Kuukua Eshun

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'''Kuukua Eshun''' be Ghanaian-American film director, artist den writer. Kuukua dey raise awareness about social issues den mental health through ein writing den film.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200626170455/https://avalidreview.com/kuukua/ &quot;KuuKua&quot;]. Archived from [https://avalidreview.com/kuukua/ the original] on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/13662/kuukua-eshun-lets-talk-about-mental-health-withi.html &quot;Kuukua Eshun: Let's Talk About Mental Health Within The African Community&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 23 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; She be de co-founder of Boxedkids.&lt;ref&gt;Gyasi, Prince. [https://suitcasemag.com/articles/boxed-kids-ghana &quot;Boxed Kids: Accra, Ghana&quot;]. ''Suitcase Magazine''. Retrieved 23 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein early life den education ==
Dem born Kuukua for [[Accra]] insyd for 18 May 1994 buh she dey hail from [[Aburi]] wey dey [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] for Ghana. She attend Columbus State Community College where she study Art den Science.&lt;ref&gt;[https://filmfreeway.com/KuukuaEshun &quot;Kuukua Eshun&quot;]. ''FilmFreeway''. Retrieved 27 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ein career ==
Kuukua ein first film titled ''Artist, Act of Love'' win sam award for de worldwide women's films festival for best visual effect.&lt;ref&gt;Ababio, Jesse (12 February 2020). [https://kuulpeeps.com/2020/02/ghanaian-short-film-artist-act-of-love-wins-best-visual-effects-at-the-worldwide-womens-film-festival/ &quot;Ghanaian Short Film &quot;Artist, Act Of Love&quot; Wins Best Visual Effects At The Worldwide Women's Film Festival&quot;]. ''Kuulpeeps - Ghana Campus News and Lifestyle Site by Students''. Retrieved 23 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; She be de co-founder of Skate Gal Club.&lt;ref&gt;Frank, Alex. [https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/surf-ghana-skate-gal-club-girls-women-skateboard-crew &quot;Take a Ride With Ghana's First All-Girls Skate Crew&quot;]. ''Vogue''. Retrieved 23 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ride-ghana-first-girls-skate-120000959.html &quot;Take a Ride With Ghana's First All-Girls Skate Crew&quot;]. ''finance.yahoo.com''. Retrieved 23 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gbadamosi, Nosmot; Cristofoletti, Thomas (10 February 2020).[https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/4ag3pg/skate-gal-club-ghana-gender-equality-metoo-assault-survivors &quot;People Assumed Women in Ghana Wouldn't Skate. Then One Crew Changed Everything&quot;]. ''Vice''. Retrieved 23 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Kuukua dey believe for gender equity insyd wey emake am push chaw protest for Accra streets top. She collaborate plus UNFPA Ghana hold sam healing session for young women wey be survivors of sexual assault.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ghananewsagency.org/social/unfpa-fights-against-gender-violence-through-walk-and-vigil-161200 &quot;UNFPA fights against Gender Violence through Walk and Vigil&quot;]. ''ghananewsagency.org''. Retrieved 23 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200627064405/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/unfpa-fights-against-gender-violence-through-walk-and-vigil/ &quot;UNFPA fights against Gender Violence through walk and vigil&quot;]. ''MyJoyOnline.com''. 14 December 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuukua recently work plus Nigerian musician Wizkid wer she direct sam performance bi give am.&lt;ref&gt;Segbefia, Sedem (1 May 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210512233704/https://thebftonline.com/01/05/2021/kuukua-eshun-an-extraordinary-creative-mind/ &quot;Kuukua Eshun, an extraordinary creative mind&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 9 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem premier Kuukua ein recent documentary film &quot;Unveiling&quot; for de Museum Ostwall Im Dortmunder U wey dey Germany wey dem show am for de museum insyd till March 2022. ANO Institute of Arts &amp; Knowledge commission de film wey ebi Kuukua wey produce den direct am.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/filmmaker-kuukua-eshun-premieres-unveiling-in-german-museum/ &quot;Filmmaker Kuukua Eshun premieres 'Unveiling' in German Museum - MyJoyOnline.com&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 27 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuukua sam direct Nigerian Musician Wizkid ein short film give ein ''Made In Lagos'' album titled ''Made In Lagos Deluxe Film'' wey dem release for December 2021 insyd. She co-direct dis short film plus Wizkid.&lt;ref&gt;Conteh, Mankaprr (20 December 2021). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/wizkid-made-in-lagos-short-film-1274314/ &quot;Wizkid Indulges in Beauty in 'Made in Lagos (Deluxe)' Short Film&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved 27 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://grmdaily.com/wizkid-made-in-lagos-short-fulm/ &quot;Wizkid Releases Brand-New Short Film For 'Made in Lagos'&quot;]. ''GRM Daily''. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein filmography ==

=== Short films ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Producer
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Stranger To Your Seed''
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eb0ZV6TlzpA Kuukua Eshun – Stranger To Your Seed (Short Poetry Film)]'', retrieved 18 February 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;admin (9 October 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230218120934/https://www.thespectatoronline.com/kuukua-eshun-telling-impactful-stories-through-art-creativity/ &quot;Kuukua Eshun: Telling impactful stories through art, creativity&quot;]. ''The Spectator''. Retrieved 18 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Asare, Edward (27 April 2022). [https://edwardasare.com/from-ghana-to-the-world-meet-kuukua-eshun-a-young-female-filmmaker-taking-the-world-by-storm/ &quot;From Ghana to the World: Meet Kuukua Eshun, A Young Female Filmmaker Taking The World By Storm&quot;]. ''EdwardAsare - Digital Marketer | PR| Blogger | News''. Retrieved 