies wey ebe de boss for each of dem be Chief Executive wey dem rep de central government wey dem derive dema power from Assembly wey dema boss be presiding member elected from assembly members.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201021022510/https://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/database &quot;The Database – GhanaPlaceNames&quot;]. Retrieved 31 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; De current list for de region insyd be as follows:    
 
 {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Districts wey dey Bono Region&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/ghana.aspx Brong-Ahafo Region]. Geohive.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! #
! MMDA Name
! Capital
! MMDA Type
!Member of Parliament
!Party
|- 
! 1
| [[Banda District, Ghana|Banda]]
| [[Banda Ahenkro]]
| Ordinary
|[[Ahmed Ibrahim (Ghanaian politician)|Ahmed Ibrahim]]
|NDC
|-
! 2
| [[Berekum East Municipal District|Berekum East]]
| [[Berekum]]
| Municipal
|[[Nelson Kyeremeh]]
|NPP
|-
! 3
| [[Berekum West District|Berekum West]]
| [[Jinijini]]
| Ordinary
|[[Kwaku Agyenim Boateng|Kwaku Agyenim-Boateng]]
|NPP
|-
! 4
| [[Dormaa Central Municipal District|Dormaa Central]]
| [[Dormaa Ahenkro|Dormaa-Ahenkro]]
| Municipal
|[[Kwaku Agyemang-Manu|Kwaku Agyeman-Manu]]
|NPP
|-
! 5
| [[Dormaa East District|Dormaa East]]
| [[Wamfie]]
| Ordinary
|[[Paul Apreku Twum Barimah]]
|NPP
|-
! 6
| [[Dormaa West District|Dormaa West]]
| [[Nkrankwanta]]
| Ordinary
|[[Vincent Oppong Asamoah]]
|NDC
|-
! 7
| [[Jaman North District|Jaman North]]
| [[Sampa, Ghana|Sampa]]
| Ordinary
|[[Freederick Yaw Ahenkwah|Frederick Yaw Ahenkwah]]
|NDC
|-
! 8
| [[Jaman South Municipal District|Jaman South]]
| [[Drobo, Ghana|Drobo]]
| Municipal
|[[Williams Okofo-Dateh]]
|NDC
|-
! 9
| [[Sunyani Municipal District|Sunyani]]
| '''[[Sunyani]]'''
| Municipal
|[[Kwasi Ameyaw-Cheremeh|Kwasi Ameyaw Cheremeh]]
|NPP
|-
! 10
| [[Sunyani West District|Sunyani West]]
| [[Odumase, Ghana|Odumase]]
| Ordinary
|[[Ignatius Baffour-Awuah|Ignatius Baffour Awuah]]
|NPP
|-
! 11
| [[Tain District|Tain]]
| [[Nsawkaw]]
| Ordinary
|[[Adama Sulemana]]
|NDC
|-
! 12
| [[Wenchi Municipal District|Wenchi]]
| [[Wenchi]]
| Municipal
|[[Haruna Seidu]]
|NDC
|-
|}

== Vegetation den climate ==
Dis area ein topography dey low elevation wey not exceed 152 metres above sea ein level. Ebe semi-deciduous forest den de soil be fertile. De region dey produce cash crops like cashew, timber den food crops like maize, cassava, plantain, cocoyam, tomatoes, den odas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230131161436/https://www.watchghana.com/ghana/region/2/bono-region &quot;Region | WatchGhana Publication&quot;]. ''www.watchghana.com''. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Location den size ==
Bono Region dey share boarder at de north plus de Savannah Region, wey ein west by Ghana-[[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] international border, on de east by de Bono East den south plus Ahafo den Ashanti Regions. 

About 1,208,649 (3.9% of de national population) people wey dey de region insyd according to de 2021 Population Census wey done by de Ghana Statistical Service. De region population density be 108.8/km².&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.statsghana.gov.gh/regionalpopulation.php?population=MTMxOTU3MTAxOC44MjU=&amp;&amp;Bono&amp;regid=2 &quot;Ghana Statistical Services&quot;]. ''Statistics Ghana''. Retrieved 31 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://brcc.gov.gh/introduction/ &quot;Introduction to Bono Region&quot;]. ''BRCC''. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Education den religion ==
De region get tertiary institutions such as;
* University of Energy den Natural Resources 
* Methodist University College, Wenchi
* Sunyani Technical University 
* Catholic University of Ghana. 
* Holy Family Nursing and Midwifery Training College, Berekum
* Nursing &amp; Midwifery Training College, Sunyani
* Nursing Training College, Seikwa
* Nursing &amp; Midwifery Training College, Dormaa Ahenkro
* Nursing Training College, Sampa
* Berekum College of Education
* Al-Faruq College of Education, Wenchi
* St. Ambrose College of Education, Dormaa Akwamu
Some secondary institutions too dey like;

* Saint James Senior High Seminary, 
* Dormaa Senior High School, 
* Sunyani Senior High school, 
* St. Vitus Technical Institute, 
* Notre Dame Girls Senior High School, 
* Sacred Heart Senior High School, 
* Twene Amanfo Senior High Technical School, 
* Odumanseman Senior High School, 
* Bonoman Senior High School, 
* Abesim Senior High School, 
* Ideal College, 
* Miracle Preparatory Junior &amp; High School, 
* Sunyani Business High School etc.&lt;ref&gt;Ferdinand, Ellis (20 March 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230324170404/https://educationghana.org/top-list-of-brong-ahafo-region-colleges-of-education-for-the-2022-academic-year/ &quot;Top List of Brong Ahafo Region Colleges of Education for the 2022 Academic Year&quot;]. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ferdinand, Ellis (9 May 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131202926/https://educationghana.org/2022-top-list-of-accredited-nursing-training-colleges-in-the-bono-region/ &quot;2022: Top List of Accredited Nursing Training Colleges in the Bono Region&quot;]. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Religion ==
* Bono Ancestral Worship den spirituality and Christianity too dey de religion insyd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;REPORT OF THE COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO THE CREATION OF NEW REGIONS&quot; presented to His Excellency The President of the [[Ghana|Republic of Ghana]], [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]] on Tuesday, 26th day of June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism den parks ==

* Bui National Park, which dey 1,821-kilometer square den cover part of de Black Volta River, ebe rich Park cos eget  chaw species of antelopes den different type of birds. Dem also known am for de chaw hippopotamus wey dey insyd. Tourist fi chill for de Black Volta River top through de National Park.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nationalparks.africa/listing/bui-national-park/ &quot;Bui National Park - National Parks in Africa&quot;]. ''www.nationalparks.africa''. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bui Dam, edey de under Banda Mountains, dem build am to improve Ghana's energy demands.&lt;ref&gt;[https://buipower.com/ &quot;Bui Power Authority&quot;]. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Duasidan Monkey Sanctuary, located 10 km southwest of Dormaa Ahenkro, get a rare breed of Mona Monkeys. De tourists welcomed by de presence of des monkeys as manners enter their forest-like abode. Bamboo trees dey form canopy for de middle of de forest, which serves as a resting ground for visitors. Monkeys can be seen swinging up den down tree branches den peeling bananas left out for dem. De visitor gets a chance to see how monkeys dey carry dema babies on de move.&lt;ref&gt;OWUSU-ANSAH, FRANCIS (8 July 2022). [https://thechronicle.com.gh/community-appeals-for-support-to-enhance-activities-at-duasidan-eco-center/ &quot;Community appeals for support to enhance activities at Duasidan Eco-Center&quot;]. ''The Chronicle News Online''. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultural den social life ==
Plenty cultural practices den festivals dey within de region insyd. Kwafie be celebrated by manners wey dey Dormaa, Berekum den Nsoatre for November, December den January, wey Munufie by Drobo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Droboman-celebrates-Munufie-Kese-Festival-604093 &quot;GhanaWeb&quot;]. ''ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 22 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey celebrate am to cleanse den feed dema stools den gods respectively. Dem dey climax am with a borla bonfire for de palace courtyard. Dem dey believe sey de manners wey dey Dormaa Ahenkro (Aduana) be de first wey come plus Ghana with fire, so dema symbol wey dey do to rememba dat. Akwantukese be festival wey de manners wey dey Suma celebrate am for March insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Healthcare ==

* Sunyani Regional Hospital 
* Sunyani Municipal Hospital
* SDA Hospital, Sunyani
* Holy Family, Berekum
* Methodist Hospital Wenchi
* Presbyterian Hospital, Dormaa Ahenkro 
* St. Mary's Hospital, Drobo

== Football teams ==

* Aduana Stars
* Berekum Chelsea
* Nsoatreman FC

Des teams dey the 2022/2023 Betpawa Ghana Premier League

* Brong Ahafo United
* Bofoakwa Tano
* Young Apostles FC
* Berekum Arsenal 
* Wamnafo Might Royals

Des teams too dey 2022/2023 Access Bank Division One League

== References ==
[[Category:Regions of Ghana]]
[[Category:Pages plus maps]]
[[Category:Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ashesi University</title>
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'''Ashesi University''' (/ɑːʃˈs/ a-shii-si') be private, non-profit university wey dey insyd Berekuso, edey close to [[Accra]]. De mission of Ashesi University be say ego educate ethical, entrepreneurial leaders insyd Africa; to cultivate within students de critical thinking skills, de concern for others, den de courage be ego take make e transform de African continent.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230522164329/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about.html &quot;Educating Ethical, Entrepreneurial Leaders, with the Compassion and Courage to Transform Africa&quot;]. ''www.ashesi.edu.gh''. Retrieved 23 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ashesi wey dem establish am as independent, public benefit education institution wey dey operate on a not-for-profit basis. De university dey obtain accreditation from de Ghanaian National Accreditation Board (now de [https://web.archive.org/web/20231228191903/https://www.gtec.edu.gh/general-overview Ghana Tertiary Education Commission]) insyd September 2001 to operate under de mentorship of de University of Cape Coast (UCC), plus degrees wey dem confer by UCC. Ashesi begin ein instruction on 4th March 2002. Ashesi University come receive Presidential Charter from [[Ghana]] ein Presido, effective January 2018, making am de independent university wey dey confer ein own degrees.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200111201805/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/mission-history.html &quot;Our Mission, Vision and History&quot;]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. Retrieved 4 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe member of de Council of Independent Universities,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240203121952/http://ciughana.com/members?limit_start=2 &quot;Members&quot;]. ''ciughana.com''. Retrieved 18 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; de Association of African Universities&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ &quot;Our Members&quot;]. ''aau.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200518003051/https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ Archived] from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; den de Association of Commonwealth Universities.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.acu.ac.uk/our-members/ &quot;ACU members&quot;]. ''acu.ac.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200629150405/https://www.acu.ac.uk/our-members/ Archived] from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

=== Feasibility study ===
Team of four MBA students from de University of California Berkeley ein Haas School of Business travel come to Ghana to evaluate de feasibility of establishing a fresh university insyd 1998. De team administer over 3,300 surveys to students den parents; wey dem conduct interviews den focus groups plus parents, teachers den business leaders; den dem gather secondary information from local den international sources. De study wey dem conclude am significant demand for a new private university insyd Ghana, dat Ghanaian parents wey be willing say dem go pay for high-quality local university education, den dat de Ghanaian government wey dem support private involvement insyd tertiary education.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/NEWS/BULLETIN/EARLIEST_YEARS/FEASIBILITY_STUDY/feasibility_study.html &quot;Early years feasibility study&quot;]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. 16 January 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110106021317/http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/NEWS/BULLETIN/EARLIEST_YEARS/FEASIBILITY_STUDY/feasibility_study.html Archived] from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Foundation den accreditation ===
Dem establish Ashesi University Foundation insyd 1999. Ein name dey commot from Akan ein word &quot; Ahyɛase&quot; wey dey mean say &quot;beginning&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/history.html &quot;History: Meaning of Ashesi&quot;]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. 7 July 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111117100304/http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/history.html#Meaning_of_Ashesi Archived] from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; De National Accreditation Board of Ghana grant de university accreditation insyd 2001 under de mentorship of de [[University of Cape Coast]] den begin classes insyd 2002. Dem dey elect Ashesi students ein first female university student government president insyd history for Ghana in 2006 den ein first Examination Honour Code insyd 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200111201805/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/mission-history.html &quot;Our Mission, Vision and History&quot;]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. Ashesi University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200111201805/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/mission-history.html Archived] from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ashesi University plete ein new campus insyd Berekuso for 2011 insyd. Insyd 2015, Ashesi launch ein engineering programme,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.ashesi.org/about/history/ &quot;History – Ashesi University Foundation&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200711132424/https://www.ashesi.org/about/history/ Archived] from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; den ein founder, Patrick Awuah, come make MacArthur fellow.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2015/1015/Ghana-s-first-ever-liberal-arts-college-opens-the-door-for-more-in-Africa &quot;Ghana's first-ever liberal arts college opens the door for more in Africa&quot;]. ''Christian Science Monitor''. 15 October 2015. ISSN&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0882-7729|0882-7729]]. Retrieved 25 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2018, dem receive a charter from de president of Ghana, wey dey allow am say e go grant degrees insyd ein own name instead of de University of Cape Coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/akufo-addo-grants-ashesi-university-presidential-charter/ &quot;Akufo-Addo grants Ashesi University Presidential Charter&quot;]. ''MyJoyOnline.com''. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Campus ==
[[File:Ashesi_Todd_&amp;_Ruth_Warren_Library.jpg|alt=The Todd &amp; Ruth Warren Library at Ashesi|thumb|De Todd &amp; Ruth Warren Library for Ashesi]]
Ashesi University ein 100-acre campus dey contain de [https://web.archive.org/web/20231228191904/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/library/online-databases/176-academics/faculty-pages-arts-and-sciences-2/176-health-and-wellbeing.html Natembea Health Centre], two sports courts den sports centre plus football field, running track den gym.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/campus-tour.html &quot;Our Campus&quot;]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200401002603/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/campus-tour.html Archived] from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;University, Ashesi (28 March 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240203134728/https://at.ashesi.edu.gh/history-and-euphoria-as-ashesi-opens-new-sports-centre-dfbba45ec000 &quot;History and euphoria as Ashesi opens new sports centre&quot;]. ''Medium''. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Esan dey host de Ghana Climate Innovation Centre.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/05/17/climate-innovation-center-launched-to-support-ghanas-green-economy &quot;Climate Innovation Center Launched to Support Ghana's Green Economy&quot;]. ''World Bank''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180418033546/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/05/17/climate-innovation-center-launched-to-support-ghanas-green-economy Archived] from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanacic.org/about/ &quot;About | GCIC&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200120211059/https://www.ghanacic.org/about/ Archived] from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

De architecture borrow from de Ghanaian vernacular, plus echoes of traditional compound houses, as well as elements of traditional Northern wey manners dey dwell. De natural contours for de site be wah dem use for de concert plus buildings come create exterior gathering spaces throughout campus, as well as ramps wey dey provide wheelchair access to buildings. Buildings wey dem design say ego maximize natural views, light den ventilation. Dem supplement am plus ground water wey dem dey harvest rainwater, filter den treat am say ego provide potable water all year round. A community-scale sewage den organic treatment plant wey dey provide environmental den economic benefits say ego convert waste go biogas for some of de campus ein cooking needs den recycling treated water for landscaping.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.admissionsgh.com/ashesi-university/ &quot;Ashesi University&quot;]. ''AdmissionsGh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708061350/https://www.admissionsgh.com/ashesi-university/ Archived] from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; De university dey meet 40% of ein daytime electrical need with solar power.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Organisation den governance ==
Ashesi University get 88 teaching staff den more than 150 administrative staff&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231212034247/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/quick-facts.html &quot;Quick Facts&quot;]. ''www.ashesi.edu.gh''. Retrieved 22 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; wey organise am into departments of Humanities den Social Sciences, Business Administration, Computer Science den Information Systems, den Engineering,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes.html &quot;Academic Departments&quot;]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200401000816/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes.html Archived] from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; De Ashesi University Foundation,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[http://archives.ashesi.edu.gh/V2_2002_2004/ABOUT/govern.html &quot;Ashesi University College – Governance&quot;]. ''archives.ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190404040659/http://archives.ashesi.edu.gh/V2_2002_2004/ABOUT/govern.html Archived] from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey raise funding come support de mission of de university, be United States 501(c)(3) organization.&lt;ref&gt;[http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/governance.html &quot;Governance – Ashesi University&quot;]. ''v6.ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191231221518/http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/governance.html Archived] from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; De foundation dey oversee by ein board of trustees,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; wey de university san dey oversee by ein board of directors.&lt;ref&gt;[http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/board-of-directors-ghana.html &quot;Board of Directors (College) – Ashesi University&quot;]. ''v6.ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191231221508/http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/board-of-directors-ghana.html Archived] from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Academics den recognition ==
Ashesi dey offer four-year bachelors program insyd multidisciplinary core curriculum, featuring majors insyd business administration, management information systems, computer science, electrical den electronic engineering, computer engineering den mechanical engineering.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200401000816/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes.html &quot;Academic Departments&quot;]. ''www.ashesi.edu.gh''. Retrieved 23 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Edey run Ashesi Innovation Experience, ebe two-week programme wey dey expose students between de ages of 15 den 19 to Leadership, Entrepreneurship, Robotics, Creativity den Engineering basics to wey edey help prepare dem for transitioning into college,&lt;ref&gt;[http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/outreach-programmes/aix.html &quot;Ashesi Innovation Experience (AIX)&quot;]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191231221548/http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/outreach-programmes/aix.html Archived] from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; den oversees de curriculum development for de Next Generation Cocoa Youth Programme.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes/business-administration/ba-research-list/3217-maso.html &quot;The Next Generation Cocoa Youth Program (MASO)&quot;]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200726040203/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes/business-administration/ba-research-list/3217-maso.html Archived] from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2012, PwC rank de university as de seventh most respected organisation insyd Ghana, wey e cam turn de first university to make such list. Ashesi ein presido, Patrick Awuah, dem san rank am as de 4th Most Respected CEO insyd Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/425396/ut-bank-rlg-bosses-outshine-rivals-8211at-ghanas-most.html &quot;UT Bank, Rlg bosses outshine rivals –at Ghana's Most Respected CEO awards&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Prince-Amoabeng-is-Ghana-s-Most-Respected-CEO-again-253921 &quot;Prince Amoabeng is Ghana's Most Respected CEO again&quot;]. ''Ghana Web''. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem rank am as one of Ghana ein 50 Best Places to work by Ghanaian consulting firm Goodman AMC insyd 2015; Esan be de only university for de list top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150626152838/https://goodmanamc.blogspot.com/2015/03/top-50-best-places-to-work-in-ghana.html &quot;Goodman AMC: Top 50 Best Places To Work in Ghana&quot;]. 26 June 2015. Archived from [https://goodmanamc.blogspot.com/2015/03/top-50-best-places-to-work-in-ghana.html the original] on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Online, Peace FM. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240204140557/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/201508/249891.php &quot;Despite Group Among 50 Best Places To Work In Ghana&quot;]. ''Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news''. Retrieved 4 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Esan be insyd dat same year wey, Ashesi ein presido dem rank am as one of de World ein 50 Greatest Leaders.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200726041638/https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/patrick-awuah/ &quot;Patrick Awuah | Fortune&quot;]. 26 July 2020. Archived from [https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/patrick-awuah/ the original] on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2017, dem award Ashesi de World Innovation Summit insyd Education Prize, one of de world ein biggest prizes insyd education, for ein impact on higher education insyd Africa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011423/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/people/interview-patrick-awuah &quot;Interview with Patrick Awuah | THE People&quot;]. 18 January 2018. Archived from [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/people/interview-patrick-awuah the original] on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2020, dem rank Ashesi University first insyd Ghana, ninth insyd Africa, den insyd de world ein top 400 insyd de Global Times Higher Education University Impact Rankings.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/education/ashesi-ranked-1st-in-ghana-9th-in-africa-in-2020-times-higher-education-impact-ranking/ &quot;Ashesi ranked 1st in Ghana, 9th in Africa in 2020 Times Higher Education Impact Ranking&quot;]. ''MyJoyOnline.com''. 28 April 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200428231303/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/education/ashesi-ranked-1st-in-ghana-9th-in-africa-in-2020-times-higher-education-impact-ranking/ Archived] from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2020/overall &quot;Impact Ranking&quot;]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Sources ==

* [http://www.modernghana.com/news/83700/1/ashesi-university-re-accredited-for-five-years.html ''Ghana News Agency'' (Ghana): &quot;Ashesi University Re-Accredited&quot;], 10 August 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100804075131/http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/NEWS/NEWS/2009_NEWS/2009_Jul_news.html#Goundbreaking &quot;Ashesi breaks ground on new campus&quot;], August 2009.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240203135519/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/news-and-events/1239-ashesi-celebrates-historic-milestone-with-inauguration-for-its-new-campus-.html &quot;Ashesi celebrates historic milestone with inauguration of its new campus&quot;], August 2011.
* Awuah, Patrick. 2019. &quot;Courage is the cornerstone of progress&quot;.  In ''Practicing development:  Upending assumptions for positive change'', edited by Susan H Holcombe and Marion Howard.  Kumarian Press, Boulder.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/ Ashesi University]
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/patrick_awuah_how_to_educate_leaders_liberal_arts Patrick Awuah on educating leaders | Video on TED.com]

[[Category:Education insyd Accra]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Liberal arts colleges]]
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[[Category:Education insyd de Eastern Region (Ghana)]]
[[Category:Ashesi University]]
[[Category:Universities insyd Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ISCAE</title>
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{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title fn org&quot; id=&quot;5&quot; |ISCAE
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Type
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Public
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Established
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1971
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |President
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ryad Mezzour
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Director
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Tarik EL MALKI
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Location
| class=&quot;infobox-data adr&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;locality&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Casablanca&lt;/div&gt;, &lt;div class=&quot;country-name&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Morocco]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Campus
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Casablanca, Rabat, [[Guinea]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Website
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[http://www.groupeiscae.ma GROUPEISCAE.ma]
|}
De '''ISCAE''' (Institut supérieur de commerce et d'administration des entreprises) be business school insyd Casablanca den Rabat, [[Morocco]] den insyd Conakry, [[Guinea]]. Dem found am insyd 1971 by King Hassan II make e improve business education insyd [[Morocco]].

== Programmes ==

=== Cycle Grande Ecole ===
De ''Cycle Grande Ecole'' be three-year programme wich dey deliver master's degree insyd 3 different fields; 

* Corporate finance
* Audit
* Marketing

=== Executive MBA ===
De ISCAE Executive MBA be part-time programme wey na dem substitute for de former ''Cycle Superieur de Gestion''.

=== Chartered Professional Accountancy program ===
De ISCAE CPA Programme in collaboration plus Association of Chartered Accountants (O.E.C Ordre des Experts Comptables)

== References ==

# [https://web.archive.org/web/20240527213016/https://www.groupeiscae.ma/groupe-iscae/gouvernance/conseil-administrative/ &quot;Board of Directors&quot;]. Groupeiscae.ma. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
# [https://www.groupeiscae.ma/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Medias24-Nada-Biaz-reconduite-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%AAte-de-lISCAE.pdf &quot;Nada Biaz reconduite à la tête de l'ISCAE&quot;] (PDF). Groupeiscae.ma. Retrieved 2020-07-27.

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060706032853/http://www.iscae.ma/ ISCAE official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240527213551/https://alisca.ma/ ISCAE Alumni website]
[[Category:Business schools insyd Morocco]]
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  <page>
    <title>College of Business Education</title>
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'''De College of Business Education (CBE)''' be higher learning institution insyd [[Tanzania]] dem establish insyd 1965, de National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) register den accredit&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230301230622/https://www.nacte.go.tz/index.php/registration/registered-institutions/institute/15000902010501/ &quot;NACTE Registration&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; am make e offer Certificate, Diploma den Degree Programmes for various fields of study insyd.

== Academic departments ==
De College of Business Education get six academic departments as of 2019:

* Accountancy
* Business Administration
* ICT den Mathematics&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220929065429/https://cbe.ac.tz/index.php/cbe-academic-departments/ict-and-mathematics &quot;ICT Mathematics&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Marketing
* Metrology den Standardization
* Procurement den Supply Management

== Programmes dem offer ==
Undergraduate den Postgraduate Programmes dem offer at CBE as of 2019:

=== Undergraduate programs ===
Technician certificate courses (NTA level 4–5)

* Technician Certificate in Accountancy
* Technician Certificate in Business Administration
* Technician Certificate in Marketing Management
* Technician Certificate in Procurement den Supplies Management
* Technician Certificate in Metrology den Standardization (DSM per)
* Technician Certificate in Information Technology

Ordinary diploma courses (NTA level 6)

* Ordinary Diploma in Accountancy
* Ordinary Diploma in Business Administration
* Ordinary Diploma in Marketing
* Ordinary Diploma in Procurement den Supplies Management
* Ordinary Diploma in Metrology den Standardization (DSM per)
* Ordinary Diploma in Information Technology

bachelor's degree courses (three years) (NTA level 7–8)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230804184806/https://cbe.ac.tz/index.php/cbe-study-programs/template-info/module-positions &quot;Bachelors&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* Bachelor's degree in Accountancy (BACC)
* Bachelor's degree in Business Administration (BBA)
* Bachelor's degree in Marketing (BMK)
* Bachelor's degree in Procurement den Supplies Management (BPS)
* Bachelor's degree in Metrology den Standardization (BMET)
* Bachelor's degree in Business Studies plus Education (BBSE)
* Bachelor's degree in Information Technology (BIT)

=== Postgraduate programmes ===
Postgraduate diploma courses

* Postgraduate Diploma in Project Management (PGDPM)
* Postgraduate Diploma in Business Administration (PGDBA)
* Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management (PGDFM)

Masters courses

* Masters for Information Technology in Project Management (IT-Project Management)
* Masters of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D)
* Masters of Supply Chain Management (MSCM)
* Masters of International Business Management (MIBM)
* Masters of Business Administration in Finance den Banking
* Masters of Business Administration in Human Resource Management
* Masters of Business Administration in Marketing Management

== Rankings ==
Insyd 2018, De Webometrics Ranking&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities|Webometrics Ranking of World Universities]]&lt;/ref&gt; place CBE for de 21st rank insyd de best Universities den Colleges insyd Tanzania. Insyd 2019, dem rank CBE 15th&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.webometrics.info/en/Africa/Tanzania%2C%20United%20Republic%20of &quot;Africa &amp;#x7C; Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; insyd de best Universities den Colleges insyd Tanzania wey dem sanso rank am 2nd insyd de best Colleges insyd Tanzania after Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science &amp; Technology (NM-AIST).

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://www.cbe.ac.tz/ Official website]

[[Category:Colleges insyd Tanzania]]
[[Category:Education insyd Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:Public universities insyd Tanzania]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1965]]
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  <page>
    <title>Funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay</title>
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De '''funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay''' be an architectural complex de Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay insyd Cairo ein Northern Cemetery. Na dem build am between 1470 den 1474. De main building be a mosque (originally a madrasa) dem attach to Qaytbay ein mausoleum, while oda parts of de complex dey include residential structures, a drinking trough give animals, den a smaller tomb. Dem consider de complex one of de most beautiful den accomplished monuments of late Mamluk architecture wey dem picture am for for de Egyptian one pound note top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008&quot;&gt;Williams, Caroline. 2008 (6th ed.). ''Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide''. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Behrens-Abouseif2007&quot;&gt;Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. ''Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture''. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sayyad2011&quot;&gt;AlSayyad, Nezar. 2011. ''Cairo: Histories of a City''. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historical background ==

=== Sultan Qaytbay den ein reign ===
[[File:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Interior_of_a_Mosque,_Cairo_-_2005.92_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg|left|thumb|''Interior of a Mosque'', by Henry Ossawa Tanner (1897), de Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, identify am as de mosque of Qaitbey]]
Na Al-Ashraf Qaytbay be a mamluk purchase by Sultan Barsbay (&lt;abbr&gt;r.&lt;/abbr&gt; 1422–1438) wey na he serve under chaw Mamluk sultans, de last of whom – Sultan al-Zahir Timurbugha (&lt;abbr&gt;r.&lt;/abbr&gt; 1467–1468) – appoint am ''amir al-kabir'', de commander-in-chief anaa highest position for an amir under de sultan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008&quot;&gt;Williams, Caroline. 2008 (6th ed.). ''Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide''. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Behrens-Abouseif2007&quot;&gt;Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. ''Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture''. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sayyad2011&quot;&gt;AlSayyad, Nezar. 2011. ''Cairo: Histories of a City''. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Qaytbay succeed Timurbugha as sultan for de age of 54, wey he rule for nearly 29 years from 1468 to 1496, de second-longest reign of any Egyptian Mamluk sultan (after al-Nasir Muhammad). Na ein period be marked by external threats den internal rebellions, notably from de rising Ottomans, wich require costly military expeditions, as well as by financial problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008&quot; /&gt; 

Nonetheless, Qaytbay be known as an effective ruler wey bring long-term stability while insyd power. He be notable as one of de greatest patrons of architecture insyd de Mamluk period, particularly of de Burji Mamluk period wich na otherwise be marked by [[Egypt]] ein relative decline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Raymond|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdLALt9AbQQC|title=Cairo|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-00316-3|pages=165–188|language=en|translator-last=Wood|translator-first=Willard|orig-date=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; He be known for at least 85 structures wich na he build anaa he restore insyd [[Egypt]], Syria, Palestine, den [[Mecca]], wey dey include 17 insyd Cairo, wey dis period be characterized by a refinement of de Mamluk architectural style wich include greater decorative detail.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008&quot;&gt;Williams, Caroline. 2008 (6th ed.). ''Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide''. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Construction den context ===
[[File:Mosque_of_Sultan_Quait-Bey_(1858),_by_Francis_Frith.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Qaytbay ein royal complex insyd a photo from 1858. Qaytbay ein mausoleum dey under de dome insyd de middle. To de right be de smaller dome over wat now be Gulshani ein tomb.]]
Na Qaytbay ein funerary complex be one of ein earliest architectural commissions; construction work for de complex begin insyd 1470 wey na dem plete de mausoleum insyd 1474.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behrens-Abouseif2007&quot;&gt;Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. ''Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture''. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de construction period be long by Mamluk standards; however, na Qaytbay ein complex dey on a large scale wey e constitute an entire royal quarter anaa walled suburb insyd de then-lightly urbanized desert cemetery area east of Cairo &amp;#x2013; now dem know am as de Northern Cemetery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behrens-Abouseif2007&quot; /&gt; 

Na dis desert area be develop by de Burji Mamluks insyd de 15th century as de main southern Qarafa necropolis, not to mention de main city einself, cam turn too full give major new monuments. Na major construction projects like Qaytbay fi be aimed in part for urbanizing dis spacious area for de time, though eventually e cam turn mostly an extension of de city ein vast cemeteries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Architecture for the Dead: Cairo's Medieval Necropolis|last1=El Kadi|first1=Galila|last2=Bonnamy|first2=Alain|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2007|location=Cairo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein religious den commercial establishments take advantage of a caravan route wich run thru am from Cairo to Mecca insyd de east den to Syria insyd de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008&quot;&gt;Williams, Caroline. 2008 (6th ed.). ''Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide''. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Qaytbay ein large complex, like odas dem build by Mamluk amirs den sultans, combine chaw charitable den commercial functions, wich fi contribute to ein family ein financial future after ein death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008&quot;&gt;Williams, Caroline. 2008 (6th ed.). ''Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide''. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Behrens-Abouseif2007&quot;&gt;Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. ''Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture''. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem sanso build Qaytbay ein mausoleum den complex close to de shrine of de Muslim mystic 'Abd Allah al-Manafi, over whose tomb Qaytbay build a new dome insyd 1474.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams2008&quot; /&gt; Dis fi influence ein decision make he appoint a shaykh of de Maliki madhhab to ein mosque, wich na ebe unusual for Mamluk institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behrens-Abouseif2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery heights=&quot;150&quot; class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;19th-century images of de complex&quot;&gt;
File:Tombs_of_the_caliphs,_with_minaret,_Cairo,_Egypt._Coloured_l_Wellcome_V0049384.jpg|Illustration of de Qaytbay complex by David Roberts (c. 1848)
File:Tombeaux_des_Khalifes._Kait-Beit._Egypte_-_Bonfils._LCCN2004668124.jpg|Exterior of de Qaytbay complex (c. 1867)
File:Interieur_de_la_mosqée_Kaı̈t-Bey_-_Bonfils._LCCN2004668125.jpg|Photo of de mosque ein interior (c. 1867)
File:Caire._Chaire_et_sanctuaire_de_Kaït-Bey_-_Bonfils._LCCN2004668126.jpg|Photo of de mosque ein mihrab den minbar (c. 1867)
File:Tombeau_du_Sultan_Kaı̈t-Bey,_intérieur_-_Bonfils._LCCN2004668127.jpg|Photo of Qaytbay ein tomb chamber (c. 1867)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Modern-day use den restoration ==

For de past few years, na de Cairo-based ARCHiNOS Architecture dey conserve monuments within de funerary complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Qaitbey. De work be primarily financed by de European Union den done under de auspices of de Historic Cairo Project within de Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities. ARCHiNOS increasingly include social development den cultural components insyd ein work, wey dem adapt de reception hall insyd de Sultan ein onetime residence (maq‘ad) give a hub of art den culture insyd de neighbourhood. ARCHiNOS sanso upgrade de small urban square in front of de building make e make am a fitting setting give chaw cultural events dem organise insyd den around de maq‘ad of Sultan Qaitbey. Insyd 2016, na dem establish de not-for-profit Sultan Foundation make e provide access to culture insyd de underprivileged neighbourhood den make e promote links between preservation of cultural heritage den social den economic development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ARCHiNOS – Heritage Preservation, Cairo, Egypt|url=https://www.archinos.com/|access-date=2024-01-28|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Culture Heritage for the Living in the ''City of the Dead''|url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/42730_en|access-date=2024-01-28|website=European External Action Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tewfik|first=Nourhan|date=21 February 2016|title='Artists must play a role in beautifying the city:' Cairo's City of the Dead infused with culture|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/188150.aspx|access-date=28 January 2024|website=Ahram Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Gallery==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;150&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; caption=&quot;De mosque/madrasa&quot;&gt;
File:Qaitbey5 (2133771422).jpg|View of de entrance façade of de mosque/madrasa, plus de sabil for de lower left den de kuttab for de upper left above am
File:Qaytbay complex portal DSCF7244.jpg|De entrance portal
File:Qaitbey2 (2132987471).jpg|Details of de minaret
File:Qaytbay interior.jpg|View of de prayer hall of de mosque, plus de mihrab for de right; de arches feature ablaq masonry
File:Sultan Al-Ashraf Qaytbay Mosque and Mausoleum.jpg|De western iwan
File:Qaytbay lantern ceiling.jpg|De wooden lantern ceiling over de prayer hall of de mosque
File:Qaytbay mausoleum dome (R Prazeres 2019) DSCF0095.jpg|alt=|De dome of de mausoleum
File:Qaytbay dome closeup.jpg|Closeup of de dome ein stone-carved relief patterns
File:Qaitbey12 (2133767392).jpg|De mausoleum chamber of Sultan Qaytbay, plus mihrab visible (photo from 2006, before recent restorations)
File:Qaitbey3 (2133737622).jpg|Interior of de mausoleum dome
File:Gate of Qaytbay complex.jpg|De remains of de old gate of Qaytbay ein complex, Bab al-Gindi
File:Qaytbay minor mausoleum.jpg|De smaller attach mausoleum, dem dedicate to Qaytbay ein son den, later, to Gulshani
File:Qaytbay complex maqad 2019.jpg|De (dem recently restore) ''maq'ad'' of Qaytbay ein complex, a part of de residential compound he build
File:Hod of Qaytbay complex.jpg|De ''hod'' of Qaytbay complex, a drinking trough give animals (dem picture insyd 2012, before recent restoration)
File:Hod details of Qaytbay complex.jpg|Stone-carved details of de ''hod''
File:Qaytbay rab.jpg|De remains of de ''rab''' anaa apartment bloc of Qaytbay ein complex, north of de mosque
File:Qaytbay rab portal.jpg|Portal of de ''rab''' of Qaytbay ein complex 
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241203181245/http://www.3dmekanlar.com/en/qaitbay-mosque-2.html 3D Virtual Tours - spherical view of the interior of Qaytbay's mosque.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241130042536/http://www.3dmekanlar.com/en/tomb-of-qaitbay-2.html 3D Virtual Tours - spherical view of the interior of Qaytbay's tomb chamber.]
* [http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;eg;Mon01;12;en Discover Islamic Art - information and pictures on Qaytbay's mosque/madrasa, including floor plan.]
* [https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/bd353a_a9b15547aea04947bdbee5c994a9023a.pdf Dobrowolska Agnieszka/Dobrowolski, Jaroslaw: More than Stones: Heritage for the Living in Cairo's 'City of the Dead', 2018]

[[Category:Qaitbay]]
[[Category:Mamluk architecture insyd Egypt]]
[[Category:Religious buildings den structures plus domes]]
[[Category:Mosques insyd Cairo]]
[[Category:Mausoleums insyd Cairo]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures dem plete insyd 1474]]
[[Category:Mosques dem plete insyd de 1470s]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments dem plete insyd de Mamluk Sultanate]]
[[Category:Religious buildings den structures plus minarets]]
[[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]]</text>
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    <title>Daniel Abibi</title>
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'''Daniel Abibi''' (born 1942)&lt;ref name=&quot;ba&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bazenguissa-Ganga|first=Rémy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC|title=Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique|date=1997-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-86537-739-8|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a Congolese politician, mathematician den diplomat. During de 1980s, he serve insyd de government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Information den as Minister of Secondary den Higher Education. Later, during de 1990s, he be Congo-Brazzaville ein Permanent Representative to de [[United Nations]].

== Life den career ==
Abibi obtain ein doctorate insyd mathematics insyd 1970 from de University of Grenoble insyd [[France]]. He be amongst de first Central Africans to receive doctoral degrees insyd Mathematics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgiTQUcE21UC&amp;pg=PA20|title=African Doctorates in Mathematics: A Catalogue|date=2007|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-4303-1867-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Abibi be one of de Northern political activists educated insyd France dat ensure support for Marien Ngouabi insyd de Congolese Students Association (AEC) insyd 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;ba&quot; /&gt; De rapprochement between AEC den de regime be, however, wey de cadres of de Congolese Party of Labour (PCT) fiercely reject. De PCT cadres kidnap Abibi, forcing Ngouabi to order ein release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bazenguissa-Ganga|first=Rémy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC|title=Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique|date=1997-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-86537-739-8|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Politically, Abibi espouse a Marxist ideological line dat heavily be influenced by radical African nationalism.&lt;ref name=&quot;ba2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bazenguissa-Ganga|first=Rémy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC|title=Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique|date=1997-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-86537-739-8|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He serve as rector of de [[Marien Ngouabi University]]. Becoming a confidant of [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] (espousing an ideological line to de liking of Sassou) na dem name Abibi Minister of Information, Posts den Telecommunications insyd 1983, replacing captain Florent Ntsiba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ba2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/13/world/around-the-world-congo-shuffles-cabinet-after-politburo-meeting.html &quot;Congo Shuffles Cabinet After Politburo Meeting&quot;], Reuters, 13 August 1984.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1984 na dem include Abibi insyd de Central Committee of de PCT. He be put in-charge of de international relations of de party. Sana insyd1984, he be moved from ein post as Minister of Information to de post of Minister of Secondary den Higher Education. He lost ein cabinet seat insyd a December 1986 reshuffle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Legum|first=Colin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMbiAAAAMAAJ|title=Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents|date=1988|publisher=Africana Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8419-0557-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abibi chaired de Congolese Anti-Apartheid Committee, den insyd 1989 he be named chairman of de African Anti-Apartheid Committee. Sanso insyd 1989, he be included insyd de PCT Politburo den assigned responsibility for education, ideology, den political den civic training.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bazenguissa-Ganga|first=Rémy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC|title=Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique|date=1997-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-86537-739-8|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd de 1990s he join de Pan-African Union for Social Democracy of Pascal Lissouba. He sana serve as Permanent Representative of de Congo to de United Nations during dis decade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=United Nations Daily Highlights, 97-10-14|url=http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/97-10-14.undh.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231218221922/http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/97-10-14.undh.html|archive-date=2023-12-18|access-date=2025-07-15|website=www.hri.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following de June–October 1997 civil war, insyd which Lissouba be ousted den Sassou Nguesso returned to power, Abibi be absent from Congolese politics for years. Eventually, however, he rejoin Sassou Nguesso ein party, de PCT.&lt;ref name=&quot;Service&quot;&gt;&quot;Daniel Abibi disposé à mettre son expérience au service du Sénat&quot;, ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', number 1,352, 20 October 2011, page 1 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd October 2011, he be elected to de Senate of Congo-Brazzaville as a PCT candidate insyd Sangha Department.&lt;ref name=&quot;Service&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231218221720/http://www.lasemaineafricaine.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1699:elections-senatoriales-partielles--bien-organise-le-scrutin-sest-deroule-dans-la-transparence&amp;catid=2:evenement&amp;Itemid=6 &quot;Elections sénatoriales partielles : bien organisé, le scrutin s'est déroulé dans la transparence&quot;], ''La Semaine Africaine'', 12 October 2011 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de indirect Senate election, he receive 61 votes from de electors insyd Sangha, 87.14% of de total; dis placed Abibi insyd a three-way tie for first place den secured him one of de six available seats for Sangha.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1345.pdf &quot;Le Sénat renouvelé de moitié&quot;], ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', number 1,345, 11 October 2011 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abibi, Daniel}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Republic of the Congo people]]
[[Category:Republic of the Congo pan-Africanists]]
[[Category:Government ministers of de Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Congolese Party of Labour politicians]]
[[Category:Pan-African Union for Social Democracy politicians]]
[[Category:Republic of the Congo mathematicians]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of de Republic of the Congo to de United Nations]]
&lt;references /&gt;{{authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Blue Nile</title>
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De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season.

== Course ==
De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466 &quot;Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

==== For Ethiopia insyd ====
De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de &quot;Grand Canyon&quot; for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de &quot;Grand Canyon of de Nile&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&amp;dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&amp;pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally &quot;great smoke&quot;), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon.   

De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am  between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Huntingford&quot;&gt;These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34&lt;/ref&gt;

==== For Sudan insyd ====
[[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. 

== Water flow ==
[[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;handle2012&quot;&gt;Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd.  

For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]]
[[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.&lt;ref&gt;R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&amp;nbsp;361&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described &quot;Patriarch of Ethiopia&quot;, provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]].         

Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&amp;nbsp;319f&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of &quot;one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients&quot; dey for ein lifetime insyd &quot;dotted lines mark for de map top&quot;, manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Cheesman, pp.&amp;nbsp;358–374.&lt;/ref&gt;

For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.&lt;ref&gt;Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.&lt;/ref&gt; De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon.                 

For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}&lt;/ref&gt; For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ The Tana Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling the Blue Nile]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nile, Blue}}
[[Category:Blue Nile| ]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sudan]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Lake Tana]]</text>
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    <title>Awash River</title>
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De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; Oromo: ''Awaash'' anaa ''Hawaas'', Amharic: ዐዋሽ, Afar: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', Somali: ''Webiga Dir'', Italian: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus Lake Gargori den dey end plus Lake Abbe (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de Gulf of Tadjoura. De Awash River be de principal stream of an endorheic drainage basin wey dey cover parts of de Amhara, Oromia den Somali Regions, as well as de southern half of de Afar Region. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt;

De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt;

De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt; Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den urbanization within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein water resources top. De main sources of water pollution for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers), den sewage discharge. Industries wey dey pollute for de basin insyd dey include tanneries, paint factories, slaughterhouses, textiles, breweries, soft drink factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;    

De Awash Valley (den especially de Middle Awash) dey internationally famous give ein high density of hominin fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early evolution of humans.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem discover &quot;Lucy&quot;, one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot; /&gt; Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[UNESCO]] ein World Heritage List top for 1980 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot; /&gt;

== Geography ==
[[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Dem partly locate am for de Main Ethiopian Rift insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.&lt;ref name=&quot;Length&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466 &quot;Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)&lt;/ref&gt; E dey start for Ethiopia ein central highlands insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join Lake Abbe at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; 

De Awash dey rise south of Mount Warqe, west of Addis Ababa for de woreda of Dendi insyd, close to de town of Ginchi, West Shewa Zone, Oromia. After e enter de bottom of de Great Rift Valley, de Awash dey flow south to loop around Mount Zuqualla for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter Koka Reservoir. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of Adama den de Awash National Park. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de Germama (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori.     

Oda tributaries of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de Logiya, Mille, Borkana, Ataye, Hawadi, Kabenna den Dukem Rivers. Towns den cities along ein course dey include Metehara, Awash, Gewane den Asaita.     

Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, hot springs, den swamps for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Climate ==
De movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}&lt;/ref&gt; Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate change ===
A study for 2018 insyd investigate de effects of climate change for water resources top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three climate models from Coupled Models Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical precipitation characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential evapotranspiration projections wey dem dey use de Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase water stress for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten water security give different sectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology ==
[[File:Monthly rainfall by administrative zone in the Awash basin (1979–2015).jpg|thumb|Mean (left panel) den coefficient of variation (right panel) of monthly rainfall by administrative zone for de Awash basin insyd (1979–2015).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;]]

=== Rainfall, droughts den floods ===
Rainfall dey vary a lot for de basin insyd from one year to de next (dem dey bell dis ''high intra-annual variability''). Dem recognize dry season water shortage as a challenge give various activities such as irrigation de domestic water supply by de Awash Basin Authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Howeva, flooding sanso dey occur frequently during de main rainy season for July den August insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Taye, M.T., Haile, A.T., Dessalegn, M., Nigussie, L., Bekele, T.W., Nicol, A., Dyer, E. &amp; Tekleab, S. 2024. [https://reachwater.uk/resource/policy-and-practice-recommendations-on-flood-risk-management-in-the-awash-basin/ Policy and practice recommendations on flood risk management in the Awash basin]. REACH Discussion brief.&lt;/ref&gt; De type of flooding be different give de upper, middle den lower Awash basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Research find say &quot;de type den range of flooding for de Awash Basin insyd dey vary widely wey dey reflect de basin ein complex geography&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Taye, M.T., Haile, A.T., Dessalegn, M., Nigussie, L., Bekele, T.W., Nicol, A. and Dyer, E. (2024). [https://reachwater.uk/resource/flood-adaptation-and-mitigation-in-the-awash-basin-responding-to-new-climate-patterns/ Flood adaptation and mitigation in the Awash Basin: Responding to new climate patterns]. REACH Synthesis report, University of Oxford, UK.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7}} For example, for urban areas insyd, dem know flash floods den river overflows to occur.    

Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den urbanization within de Awash basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein water resources top. Dem know de basin give high climate variability wey dey involve droughts den floods, den climate change go likely intensify de existing challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Dem need future water management strategies to be inclusive of all sectors den consider de equity give different users.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;        

Dem investigate flood adaption measures den one of de recommendations be say to use &quot;[[:en:Land-use_planning|land-use planning]] dat be 'flood-centric' for ein thinking den approach insyd [...]. Dis dey mean identifying (den protecting) flood zones near build-up areas den identifying zones dat fi allow to flood to absorb de impact of extreme events.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|41}}

==== Groundwater ====
[[:en:Groundwater_recharge|Groundwater recharge]] dey vary between values wey dey exceed {{convert|350|mm}} per year for de upper highlands insyd den no recharge at de bottom of de rift valley.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ayenew |first1=Tenalem |last2=Demlie |first2=Molla |last3=Wohnlich |first3=Stefan |year=2008 |title=Hydrogeological framework and occurrence of groundwater in the Ethiopian aquifers |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=97–113 |bibcode=2008JAfES..52...97A |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2008.06.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem predominantly recharge groundwater at de escarpments den highlands above 1,900 m a.s.l.,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bretzler |first1=Anja |last2=Osenbrück |first2=Karsten |last3=Gloaguen |first3=Richard |last4=Ruprecht |first4=Janina S. |last5=Kebede |first5=Seifu |last6=Stadler |first6=Susanne |year=2011 |title=Groundwater origin and flow dynamics in active rift systems – A multi-isotope approach in the Main Ethiopian Rift |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=402 |issue=3–4 |pages=274–289 |bibcode=2011JHyd..402..274B |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey annual rainfall dey higher dan {{convert|1000|mm}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Localized small-scale recharge sanso dey suppose to occur at de flanks of de rift valley volcanoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Artificial groundwater recharge dey take further place at irrigated plantations at de rift valley.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Recharge from river channel losses den via infiltration from lakes dey play a role for de Main Ethiopian Rift insyd den for southern Afar insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

De Awash Basin be a densely populated den industrialized area wey numerous enterprises dey rely for [[:en:Groundwater|groundwater]] top give demma operation. Therefore, de majority of human development initiatives for de basin insyd go continue to depend heavily for de quantity den quality of groundwater top.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Groundwater management dey require proactive measures sekof de global challenges pose by rapid population growth, urbanization, climate change, den various human activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Ecology ==
[[File:Parc national d'Awash-Ethiopie-Rivière (1).JPG|thumb|Awash River for de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]] insyd]]Most of de Awash basin be part of de [[:en:Ethiopian_montane_forests|Ethiopian montane forests]] ecoregion. At high altitudes de [[:en:Ethiopian_montane_grasslands_and_woodlands|Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands]] den [[:en:Ethiopian_montane_moorlands|Ethiopian montane moorlands]] dey predominate. De [[:en:Somali_Acacia–Commiphora_bushlands_and_thickets|Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets]] ecoregion dey occupy low elevations for de Rift insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The ecozones of the world. The ecological division of the geosphere |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287758543 |access-date=2017-10-21 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De basin ein vegetation get a strong anthropogenic impact.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; All ova de upper den central Awash basin, dey remain of different savanna types be still clearly visible. Dem range from thorn savannas for de lower rift insyd, bush, grass den open savannas above 800 m den woody savannas for de escarpments top den de highlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |author=Knoche, M. |title=Hydrological Modelling of the Upper Awash Catchment (Main Ethiopian Rift) |degree=Masters |publisher=Technische Universität Freiberg |year=2011 |location=Freiberg, Germany}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fauna ====
De lower Awash Valley be one of de last wildlife dey preserve give de [[:en:African_wild_ass|African wild ass]]. De mammal be now extinct for [[:en:Yangudi_Rassa_National_Park|Yangudi Rassa National Park]] insyd, but dem still find am for de adjacent [[:en:Mille-Serdo_Wildlife_Reserve|Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Moehlman, P.D.; Kebede, F.; Yohannes, H. (2015). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7949/45170994 &quot;''Equus africanus''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2015''' e.T7949A45170994. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7949A45170994.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7949A45170994.en]]. Retrieved 19 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Oda large animals native to de area dey include [[:en:Beisa_Oryx|Beisa Oryx]], [[:en:Soemmerring's_Gazelle|Soemmering's gazelle]], [[:en:Dorcas_gazelle|Dorcas gazelle]], [[:en:Gerenuk|gerenuk]] den [[:en:Grevy's_zebra|Grevy's zebra]]. Crocodiles sanso dey flourish within de river.   

== Human activities den impacts ==
[[File:Awash River in the nineteenth century.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a camel convoy for de Awash River top den for de nineteenth century insyd by [[:en:Guglielmo_Massaia|Guglielmo Massaia]]]]De Awash basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Dem know Middle Awash give dey have both large- den small-scale irrigation, as well as agroindustry den [[:en:Sugarcane_mill|sugar factories]] (Wenji, Methara, den Kesem Sugar factories).&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

==== Water supply ====
De [[:en:Water_supply|water supplies]] of de major urban centers like Addis Ababa, Mojo den Adama, den sanso, de irrigation waters give local den commercial agricultural lands (such as sugarcane plantation) dey depend for de Awash River den ein tributaries insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zinabu |first1=Eskinder |last2=Alamirew |first2=Tena |last3=Gebrehiwot |first3=Solomon G. |last4=Whitehead |first4=Paul |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Zeleke |first6=Gete |date=2024 |title=Information synthesis to identify water quality issues and select applicable in-stream water quality model for the Awash River basin in Ethiopia: A perspective from developing countries |journal=Scientific African |language=en |volume=23 |bibcode=2024SciAf..2302063Z |doi=10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02063 |doi-access=free |article-number=e02063}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Economic activities ====
De agricultural den service sectors dominate Awash basin ein economy, plus de latter dey prevail for de large urban center of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] insyd. Agriculture dey dominate water use (about 89% of total water use for de basin insyd) den dem expect to continue to be de basis give economic growth for de coming years insyd. Crop production for particular insyd be a major component of de basin ein economy den dem see rapid growth for recent years insyd, plus de value of output dey expand by 7.9% per year for real terms insyd between 2004 den 2014. As of 2012, de total [[:en:Irrigation|irrigated]] area of de basin dey less dan 2% of de total area under cultivation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;   

Forestry dey hardly exist insyd de Awash River basin, plus a few exceptions of small [[:en:Eucalyptus|eucalyptus]] plantations. Outside of Awash National Park de open den woody savannas dey almost completely cultivated plus crops. Dis especially dey account give all escarpment terraces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Thereby de scattered tree cover remain similar to de primary state of de savannas, while crops replace de grass layer. Only highest altitudes dey still show woodlands dem connect. Dem carry out partly [[:en:Reforestation|reforestation]] for no cultivable altitudes plus secondary [[:en:Coniferous_forest|coniferous forests]]. De cultivated crops be (endemic) [[:en:Eragrostis_tef|teff]], maize, [[:en:Sorghum_bicolor|sorghum]], beans den vegetables.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;         

[[:en:Pasture|Pastures]] dey hardly exist wey agriculture dey possible. De [[:en:Cattle|cattle]] graze for field edges top den waysides den for steep escarpments top. Dis be one major reason give [[:en:Erosion|erosion]], sekof dem partly destroy vegetation cover. Stubble-grazing be a common practice for de Awash basin insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Moeyersons |first3=Jan |last4=Haile |first4=Mitiku |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |date=2008-04-30 |title=Dynamics of soil erosion rates and controlling factors in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands – towards a sediment budget |journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=695–711 |bibcode=2008ESPL...33..695N |doi=10.1002/esp.1569 |hdl=1854/LU-416185 |issn=1096-9837 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;            

Recurrent extreme wet den dry weather events challenge economic activities for de basin insyd. De large portion of rural poor engage for [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|rainfed agriculture]] insyd for de drought-prone marginal lands insyd wey dem locate for de middle den lower reaches of de basin insyd dey suffer greatly from drought wey dey recur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;             

Climate variability already get a severe impact for populations den economic productivity top for de Awash basin insyd. Severe droughts for de basin lead to a significant depression of crop yields den death of livestock, wey dey result for increase for [[:en:Food_security|food insecurity]] insyd. Dem estimate a modest (5%) decrease for rainfall insyd to reduce de basin ein [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|gross domestic product]] (GDP) 5%, plus a 10% decrease for agricultural productivity insyd. [[:en:Humanitarian_assistance|Humanitarian assistance]] requests be relatively common sekof [[:en:Extreme_weather|climate shocks]], such as de [[:en:2014–2016_El_Niño_event|2015/2016 El Niño events]] wey result for a severe drought insyd den a [[:en:Humanitarian_response|humanitarian response]] dey target ova 10 million people nationally, plus many priority districts locate for de Awash basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==== Pollution ====
[[File:The Awash River.jpg|thumb|De Awash River at [[:en:Sodere|Sodere]], Ethiopia (2014)]][[:en:Sewage_treatment|Municipal]] den [[:en:Industrial_wastewater_treatment|industrial wastewater treatment]] plants dey scant den inefficient for de Awash River basin insyd. Wey dem exist, demma [[:en:Effluent|effluents]] (often dem treat am poorly) dem channel am into nearby streams, thus [[:en:Water_pollution|polluting]] dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Growing [[:en:Industrialisation|industrialization]] den urbanization for de Awash River basin insyd severely damage de [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystem]] sekof dem discharge de toxins into water bodies. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash River basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Both anthropogenic den geogenic activities dey contribute to de observed water quality degradation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; De term ''geogenic'' dey refer to naturally occurring contamination thru tectonic, clay, volcanic ash, den sand weathering phenomena.    

[[:en:Heavy_metal_(elements)|Heavy metal]] pollution for de surface water insyd becam a growing concern give de environment den people ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; [[:en:Water_pollution|Polluting]] industries for de Awash River basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals. Wastewater dey enter de river from cities such as [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Abeba]], Awash 7 Kilo, Ambo, [[:en:Sabata_(town)|Sebeta]], [[:en:Bishoftu|Bishoftu]], Gelan, [[:en:Adama|Adama]], Modjo. Agricultural runoff fi be a cause of heavy metal pollution (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, U, den Zn) for aquatic bodies insyd, den industrial disposal sanso fi lead to high heavy metals concentrations such as As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Zn, den Pb concentrations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Water quality ====
A study of river [[:en:Water_quality|water quality]] for 2023 insyd show dat high levels of heavy metals, such as Al, Mn, Mo, As, V, Fe, den Ba, dem exhibit am plus values of 1257 μg/L, 626.8 μg/L, 116.7 μg/L, 61.2 μg/L, 100.5 μg/L, 1082.7 μg/L, den 211.7 μg/L, respectively. Among 20 heavy metals wey dem analyze, 20% of de parameters within de study area dey above de [[:en:Drinking_water_quality_standards#World_Health_Organization_Guidelines|WHO limit]] [[:en:Drinking_water_quality_standards#World_Health_Organization_Guidelines|give drinking water]]; Al (157 μg/L), V (100.5 μg/L), Fe (1082.7 μg/L), Mn (626.8 μg/L), den Mo (103.8 μg/L) dem exhibit am at sites along de river system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Dis be a problem as water from dem use de river as a source of [[:en:Drinking_water|drinking water]] den [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]]. 

De presence of [[:en:Contaminants_of_emerging_concern|emerging organic contaminants]] for de river water insyd dey anoda concern. Dem substances dey include pharmaceuticals, [[:en:Personal_care_products|personal care products]], industrial byproducts, den agricultural chemicals. Dem detect high levels of emerging organic contaminants for a study insyd for 2023 insyd for de river den shallow [[:en:Groundwater|groundwater]] systems insyd: &quot;Dem detect pesticides, [[:en:Veterinary_drugs|veterinary drugs]], [[:en:Artificial_sweeteners|artificial sweeteners]], den personal care products for samples from all sources insyd (surface, ground, den tap water). Dem find [[:en:Endocrine_disruptor|endocrine disruptors]] den [[:en:Equine_drug_testing|equine drugs]] for both surface den groundwater sources insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Kebede |first2=Seifu |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Lapworth |first4=Dan |date=2024 |title=Tracing contaminants of emerging concern in the Awash River basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |language=en |volume=54 |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5401869H |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101869 |doi-access=free |article-number=101869}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river water den shallow groundwater connect intrinsically. Contaminants for de river water insyd fi pollute de groundwater den vice versa. A study for 2024 insyd investigate de characteristics of groundwater for a region of Middle Awash insyd give multipurpose use. E find say dem find contaminants such as arsenic, vanadium, gallium, lithium, rubidium, chromium, manganese, copper, den zinc enrich for groundwater insyd near Lake Beseka, wey geogenic activities, volcanic ash, den weathering of rocks majorly influence am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Ova half of de groundwater sources dey unsuitable give drinking, wey e pose significant health risks to local communities dat rely heavily for dem sources top sekof limited access to clean surface water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;         

For de Middle Awash Basin insyd den de country at large, de water quality of most groundwater sources dem monitor den regulate am inadequately den insufficiently. Consequently, areas within de upstream Awash Basin, particularly around Modjo, Bishoftu, Gelan, den Addis Ababa, dey highly susceptible to unregulated abstraction den pollution of groundwater.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Paleontology ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Make you sanso see: [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]] den [[:en:Middle_Awash_Project|Middle Awash Project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Humans live for de valley of de Awash insyd almost since de beginning of de species. Dem find numerous pre-human [[:en:Hominid|hominid]] remains for de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haile-Selassie |first=Yohannes |date=2001-07-12 |title=Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=412 |issue=6843 |pages=178–181 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..178H |doi=10.1038/35084063 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=11449272 |s2cid=4432082}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remains wey dem find for de Awash Valley insyd dey date from de late [[:en:Miocene|Miocene]], [[:en:Pliocene|Pliocene]], de early [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] (roughly 5.6–2.5 million years ago), den dey include fossils of many [[:en:Australopithecines|Australopithecines]], wey dey include &quot;Lucy&quot;, de most famous individual [[:en:Australopithecus|Australopithecus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt; Oda extinct hominids wey dem discover at de site dey include ''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' den ''[[:en:Ardipithecus|Ardipithecus]]''.   

== History ==
For de 16th century insyd, dem bell Awash River de great [[:en:Dir_(clan)|Dir]] river den dey lay for de country of de [[:en:Muslims|Muslims]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=ʻArabfaqīh |first=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=conquest+abyssinia |title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Tsehai Publishers &amp; Distributors |isbn=978-0-9723172-6-9 |location=Hollywood |pages=124 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Koka Dam, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De Koka Dam before dem complete am 1960, dey creating de [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]]]

==== 20th Century ====
De first European wey trace de course of de Awash to ein end for de [[:en:Asaita|Aussa]] oasis insyd be [[:en:Wilfred_Thesiger|Wilfred Thesiger]] for 1933/1934 insyd, wey start at de city of Awash, wey follow de river ein course to ein final end for Lake Abhebad insyd, den continue ein expedition east to [[:en:Tadjoura|Tadjoura]]. (Although de explorer [[:en:L._M._Nesbitt|L. M. Nesbitt]] follow parts of de course of de Awash for 1928 insyd, he turn away from de river at Asaita den proceed north thru de [[:en:Afar_Depression|Afar Depression]] to de Red Sea.&lt;ref&gt;As related in his memoirs, ''Hell-Hole of Creation: The Exploration of Abyssinian Danakil'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935)&lt;/ref&gt;)

For 1960 insyd, dem complete de Koka Dam across de Awash River at a point around {{convert|75|km}} from Addis Ababa. Plus ein opening, e becam a major source of [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power for de area insyd. De resulting freshwater lake, Lake Gelila (wey dem sanso know am as [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]), get an area of about {{convert|180|km2}}. Increasing [[:en:Sedimentation|sedimentation]] threaten both lake den dam.   

== Society den culture ==
[[File:Awash river.png|thumb|De Awash River, wey camel caravan ford am, a nineteenth century wey dey engrave (for 1852 insyd)]]De valley of de Awash from about 9° N downstream be de traditional home of de [[:en:Afar_people|Afar pippoe]] den [[:en:Issa_(clan)|Issa]] [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] clan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Markakis |first=John |date=2003 |title=Anatomy of a Conflict: Afar &amp; Ise Ethiopia |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=30 |issue=97 |pages=445–453 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2003.9659777 |hdl=10.1080/03056244.2003.9659777 |issn=0305-6244 |jstor=4006987 |s2cid=153511308 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include de valley of de Awash as part of de [[:en:Fatagar|Fatagar]], [[:en:Ifat_(historical_region)|Ifat]], den [[:en:Shewa|Shewa]].&lt;ref&gt;Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 61&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dem name de [[:en:Awash_International_Bank|Awash International Bank]]  after de Awash River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=assessment of credit risk management policies |url=http://197.156.93.91/bitstream/123456789/4316/1/Thesis%20Meseret%20Zelalem.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Adama–Awash_Expressway|Adama–Awash Expressway]]
* [[:en:Awash–Weldiya_Railway|Awash–Weldiya Railway]]
* [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]]
* [[:en:List_of_fossil_sites|List of fossil sites]] ''(plus link directory)''
* [[:en:List_of_hominina_fossils|List of hominina (hominid) fossils]] ''(plus images)''
* [[:en:List_of_most-polluted_rivers|List of most polluted rivers]]
* [[:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia|List of World Heritage Sites for Ethiopia insyd]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Awash River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Ethiopian Highlands]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Afar Triangle]]</text>
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'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

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== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
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      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
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'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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      <id>104949</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
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      <text bytes="2825" sha1="lu2m9erqsrb48ogd87ptux570ppyjjk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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      <id>104950</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104950</origin>
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      <text bytes="2913" sha1="htvsrzfhgo3y76b4z5ync7l51190uq0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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      <id>104951</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:07:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3871" sha1="geh5kpo065flmasf988x3fbhdi1fa98" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104953</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:10:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4745" sha1="aw3dt7knxie0wpyyj5q4wlyfs2tlwbi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104954</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104954</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5150" sha1="n837y4y47hc6c194kaqbi9we0rdtore" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104955</id>
      <parentid>104954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:14:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104955</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5446" sha1="adk8t5g92rwwn1g96rk9p7pmfu2l8bx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Brazil]] be estimated to have de largest supply of fresh water insyd de world, followed by [[Russia]] den [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104957</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:15:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
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      <text bytes="5611" sha1="dz3dlrorkn88j619o27kkqw1848udw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Brazil]] be estimated to have de largest supply of fresh water insyd de world, followed by [[Russia]] den [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama of a natural wetland ([[Sinclair Wetlands]], New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104958</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:16:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>104958</origin>
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      <text bytes="5640" sha1="mbawik293bvir4207ael248f68bunlg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Brazil]] be estimated to have de largest supply of fresh water insyd de world, followed by [[Russia]] den [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama of a natural wetland ([[Sinclair Wetlands]], New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==== Water from glaciers ====
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104959</id>
      <parentid>104958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:20:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104959</origin>
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      <text bytes="6504" sha1="byfx7f92sna9lze9j22in5q9ajec5xi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Brazil]] be estimated to have de largest supply of fresh water insyd de world, followed by [[Russia]] den [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama of a natural wetland ([[Sinclair Wetlands]], New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==== Water from glaciers ====
Glacier runoff be considered to be surface water. De Himalayas, wich are often bell &quot;De Roof of de World&quot;, contain sum of de most extensive den rough high altitude areas on [[Earth]] as well as de greatest area of glaciers den permafrost outside of de poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from there, den more than a billion people's livelihoods depend on dem. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than de global average. Insyd Nepal, de temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over de last decade, whereas globally, de Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over de last hundred years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723050437/http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106|date=July 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <origin>104960</origin>
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'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Brazil]] be estimated to have de largest supply of fresh water insyd de world, followed by [[Russia]] den [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama of a natural wetland ([[Sinclair Wetlands]], New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==== Water from glaciers ====
Glacier runoff be considered to be surface water. De Himalayas, wich are often bell &quot;De Roof of de World&quot;, contain sum of de most extensive den rough high altitude areas on [[Earth]] as well as de greatest area of glaciers den permafrost outside of de poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from there, den more than a billion people's livelihoods depend on dem. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than de global average. Insyd Nepal, de temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over de last decade, whereas globally, de Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over de last hundred years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723050437/http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106|date=July 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Groundwater ===
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104961</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104961</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6665" sha1="b9zfv9adm9710n334ge7f8ck0pc7n79" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Brazil]] be estimated to have de largest supply of fresh water insyd de world, followed by [[Russia]] den [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama of a natural wetland ([[Sinclair Wetlands]], New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==== Water from glaciers ====
Glacier runoff be considered to be surface water. De Himalayas, wich are often bell &quot;De Roof of de World&quot;, contain sum of de most extensive den rough high altitude areas on [[Earth]] as well as de greatest area of glaciers den permafrost outside of de poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from there, den more than a billion people's livelihoods depend on dem. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than de global average. Insyd Nepal, de temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over de last decade, whereas globally, de Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over de last hundred years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723050437/http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106|date=July 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Groundwater ===
[[File:Groundwater flow.svg|300px|thumb|Relative groundwater travel times in the subsurface]]
{{excerpt|Groundwater|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
      <sha1>b9zfv9adm9710n334ge7f8ck0pc7n79</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104962</id>
      <parentid>104961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:25:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add sub-heading</comment>
      <origin>104962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6692" sha1="hrp8bpta45jmoxnapere1a8ovnpuvkf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Brazil]] be estimated to have de largest supply of fresh water insyd de world, followed by [[Russia]] den [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama of a natural wetland ([[Sinclair Wetlands]], New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==== Water from glaciers ====
Glacier runoff be considered to be surface water. De Himalayas, wich are often bell &quot;De Roof of de World&quot;, contain sum of de most extensive den rough high altitude areas on [[Earth]] as well as de greatest area of glaciers den permafrost outside of de poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from there, den more than a billion people's livelihoods depend on dem. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than de global average. Insyd Nepal, de temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over de last decade, whereas globally, de Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over de last hundred years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723050437/http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106|date=July 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Groundwater ===
[[File:Groundwater flow.svg|300px|thumb|Relative groundwater travel times in the subsurface]]
{{excerpt|Groundwater|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}
==== Under river flow ====
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104964</id>
      <parentid>104962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:38:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7472" sha1="t1grh7vkhos6nthzac9he8599d4a3z3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Water resources''' be natural resources of [[water]] wey potentially be useful give humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply anaa [[irrigation]] water. Dese resources fi be either freshwater from natural sources, anaa water dem produce artificially from oda sources, such as from reclaimed water (wastewater) anaa [[desalination|desalinated]] water (seawater). 97% of de water for Earth be salt water den three percent per be fresh water; slightly over two-thirds of dis be frozen insyd glaciers den polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining unfrozen freshwater be found mainly as groundwater, plus only a small fraction present above ground anaa insyd de air.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource| publisher=GreenFacts Website | access-date=2008-01-31 | url= http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural sources of fresh water dey include frozen water, groundwater, surface water, den under river flow. People dey use water resources for agricultural, household, den industrial activities.

Water resources be under threat from multiple issues. Der be water scarcity, [[water pollution]], water conflict den [[climate change]]. Fresh water be in principle a renewable resource. However, de world ein supply of groundwater be steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (anaa overdrafting) dey occur for example insyd Asia, South America den [[North America]].

{{TOC limit|3}}
== Natural sources of fresh water ==
{{Further|Water distribution on Earth}}Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, [[groundwater]] den frozen water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The water cycle {{!}} National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/freshwater/water-cycle |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Surface water ===
{{Main|Surface water}}
[[File:Parinacota.jpg|thumb|Lake Chungará den Parinacota volcano insyd northern Chile]]
Surface water be water insyd a river, lake, anaa fresh water wetland. Surface water be naturally replenished by precipitation den naturally lost through discharge to de oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration, den groundwater recharge. De only natural input to any surface water system be precipitation within its watershed. De total quantity of water insyd dat system at any given time be sanso dependent on chaw oda factors. These factors include storage capacity insyd lakes, wetlands den artificial reservoirs, de permeability of de soil beneath these storage bodies, de runoff characteristics of de land insyd de watershed, de timing of de precipitation den local evaporation rates. All of these factors sanso affect de proportions of water loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surface Water {{!}} Earth and Atmospheric Sciences {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs den decrease am by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities den velocities by paving areas den channelizing de stream flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Skousen |first=Jeff |title=Sustainable reclamation and water management practices |date=2019 |work=Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining |pages=271–302 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240302073056/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/surface-water |archive-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-101288-8.00015-8 |isbn=978-0-08-101288-8 |last2=Zipper |first2=Carl E. |last3=McDonald |first3=Louis M. |last4=Hubbart |first4=Jason A. |last5=Ziemkiewicz |first5=Paul F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natural surface water fit be augmented by importing surface water from anoda watershed through a canal anaa pipeline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-19 |title=Effective Management and Conservation of water resources |url=https://myanmarwaterportal.com/news/latest-news/effective-management-and-conservation-of-water-resources/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Myanmar Water Portal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Brazil]] be estimated to have de largest supply of fresh water insyd de world, followed by [[Russia]] den [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwater.org/data.html |title=The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute |publisher=Worldwater.org |access-date=2009-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;85px&quot;&gt;
Image:Sinclair Wetlands.jpg|''Panorama of a natural wetland ([[Sinclair Wetlands]], New Zealand)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==== Water from glaciers ====
Glacier runoff be considered to be surface water. De Himalayas, wich are often bell &quot;De Roof of de World&quot;, contain sum of de most extensive den rough high altitude areas on [[Earth]] as well as de greatest area of glaciers den permafrost outside of de poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from there, den more than a billion people's livelihoods depend on dem. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than de global average. Insyd Nepal, de temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over de last decade, whereas globally, de Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over de last hundred years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723050437/http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=106|date=July 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Groundwater ===
[[File:Groundwater flow.svg|300px|thumb|Relative groundwater travel times in the subsurface]]
{{excerpt|Groundwater|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}
==== Under river flow ====
Throughout de course of a river, de total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of de visible free water flow together plus a substantial contribution flowing through rocks den sediments dat underlie de river den its floodplain called de hyporheic zone. For many rivers insyd large valleys, dis unseen component of flow may greatly exceed de visible flow. De hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water den groundwater from aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers den aquifers dat may be fully charged anaa depleted. Dis be especially significant insyd karst areas where pot-holes den underground rivers are common.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/10327/chapter/4 |title=Read |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/waterres_tab.htm Renewable water resources in the world by country]
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
* [http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Resources}}

[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Natural resources]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Water supply|Resources]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Water industry]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]</text>
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    <title>Human rights to water and sanitation</title>
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[[File:Boy drinks from a tap at a NEWAH WASH water project in Puware Shikhar, Udayapur District, Nepal. (10677936093).jpg|thumb|A boy dey drink from tap for NEWAH WASH water project for Nepal]]
[[File:Sanitation work 3.jpg|thumb|People dey sanitize environment for Nigeria]]

De '''human right to water den sanitation''' ('''HRWS''') be principle wey talk say clean [[drinking water]] den [[sanitation]] be universal human right secof dem very important for supporting every person life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: The human right to water and sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml|access-date=12 December 2020|website=United Nations|language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; United Nations General Assembly recognize am as human right on 28 July 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRWS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://undocs.org/A/RES/64/292|title=Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation|date=August 2010|website=United Nations|access-date=13 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; HRWS dem recognize insyd international law thru human rights treaties, declarations den oda standards. Some commentators argue say human right to water dey exist independent of 2010 General Assembly resolution, based on things like Article 11.1 of International Covenant on Economic, Social den Cultural Rights (ICESCR); among those wey accept international ''ius cogens'', dem believe say dis right be binding principle of international law. Other treaties wey explicitly recognize HRWS dey include 1979 Convention on de Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) den 1989 Convention on de Rights of de Child (CRC).

De clearest definition of human right to water come from United Nations Committee on Economic, Social den Cultural Rights for General Comment 15 wey dem draft for 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838d11.html |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=Refworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be non-binding interpretation wey explain say access to water be condition for enjoying de right to adequate standard of living, wey e closely link to right to highest attainable health standard, so e be human right. E talk say: &quot;de human right to water entitle everybody to enough, safe, acceptable, physically accessible den affordable water for personal den domestic use.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

De first resolutions about HRWS come from UN General Assembly den UN Human Rights Council for 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/100308UNARES64292.pdf|access-date=27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem state say sanitation right dey connected to water right, secof poor sanitation fit spoil water quality downstream, so later discussions continue to treat both together. For July 2010, UN General Assembly Resolution 64/292 confirm again say people get human right to safe, affordable, clean den accessible water den sanitation services.&lt;ref&gt;Baer, M. 2015. From Water Wars to Water Rights: Implementing the Human Right to Water in Bolivia, Journal of Human Rights, 14:3, 353-376, {{doi|10.1080/14754835.2014.988782}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dat General Assembly, dem emphasize say for people to enjoy life den all oda human rights well, safe clean drinking water den sanitation be necessary human right.&lt;ref&gt;UN (United Nations). 2010. Resolution adopted by the general assembly. 64/292. The human right to water and sanitation. A/RES/64/292. New York: United Nations.&lt;/ref&gt; Dis resolution raise questions about how government suppose manage den provide water den sanitation responsibilities. United Nations Development Programme talk say wen access to clean water den sanitation cam be widely recognized, e go improve people life quality den health.&lt;ref&gt;UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1997. Governance for Sustainable Human Development: A UNDP Policy Document. UNDP, New York, NY, USA. See http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010713151912/http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/ |date=13 July 2001 }}  (accessed 21 June 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2011. Drinking water: Equity, Satefy and sustainability. New York: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water and Sanitation.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2012. Progress on drinking water and sanitation. 2012 update. New York: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.&lt;/ref&gt; Revised UN resolution for 2015 emphasize say de two rights separate but equal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation|url=http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The%20Human%20Rights%20To%20Water%20And%20Sanitation%20UN%20resolution.pdf|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825141743/http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HRWS dey put obligation on governments make dem ensure say people fit enjoy quality, available, acceptable, accessible den affordable water den sanitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Water/Handbook/Book1_intro_.pdf|title=Realising the human rights to water and sanitation: A Handbook by the UN Special Rapporteur|last=de Albuquerque|first=Catarina|publisher=United Nations|year=2014|location=Portugal|pages=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water affordability dey look how cost fit become burden wey go force people sacrifice other basic needs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Roaf|first1=Virginia|title=The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation|date=26 July 2018|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315471532-2|series=Equality in Water and Sanitation Services|pages=26–43|location=Abingdon, Oxon; New York |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-47153-2|access-date=29 October 2020|last2=Albuquerque|first2=Catarina de|last3=Heller|first3=Léo|doi=10.4324/9781315471532-2|s2cid=204491938}}&lt;/ref&gt; Normally, guideline for water affordability be say e no suppose pass 3–5% of household income.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=III.S.8 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64/292 (On the Right to Water and Sanitation) (28 July 2010) |title=International Law &amp; World Order|year=2012|pages=1–2|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|doi=10.1163/ilwo-iiis8|isbn=978-90-04-20870-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accessibility of water dey consider time wey person take reach source, convenience, den risk involved.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Water suppose be reachable for every citizen, meaning say e no suppose be more dan 1,000 meters anaa 3,280 feet away wey for fi be accessed within 30 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: The human right to water and sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml|access-date=27 April 2021|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Availability of water dey consider whether supply dey enough, reliable den sustainable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Water quality dey check whether e safe for drinking den oda use.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; For acceptability, water no suppose get bad smell anaa get strange color.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

ICESCR require say countries wey sign am must progressively achieve den respect all human rights, wey dey include water den sanitation rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dem suppose work fast den effective to improve access den service.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== International context ==
De WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation report say 663 million people no get access to improved drinking water sources den more dan 2.4 billion people no get basic sanitation services for 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP report 2013&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170703112631/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMPreport2013.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703112631/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMPreport2013.pdf|date=3 July 2017}} ,2015 report of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation&lt;/ref&gt; Clean water access still be big global problem. Acceptable water sources include &quot;household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs den rainwater collections.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;General Assembly Declares Access to Clean Water and Sanitation Is a Human Right.&quot; UN News Center. 28 July 2010. Accessed 20 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Even though about 9% of global population no get water access, some regions still lag behind, especially Sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt; UN sanso highlight say &quot;about 1.5 million children under five dey die every year den 443 million school days dey lost secof water den sanitation related diseases.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;Global Issues at the United Nations.&quot; UN News Center. n.d. Accessed 20 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; For 2022, over 2 billion people (25% of world population) no get steady access to clean drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transforming Water Access: How the &quot;World's Lifeblood&quot; is Under Attack. |url=https://www.usglc.org/blog/transforming-water-access-how-the-worlds-lifeblood-is-under-attack/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=USGLC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 4.2 billion people no get access to safe sanitation services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=SeventhQueen |last2=Wolf |first2=Jared |date=8 June 2022 |title=The truth behind clean water in Africa 2022 |url=https://sustainablereview.com/billions-still-lack-access-to-clean-water-2022/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Sustainable Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Advocacy |first=W. V. |date=22 March 2022 |title=How Improving Clean Water Access Can Fight Global Hunger |url=https://worldvisionadvocacy.org/2022/03/22/clean-water-global-hunger/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=World Vision Advocacy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Building access to clean water in support of Sustainable Development Goal 6 {{!}} UNICEF Supply Division |url=https://www.unicef.org/supply/stories/building-access-clean-water-support-sustainable-development-goal-6 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2024, new estimates show say about 4.4 billion people for low den middle income countries no get access to safe household drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Greenwood |first1=Esther E. |last2=Lauber |first2=Thomas |last3=van den Hoogen |first3=Johan |last4=Donmez |first4=Ayca |last5=Bain |first5=Robert E. S. |last6=Johnston |first6=Richard |last7=Crowther |first7=Thomas W. |last8=Julian |first8=Timothy R. |date=16 August 2024 |title=Mapping safe drinking water use in low- and middle-income countries |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9578 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=385 |issue=6710 |pages=784–790 |doi=10.1126/science.adh9578 |pmid=39146419 |bibcode=2024Sci...385..784G |issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Celia |date=15 August 2024 |title=More than 4 billion people don't have access to clean water at home |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/367224/clean-drinking-water-access-four-billion-science-study |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Legal foundations den recognition==

De International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) of 1966 be document wey bring togeda de economic, social den cultural rights wey dey insyd de Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948. None of dese early documents explicitly recognize human rights to water den sanitation. But later international human rights conventions come include provisions wey directly recognize water den sanitation rights.

* De 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) get Article 14.2 wey talk say &quot;parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women insyd rural areas to ensure, on a basis of equality of men den women, say dem dey participate in den benefit from rural development den, in particular shall ensure to women de right: ... (h) To enjoy adequate living conditions, particularly in relation to housing, sanitation, electricity den water supply, transport den communications.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Text of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm |access-date=27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* De 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) get Article 24 wey recognize say children get right to enjoy highest attainable standard of health den access to facilities for treatment of illness den rehabilitation… den states must take steps like provision of adequate nutritious food and clean drinking water…&lt;ref&gt;The full text of the Convention on the rights of the child is available at: {{cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights  |date=20 November 1989 |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm |access-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611182141/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010  }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) get Article 28(2)(a) wey require say persons with disabilities must get equal access to social protection and clean water services, plus access to appropriate and affordable services and support devices.&lt;ref&gt;The text of the Convention is available here: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-persons-disabilities&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;The International Bill of Human Rights&quot;—wey include the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966 Articles 11 and 12 of ICESCR, and 1948 Article 25 of UDHR—don help show how human right to water and sanitation evolve come become recognized worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;Gupta, J., Ahlers, R., and Ahmed, L. 2010. The human right to water: Moving towards consensus in a fragmented world. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 19(3), 294–305&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Meier|first1=Benjamin Mason|last2=Kayser|first2=Georgia|last3=Amjad|first3=Urooj|last4=Bartram|first4=Jamie|date=15 November 2012|title=Implementing an Evolving Human Right Through Water and Sanitation Policy |journal=Water Policy |volume=15 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2015424|language=en|location=Rochester, N.Y.|ssrn=2015424}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars also emphasize importance of UN recognition of water and sanitation rights near end of 20th century. Early definitions come from law professor Stephen McCaffrey of University of the Pacific in 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/gintenlr5&amp;div=7&amp;id=&amp;page=], McCaffrey, S.C. &quot;A Human Right to Water: Domestic and International Implications&quot; (1992) V Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Issue 1, pp.1-24.&lt;/ref&gt; and Dr. Peter Gleick in 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;pacinst.org&quot;&gt;[http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2012/10/basic_water_needs_human_right_to_water.pdf], Gleick, P.H. &quot;The Human Right to Water&quot; (1999) Water Policy, Vol. 1, Issue 5, pp. 487-503.&lt;/ref&gt; McCaffrey talk say this right fit link to right to food, health or even right to life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Gleick add say access to basic water requirement be human right supported by international law and state practice.&lt;ref name=&quot;pacinst.org&quot; /&gt;

The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) wey dey monitor ICESCR compliance come agree with these scholars through General Comment 15 for 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dem conclude say right to water dey part of right to adequate standard of living and also connect to health, housing and food rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E define say: &quot;The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resources and Information|url=http://ww1.unhchr.ch/|access-date=27 November 2020|website=ww1.unhchr.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some countries formally accept say water right be part of ICESCR obligations, like Germany, United Kingdom,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=righttowater - Just another WordPress site|url=https://www.righttowater.info/|access-date=27 November 2020|website=righttowater|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Human rights: the Netherlands officially recognises the right to water|url=http://www.irc.nl/page/39765|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222211635/http://www.irc.nl/page/39765|archive-date=22 February 2009|access-date=27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2005, UN Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights issue guidelines to help governments implement water and sanitation rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation Report of the Special Rapporteur, El Hadji Guissé|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/docs/SUb_Com_Guisse_guidelines.pdf|access-date=27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This lead Human Rights Council to appoint Catarina de Albuquerque as independent expert in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/iexpert/overview.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706011034/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/iexpert/overview.htm|archive-date=6 July 2010|access-date=27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; She later report in 2009 and CESCR confirm say sanitation must be recognized by all states.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

After long negotiation, 122 countries accept “Human Right to Water and Sanitation” through UN General Assembly Resolution 64/292 for 28 July 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/64/292 |access-date=27 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; E recognize say every person suppose get access to enough water for personal and domestic use (50–100 liters per person per day), safe, acceptable, affordable (cost no pass 3% of income), and accessible (source no pass 1,000 meters or 30 minutes collection time).&lt;ref name= ref2 /&gt;

UN General Assembly also declare say clean drinking water be &quot;essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights&quot;.&lt;ref name= ref2 /&gt;

For September 2010, UN Human Rights Council pass resolution wey confirm say water and sanitation be part of right to adequate standard of living.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=UN united to make the right to water and sanitation legally binding |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&amp;LangID=E |access-date=27 November 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129163313/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10403&amp;LangID=E |archivedate=29 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catarina de Albuquerque later become Special Rapporteur and continue report on issues like non-state service provision (2010), financing (2011), wastewater management (2013), and sustainability/non-retrogression (2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10356&amp;LangID=E|title=Statement by the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms Catarina de Albuquerque at the 15th session of the Human Rights Council|website=newsarchive.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102053934/https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10356&amp;LangID=E|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11542&amp;LangID=E|title=Statement by the Special Rapporteur on the right to access to safe drinking water and sanitation at the 66th Session of the General Assembly|website=newsarchive.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026102841/https://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11542&amp;LangID=E|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/WasteWaterManagement.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Wastewater management|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/Sustainabilityretrogressionrealisationofwaterandsanitation.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=19 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Léo Heller later take over as Special Rapporteur in 2014.

Later General Assembly Resolution 7/169 of 2015 confirm distinction between right to water and right to sanitation, because sanitation matter dey get less attention compared to water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== International jurisprudence ==

=== Inter-American Court of Human Rights ===
Right to water appear for Inter-American Court of Human Rights case of Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay.&lt;ref name=para&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234132/https://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/Judgment,%20Case%20of%20the%20Sawhoyamaxa%20Indigenous%20Community%20v.%20Paraguay.pdf ''Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234132/https://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/Judgment,%20Case%20of%20the%20Sawhoyamaxa%20Indigenous%20Community%20v.%20Paraguay.pdf |date=29 March 2017 }} (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 29 March 2006).&lt;/ref&gt;

The case involve state failure to recognize indigenous land rights. For 1991, government remove Sawhoyamaxa community from their land, and dem lose access to water, food, education and health services.&lt;ref name=para/&gt; This fall under American Convention on Human Rights and affect right to life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=American Convention on Human Rights |publisher=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights |date=22 November 1969 |url=http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618195529/http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Water form part of this right as access to land. Court order say land must return and basic services provide during transition period.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.escr-net.org/node/365163f] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507013122/http://www.escr-net.org/node/365163f|date=7 May 2014}}, International Network for Economic, Social &amp; Cultural RIghts, Case of Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) ===
ICSID cases concern contracts between governments and private companies for water services. Even though cases be about investment, some commentators note say right to water influence outcomes indirectly.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUwgAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Azurix+Corp+v+Argentina+right+to+water&amp;pg=PA296], Global Public Interest in International Investment Law, Andreas Kulick, 2012 at 303.&lt;/ref&gt;

Water privatization increase sharply from 1990s according to World Bank data.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bakker|first=Karen|date=27 February 2013|title=Neoliberal Versus Postneoliberal Water: Geographies of Privatization and Resistance|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=103|issue=2|pages=253–260|doi=10.1080/00045608.2013.756246|bibcode=2013AAAG..103..253B |s2cid=143834419}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Azurix Corp v. Argentina ====
This case involve dispute between Argentine Republic and Azurix Corporation over 30-year water contract.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003503/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&amp;actionVal=showDoc&amp;docId=DC507_En&amp;caseId=C5 ''Azurix Corp v. Argentina''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003503/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&amp;actionVal=showDoc&amp;docId=DC507_En&amp;caseId=C5 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ICSID Case No ARB/01/12.&lt;/ref&gt; Tribunal decide say Azurix deserve fair return on investment but reject full claim of US$438.6 million because expectation for profit must be reasonable given water pricing limits and service obligations.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003503/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&amp;actionVal=showDoc&amp;docId=DC507_En&amp;caseId=C5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003503/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&amp;actionVal=showDoc&amp;docId=DC507_En&amp;caseId=C5|date=4 March 2016}}, Azurix Corp v Argentina ICSID Case No ARB/01/12 at 149.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania ====
This case involve private water company dispute with Tanzania government over Dar es Salaam water system contract.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003519/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&amp;actionVal=showDoc&amp;docId=DC1590_En&amp;caseId=C67 ''Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd v. Tanzania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003519/https://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRH&amp;actionVal=showDoc&amp;docId=DC1590_En&amp;caseId=C67 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ICSID Case No ARB/05/22.&lt;/ref&gt; Government cancel contract in 2005 over performance issues. Tribunal later rule say government breach agreement but no award damages to company due to public interest concerns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biwater v. Tanzania|url=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement/cases/202/biwater-v-tanzania|access-date=12 December 2020|website=UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Right to water in domestic law ==
Without international enforcement body, human right to water depend on national courts.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&amp;context=lucilr], McGraw, George S. &quot;Defining and Defending the Right to Water and its Minimum Core: Legal Construction and the Role of National Jurisprudence&quot; ''Loyola University Chicago International Law Review'' Vol. 8, No. 2, 127-204 (2011) at 137.&lt;/ref&gt; Countries implement am through constitutions and laws, either as non-justiciable principles or enforceable rights.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-Poole.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard-_Poole.pdf|date=29 January 2018}}, Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard &quot;Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground&quot; [2013] NZLJ 289 at 297&lt;/ref&gt;

=== South Africa ===
[[File:Communal tap for drinking water (2941731238).jpg|thumb|A group of people gathering around a communal tap in Johannesburg, South Africa]]

For South Africa, constitution explicitly recognize right to water and implementation happen through national laws. This show model where constitution set principle and laws handle details.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaupapature.org.nz&quot;&gt;[http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-Poole.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard-_Poole.pdf|date=29 January 2018}}, Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard &quot;Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground&quot; [2013] NZLJ 289 at 298&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Residents of Bon Vista Mansions v. Southern Metropolitan Local Council ====
This case involve residents of Bon Vista Mansions after local council disconnect water due to unpaid bills. Court rule say people must get access to water under South African Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/a108-96.pdf], South African Constitution, Section 27(1)(a).&lt;/ref&gt;

Court also rely on UN General Comment 12 on right to food which require states not to interfere with existing access to basic needs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/escgencom12.htm], Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 12, Right to adequate food (Twentieth session, 1999), U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1999/5 (1999), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 62 (2003).&lt;/ref&gt;

Court find say stopping water supply violate law under South African Water Services Act because procedure no fair or reasonable.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003941/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf|date=31 October 2017}}, South African Water Services Act [No. 108 of 1997] Section 4 (3)&lt;/ref&gt;

This decision come before UN General Comment 15 be officially adopted.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga10967.doc.htm], UN General Comment No. 15&lt;/ref&gt;
====''Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg''====
The question of how much water people suppose receive come be discussed further in ''[[Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAGPHC/2008/491.pdf ''Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg''], (06/13865) [2008] ZAGPHC 491;[2008] All SA 471 (W) (30 April 2008)&lt;/ref&gt; The case center on how water dey distribute through pipes to Phiri, one of the oldest areas for Soweto. The case bring two main issues: first, whether the city policy on free basic water—6 kilolitres per month for each account holder—conflict with Section 27 of the South African Constitution or Section 11 of the Water Services Act.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003941/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf|date=31 October 2017}}, South African Water Services Act. [No. 108 of 1997] Section 11&lt;/ref&gt; Second issue be whether installation of pre-paid water meters be lawful or not.

The High Court hold say the city by-laws no allow installation of meters, so the meters installation be illegal. The court also hold say because the meters stop water supply after free basic water finish, that count as unlawful discontinuation of water supply. The court then rule say residents of Phiri must receive free basic water of 50 litres per person per day.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAGPHC/2008/491.pdf ''Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg''], (06/13865) [2008] ZAGPHC 491;[2008] All SA 471 (W) (30 April 2008) at 181&lt;/ref&gt;

Centre for Applied Legal Studies (CALS) of University of the Witwatersrand for Johannesburg and Pacific Institute for Oakland, California, share 2008 Business Ethics Network (BENNY) Award for their work on this case.&lt;ref&gt;[http://businessethicsnetwork.org/] Business Ethics Network&lt;/ref&gt; Pacific Institute also provide legal testimony based on work of Dr. Peter Gleick wey help define human right to water and explain minimum water needs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pacinst.org/news/350/], Pacific Institute &quot;Pacific Institute Shares BENNY Award for Efforts in South African Water Rights Decision.&quot; (2008), Pacific Institute, Oakland, California&lt;/ref&gt;

The main respondents carry the case go Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA), wey rule say city water policy suffer from error of law about minimum obligation under South African National Standard, so dem set am aside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/sites/PEG/docs/PEG%20Documents/10_SANS1-1.pdf?stdsid=14017755&amp;pid=free, |title=South African National Standard 3(b) |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071006/http://www.iso.org/sites/PEG/docs/PEG%20Documents/10_SANS1-1.pdf?stdsid=14017755&amp;pid=free, |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Court also hold say minimum quantity for dignified human life under Section 27 be 42 litres per person per day, not 50 litres. SCA declare say installation of water meters be illegal, but dem suspend the order for two years make city fit correct the system.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl?file=za/cases/ZASCA/2009/52.html&amp;query=mazibuko], Mazibuko and Another v National Director of Public Prosecutions (113/08) [2009] ZASCA 52; 2009 (6) SA 479 (SCA);  [2009] 3 All SA 548 (SCA) (26 May 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

The matter later go Constitutional Court. The court hold say constitution require state to take reasonable steps—through laws and policies—to progressively realize access to water, based on available resources. Court also say government policy decisions must stay within budget limits, and courts no suppose replace government role in deciding social and economic policy. So the minimum basic water policy was held constitutional, and government fit even go above am, but court no get power to prescribe exact quantity for social rights implementation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/disp.pl?file=za/cases/ZACC/2009/28.html&amp;query=mazibuko ''Mazibuko and Other v. City of Johannesburg and Others''] (CCt 39/09) [2009] ZACC 28; 2010 (3) BCLR 239 (CC); 2010 (4) SA 1 (CC) (8 October 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

The court focus instead on whether government steps be reasonable and whether dem dey review their policies regularly.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaupapature.org.nz&quot;/&gt; Some critics argue say the judgment use too much judicial restraint and limit strong enforcement of social rights.&lt;ref&gt;Alston &amp; Goodman, International Human Rights, Oxford University Press (2013), Lucy A. Williams, &quot;The Role of Courts In The Quantitative-Implementation of Social and Economic Rights: A Comparative Study&quot;, 3 ''Constitutional Court Review'' 2010 [South Africa] (2011) 141&lt;/ref&gt;

=== India ===
Two major cases for India show how courts interpret right to water even though e no explicitly written inside Constitution, but as part of right to life, courts include am under safe and sufficient water access.&lt;ref&gt;[http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&amp;context=njihr], Amy Hardberger &quot;Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Water: Evaluating Water as a Human Right and the Duties and Obligations it Creates&quot; (2005) 4 ''Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights'' 331 at 352&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Jamuna River 04.jpg|thumb|The Yamuna River, river wey Haryana state and Delhi dey use]]

====''Delhi Water Supply v. State of Haryana''====
This dispute start because Haryana dey use Yamuna River water for irrigation while Delhi need am for drinking and domestic use. Court rule say domestic use get priority over commercial use, so Haryana must release enough water for Delhi residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiankanoon.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1520766/ ''Delhi Water Supply &amp; Sewage v. State Of Haryana &amp; Ors''], 1999 SCC(2) 572, JT 1996 (6) 107&lt;/ref&gt;

====''Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar''====
For this case, petitioner challenge pollution of Bokaro River due to waste discharge from washeries. Court hold say right to life under Article 21 include right to clean and pollution-free water.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|date=2 April 2012}}, The Constitution of India&lt;/ref&gt; However, case fail because court find say petition no be genuine public interest but personal interest, so continuation of case go count as abuse of process.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiankanoon.org&quot;/&gt;

==== World Rights to Water Day ====
Water be essential for life of all living beings, including humans. So access to clean and enough water be considered inalienable human right. Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) believe say this right suppose be clearly recognized by law, including minimum per capita water access. United Nations already set obligations on countries through different covenants to ensure fair distribution of water to citizens.

Because of this, ENF start observe and promote World Rights to Water Day on 20 March, date wey Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar lead first water satyagraha in 1927. The day encourage adoption of laws wey guarantee universal right to water. Under guidance of founder Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF organize programmes to promote access to water rights for citizens.&lt;ref&gt;econeeds.org&lt;/ref&gt;

=== New Zealand ===
Economic, social and cultural rights no get explicit protection under New Zealand Human Rights Act or Bill of Rights Act, so right to water no get direct legal protection there.&lt;ref&gt;Natalie Baird and Diana Pickard, [http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard_-Poole.pdf &quot;Economic, social and cultural rights: a proposal for a constitutional peg in the ground&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129135516/http://www.kaupapature.org.nz/store/doc/Pickard-_Poole.pdf |date=29 January 2018 }}, [2013] NZLJ 289 at 299&lt;/ref&gt;

New Zealand Law Society don indicate recently say dem go still consider legal recognition of these rights.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180304033140/http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76530/l-HR-Committee-ICCPR-List-of-Issues-Prior-to-Reporting-5-3-14-with-annexure,-UPR-submission-17-6-13.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304033140/http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76530/l-HR-Committee-ICCPR-List-of-Issues-Prior-to-Reporting-5-3-14-with-annexure,-UPR-submission-17-6-13.pdf|date=4 March 2018}}, New Zealand Law Society Human Rights &amp; Privacy Committee, Submission to the 18th Session of The Human Rights Council, Shadow Report to New Zealand's 2nd Universal Periodic Review&lt;/ref&gt;

=== United States ===
For United States, no federal law officially recognize human right to water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://law.northeastern.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/phrge-water-primer.pdf |title=The Human Right to Water in the United States |author1=Kevin Murray |author2=Sara Kominers |publisher=Northeastern University School of Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; But some federal laws protect water quality, including:

* Safe Drinking Water Act (public water systems, not private wells or bottled water)
* Clean Water Act (surface waters of the United States)
* Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
* Superfund (CERCLA)
* National Environmental Policy Act (environmental impact requirements)

=== Australia ===
Attention for Australia focus mainly on Indigenous Australians’ water rights. Settler-colonial history still influence how water resources dey managed today. Even though government make agreements, many still no fully address Indigenous access to water and sanitation.

In ''Mabo v Queensland (No 2)'', native title rights get legal recognition for first time in 1992. Indigenous Australians often connect land and water to cultural identity, but legal system still struggle to fully recognize spiritual and cultural water rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Poirier|first1=Robert|last2=Schartmueller|first2=Doris|date=1 September 2012|title=Indigenous water rights in Australia|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.11.002|journal=The Social Science Journal|volume=49|issue=3|pages=317–324|doi=10.1016/j.soscij.2011.11.002|s2cid=144101999|issn=0362-3319|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Burdon|first1=Peter|last2=Drew|first2=Georgina|last3=Stubbs|first3=Matthew|last4=Webster|first4=Adam|last5=Barber|first5=Marcus|date=2 October 2015|title=Decolonising Indigenous water 'rights' in Australia: flow, difference, and the limits of law|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2014.1000907|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=334–349|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2014.1000907|s2cid=154484189|issn=2201-473X|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Australian water law allow citizens use surface water but no own am. Inland and river water rights mostly under state control, while Commonwealth get power through external affairs, trade and grants powers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2000, Federal Court allow Indigenous people use water for traditional purposes, but irrigation no count as traditional use.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2004, National Water Initiative recognize Indigenous water interests, but critics say it no fully address historical inequality in water distribution.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2014|title=Indigenous people's right to water under international law: a legal pluralism perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1877343514000700|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=11|pages=26–33|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2014.09.015|issn=1877-3435|last1=Gupta|first1=Joyeeta|last2=Hildering|first2=Antoinette|last3=Misiedjan|first3=Daphina|bibcode=2014COES...11...26G |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Remaining discussions ==

=== Transboundary effects ===
[[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Ethiopia move to fill [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] reservoir fit reduce [[Nile]] flow reach up to 25% and spoil Egypt farmland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363 |work=[[NPR]] |date=27 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:Nord-Krim-Kanal.png|right|thumb|After Russia annex Crimea, Ukraine block the [[North Crimean Canal]], wey dey give about 85% of Crimea fresh water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=29 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Since access to water dey cross borders and fit cause tension for areas like Middle East, South Asia, Eastern Mediterranean and some parts of North America, some NGOs and scholars dey argue say right to water get trans-national side too. Dem believe say because water no dey respect borders, countries suppose avoid actions wey fit spoil other people human rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FIAN International|url=https://fian.org/en/|access-date=30 March 2021|website=fian.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis idea also fit help reduce global &quot;water crunch&quot; wey population increase dey cause. But as population dey grow, water scarcity go still create serious problem. E also raise question whether water fit dey move from one country go another or not.&lt;ref name= ref3&gt;McCaffrey, Stephen C. &quot;Human Right to Water: Domestic and International Implications, A.&quot; ''Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev.'' 5 (1992): 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Water Dispute Between India and Pakistan ====
Water matter between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] dey connected to water shortage for South Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bakhtawar|first=Saadia|date=2012|title=Water: an Economic Resource Conflict between India and Pakistan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3597519|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3597519|issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem get agreement called [[Indus Waters Treaty]] wey dey divide river use between di two countries after independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Salman|first1=Salman M. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA42|title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective|last2=Uprety|first2=Kishor|date=2002|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even with di treaty, wahala still dey. Pakistan dey fear say India dam projects fit reduce water wey go reach dem and cause scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Pankaj Kumar|date=2012|title=Conflict over Water Between India and Pakistan: Fear and Hopes?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856568|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=73|issue=1|pages=133–140|jstor=41856568|issn=0019-5510}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Water commercialization versus state provision ===
Debate still dey whether government or private companies suppose handle water supply and sanitation.

Some people believe say water scarcity make private sector management better because e fit increase efficiency and reduce waste. Dem argue say government water system cost too much and no dey always effective, so market approach fit help manage water better.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wilder|first1=Margaret|last2=Romero Lankao|first2=Patricia|date=November 2006|title=Paradoxes of Decentralization: Water Reform and Social Implications in Mexico|journal=World Development|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1977–1995|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But other side talk say water be human right, so e no suppose depend on profit or private companies. Dem believe say water suppose dey available for everybody because e dey essential for life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref4&quot;&gt;Bakker, Karen. &quot;The &quot;Commons&quot; Versus the &quot;Commodity&quot;: Alter‐globalization, Anti‐privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South&quot;. ''Antipode'' 39.3 (2007): 430-455.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organizations ===
Organizations wey dey work for water and sanitation rights include:

==== United Nations organizations ====
* [[OHCHR]]
* [[UNDP]]
* [[UNICEF]]
* Sanitation and Water for All

==== Governmental cooperation agencies ====
* [[DFID]]
* [[GIZ]]
* [[Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|SDC]]
* [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]

==== International NGOs and networks ====
* [[Action against Hunger]]
* [[Blood:Water]]
* Center for Water Security and Cooperation
* Freshwater Action Network (FAN)
* Pure Water for the World
* The DigDeep Right to Water Project
* [[Pacific Institute]]
* The Water Project
* [[Transnational Institute]]
* UUSC
* [[WaterAid]]
* WaterLex
* [[PeaceJam]]
* [[Thirst Project]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
* [https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-water-and-sanitation Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation] by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
* [https://www.waterlex.org/ WaterLex Archive]
* [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/human-right-water-and-sanitation-translating-theory-practice The Human Right to Water and Sanitation: Translating Theory into Practice (2009)] by [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit|GIZ]]
* [https://www.humanium.org/en/water/ Right to Water: Understanding children's right to water] on Humanium
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[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Right to health]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zikuli River</title>
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De '''Zikuli''', dem sanso call '''Gereb Awhi''' anaa '''Mennewe River''', be a river of de [[Nile]] basin. Rising insyd de mountains of Dogu’a Tembien insyd northern [[Ethiopia]], e dey flow southward to empty finally insyd de Giba den Tekezé River.&lt;ref name=&quot;chapmap&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
== Characteristics ==
De Zikuli be a confined ephemeral river, locally meandering insyd ein narrow alluvial plain, plus an average slope gradient of 37 metres per kilometre. Plus ein tributaries, de river cut a gorge.&lt;ref name=&quot;chapriver&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods den flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen insyd de form of high runoff discharge events wey occur insyd a very short period (dem call flash floods). Dese be related to de steep topography, often little vegetation cover den intense convective rainfall. De peaks of such flash floods often get a 50 to 100 times larger discharge dan de preceding baseflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;chapriver&quot;/&gt; De magnitude of floods insyd dis river however be decreased secof interventions insyd de catchment. On steep slopes, exclosures be established; de dense vegetation largely dey contribute to enhanced infiltration, less flooding den better baseflow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; den check dams sanso intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards de lower valley ==
Transhumance dey take place insyd de summer rainy season, wen de lands near de villages be occupied by crops. Young shepherds go take de village cattle down to de gorge den overnight insyd small caves. De gorges particularly be attractive as a transhumance destination zone, secof der be water den good growth of semi-natural vegetation.&lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boulders den pebbles insyd de river bed ==
Boulders den pebbles dem encounter insyd de river bed fi originate from any location higher up insyd de catchment. Insyd de uppermost stretches of de river, only rock fragments of de upper lithological units go be present insyd de river bed, whereas more downstream one fi find a more comprehensive mix of all lithologies wey de river crosse. From upstream to downstream, de following lithological units dey occur insyd de catchment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Upper basalt
* Interbedded lacustrine deposits
* Lower basalt
* Amba Aradam Formation
* Antalo Limestone
* Quaternary freshwater tufa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Adigrat Sandstone

== References ==</text>
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De '''Zikuli''', dem sanso call '''Gereb Awhi''' anaa '''Mennewe River''', be a river of de [[Nile]] basin. Rising insyd de mountains of Dogu’a Tembien insyd northern [[Ethiopia]], e dey flow southward to empty finally insyd de Giba den Tekezé River.&lt;ref name=&quot;chapmap&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
== Characteristics ==
De Zikuli be a confined ephemeral river, locally meandering insyd ein narrow alluvial plain, plus an average slope gradient of 37 metres per kilometre. Plus ein tributaries, de river cut a gorge.&lt;ref name=&quot;chapriver&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flash floods den flood buffering ==
Runoff mostly dey happen insyd de form of high runoff discharge events wey occur insyd a very short period (dem call flash floods). Dese be related to de steep topography, often little vegetation cover den intense convective rainfall. De peaks of such flash floods often get a 50 to 100 times larger discharge dan de preceding baseflow.&lt;ref name=&quot;chapriver&quot;/&gt; De magnitude of floods insyd dis river however be decreased secof interventions insyd de catchment. On steep slopes, exclosures be established; de dense vegetation largely dey contribute to enhanced infiltration, less flooding den better baseflow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; den check dams sanso intercept runoff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumance towards de lower valley ==
Transhumance dey take place insyd de summer rainy season, wen de lands near de villages be occupied by crops. Young shepherds go take de village cattle down to de gorge den overnight insyd small caves. De gorges particularly be attractive as a transhumance destination zone, secof der be water den good growth of semi-natural vegetation.&lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Boulders den pebbles insyd de river bed ==
Boulders den pebbles dem encounter insyd de river bed fi originate from any location higher up insyd de catchment. Insyd de uppermost stretches of de river, only rock fragments of de upper lithological units go be present insyd de river bed, whereas more downstream one fi find a more comprehensive mix of all lithologies wey de river crosse. From upstream to downstream, de following lithological units dey occur insyd de catchment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Upper basalt
* Interbedded lacustrine deposits
* Lower basalt
* Amba Aradam Formation
* Antalo Limestone
* Quaternary freshwater tufa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Adigrat Sandstone

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Dogu'a Tembien]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tigray Region]]
[[Category:Nile basin]]</text>
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    <title>Black Volta</title>
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De '''Black Volta''' anaa '''Mouhoun''' (French: ''Volta noire'')&lt;ref name=&quot;amisigo&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Amisigo |first1=Barnabas Akurigo |title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework |date=2005 |publisher=Cuvilier |isbn=9783865377012 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&amp;q=nakanbe+volta&amp;pg=PA27 |accessdate=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a river wey dey flow thru [[Burkina Faso]] for approximately 1,352&amp;nbsp;km (840&amp;nbsp;mi) to de [[White Volta]] insyd Dagbon, [[Ghana]], de upper end of Lake Volta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be one of de three main parts of de [[Volta River|Volta]], plus de White Volta den de [[Red Volta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1959-1984) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920045902/https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Flags of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De source of de Black Volta dey insyd de Cascades Region of Burkina Faso, close to Mount Tenakourou, de highest point of de country. Further downstream e dey form part of de border between Ghana den Burkina Faso, den later between [[Ivory Coast]] den Ghana. Within Ghana, e dey mark de border between de [[Savannah Region|Savannah]] den [[Bono Region|Bono]] regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html|location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2020-08-18|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot; /&gt; De [[Bui Dam]], a hydroelectric power plant, dem build for de river ein top, just south of de Bui National Park, wich de river dey bisect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|website=Ghana Wildlife Division|accessdate=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183647/http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Length, Basin, den Hydrology ==
Black Volta River get about 1,352 kilometres length and dat make am one of the biggest rivers for the Volta Basin system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Black Volta |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Volta&amp;oldid=1359675764 |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di area wey Black Volta dey drain water from cover about 147,000 square kilometres, depending on how dem do the estimation. E be very important part of the bigger Volta Basin, wey be one of the biggest river basins for [[West Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/black-volta/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For some parts of de upper side of de river, de water no dey flow plenty all year round. During de dry season, the amount of water wey dey flow inside the river dey reduce because rainfall no too dey fall for the savanna climate area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EBSCO - Research Databases, EBooks, Discovery Service |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course den Geographical Role ==
Black Volta River get about 1,352 kilometres length and dat make am one of the biggest rivers for the Volta Basin system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Black Volta |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Volta&amp;oldid=1359675764 |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di area wey Black Volta dey drain water from cover about 147,000 square kilometres, depending on how dem do the estimation. E be very important part of the bigger Volta Basin, wey be one of the biggest river basins for [[West Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/black-volta/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di river dey flow go south side, and for some places e dey serve as international border between Ghana and Burkina Faso, and also between [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Volta-River}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For Ghana, di river continue dey flow go inside di country and later e join contribute water to Lake Volta, one of di biggest man-made lakes for di world. Dem create Lake Volta through di Akosombo Dam wey dey for di Volta River system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Black Volta be part of one bigger river system wey include White Volta and Red Volta too. Downstream, all these rivers join together form the main Volta River.

== Hydropower den Infrastructure ==


One of di most important infrastructures wey dey for Black Volta be di Bui Dam for Ghana. Di dam be hydroelectric project wey dey help produce electricity for di country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Black Volta |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Volta&amp;oldid=1359675764 |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di dam too dey affect how di river water dey flow, how irrigation systems dey work, and di environmental conditions around di river basin area.

== References ==
[[Category:Volta River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ghana]]
[[Category:Lake Volta]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana–Ivory Coast border]]
[[Category:Burkina Faso–Ghana border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]</text>
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De '''Black Volta''' anaa '''Mouhoun''' (French: ''Volta noire'')&lt;ref name=&quot;amisigo&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Amisigo |first1=Barnabas Akurigo |title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework |date=2005 |publisher=Cuvilier |isbn=9783865377012 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&amp;q=nakanbe+volta&amp;pg=PA27 |accessdate=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a river wey dey flow thru [[Burkina Faso]] for approximately 1,352&amp;nbsp;km (840&amp;nbsp;mi) to de [[White Volta]] insyd Dagbon, [[Ghana]], de upper end of Lake Volta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be one of de three main parts of de [[Volta River|Volta]], plus de White Volta den de [[Red Volta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1959-1984) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920045902/https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Flags of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De source of de Black Volta dey insyd de Cascades Region of Burkina Faso, close to Mount Tenakourou, de highest point of de country. Further downstream e dey form part of de border between Ghana den Burkina Faso, den later between [[Ivory Coast]] den Ghana. Within Ghana, e dey mark de border between de [[Savannah Region|Savannah]] den [[Bono Region|Bono]] regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html|location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2020-08-18|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot; /&gt; De [[Bui Dam]], a hydroelectric power plant, dem build for de river ein top, just south of de Bui National Park, wich de river dey bisect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|website=Ghana Wildlife Division|accessdate=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183647/http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Length, Basin, den Hydrology ==
De Black Volta be approximately 1,352 km long, wey dey make am one of de major rivers of de Volta basin system. 

Ein drainage basin dey cover about 147,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; wey dey depend on estimation methods, wey e dey form a crucial part of de wider Volta Basin, one of de largest river basins insyd [[West Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BLACK VOLTA BASIN |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/black-volta/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river flow fi cam be seasonal insyd ein upper reaches, plus reduced discharge during de dry season secof low rainfall variability insyd de savanna climate zone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Volta River {{!}} Science {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Course den Geographical Role ==
De river dey flow generally southward, then dey form international boundaries between [[Ghana]] den Burkina Faso, den between Ghana den [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Black Volta River {{!}} Map, Ghana, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Volta-River|access-date=2026-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd Ghana, e dey continue toward de interior den eventually dey contribute to Lake Volta, one of de largest artificial reservoirs insyd de world, dem create by de [[Akosombo Dam]] on de Volta River system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

De Black Volta be part of a larger system wey sanso dey include de White Volta den Red Volta, wich dey merge downstream to form de main Volta River.

== Economic den Environmental Importance ==
De Black Volta Basin dey support agriculture, fishing, domestic water supply, den hydropower production across several [[West Africa|West African]] countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Agriculture insyd de basin dey include rain-fed crops such as maize, millet, sorghum, rice, yam, den cassava, wich widely be cultivated by local populations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De river sanso dey play a role in ecosystem sustainability, dey support aquatic biodiversity den dey provide water for livestock den irrigation systems insyd rural communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Hydropower den Infrastructure ==

One of de most important infrastructures wey dey for Black Volta be de Bui Dam for Ghana. De dam be hydroelectric project wey dey help produce electricity for de country.

De dam too dey affect how de river water dey flow, how irrigation systems dey work, den de environmental conditions around de river basin area.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:Volta River]]
[[Category:Lake Volta]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana–Ivory Coast border]]
[[Category:Burkina Faso–Ghana border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]
[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5279" sha1="0zr0h2r8ytdhmneyw7cz6seblr8cr6n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Black Volta''' anaa '''Mouhoun''' (French: ''Volta noire'')&lt;ref name=&quot;amisigo&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Amisigo |first1=Barnabas Akurigo |title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework |date=2005 |publisher=Cuvilier |isbn=9783865377012 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&amp;q=nakanbe+volta&amp;pg=PA27 |accessdate=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a river wey dey flow thru [[Burkina Faso]] for approximately 1,352&amp;nbsp;km (840&amp;nbsp;mi) to de [[White Volta]] insyd Dagbon, [[Ghana]], de upper end of Lake Volta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be one of de three main parts of de [[Volta River|Volta]], plus de White Volta den de [[Red Volta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1959-1984) |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920045902/https://www.fotw.info/flags/bf_uv.html |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2020-01-15 |website=Flags of the World}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De source of de Black Volta dey insyd de Cascades Region of Burkina Faso, close to Mount Tenakourou, de highest point of de country. Further downstream e dey form part of de border between Ghana den Burkina Faso, den later between [[Ivory Coast]] den Ghana. Within Ghana, e dey mark de border between de [[Savannah Region|Savannah]] den [[Bono Region|Bono]] regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=CONFIRMED: Results of the 2018 Referendum on new regions|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/confirmed-results-of-the-2018-referendum-on-new-regions.html|location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2020-08-18|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot; /&gt; De [[Bui Dam]], a hydroelectric power plant, dem build for de river ein top, just south of de Bui National Park, wich de river dey bisect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bui National Park|url=http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|website=Ghana Wildlife Division|accessdate=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223183647/http://ghanawildlife.org/bui.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Length, Basin, den Hydrology ==
De Black Volta be approximately 1,352 km long, wey dey make am one of de major rivers of de Volta basin system. 

Ein drainage basin dey cover about 147,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; wey dey depend on estimation methods, wey e dey form a crucial part of de wider Volta Basin, one of de largest river basins insyd [[West Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BLACK VOLTA BASIN |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/black-volta/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river flow fi cam be seasonal insyd ein upper reaches, plus reduced discharge during de dry season secof low rainfall variability insyd de savanna climate zone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Volta River {{!}} Science {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Course den Geographical Role ==
De river dey flow generally southward, then dey form international boundaries between [[Ghana]] den Burkina Faso, den between Ghana den [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Black Volta River {{!}} Map, Ghana, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Volta-River|access-date=2026-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd Ghana, e dey continue toward de interior den eventually dey contribute to Lake Volta, one of de largest artificial reservoirs insyd de world, dem create by de [[Akosombo Dam]] on de Volta River system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

De Black Volta be part of a larger system wey sanso dey include de White Volta den Red Volta, wich dey merge downstream to form de main Volta River.

== Economic den Environmental Importance ==
De Black Volta Basin dey support agriculture, fishing, domestic water supply, den hydropower production across several [[West Africa|West African]] countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Agriculture insyd de basin dey include rain-fed crops such as maize, millet, sorghum, rice, yam, den cassava, wich widely be cultivated by local populations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De river sanso dey play a role in ecosystem sustainability, dey support aquatic biodiversity den dey provide water for livestock den irrigation systems insyd rural communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Hydropower den Infrastructure ==

One of de most important infrastructures wey dey for Black Volta be de Bui Dam for Ghana. De dam be hydroelectric project wey dey help produce electricity for de country.

De dam too dey affect how de river water dey flow, how irrigation systems dey work, den de environmental conditions around de river basin area.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Volta River]]
[[Category:Lake Volta]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Ghana–Ivory Coast border]]
[[Category:Burkina Faso–Ghana border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]
[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>Kariba Dam</title>
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      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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      <text bytes="4206" sha1="nzx2lnhu15py29g2unkgmbvl6n6zfza" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam dey stand {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&amp;p=1
|title=Kariba Dam
|publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De dam dey form [[Lake Kariba]], wich dey extend for {{convert|280|km}} den dey hold {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water.

== Construction ==
Na dem construct de dam on de orders of de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, a 'federal colony' within de British Empire. De consulting engineers, wey be Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, a joint venture of consulting engineers, wich include Sir Alexander Gibb &amp; Partners, wey ein team be led by Sir Angus Paton,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/  |title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton|date=15 April 1999|newspaper = New Civil Engineer|access-date=12 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Coyne et Bellier, wey ein team be led by André Coyne.&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |title=Kariba Dam|publisher=Spurwing facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; De double curvature concrete arch dam be constructed between 1955 den 1959 by Cogefar-Impresit of Italy&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;/&gt; at a cost of $135,000,000 for de first stage plus only de Kariba South power cavern. Final construction den de addition of de Kariba North Power cavern by Mitchell Construction&lt;ref&gt;Indictment: Power &amp; Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber &amp; Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-571-14985-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dem no plete am til 1977, secof largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers loose dema lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm | title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa | publisher=Industry Cards | work=Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery | access-date=20 February 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm | archive-date=19 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De dam officially be opened by [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]] on 17 May 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|title=Opening of Kariba Dam by HM The Queen Mother, May 1960|publisher=National Archives|access-date=10 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PHmuseum: The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba |date=19 July 2021|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|access-date=10 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Power generation ==
De Kariba Dam dey supply {{convert|2010|MW}} of electricity to parts of both [[Zambia]] (de Copperbelt) den [[Zimbabwe]] wey dey generate {{convert|6400|GWh}} per annum. Each country get ein own power station on de north den south bank of de dam, respectively. De south station wey dey belong to Zimbabwe be insyd operation since 1960 wey e get six generators of {{convert|125|MW}} capacity each for a total of {{convert|750|MW}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |page=VI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6776" sha1="21b3ll030i4qbciq13g48d1x085luxy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam dey stand {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&amp;p=1
|title=Kariba Dam
|publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De dam dey form [[Lake Kariba]], wich dey extend for {{convert|280|km}} den dey hold {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water.

== Construction ==
Na dem construct de dam on de orders of de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, a 'federal colony' within de British Empire. De consulting engineers, wey be Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, a joint venture of consulting engineers, wich include Sir Alexander Gibb &amp; Partners, wey ein team be led by Sir Angus Paton,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/  |title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton|date=15 April 1999|newspaper = New Civil Engineer|access-date=12 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Coyne et Bellier, wey ein team be led by André Coyne.&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |title=Kariba Dam|publisher=Spurwing facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; De double curvature concrete arch dam be constructed between 1955 den 1959 by Cogefar-Impresit of Italy&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;/&gt; at a cost of $135,000,000 for de first stage plus only de Kariba South power cavern. Final construction den de addition of de Kariba North Power cavern by Mitchell Construction&lt;ref&gt;Indictment: Power &amp; Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber &amp; Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-571-14985-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dem no plete am til 1977, secof largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers loose dema lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm | title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa | publisher=Industry Cards | work=Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery | access-date=20 February 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm | archive-date=19 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De dam officially be opened by [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]] on 17 May 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|title=Opening of Kariba Dam by HM The Queen Mother, May 1960|publisher=National Archives|access-date=10 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PHmuseum: The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba |date=19 July 2021|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|access-date=10 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Power generation ==
De Kariba Dam dey supply {{convert|2010|MW}} of electricity to parts of both [[Zambia]] (de Copperbelt) den [[Zimbabwe]] wey dey generate {{convert|6400|GWh}} per annum. Each country get ein own power station on de north den south bank of de dam, respectively. De south station wey dey belong to Zimbabwe be insyd operation since 1960 wey e get six generators of {{convert|125|MW}} capacity each for a total of {{convert|750|MW}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |page=VI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Location ==
[[File:The way to Zambia through Kariba Dam.jpg|thumb|left|De way to Zambia thru Kariba Dam]]
[[File:Zambezi.svg|frame|right|Zambezi river basin]]

Na dem plan den carry out de Kariba Dam project by de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. De Federation often be referred to as de Central African Federation (CAF). Na de CAF be a 'federal colony' within de British Empire insyd southern Africa wey exist from 1953 to de end of 1963, wey dey comprise de former self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia den de former British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia den Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia decide earlier insyd 1953 (before na dem found de Federation) to build a dam within ein territory, on de [[Kafue River]], a major tributary of de [[Zambezi]]. Na e go be closer to Northern Rhodesia ein Copperbelt, wich be in need of more power. Dis go be a cheaper den less grandiose project, plus a smaller environmental impact. Southern Rhodesia, de richest of de three, object to a Kafue dam wey dem insist dat de dam be sited instead at Kariba. Also, de capacity of de Kafue dam be much lower dan dat at Kariba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf
|page=9
|title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000
|publisher=World Commission on Dams
|year=2000
|access-date=2010-11-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf
|archive-date=2010-06-13
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, na de dam be managed den maintained by de Central African Power Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7414b/w7414b16.htm|title=Agreement relating to the Central African power corporation signed at Salisbury|date= 25 November 1963|access-date=24 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Kariba Dam now be owned den operated by de Zambezi River Authority,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/02/17/kariba-dam-water-levels-will-soon-improve-says-zambezi-river-authority/|title=Kariba Dam water levels will soon improve, says Zambezi River Authority|publisher=Lusaka Times|date=17 February 2016|access-date=24 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich be jointly den equally owned by [[Zimbabwe]] den [[Zambia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Legal Status}} |url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |title=Legal Status |publisher=Zambezi River Authority |access-date=2012-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406050532/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |archive-date=2010-04-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==</text>
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      <text bytes="7392" sha1="jefqskz7isqclklm7lsm3cfmqgu8m3u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam dey stand {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&amp;p=1
|title=Kariba Dam
|publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.
|access-date=2007-07-31
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; De dam dey form [[Lake Kariba]], wich dey extend for {{convert|280|km}} den dey hold {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water.

== Construction ==
Na dem construct de dam on de orders of de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, a 'federal colony' within de British Empire. De consulting engineers, wey be Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, a joint venture of consulting engineers, wich include Sir Alexander Gibb &amp; Partners, wey ein team be led by Sir Angus Paton,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/  |title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton|date=15 April 1999|newspaper = New Civil Engineer|access-date=12 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Coyne et Bellier, wey ein team be led by André Coyne.&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |title=Kariba Dam|publisher=Spurwing facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; De double curvature concrete arch dam be constructed between 1955 den 1959 by Cogefar-Impresit of Italy&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;/&gt; at a cost of $135,000,000 for de first stage plus only de Kariba South power cavern. Final construction den de addition of de Kariba North Power cavern by Mitchell Construction&lt;ref&gt;Indictment: Power &amp; Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber &amp; Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-571-14985-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dem no plete am til 1977, secof largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers loose dema lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;spurwing&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm | title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa | publisher=Industry Cards | work=Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery | access-date=20 February 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm | archive-date=19 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

De dam officially be opened by [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]] on 17 May 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|title=Opening of Kariba Dam by HM The Queen Mother, May 1960|publisher=National Archives|access-date=10 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PHmuseum: The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba |date=19 July 2021|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|access-date=10 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Power generation ==
De Kariba Dam dey supply {{convert|2010|MW}} of electricity to parts of both [[Zambia]] (de Copperbelt) den [[Zimbabwe]] wey dey generate {{convert|6400|GWh}} per annum. Each country get ein own power station on de north den south bank of de dam, respectively. De south station wey dey belong to Zimbabwe be insyd operation since 1960 wey e get six generators of {{convert|125|MW}} capacity each for a total of {{convert|750|MW}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |page=VI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Location ==
[[File:The way to Zambia through Kariba Dam.jpg|thumb|left|De way to Zambia thru Kariba Dam]]
[[File:Zambezi.svg|frame|right|Zambezi river basin]]

Na dem plan den carry out de Kariba Dam project by de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. De Federation often be referred to as de Central African Federation (CAF). Na de CAF be a 'federal colony' within de British Empire insyd southern Africa wey exist from 1953 to de end of 1963, wey dey comprise de former self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia den de former British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia den Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia decide earlier insyd 1953 (before na dem found de Federation) to build a dam within ein territory, on de [[Kafue River]], a major tributary of de [[Zambezi]]. Na e go be closer to Northern Rhodesia ein Copperbelt, wich be in need of more power. Dis go be a cheaper den less grandiose project, plus a smaller environmental impact. Southern Rhodesia, de richest of de three, object to a Kafue dam wey dem insist dat de dam be sited instead at Kariba. Also, de capacity of de Kafue dam be much lower dan dat at Kariba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf
|page=9
|title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000
|publisher=World Commission on Dams
|year=2000
|access-date=2010-11-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf
|archive-date=2010-06-13
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, na de dam be managed den maintained by de Central African Power Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7414b/w7414b16.htm|title=Agreement relating to the Central African power corporation signed at Salisbury|date= 25 November 1963|access-date=24 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Kariba Dam now be owned den operated by de Zambezi River Authority,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/02/17/kariba-dam-water-levels-will-soon-improve-says-zambezi-river-authority/|title=Kariba Dam water levels will soon improve, says Zambezi River Authority|publisher=Lusaka Times|date=17 February 2016|access-date=24 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich be jointly den equally owned by [[Zimbabwe]] den [[Zambia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Legal Status}} |url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |title=Legal Status |publisher=Zambezi River Authority |access-date=2012-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406050532/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |archive-date=2010-04-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dams insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Dams insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Lake Kariba]]
[[Category:Zambezi River]]
[[Category:Arch dams]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Mashonaland West Province]]
[[Category:Dams dem plete insyd 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments insyd Northern Rhodesia]]
[[Category:1959 establishments insyd Southern Rhodesia]]
[[Category:1959 establishments insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Rhodesia–Zambia relations]]
[[Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Auob River</title>
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De '''Auob River''' be river insyd de Northern Cape province of [[South Africa]] den de Hardap Region of [[Namibia]]. Edey flow thru de Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Stuart |first1=Chris |last2=Stuart |first2=Mathilde |title=National Parks and Nature Reserves: A South African Field Guide |date=7 February 2013 |publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa |isbn=978-1-920545-24-6 |page=563 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg9bDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT563 |access-date=7 April 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Starfield |first1=A. M. |last2=Shapiro |first2=S. M. |last3=Furniss |first3=P. R. |last4=Sears |first4=M. |last5=Retief |first5=P. F. |last6=van der Walt |first6=P. T. |last7=Mills |first7=M. G. L. |title=A Developing Computer Model of the Auob River Ecosystem, Kalahari Gemsbok National Park |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_28 |website=Ecology of Tropical Savannas |publisher=Springer |access-date=7 April 2025 |pages=610–625 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-68786-0_28 |date=1982}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe tributary of de Nossob River.

== Ein Route ==
[[File:Molopo Basin OSM.png|thumb|De Auob insyd de Molopo catchment area (center left)]]
De river dey flow about {{convert|400|km|miles}} southeastward thru Namibia den Northern Cape.

=== Headwaters ===
* {{coord|22.6514|S|17.286|E}} in [[Namibia]]

=== Mouth ===
* {{coord|26.4333|S|20.6167|E}}, Nossob River

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rivers of Namibia]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Northern Cape]]</text>
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    <title>Olifants River (Limpopo)</title>
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[[File:Limpopo watershed topo.png|thumb|300px|Course den catchment of de [[Limpopo River]]. De Olifants dey join de Limpopo from de right, some 190 kilometres from de Indian Ocean.]]
De '''Olifants River,''' '''Lepelle''',&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html Olifants River now called Lepelle]&lt;/ref&gt; '''iBhalule''' anaa '''Obalule'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf Transvaal Indigenous Place Names] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |date=2008-10-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Afrikaans: ''Olifantsrivier''; Portuguese: ''Rio dos Elefantes'') be sam river for [[South Africa]] den [[Mozambique]], den e be tributary of de Limpopo River. E dey fall under Drainage Area B for de Drainage basins of South Africa. De historical area of de Pedi people, Sekhukhuneland, dey located between de Olifants River den one of ein biggest tributaries, de Steelpoort River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm |title=The Ba Pedi |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314132451/http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Course==
De Olifants River get ein origin between Breyten den Bethal, Mpumalanga Province.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]&lt;/ref&gt; E dey flow go north towards Limpopo Province thru Witbank Dam den den Loskop Dam, den de Drakensberg force am make e turn go east. E cut thru de Abel Erasmus Pass den continue dey flow go east across de Lowveld before e join de Letaba River. E cross enter Gaza Province, [[Mozambique]] after e cut thru de Lebombo Mountains by way of de Olifants Gorge, den e become de Rio dos Elefantes. Finally, e join de Limpopo River after 40 km before de river enter de Indian Ocean for Xai-Xai north of Maputo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa Key rivers of South Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710162812/http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa |date=2012-07-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Water quality==
Overgrazing for some sections of ein middle course dey make de river carry away plenty eroded soil after heavy rains.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html The Olifants River System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html |date=2007-07-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De Olifants River don become one of de most heavily polluted rivers for South Africa, not because of human or industrial waste, but because green algae dey thrive plenty insyd am.&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201008161197.html Contaminated Olifants River Running Out of Time]&lt;/ref&gt;Sam study wey dem do for 2013 insyd Kruger Park show say de river be mesotrophic, wey mean say de nutrient levels no too high. However, small increase for nitrates fit start eutrophication. Dem also link very high sulphate levels to coal mining den industrial activities for de upper catchment area.&lt;ref name=&quot;smi1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smit |first1=NJ |last2=Wepener |first2=V |last3=Vlok |first3=W |last4=Wagenaar |first4=GM |last5=van Vuren |first5=JHJ |title=Conservation of tigerfish, ''Hydrocynus vittatus'', in the Kruger National Park with the emphasis on establishing the suitability of the water quantity and quality requirements for the Olifants and Luvuvhu rivers: report to the Water Research Commission |date=2013 |publisher=Water Research Commission |location=Gezina [South Africa] |isbn=978-1-4312-0358-1 |page=vi |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1922-1-121.pdf |access-date=28 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Tributaries==
De Olifants River ein biggest tributaries be de Letaba River&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA2LuvuvuLethaba.jpg Luvuvu Lethaba WMA 2]&lt;/ref&gt; den de Steelpoort River wey dem know as Tubatse River.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]&lt;/ref&gt; Oda tributaries be de Tongwane, Blyde, Moses, Spekboom, Timbavati, Nkumpi, Ga-Selati, Klaserie, Makhutswi, Mohlapitse River, Lepellane River, Mohwetse River den Ngwaritsi River. Some of de tributaries, especially de Klein Olifants River (wey start near Hendrina den join de Olifants River downstream of de Middelburg Dam), de Elands, Wilge den de Bronkhorstspruit, rise for de Highveld grasslands.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants river WMA 4]&lt;/ref&gt;

De Shingwedzi River dey flow close to de northeastern side of de Massingir Dam reservoir den join de left bank of de Olifants River about 12 km downstream from de dam wall.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/conservation/scientific/noticeboard/science_network_meeting_2009/Presentations/vlok.pdf Shingwedzi River: why is it the most polluted river in the KNP?]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Dams==
Thirty large dams wey dey insyd de Olifants River Catchment dey include de following:

===South Africa===
*Witbank Dam
*Rhenosterkop Dam, wey dey de Elands River top
*Rust de Winter Dam
*Blyderivierpoort Dam
*Loskop Dam
*Middelburg Dam, wey dey de Klein Olifants River
*Ohrigstad Dam
*De Hoop Dam
*Flag Boshielo Dam
*Phalaborwa Barrage

===Mozambique===
*Massingir Dam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thekruger.com/olifants/massingirdam.htm |title=Massingir Dam &amp; Flooding of Olifants Gorge |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727020147/http://www.thekruger.com/olifants/massingirdam.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Olifants River (Limpopo)| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mpumalanga]]
[[Category:Rivers of Limpopo]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Limpopo River]]</text>
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[[File:Limpopo watershed topo.png|thumb|300px|Course den catchment of de [[Limpopo River]]. De Olifants dey join de Limpopo from de right, some 190 kilometres from de Indian Ocean.]]
De '''Olifants River,''' '''Lepelle''',&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html Olifants River now called Lepelle]&lt;/ref&gt; '''iBhalule''' anaa '''Obalule'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf Transvaal Indigenous Place Names] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |date=2008-10-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Afrikaans: ''Olifantsrivier''; Portuguese: ''Rio dos Elefantes'') be sam river for [[South Africa]] den [[Mozambique]], den e be tributary of de Limpopo River. E dey fall under Drainage Area B for de Drainage basins of South Africa. De historical area of de Pedi people, Sekhukhuneland, dey located between de Olifants River den one of ein biggest tributaries, de Steelpoort River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm |title=The Ba Pedi |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314132451/http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Course==
De Olifants River get ein origin between Breyten den Bethal, Mpumalanga Province.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]&lt;/ref&gt; E dey flow go north towards Limpopo Province thru Witbank Dam den den Loskop Dam, den de Drakensberg force am make e turn go east. E cut thru de Abel Erasmus Pass den continue dey flow go east across de Lowveld before e join de Letaba River. E cross enter Gaza Province, [[Mozambique]] after e cut thru de Lebombo Mountains by way of de Olifants Gorge, den e become de Rio dos Elefantes. Finally, e join de Limpopo River after 40 km before de river enter de Indian Ocean for Xai-Xai north of Maputo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa Key rivers of South Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710162812/http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa |date=2012-07-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Water quality==
Overgrazing for some sections of ein middle course dey make de river carry away plenty eroded soil after heavy rains.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html The Olifants River System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html |date=2007-07-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De Olifants River don become one of de most heavily polluted rivers for South Africa, not because of human or industrial waste, but because green algae dey thrive plenty insyd am.&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201008161197.html Contaminated Olifants River Running Out of Time]&lt;/ref&gt;Sam study wey dem do for 2013 insyd Kruger Park show say de river be mesotrophic, wey mean say de nutrient levels no too high. However, small increase for nitrates fit start eutrophication. Dem also link very high sulphate levels to coal mining den industrial activities for de upper catchment area.&lt;ref name=&quot;smi1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smit |first1=NJ |last2=Wepener |first2=V |last3=Vlok |first3=W |last4=Wagenaar |first4=GM |last5=van Vuren |first5=JHJ |title=Conservation of tigerfish, ''Hydrocynus vittatus'', in the Kruger National Park with the emphasis on establishing the suitability of the water quantity and quality requirements for the Olifants and Luvuvhu rivers: report to the Water Research Commission |date=2013 |publisher=Water Research Commission |location=Gezina [South Africa] |isbn=978-1-4312-0358-1 |page=vi |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1922-1-121.pdf |access-date=28 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Tributaries==
De Olifants River ein biggest tributaries be de Letaba River&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA2LuvuvuLethaba.jpg Luvuvu Lethaba WMA 2]&lt;/ref&gt; den de Steelpoort River wey dem know as Tubatse River.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]&lt;/ref&gt; Oda tributaries be de Tongwane, Blyde, Moses, Spekboom, Timbavati, Nkumpi, Ga-Selati, Klaserie, Makhutswi, Mohlapitse River, Lepellane River, Mohwetse River den Ngwaritsi River. Some of de tributaries, especially de Klein Olifants River (wey start near Hendrina den join de Olifants River downstream of de Middelburg Dam), de Elands, Wilge den de Bronkhorstspruit, rise for de Highveld grasslands.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants river WMA 4]&lt;/ref&gt;

De Shingwedzi River dey flow close to de northeastern side of de Massingir Dam reservoir den join de left bank of de Olifants River about 12 km downstream from de dam wall.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/conservation/scientific/noticeboard/science_network_meeting_2009/Presentations/vlok.pdf Shingwedzi River: why is it the most polluted river in the KNP?]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ein Dams==
Thirty large dams wey dey insyd de Olifants River Catchment dey include de following:

===South Africa===
*Witbank Dam
*Rhenosterkop Dam, wey dey de Elands River top
*Rust de Winter Dam
*Blyderivierpoort Dam
*Loskop Dam
*Middelburg Dam, wey dey de Klein Olifants River
*Ohrigstad Dam
*De Hoop Dam
*Flag Boshielo Dam
*Phalaborwa Barrage

===Mozambique===
*Massingir Dam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thekruger.com/olifants/massingirdam.htm |title=Massingir Dam &amp; Flooding of Olifants Gorge |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727020147/http://www.thekruger.com/olifants/massingirdam.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx The Olifants River Basin, South Africa]
*[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-23-massingir-dam-17991.html Massingir Dam Rehabilitation]
*[http://e-gli.com/south-african-geographical-names/ South African Geographical Names]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Olifants River (Limpopo)| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mpumalanga]]
[[Category:Rivers of Limpopo]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Limpopo River]]</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[Kafue River]] top for de Southern insyd, Central den Lusaka provinces of [[Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow flood plain 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Kafue Flats |url=https://earth.google.com/web/ |access-date=2026-06-24 |website=earth.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de Itezhi-Tezhi Dam, to  Kafue town den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of Mazabuka den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of Namwala at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA MODIS image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de Itezhi-Tezhi den Mumbwa Districts forCentral Province, Kafue District insyd for Lusaka Province insyd den Monze, Namwala den Mazabuka districts for Southern Province insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de Batwa (anaa Twa) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de Batwa to be de surviving remnants of nomadic Bushmen wey inhabit Zambia long before de Bantu pippoe begin to arrive from de Congo Basin to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by Ila den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau Tonga) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
Dem already alter de hydrology of de Kafue River den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at Kafue Gorge downstream of de flats den at Itezhi-Tezhi upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De Kafue Gorge Dam, plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem plete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem plete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De Itezhi-Tezhi Dam dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de Kafue Gorge Dam den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two national parks (IUCN Category II protected areas), de Lochinvar den Blue Lagoon National Parks. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of Kafue lechwe, wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de Lusaka-Livingstone road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de Lusaka-Mongu road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as lechwe, sitatunga, zebra den African buffalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outsyd of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA) (IUCN Category VI protected area). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de Ramsar list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for Zambia insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de Nakambala Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at Mazabuka. De Nakambala estate, wey Zambia Sugar Plc a subsidiary of South African company Illovo Sugar own am, along plus outgrowers den smallholder farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of floodplain, lagoons, ox-bow lakes, wey dey abandon river channels, marshes den levees wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two ecoregions. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de Zambezian flooded grasslands ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de Zambezian den mopane woodlands ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as gilgai wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be woodland (miombo, mopane, Acacia, den ''Combretum''), termitaria grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De Kafue lechwe (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem plete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de Itezhi-Tezhi Dam den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, Grant's zebras be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. Blue wildebeest, Cape buffalo, roan, greater kudu, hippo dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de Lochinvar insyd den Blue Lagoon National Parks.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by Birdlife International.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Peter |title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation |date=2005 |publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society |isbn=9982-811-01-0 |location=Lusaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de wattled crane (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692129/129880815 &quot;''Bugeranus carunculatus''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''' e.T22692129A129880815. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en]]. Retrieved 9 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt; Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de crowned crane, slaty egret, lappet faced vulture, lesser kestrel den corn crake.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt;    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt;    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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De '''Kafue Flats''' (wey dem locally bell am '''Butwa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Carol |date=1995 |title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;''') be a vast area of swamp, open lagoon den seasonally inundated flood-plain for de [[Kafue River]] top for de Southern insyd, Central den Lusaka provinces of [[Zambia]]. Dem be a shallow flood plain 240 km (150 mi) long den about 50 km (31 mi) wide,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Kafue Flats |url=https://earth.google.com/web/ |access-date=2026-06-24 |website=earth.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey flood to a depth of less dan a meter for de rainy season insyd (deeper for sam lagoons den permanently swampy areas insyd), den e dry out to a clayey black soil for de dry season season.

== Geography ==
De Kafue Flats dey stretch give approximately 240 km (150 mi) east to west along de [[Kafue River]] from below de Itezhi-Tezhi gap, site of de Itezhi-Tezhi Dam, to  Kafue town den de start of de Kafue Gorge. At demma widest point dem be 50 km (31 mi) wide, den demma total area dey around 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,500 sq mi). De elevation of de Kafue River dey fall 40 m (130 ft) along de flats from 1,030 m (3,380 ft) at Itezhi-Tezhi to 990 m (3,250 ft) at Kafue town.  

De town of Mazabuka den de Nakambala sugar estate dey lie for de southeast edge top den dem situate de small town of Namwala at de southwest edge of de flats.  
[[File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|False colour NASA MODIS image of de Kafue Flats for flood insyd den de Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 February 2008.]]De Kafue Flats dey fall within parts of de Itezhi-Tezhi den Mumbwa Districts forCentral Province, Kafue District insyd for Lusaka Province insyd den Monze, Namwala den Mazabuka districts for Southern Province insyd.

== Pippoe ==
Dem think de Batwa (anaa Twa) already to get de first inhabitants of de Kafue Flats area but rydee be a small minority population wey settle for higher ground top around de Kafue River channel wey dem support demselves thru fishing. Dem generally consider de Batwa to be de surviving remnants of nomadic Bushmen wey inhabit Zambia long before de Bantu pippoe begin to arrive from de Congo Basin to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Language in Zambia |date=1978 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=0-85302-054-X |editor-last1=Kashoki |editor-first1=Mubanga E. |location=London |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem rydee dominate de area by Ila den Balundwe (anaa Lundwe, anaa Plateau Tonga) farmers den cattle herders, for at least 21 chieftaincies insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lungu |first1=A |title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report |last2=Husken |first2=S.M.C. |date=2008 |publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cam to de area between 200 den 300 years ago. Dem depend for farming, fishing, cattle rearing den wildlife top, wey dey often move between a fixed settlement for de woodlands insyd den cattle camps for de flats insyd after de floods recede. In addition to de settled community dem sanso be a seasonal influx of fishing communities from oda parts of de country. Dem immigrants mostly be Bemba from de north of de country den de Copperbelt area, den Lozi from de Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merten |first1=Sonja |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2008 |title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia |journal=Food Policy |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De population increase significantly since de 1970s den by 2004 der at least 11 major permanent fishing camps for de flats top each of wey dem occupy am by at least 500 fishermen. In addition, der dey a large number of temporary fishing camps wey dem establish during de dry season.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chabwela |first1=Harry |last2=Haller |first2=Tobias |date=2010 |title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=621 |doi=10.18352/ijc.189 |hdl=10535/1439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2015-07-16 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For sam cases insyd, dem marginalise de Batwa from oda ethnic groups, particularly de Bemba den de Lozi fishermen wey consider dem inferior. By contrast dem hold de Ila for high regard insyd by oda groups sekof demma history of being one of de richest cattle-owning groups for de region insyd, although fishing den hunting dey play an equally significant role for demma culture insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology den dams ==
Dem already alter de hydrology of de Kafue River den Kafue Flats have significantly by de construction for de 1970s insyd of two dams, firstly at Kafue Gorge downstream of de flats den at Itezhi-Tezhi upstream of de flats as parts of a scheme to generate hydroelectric power.

De Kafue Gorge Dam, plus 600MW of hydroelectric power generation, dem plete am for 1972 insyd wey e create a reservoir downstream of de Kafue Flats plus a storage capacity of 785 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. To enable more power generation (up to 900 MW) anoda 65m high dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, upstream of de Kafue Flats, wey dem plete am for 1976 insyd. De reservoir dey store 5,700 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water den dey cover a 370 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (140 sq mi) area of de Kafue River den ein tributary de Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Obrdlik |first1=P |last2=Mumeka |first2=A |last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M. |date=1989 |title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River |journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management |volume=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De Itezhi-Tezhi Dam dey store water during de wet season wey e then release give de turbines at de Kafue Gorge Dam den power station during de dry season. Water dey take approximately eight weeks to travel between Itezhi-tezhi den Kafue Gorge.   

Prior to construction of de dam at Itezhi-Tezhi, flooding of de Kafue Flats be de result of high flows within de Kafue River wey e begin to rise wey e follow de onset of de rains for November to December insyd den plus de peak flood wey e occur samtime between April den May. De flats do subsequently slowly drain plus very little surface water wey e remain by October to November de following year.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mumba |first1=M |last2=Thompson |first2=J.R. |date=2005 |title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=30 |issue=6–7 |pages=442–447 |bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

Releases from Itezhi-Tezhi dam dey very different to de historical flows wey dem experience within de Kafue River plus de smooth annual rise den fall for discharge insyd wey dem already replace am by sudden increases as dem release large volumes of water from de dam. A substantial discharge rydee dem maintain am thruout de dry season whereas naturally dem associate dis period plus lower river flows. Although dem go fi already reduce maximum floods as a result of de dam, de almost year-round dey release means dat parts of de flats, for instance Chunga Lagoon, rydee e remain permanently flooded. In addition, de Kafue Gorge Dam create a large reservoir wey e back up into de eastern end of de flats wey e lead to areas of permanent inundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;mumba&quot; /&gt;

== Protected areas ==
De Kafue Flats dey include two national parks (IUCN Category II protected areas), de Lochinvar den Blue Lagoon National Parks. Dem establish both parks for de 1970s insyd for land wey dem formerly use give cattle ranching top. De 428 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (165 sq mi) Lochinvar National Park, famous give large nombas of Kafue lechwe, wey dey sit south of de Kafue River den e be accessible from de Lusaka-Livingstone road at [[:en:Monze|Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lochinvar National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park get one of de highest nombas of vulnerable wattled crane for Africa insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, north of de Kafue, dem fi access am from de Lusaka-Mongu road west of Lusaka. De 500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (190 sq mi) park be home to a large abundance den variety of waterbirds as well as lechwe, sitatunga, zebra den African buffalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blue Lagoon National Park |url=http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=zambiatourism.com |publisher=Zambia Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} of de Kafue Flats outsyd of dem cover de two national parks by de Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA) (IUCN Category VI protected area). De GMA dey afford protection to de environment den wildlife whilst still e dey allow give de sustainable use of natural resources.    

Dem enter de Kafue Flats onto de Ramsar list of Wetlands of International Importance for 1991 insyd wey e cover an area of 6,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300 sq mi) coincident plus de Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|De Kafue Flats, [[:en:Blue_Lagoon_National_Park|Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[:en:Lochinvar_National_Park|Lochinvar National Park]] den Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Agriculture ==
De land around de Kafue Flats be an important agricultural area for Zambia insyd. As well as supporting a large number of subsistence den small-scale farmers, de flats sanso be a source of irrigation water give three large commercial farming operations wey concentrate around de eastern end of de flats. 

De oldest commercial farming operation for de Kafue Flats top be de Nakambala Sugar Estate wey dem locate am for de southern edge of de flats top at Mazabuka. De Nakambala estate, wey Zambia Sugar Plc a subsidiary of South African company Illovo Sugar own am, along plus outgrowers den smallholder farmers be de largest sugar producer for Zambia insyd den dem operate am for approximately 20,000 hectares of irrigated farmland top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

North of de Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., a Zambian company, dey produce sugar under de Kafue Sugar brand from a 9,000-hectare estate pumping water from de Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Commercial Farming |url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html |website=sabletransport.com |publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; To de east of Consolidated Farming, de Chiansi irrigation scheme dey grow wheat den oda irrigated crops for 200 hectares top plus plans to expand to 2,500 hectares.  

== Ecology ==
De Kafue Flats dey consist of a complex pattern of floodplain, lagoons, ox-bow lakes, wey dey abandon river channels, marshes den levees wey grasslands den woodlands surround am.

De flats dey comprise two ecoregions. De central seasonally- den permanently flooded areas be part of de Zambezian flooded grasslands ecoregion, den de surrounding grasslands de woodlands be for de Zambezian den mopane woodlands ecoregion insyd. 

De soils of de flats dey heavy for texture insyd den dey tend to crack widely wen dry, wey e becam very sticky den plastic wen wet. Dem soils be mainly black anaa dark gray den produce an irregular surface relief known as gilgai wey e consist of a series of small ridges wey dey stand 20–60&amp;#x20;cm above circular depressions about 2–7 meters for diameter insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; 

=== Vegetation ===
De main vegetation types of de Kafue Flats be woodland (miombo, mopane, Acacia, den ''Combretum''), termitaria grassland, flooded grasslands, permanent swamps den levees den lagoons.

=== Wildlife ===
[[File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|right|thumb|Wattled crane.]]De Kafue lechwe (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), an antelope wey dem specialise give dey live for de marshy conditions of de flats insyd, be endemic to de area. Dem estimate dem to be 250,000 lechwe wey dey live for de Kafue Flats for 1931 insyd, one of de highest animals wey dey carry capacities for de world insyd at 11,000 kg/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Richard |date=1980 |title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams? |journal=Oryx |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

By 2005 dem estimate de nomba of lechwe to already fall to 38,000, a nomba wey remain mostly stable until de next census wey dem plete am for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chansa |first1=Wilbroad |last2=Kampamba |first2=George |date=2010 |title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem already attribute de declining nombas of Kafue lechwe to de building of de Itezhi-Tezhi Dam den subsequent change for intensity den timing of flooding insyd as well as illegal poaching den de pressures of rising nombas of pippoe den cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;  

Along plus lechwe, Grant's zebras be de dominant species of large mammal wey dem find for de flats insyd. Blue wildebeest, Cape buffalo, roan, greater kudu, hippo dey present for limited nombas insyd particularly for den around de Lochinvar insyd den Blue Lagoon National Parks.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
De Kafue Flats area dey support more dan 450 species of threatened, endangered den migratory bird species&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_info&quot; /&gt; den dem designate de area an Important Bird den Biodiversity Area (IBA) by Birdlife International.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt; De flats be home to large concentrations of resident den migratory waterbirds wey dey include significant breeding colonies deep within de swamps. De flats sanso dey host a high diversity den density of breeding raptors particularly vultures.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Peter |title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation |date=2005 |publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society |isbn=9982-811-01-0 |location=Lusaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De flats be an extremely important habitat give de wattled crane (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') wey dem list am for de IUCN Red List insyd as vulnerable.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692129/129880815 &quot;''Bugeranus carunculatus''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''' e.T22692129A129880815. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en]]. Retrieved 9 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Nombas of wattled crane for de flats insyd drop from between 2000 den 3000 for de 1970s insyd to less dan 1000 by 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt; Oda important species wey dem find for de Kafue Flats dey include de crowned crane, slaty egret, lappet faced vulture, lesser kestrel den corn crake.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt;    

Threats to de bird life of de Kafue Flats dey include changes to de intensity den timing of floods wey de dam upstream at Itezhi-Tezhi cause am, de spread of invasive weed species den de impact of increasing human populations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt;    

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

[[Category:Flooded grasslands den savannas]]
[[Category:Kafue River]]
[[Category:Floodplains of Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of Southern Province, Zambia]]
[[Category:Swamps of Africa]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Zambezian flooded grasslands]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wouri River</title>
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De '''Wouri''' (sanso '''Vouri''' anaa '''Vuri''') be a river insyd [[Cameroon]]. Cameroon get chaw water bodies den amongst dese be two major rivers, de [[Sanaga River|Sanaga]], de longest at about 525&amp;nbsp;km (325 miles) long&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanaga-River|title=Sanaga River {{!}} river, Cameroon|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-09-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de Wouri, de largest. De Wouri dey form at de confluence of de rivers Nkam den Makombé, 32 km (20 mi) northeast of de city of Yabassi. E then dey flow about 160 km (99 mi) southeast to de Wouri estuary at Douala, de chief port den industrial city insyd de southwestern part of Cameroon on de [[Gulf of Guinea]]. De river be navigable about 64 km (40 mi) upriver from Douala.

== Exploration ==
De Portuguese navigator den explorer Fernão do Pó anaa Fernando Pó, be believed to be de first European to explore de estuary of de Wouri, around de year 1472. De explorers note an abundance of de mud lobster ''Lepidophthalmus turneranus'' insyd de Wouri River wey dem name am &quot;''Rio dos Camarões&quot;'', Portuguese for &quot;River of Prawns&quot;, den de phrase from wich dem derive de name Cameroon. De phrase &quot;''Rio dos Camarões&quot;'' later cam be Camarones wen de Spanish arrive insyd de region. Then, during de German protectorate insyd de country wich dem start insyd 1884, de country ein name change to Kamerun before de Treaty of Versailles place de country under French den British authority insyd 1919 wich lead to de final name &quot;Cameroon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Don |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIgS_Eij8SEC&amp;q=river+of+prawns+cameroon&amp;pg=PA76 |title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Africa |date=1994 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=9780415059312 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Seme_beach_limbe_Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Seme beach limbe Cameroon]]

== Bridges ==

=== First bridge ===
[[File:Pont_sur_le_Wouri.JPG|thumb|Wouri bridge]]
[[File:Pont_Wouri_4.JPG|thumb|Inauguration plaque]]

=== Second bridge ===
[[File:Nouveau_pont_sur_le_Wouri_02.jpg|thumb|De second (newly constructed) bridge over de Wouri River]]
[[File:GedNgondoMessager.JPG|thumb|Messenger of Ngondo for de Wouri top]]
&lt;gallery caption=&quot;River Wouri Banks&quot;&gt;
File:River_Wouri.jpg|Bonaberi from de Wouri River
File:Canoe_riding.jpg|Boats on Wouri (2020)
File:Couché_du_soleil.jpg|Couché du soleil at Bonendale (2013) 
File:Mangrove_Bonabéri.jpg|Bonaberi mangrove swamp
File:Berges_du_Wouri_05.jpg
File:Berges_du_Wouri_06.jpg
File:Berges_du_Wouri_01.jpg
File:Berges_du_Wouri_07.jpg
File:Berges_du_Wouri_02.jpg
File:Berges_du_Wouri_08.jpg
File:Berges_du_Wouri_04.jpg
File:Berges_du_Wouri_03.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Wouri Bridge&quot;&gt;
File:Nouveau_pont_sur_le_Wouri_01.jpg
File:Nouveau_pont_sur_le_Wouri_02.jpg
File:Nouveau_pont_sur_le_Wouri_03.jpg
File:Nouveau_pont_sur_le_Wouri_04.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Activities dem dey do at de Wouri River&quot;&gt;
File:Compétition_de_Canoë_Kayak_sur_le_Wouri.jpg|Kayak competition
File:Compétition_de_Canoë_Kayak_sur_le_Wouri2.jpg
File:Compétition_de_Canoë_Kayak_sur_le_Wouri5.jpg
File:Compétition_de_Canoë_Kayak_sur_le_Wouri4.jpg
File:Course_de_pirogue_pendant_le_Ngondo.jpg|Canoe Race during Ngondo Festival
File:Course_de_pirogue_pendant_le_Ngondo4.jpg
File:Course_de_pirogue_pendant_le_Ngondo7.jpg
File:Animation_pendant_le_Ngondo.jpg
File:WL-Cameroun-Douala-Pecheurs_de_sable_dans_le_Wouri.jpg|Sand extraction insyd de Wouri River
File:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_05.jpg|A view of how de Wouri banks dey look like during de Ngondo 
File:WikiAfr20_MarcJP46_05.jpg|Fishermen on de Wouri
File:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_08.jpg|A view of Wouri banks during Ngondo festival
File:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_10.jpg
File:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_06.jpg
File:Pirogues_sur_les_eaux_du_Wouri_06.jpg
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_15.jpg|Dance group during Ngondo festival
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_11.jpg|Swimming Competition 
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_14.jpg
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_10.jpg|Traditional rights dem dey do along de Wouri Banks
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_17.jpg|Cultural Dance Performance   
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_12.jpg|Dance performance at de Wouri banks during Ngondo
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_9.jpg
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_03.jpg
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_02.jpg
File:Activités_du_Ngondo_7.jpg|Ngondo activities at de Wouri banks 
File:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_01.jpg
File:GedNgondo00.JPG
File:Le_message_pendant_la_cérémonie_du_Ngondo.jpg
File:Nageur_riverain_du_fleuve_WOURI_dans_le_Littoral_camerounais.jpg|A man wey dey swim insyd de Wouri River 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077526/Wouri-River Encyclopædia Britannica]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Cameroon|Wouri River]]
[[Category:Littoral Region (Cameroon)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ancient Egyptian agriculture</title>
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      <comment>Article contains Nigerian Pidgin words so I rewrote it in Ghanaian Pidgin</comment>
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Na de civilization of ancient Egypt be indebted to de [[Nile|Nile River]] den ein dependable seasonal flooding. Thus, dey relying on de Nile River for ein periodic flooding. De river ein predictability den fertile soil allow de indigenous Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians be credited as dem be one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Na dis be possible secof de ingenuity of de Egyptians as dem develop basin irrigation.&lt;ref name= &quot;book&quot;&gt;Kees,Herman.  &quot;Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography.&quot;  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.  Print.&lt;/ref&gt; Dema farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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    <title>Zamfara River</title>
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      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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De '''Zamfara River''' be a river insyd de northern part of [[Nigeria]]. E dey originate insyd Zamfara State, wey dey run {{convert|250|km|mi}} west into Kebbi State wer e dey join plus de Sokoto River sam {{convert|50|km|mi}} southwest of Birnin Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fig 12. Pathway of nutrient flow and cycling in the along the section... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230705094555/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pathway-of-nutrient-flow-and-cycling-in-the-along-the-section-of-River-Zamfara-a-vital_fig4_345259475 |archive-date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At ein highest point de Zamfara River dey flow thru an area wey be {{convert|188|m|ft}} above sea level. Zamfara River get different names dem associate plus insyd different region wey e dey flow thru. Sam of de most common ones dey include Gulbi Gindi, Gulbi Zamfara, River Zamfara, den River Gindi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ng.geoview.info/river_zamfara,2317855 | title=River Zamfara stream, Kebbi, Nigeria }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Terrorist attack ==
On de 6th of October 2022, na dem confirm say villagers wey dey live around de river, drown while dem try to escape terrorist attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ramalan |first=Ibrahim |date=2022-10-06 |title=26 villagers drown in Zamfara river while fleeing from terrorist attack |url=https://dailynigerian.com/villagers-drown-zamfara-river/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |newspaper=[[Daily Nigerian]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== De hydrological patterns den varieties of surface spillover insyd Hadejia stream ===
De river catchment be evaluated&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328840837 |issue= |pages= 335–348|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.008|title= Runoff irregularities, trends, and variations in tropical semi-arid river catchment|date= 2018|last1= Umar|first1= Da'u Abba|last2= Ramli|first2= Mohammad Firuz|last3= Aris|first3= Ahmad Zaharin|last4= Jamil|first4= Nor Rohaizah|last5= Abdulkareem|first5= Jabir Haruna|journal= Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies|volume= 19|bibcode= 2018JHyRS..19..335U|doi-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey utilize information traversing 36 years, (1980-2015), for legitimate preparation den de board of water assets insyd de bowl. New hydrological knowledge for de district: De worldly den spatial abnormalities insyd de spillover of Hadeia stream catchment be distinguished. A critical decline of waterway release, from two out of de three downstream stations, be noticed. Be dat as e fi, der be a rising pattern of de waterway release from every one of de three upstream stations, however measurably unimportant. De ANOVA [F (5,210) = 106.226, P &lt; 0.05] den group investigation results show huge spatial varieties between de upstream den downstream stations. De rising pattern of de release insyd de upstream stations dey owe to high [[Precipitation|precipitation mean]] den expanded urbanization nearby. Be dat as e fi, de huge diminishing pattern of de release downstream of de stream catchment be related to chaw variables, strikingly; high vanishing rate secof high temperature, low precipitation mean den de somewhat high penetration rate wey be empowered by de high level of sandy soil den de sedimentary land development. Water supply den irrigation, particularly insyd de downstream areas, dey in jeopardy as a result of dese trends den variations. As a result, an integrated basin study wey dey utilize hydrological modeling go be helpful in determining de distinct impacts of de contributing factors den predicting how de river go behave in response to those impacts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Pollution ==
Northern Nigeria insyd Zamfara State, secof de outbreak insyd two villages, a team travel den begin de investigation to ascertain de cause of de outbreak. Resident insyd each village report say one-fourth of all de kiddies insyd dema communities die insyd de previous year. De community wells get high levels of lead wich in return cause de kiddies insyd both villages get high level of lead insyd dema blood.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-28 |title=Lead Poisoning Investigation in Northern Nigeria {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/in-action/lead-poisoning.html |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Zamfara State Nigeria.png|thumb|De Zamfara State, insyd wich de Zamfara River dey originate.]]
File:Nigeriamap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show de major rivers of Nigeria.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T12:09:13Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T12:09:24Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Lake Manyara wey dem dey call Lake Moya for Iraqw people side, na one lake wey dey Monduli District for Arusha Region, Tanzania. E be the seventh-biggest lake for Tanzania by size, about 470 square kilometre (180 sq mi). Na shallow lake wey get alkaline water, e dey inside Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch for East African Rift. The northwest part of the lake (about 200 sq km) dey inside Lake Manyara National Park, and e still be part of Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve wey...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="540" sha1="8ertpj7tskmejpzw0704xphrs18dy3p" xml:space="preserve">Lake Manyara wey dem dey call Lake Moya for Iraqw people side, na one lake wey dey Monduli District for Arusha Region, Tanzania. E be the seventh-biggest lake for Tanzania by size, about 470 square kilometre (180 sq mi). Na shallow lake wey get alkaline water, e dey inside Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch for East African Rift. The northwest part of the lake (about 200 sq km) dey inside Lake Manyara National Park, and e still be part of Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve wey UNESCO create for 1981 under dem Man and the Biosphere Programme.</text>
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      <id>104820</id>
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      <text bytes="725" sha1="pu3ux3ajz6f4wf48uohrlfzb6dsjaro" xml:space="preserve">Lake Manyara wey dem dey call Lake Moya for [[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw people]] side, na one lake wey dey [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania. E be the seventh-biggest lake for [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] by size, about 470 square kilometre (180 sq mi). Na shallow lake wey get alkaline water, e dey inside Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch for [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. The northwest part of the lake (about 200 sq km) dey inside [[:en:Lake_Manyara_National_Park|Lake Manyara National Park]], and e still be part of [[:en:Lake_Manyara_Biosphere_Reserve|Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve]] wey UNESCO create for 1981 under dem Man and the Biosphere Programme.</text>
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      <id>104821</id>
      <parentid>104820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T14:50:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="1550" sha1="o42kbesrdepip4yfbb7grixjay6llmg" xml:space="preserve">Lake Manyara wey dem dey call Lake Moya for [[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw people]] side, na one lake wey dey [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania. E be the seventh-biggest lake for [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] by size, about 470 square kilometre (180 sq mi)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1]&quot;. FAO.&lt;/ref&gt;. Na shallow lake wey get alkaline water, e dey inside Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch for [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]&lt;ref&gt;Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex (August 1997). &quot;Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System&quot;. ''Journal of the Geological Society''. '''154''' (4): 689–700. doi:[[doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689|10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128697181 128697181]&lt;/ref&gt;. The northwest part of the lake (about 200 sq km)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism]&quot;. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park the original] on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2019-04-24.&lt;/ref&gt; dey inside [[:en:Lake_Manyara_National_Park|Lake Manyara National Park]], and e still be part of [[:en:Lake_Manyara_Biosphere_Reserve|Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve]] wey UNESCO create for 1981 under dem Man and the Biosphere Programme.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104822</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T14:51:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="1626" sha1="ginylb0rilj65b10l7goc40406u6h29" xml:space="preserve">Lake Manyara wey dem dey call Lake Moya for [[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw people]] side, na one lake wey dey [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania. E be the seventh-biggest lake for [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] by size, about 470 square kilometre (180 sq mi)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1]&quot;. FAO.&lt;/ref&gt;. Na shallow lake wey get alkaline water, e dey inside Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch for [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]&lt;ref&gt;Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex (August 1997). &quot;Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System&quot;. ''Journal of the Geological Society''. '''154''' (4): 689–700. doi:[[doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689|10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128697181 128697181]&lt;/ref&gt;. The northwest part of the lake (about 200 sq km)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism]&quot;. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park the original] on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2019-04-24.&lt;/ref&gt; dey inside [[:en:Lake_Manyara_National_Park|Lake Manyara National Park]], and e still be part of [[:en:Lake_Manyara_Biosphere_Reserve|Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve]] wey UNESCO create for 1981 under dem Man and the Biosphere Programme&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lake Manyara&quot;. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T14:53:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
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      <text bytes="2126" sha1="g0q820odd6fklrk22a2nkjdo2a7fj65" xml:space="preserve">Lake Manyara wey dem dey call Lake Moya for [[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw people]] side, na one lake wey dey [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania. E be the seventh-biggest lake for [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] by size, about 470 square kilometre (180 sq mi)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1]&quot;. FAO.&lt;/ref&gt;. Na shallow lake wey get alkaline water, e dey inside Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch for [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]&lt;ref&gt;Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex (August 1997). &quot;Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System&quot;. ''Journal of the Geological Society''. '''154''' (4): 689–700. doi:[[doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689|10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128697181 128697181]&lt;/ref&gt;. The northwest part of the lake (about 200 sq km)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism]&quot;. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park the original] on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2019-04-24.&lt;/ref&gt; dey inside [[:en:Lake_Manyara_National_Park|Lake Manyara National Park]], and e still be part of [[:en:Lake_Manyara_Biosphere_Reserve|Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve]] wey UNESCO create for 1981 under dem Man and the Biosphere Programme&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lake Manyara&quot;. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dem get different story about how Lake Manyara take get im name. Some people talk say the name fit come from Maasai word &quot;emanyara&quot;, wey mean the spiky fence wey dey protect family house (boma). E fit be say the 600 metre high rift escarpment wey surround the lake dey resemble that kind fence wey dey guard Maasai boma. Another story talk say the Mbugwe tribe wey dey live near Lake Manyara fit give the lake im name from their word &quot;manyero&quot;, wey mean trough or place wey animals dey drink water.

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2150" sha1="co0sxe3resyptt8a4zmtr0de1k4puob" xml:space="preserve">Lake Manyara wey dem dey call Lake Moya for [[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw people]] side, na one lake wey dey [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania. E be the seventh-biggest lake for [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] by size, about 470 square kilometre (180 sq mi)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1]&quot;. FAO.&lt;/ref&gt;. Na shallow lake wey get alkaline water, e dey inside Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch for [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]&lt;ref&gt;Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex (August 1997). &quot;Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System&quot;. ''Journal of the Geological Society''. '''154''' (4): 689–700. doi:[[doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689|10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128697181 128697181]&lt;/ref&gt;. The northwest part of the lake (about 200 sq km)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism]&quot;. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park the original] on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2019-04-24.&lt;/ref&gt; dey inside [[:en:Lake_Manyara_National_Park|Lake Manyara National Park]], and e still be part of [[:en:Lake_Manyara_Biosphere_Reserve|Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve]] wey UNESCO create for 1981 under dem Man and the Biosphere Programme&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lake Manyara&quot;. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dem get different story about how Lake Manyara take get im name. Some people talk say the name fit come from [[:en:Maasai_language|Maasai]] word &quot;emanyara&quot;, wey mean the spiky fence wey dey protect family house (boma). E fit be say the 600 metre high rift escarpment wey surround the lake dey resemble that kind fence wey dey guard Maasai boma. Another story talk say the Mbugwe tribe wey dey live near Lake Manyara fit give the lake im name from their word &quot;manyero&quot;, wey mean trough or place wey animals dey drink water.

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104935</id>
      <parentid>104824</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
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      <text bytes="2365" sha1="cs0qaq2cxl5vjprc3qtekh5fevdy48l" xml:space="preserve">Lake Manyara wey dem dey call Lake Moya for [[:en:Iraqw_people|Iraqw people]] side, na one lake wey dey [[:en:Monduli_District|Monduli District]] for [[:en:Arusha_Region|Arusha Region]], Tanzania. E be the seventh-biggest lake for [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] by size, about 470 square kilometre (180 sq mi)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1]&quot;. FAO.&lt;/ref&gt;. Na shallow lake wey get alkaline water, e dey inside Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch for [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]&lt;ref&gt;Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex (August 1997). &quot;Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System&quot;. ''Journal of the Geological Society''. '''154''' (4): 689–700. doi:[[doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689|10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128697181 128697181]&lt;/ref&gt;. The northwest part of the lake (about 200 sq km)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism]&quot;. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park the original] on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2019-04-24.&lt;/ref&gt; dey inside [[:en:Lake_Manyara_National_Park|Lake Manyara National Park]], and e still be part of [[:en:Lake_Manyara_Biosphere_Reserve|Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve]] wey UNESCO create for 1981 under dem Man and the Biosphere Programme&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lake Manyara&quot;. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dem get different story about how Lake Manyara take get im name. Some people talk say the name fit come from [[:en:Maasai_language|Maasai]] word &quot;emanyara&quot;, wey mean the spiky fence wey dey protect family house (boma). E fit be say the 600 metre high rift escarpment wey surround the lake dey resemble that kind fence wey dey guard Maasai boma&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.tanzania.eu/showpage-tanzania-lake_manyara_national_park.html Tanzania, Lake Manyara National Park]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;. Another story talk say the Mbugwe tribe wey dey live near Lake Manyara fit give the lake im name from their word &quot;manyero&quot;, wey mean trough or place wey animals dey drink water.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/maana-ya-manyara.60552/ Maana ya Manyara]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T16:41:37Z</timestamp>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:10:02Z</timestamp>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:10:17Z</timestamp>
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        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:12:57Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Buildings den structures insyd Mashonaland West Province</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104835</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:13:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>104835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Arch dams</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104836</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:13:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>104836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:1959 establishments insyd Northern Rhodesia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104837</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:14:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>104837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:1959 establishments insyd Southern Rhodesia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104838</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:14:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>104838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:1959 establishments insyd Africa</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104839</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:14:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>104839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rhodesia–Zambia relations</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104840</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>104840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Olifants River (Limpopo)</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104844</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:38:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>104844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tributaries of de Limpopo River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104845</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>104845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gilgel Gibe III Dam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104846</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="263" sha1="oei9ocb0g6cmw0xasg9ck5rtsiirox9" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd.</text>
      <sha1>oei9ocb0g6cmw0xasg9ck5rtsiirox9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104847</id>
      <parentid>104846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:44:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="405" sha1="saca676lya9nd1e3pbxoam42dwr93qp" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd.</text>
      <sha1>saca676lya9nd1e3pbxoam42dwr93qp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104848</id>
      <parentid>104847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:45:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="648" sha1="l7nkqeecg9b9dmd20bxmklfb48fdl35" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.</text>
      <sha1>l7nkqeecg9b9dmd20bxmklfb48fdl35</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104849</id>
      <parentid>104848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:45:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="666" sha1="3xaiw9ah5lgl25z801wnjqjka2p9oys" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3xaiw9ah5lgl25z801wnjqjka2p9oys</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104850</id>
      <parentid>104849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:46:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="928" sha1="2qozv9vympd3xoqduuesja2rj2bfwgz" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2qozv9vympd3xoqduuesja2rj2bfwgz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104851</id>
      <parentid>104850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:46:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1241" sha1="s0ypiys2nhdw6dwosawsitee3nunby6" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>s0ypiys2nhdw6dwosawsitee3nunby6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104852</id>
      <parentid>104851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1279" sha1="tsmi6esbanzhezistgccqazd569ph5f" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>tsmi6esbanzhezistgccqazd569ph5f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104853</id>
      <parentid>104852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:49:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1564" sha1="92cwtf2c5bg4jvz9trmnn862bxj8sv7" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>92cwtf2c5bg4jvz9trmnn862bxj8sv7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104854</id>
      <parentid>104853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:49:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1713" sha1="6ln4m6rnimc5wxqsm11chrsvld586ca" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6ln4m6rnimc5wxqsm11chrsvld586ca</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104855</id>
      <parentid>104854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1817" sha1="2zoznipl7ey1zg4zxaplq7t823pwwhd" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2zoznipl7ey1zg4zxaplq7t823pwwhd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104856</id>
      <parentid>104855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2039" sha1="cqitmc3mjhaa5sibshn3r5bsamakczs" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cqitmc3mjhaa5sibshn3r5bsamakczs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104857</id>
      <parentid>104856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:52:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2292" sha1="ql8i76cs0338jt9rofhojha6u9xuffc" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ql8i76cs0338jt9rofhojha6u9xuffc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104858</id>
      <parentid>104857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:52:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2726" sha1="s6e05ik7ya9vskk5n1cxqu4fjhyfeiy" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>s6e05ik7ya9vskk5n1cxqu4fjhyfeiy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104859</id>
      <parentid>104858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:52:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2775" sha1="dc0u053vpg9p4p1n2z3co224wl2h1i7" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dc0u053vpg9p4p1n2z3co224wl2h1i7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104860</id>
      <parentid>104859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:53:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3034" sha1="buh96xgc7trqad1sbslbers75cvwb9l" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>buh96xgc7trqad1sbslbers75cvwb9l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104861</id>
      <parentid>104860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:54:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3156" sha1="c1rw1ifd58zzh4bmr8nf83fiesk6buz" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>c1rw1ifd58zzh4bmr8nf83fiesk6buz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104862</id>
      <parentid>104861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:54:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3404" sha1="5zwxlg263e00ko4e00j3zw9gnrycucg" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt;     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5zwxlg263e00ko4e00j3zw9gnrycucg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104863</id>
      <parentid>104862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104863</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3520" sha1="n7p3tplv57bt061lgu41j3w2fxlty1n" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n7p3tplv57bt061lgu41j3w2fxlty1n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104864</id>
      <parentid>104863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:55:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104864</origin>
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      <text bytes="4098" sha1="dkkagz8xhbgfdi7lxm4l9v7lhi2f13q" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dkkagz8xhbgfdi7lxm4l9v7lhi2f13q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104865</id>
      <parentid>104864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104865</origin>
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      <text bytes="4305" sha1="k250r835vxfh6nmn5nea0bbms6uai7z" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>k250r835vxfh6nmn5nea0bbms6uai7z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104866</id>
      <parentid>104865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:58:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4390" sha1="a80zlp8t4rjuexthrsgjq93zj8voowh" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>a80zlp8t4rjuexthrsgjq93zj8voowh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104867</id>
      <parentid>104866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:58:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104867</origin>
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      <text bytes="4554" sha1="3udsxjdbfb5f76v2tfaz6etxkx9k7t6" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3udsxjdbfb5f76v2tfaz6etxkx9k7t6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104868</id>
      <parentid>104867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:58:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="4804" sha1="p9e3jchif8wec95vtbkywc4z87dtikd" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>p9e3jchif8wec95vtbkywc4z87dtikd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104869</id>
      <parentid>104868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:59:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104869</origin>
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      <text bytes="4927" sha1="ht13i4qdxzyylfjrnq910hjvx5pcgfe" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ht13i4qdxzyylfjrnq910hjvx5pcgfe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104870</id>
      <parentid>104869</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:59:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104870</origin>
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      <text bytes="5099" sha1="7art90ndt32u2v5281q7i2ruloteydx" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;         

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>7art90ndt32u2v5281q7i2ruloteydx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104871</id>
      <parentid>104870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:59:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104871</origin>
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      <text bytes="5370" sha1="n9v4a9og2rlkx292v3jodmu4m0pbotc" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;         

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104872</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="5678" sha1="f1116zl4xmrzov4ivxbbepaytts3p0s" xml:space="preserve">De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;         

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104873</id>
      <parentid>104872</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104873</origin>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;         

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>a3r3ovk9pnrd37rb127y5j90qxxsx7p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104874</id>
      <parentid>104873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104874</origin>
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      <text bytes="5833" sha1="rnzmijrv7nvlzfug765yzdknvi4gzul" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rnzmijrv7nvlzfug765yzdknvi4gzul</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104875</id>
      <parentid>104874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:29:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6082" sha1="qwrdo05a0qnookvqar08lrpgxrigo6x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).  

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104876</id>
      <parentid>104875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6247" sha1="33irbbt07xzmn4tfbjpd1xctrem48zb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;).     

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104877</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:31:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft).      

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s).       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3yv6p5qezobuozrxqxlkjs3215qoshx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104879</id>
      <parentid>104878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:32:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104879</origin>
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      <text bytes="6658" sha1="s7mnmmzhj91zu17nb8zqkwvtscwedz8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates.        

== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:32:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6797" sha1="io0xa8evji92g8penjhvqjjtvzz3a4c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine.         

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.         

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104882</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:34:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="7040" sha1="a7vziryj2mg971jl983oxmhioko0jbn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.         

De initial design of de dam foresaw a rock-fill dam.          

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nmnguo085n0kpchxv22xerou4xhukho</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104885</id>
      <parentid>104884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:47:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104885</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7541" sha1="dyv11l426cjjtv3vv9fl9wtdjbdcj6c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dyv11l426cjjtv3vv9fl9wtdjbdcj6c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104886</id>
      <parentid>104885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:47:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104886</origin>
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      <text bytes="7718" sha1="2b3e0bh1m63doooh4lrwq90puqir97u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. 

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104887</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:48:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="7905" sha1="das6wg06zkan5yct37fznwys67tx8s6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW). 

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="8198" sha1="q4twp1g4aattevbtc1pbido04nrzkux" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd.   

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104890</id>
      <parentid>104889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:49:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104890</origin>
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      <text bytes="8318" sha1="0vyqk0k78qfgoa9bo23bt86zsaiouqy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam.    

== References ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104891</id>
      <parentid>104890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104891</origin>
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      <text bytes="8405" sha1="qbdzybt2jasx9si7me81zkcjp9760qf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qbdzybt2jasx9si7me81zkcjp9760qf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104892</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:50:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>gm3xfffvaabz3sizdch6jav1xk1m5vs</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104893</id>
      <parentid>104892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid.      

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.      

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104895</id>
      <parentid>104894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:51:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="8874" sha1="tbq7nykydag2dnn4l6k69t6meyp5p17" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104896</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:52:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.       

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104897</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:52:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104897</origin>
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      <text bytes="9454" sha1="5302fif6xfbeaq69deyk0aq1cc2xroj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;        

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104898</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:53:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]].         

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <text bytes="9752" sha1="nzhg5bwgwr2u7nsa2qx9bx26538lwww" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric.          

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.           

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104901</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:56:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="10136" sha1="5jc3gtudjvbayti48id2nphoazkhd5r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.           

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h1gnwag6wjpc4q4wfwg295j1lm2urdy</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104904</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:57:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104904</origin>
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      <text bytes="10438" sha1="68c9qor96goxyeayw1zxmu5ns84yurn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top.             

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="10606" sha1="q4q1tz3xht2qw8xut6ygtobhx497rx2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.             

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104906</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T22:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="10624" sha1="m054sv1l81ytfinp8t5zslmk545tlq8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;             

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection.              

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104909</id>
      <parentid>104907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:00:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="10807" sha1="msall7894y0f1tk5yplovkcp6r0yd1t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd.               

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="10874" sha1="b3jbwfx9f9u78abycvb8sfp3ucgytiu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,               

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>b3jbwfx9f9u78abycvb8sfp3ucgytiu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>104911</id>
      <parentid>104910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:00:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104911</origin>
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      <text bytes="11113" sha1="42e76qi1tpluhhtq47moi0kt5srydih" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;                

== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:01:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.                

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104913</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:02:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="11632" sha1="qbzn85yjydyr4ro97plczls14ohv1l3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;                

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. 

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin. 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:19:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="12290" sha1="5x484awvukdrf3h9n6z6tda2psxge4h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5x484awvukdrf3h9n6z6tda2psxge4h</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104918</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:19:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104918</origin>
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      <text bytes="12390" sha1="4tvvslw37ontxmuz85dlutbwg1l203e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd.    

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104919</id>
      <parentid>104918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:20:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="12725" sha1="kawiosukezrx9czj5sdvscfjhi10xlf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;    

== References ==</text>
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      <id>104920</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="13011" sha1="hgbizpodoo94dsafhtve0bi3ov1o9xa" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;     

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104921</id>
      <parentid>104920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:21:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="13160" sha1="8blcfetwxbdz0dh5pqlh15oab1i3ool" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8blcfetwxbdz0dh5pqlh15oab1i3ool</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104922</id>
      <parentid>104921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:21:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>104922</origin>
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      <text bytes="13447" sha1="os0z8986ou023rnxg3qzilq3a74vm96" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG2&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>os0z8986ou023rnxg3qzilq3a74vm96</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>104923</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:22:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="13725" sha1="gklm8v4n0jmmkrmpsu1ph1l0mrvw06v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG2&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.      

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104924</id>
      <parentid>104923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:23:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="13890" sha1="8lnhz7tq03c4jnvadyys562xl7b91ax" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG2&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;      

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:24:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="14379" sha1="euueyuayz05fz6lff3xoavrhga09tva" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG2&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].      

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="14612" sha1="ozavurat21rcfp46tgohk2avnp363b9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG2&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;      

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104927</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T23:27:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="14218" sha1="3yh7ub40vcg8pyya3fwn5h3e35udajn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3yh7ub40vcg8pyya3fwn5h3e35udajn</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T11:47:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="14386" sha1="ca5yll2t62dyhcsqu4zqqeiix6qjl7o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. 

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="14496" sha1="qq8w0fy00o44d6yegycb05et4su4z5f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet.  

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial.   

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="14910" sha1="tqucagsc4pto2d65n7b6k80fgc3ip3t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake.    

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="14944" sha1="39pnnyacsqz38gsx7xmlpc9w3eanwvv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;    

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;    

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.     

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="15196" sha1="91zaqoo0ljrkuln24sa666y9kf8u7aa" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;     

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods.      

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of [[:en:International_Rivers|International Rivers]]' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot;       

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of [[:en:International_Rivers|International Rivers]]' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;       

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="15790" sha1="ozrncpernsoyn3pt9yrh44z51sof6lk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of [[:en:International_Rivers|International Rivers]]' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;       

== References ==</text>
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De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam plus an associated [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] power plant for de [[:en:Omo_River_(Ethiopia)|Omo River]] for [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of [[:en:Sodo|Sodo]] for de [[:en:South_Ethiopia_Regional_State|South Ethiopia Regional State]] insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_I_Power_Station|Gibe I]] dam (184 MW) den [[:en:Gilgel_Gibe_II_Power_Station|Gibe II]] power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned [[:en:Ethiopian_Electric_Power|Ethiopian Electric Power]] own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister [[:en:Hailemariam_Desalegn|Hailemariam Desalegn]] for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from [[:en:Non-governmental_organization|NGOs]] give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister [[:en:Meles_Zenawi|Meles Zenawi]] vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high [[:en:Roller-compacted_concrete|roller-compacted concrete]] dam. E dey withhold a [[:en:Reservoir|reservoir]] capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] be 108 m (354 ft) long den [[:en:Floodgate|floodgate]]-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two [[:en:Penstock|penstocks]] dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW [[:en:Electrical_generator|generators]] wey [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]] support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be [[:en:Energy_in_Ethiopia|electricity generation]] dat be both [[:en:Renewable_energy|renewable]] den [[:en:Dispatchable_generation|dispatchable]]. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] (500 MW), [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] (200 MW) den [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]] (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making [[:en:Power_Purchase_Agreement|Power Purchase Agreements]] insyd. Only Kenya sign a [[:en:Memorandum_of_understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den [[:en:Brownout_(electricity)|brownouts]]. According to de [[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]] drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan [[:en:Paleoanthropologist|paleoanthropologist]] [[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]] wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_Committee|World Heritage Committee]], for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for [[:en:Lake_Turkana|Lake Turkana]] top, a [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of [[:en:International_Rivers|International Rivers]]' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]

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    <title>Mataheko Drainage Channel</title>
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      <text bytes="1051" sha1="5dfrrxaedrlv77u2s7a89qrh3ldroj7" xml:space="preserve">De Mataheko '''Drainage Channel''' be a major urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey locate insyd de Mataheko area of western [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. E forms part of de wider drainage infrastructure within de '''Odaw River Basin''', one of de principal drainage systems insyd de Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. De channel plays an important role in conveying stormwater runoff from densely populated communities insyd western Accra den contributes to flood mitigation efforts within de metropolis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana |url=https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/LinkDataDistrict/2672 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ghanadistricts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-17 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO and Dredge Masters intensify flood prevention efforts across Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/zoomlion-nadmo-and-dredge-masters-intensify-flood-prevention-efforts-across-accra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

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      <text bytes="1093" sha1="3a9wymq491yqtrsnn5u7vt6fytz9qmq" xml:space="preserve">De Mataheko '''Drainage Channel''' be a major urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey locate insyd de Mataheko area of western [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. E forms part of de wider drainage infrastructure within de '''Odaw River Basin''', one of de principal drainage systems insyd de Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. De channel plays an important role in conveying stormwater runoff from densely populated communities insyd western Accra den contributes to flood mitigation efforts within de metropolis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana |url=https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/LinkDataDistrict/2672 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ghanadistricts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-17 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO and Dredge Masters intensify flood prevention efforts across Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/zoomlion-nadmo-and-dredge-masters-intensify-flood-prevention-efforts-across-accra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
= Hydrological Significance den Location =
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1877" sha1="axcfydbg0tv21avia8vud7ajbuw6jk1" xml:space="preserve">De Mataheko '''Drainage Channel''' be a major urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey locate insyd de Mataheko area of western [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. E forms part of de wider drainage infrastructure within de '''Odaw River Basin''', one of de principal drainage systems insyd de Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. De channel plays an important role in conveying stormwater runoff from densely populated communities insyd western Accra den contributes to flood mitigation efforts within de metropolis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana |url=https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/LinkDataDistrict/2672 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ghanadistricts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-17 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO and Dredge Masters intensify flood prevention efforts across Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/zoomlion-nadmo-and-dredge-masters-intensify-flood-prevention-efforts-across-accra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
= Hydrological Significance den Location =
De Mataheko Drainage Channel be situated within de catchment of de Odaw River Basin, covering approximately 270–272 [[Square kilometre|km²]] insyd de Greater Accra Region. De Odaw River den its tributaries constitute de primary drainage network for Accra den discharge into de Korle Lagoon before reaching de Gulf of Guinea. De Mataheko channel be among several engineered tributary drains dat feed into de larger Odaw drainage system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=T. |first1=Balstrøm |last2=B. |first2=Hasholt |last3=A.M.N. |first3=Allotey |last4=P.M. |first4=Gyekye |date=2024-07-22 |title=The Identification of Flood-Prone Areas in Accra, Ghana Using a Hydrological Screening Method. |url=https://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/items/ed89cef0-7edd-4b63-93a6-756eaee53c48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="2509" sha1="tsw4j6ohea2uygwdv1cv6kd4n3906si" xml:space="preserve">De Mataheko '''Drainage Channel''' be a major urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey locate insyd de Mataheko area of western [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. E forms part of de wider drainage infrastructure within de '''Odaw River Basin''', one of de principal drainage systems insyd de Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. De channel plays an important role in conveying stormwater runoff from densely populated communities insyd western Accra den contributes to flood mitigation efforts within de metropolis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana |url=https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/LinkDataDistrict/2672 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ghanadistricts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-17 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO and Dredge Masters intensify flood prevention efforts across Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/zoomlion-nadmo-and-dredge-masters-intensify-flood-prevention-efforts-across-accra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
= Hydrological Significance den Location =
De Mataheko Drainage Channel be situated within de catchment of de Odaw River Basin, covering approximately 270–272 [[Square kilometre|km²]] insyd de Greater Accra Region. De Odaw River den its tributaries constitute de primary drainage network for Accra den discharge into de Korle Lagoon before reaching de Gulf of Guinea. De Mataheko channel be among several engineered tributary drains dat feed into de larger Odaw drainage system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=T. |first1=Balstrøm |last2=B. |first2=Hasholt |last3=A.M.N. |first3=Allotey |last4=P.M. |first4=Gyekye |date=2024-07-22 |title=The Identification of Flood-Prone Areas in Accra, Ghana Using a Hydrological Screening Method. |url=https://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/items/ed89cef0-7edd-4b63-93a6-756eaee53c48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De channel serves communities around Mataheko, South Kaneshie den adjoining urban settlements, conveying runoffs generated during periods of heavy rainfall. Because of rapid urbanisation, increased impervious surfaces den settlement expansion within de basin, de drainage channel has becam an important component of Accra's flood-control infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin1 |date=2026-06-03 |title=Outdated drainage systems expose cities to flooding — GhIE |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/outdated-drainage-systems-expose-cities-to-flooding-ghie/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <origin>104940</origin>
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      <text bytes="2542" sha1="jyrayw6v68g6o3k5js79xyiiixngmag" xml:space="preserve">De Mataheko '''Drainage Channel''' be a major urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey locate insyd de Mataheko area of western [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. E forms part of de wider drainage infrastructure within de '''Odaw River Basin''', one of de principal drainage systems insyd de Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. De channel plays an important role in conveying stormwater runoff from densely populated communities insyd western Accra den contributes to flood mitigation efforts within de metropolis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana |url=https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/LinkDataDistrict/2672 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ghanadistricts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-17 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO and Dredge Masters intensify flood prevention efforts across Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/zoomlion-nadmo-and-dredge-masters-intensify-flood-prevention-efforts-across-accra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
= Hydrological Significance den Location =
De Mataheko Drainage Channel be situated within de catchment of de Odaw River Basin, covering approximately 270–272 [[Square kilometre|km²]] insyd de Greater Accra Region. De Odaw River den its tributaries constitute de primary drainage network for Accra den discharge into de Korle Lagoon before reaching de Gulf of Guinea. De Mataheko channel be among several engineered tributary drains dat feed into de larger Odaw drainage system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=T. |first1=Balstrøm |last2=B. |first2=Hasholt |last3=A.M.N. |first3=Allotey |last4=P.M. |first4=Gyekye |date=2024-07-22 |title=The Identification of Flood-Prone Areas in Accra, Ghana Using a Hydrological Screening Method. |url=https://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/items/ed89cef0-7edd-4b63-93a6-756eaee53c48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De channel serves communities around Mataheko, South Kaneshie den adjoining urban settlements, conveying runoffs generated during periods of heavy rainfall. Because of rapid urbanisation, increased impervious surfaces den settlement expansion within de basin, de drainage channel has becam an important component of Accra's flood-control infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin1 |date=2026-06-03 |title=Outdated drainage systems expose cities to flooding — GhIE |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/outdated-drainage-systems-expose-cities-to-flooding-ghie/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
= Development den Infastructure =
== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104941</id>
      <parentid>104940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T10:38:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>104941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3479" sha1="c6vn5gwyeo9ncuqhn0y3a74qfl2lrd2" xml:space="preserve">De Mataheko '''Drainage Channel''' be a major urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey locate insyd de Mataheko area of western [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. E forms part of de wider drainage infrastructure within de '''Odaw River Basin''', one of de principal drainage systems insyd de Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. De channel plays an important role in conveying stormwater runoff from densely populated communities insyd western Accra den contributes to flood mitigation efforts within de metropolis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana |url=https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/LinkDataDistrict/2672 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ghanadistricts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-17 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO and Dredge Masters intensify flood prevention efforts across Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/zoomlion-nadmo-and-dredge-masters-intensify-flood-prevention-efforts-across-accra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
= Hydrological Significance den Location =
De Mataheko Drainage Channel be situated within de catchment of de Odaw River Basin, covering approximately 270–272 [[Square kilometre|km²]] insyd de Greater Accra Region. De Odaw River den its tributaries constitute de primary drainage network for Accra den discharge into de Korle Lagoon before reaching de Gulf of Guinea. De Mataheko channel be among several engineered tributary drains dat feed into de larger Odaw drainage system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=T. |first1=Balstrøm |last2=B. |first2=Hasholt |last3=A.M.N. |first3=Allotey |last4=P.M. |first4=Gyekye |date=2024-07-22 |title=The Identification of Flood-Prone Areas in Accra, Ghana Using a Hydrological Screening Method. |url=https://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/items/ed89cef0-7edd-4b63-93a6-756eaee53c48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De channel serves communities around Mataheko, South Kaneshie den adjoining urban settlements, conveying runoffs generated during periods of heavy rainfall. Because of rapid urbanisation, increased impervious surfaces den settlement expansion within de basin, de drainage channel has becam an important component of Accra's flood-control infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin1 |date=2026-06-03 |title=Outdated drainage systems expose cities to flooding — GhIE |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/outdated-drainage-systems-expose-cities-to-flooding-ghie/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
= Development den Infastructure =
Improvement works on de Mataheko Drainage Channel formed part of de broader '''Accra Storm Drainage Improvement Works – Phase I''', undertaken under de supervision of de Accra Metropolitan Assembly. Engineering consultancy firm Watertech Company Limited reported involvement insyd de detailed design, environmental impact assessment den construction supervision of de Mataheko drain as part of drainage enhancement projects implemented insyd Accra during de late 2000s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WATERTECH Company Limited |url=https://www.watertechgh.com/projects/drainage-and-environment.html |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=www.watertechgh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CSci |first=Philip Kyeremanteng, MSc |title=Re-Engineering the Whole Drainage System of Accra |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1500076/re-engineering-the-whole-drainage-system-of-accra.html |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>104942</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T10:41:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Add databox</comment>
      <origin>104942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3491" sha1="d8d34n6sd55lh5trbnax49opx9tzeey" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De Mataheko '''Drainage Channel''' be a major urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey locate insyd de Mataheko area of western [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. E forms part of de wider drainage infrastructure within de '''Odaw River Basin''', one of de principal drainage systems insyd de Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. De channel plays an important role in conveying stormwater runoff from densely populated communities insyd western Accra den contributes to flood mitigation efforts within de metropolis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana |url=https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/LinkDataDistrict/2672 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ghanadistricts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-17 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO and Dredge Masters intensify flood prevention efforts across Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/zoomlion-nadmo-and-dredge-masters-intensify-flood-prevention-efforts-across-accra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
= Hydrological Significance den Location =
De Mataheko Drainage Channel be situated within de catchment of de Odaw River Basin, covering approximately 270–272 [[Square kilometre|km²]] insyd de Greater Accra Region. De Odaw River den its tributaries constitute de primary drainage network for Accra den discharge into de Korle Lagoon before reaching de Gulf of Guinea. De Mataheko channel be among several engineered tributary drains dat feed into de larger Odaw drainage system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=T. |first1=Balstrøm |last2=B. |first2=Hasholt |last3=A.M.N. |first3=Allotey |last4=P.M. |first4=Gyekye |date=2024-07-22 |title=The Identification of Flood-Prone Areas in Accra, Ghana Using a Hydrological Screening Method. |url=https://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/items/ed89cef0-7edd-4b63-93a6-756eaee53c48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De channel serves communities around Mataheko, South Kaneshie den adjoining urban settlements, conveying runoffs generated during periods of heavy rainfall. Because of rapid urbanisation, increased impervious surfaces den settlement expansion within de basin, de drainage channel has becam an important component of Accra's flood-control infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin1 |date=2026-06-03 |title=Outdated drainage systems expose cities to flooding — GhIE |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/outdated-drainage-systems-expose-cities-to-flooding-ghie/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
= Development den Infastructure =
Improvement works on de Mataheko Drainage Channel formed part of de broader '''Accra Storm Drainage Improvement Works – Phase I''', undertaken under de supervision of de Accra Metropolitan Assembly. Engineering consultancy firm Watertech Company Limited reported involvement insyd de detailed design, environmental impact assessment den construction supervision of de Mataheko drain as part of drainage enhancement projects implemented insyd Accra during de late 2000s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WATERTECH Company Limited |url=https://www.watertechgh.com/projects/drainage-and-environment.html |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=www.watertechgh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CSci |first=Philip Kyeremanteng, MSc |title=Re-Engineering the Whole Drainage System of Accra |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1500076/re-engineering-the-whole-drainage-system-of-accra.html |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Littoral Region (Cameroon)</title>
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    <id>27838</id>
    <revision>
      <id>104944</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T10:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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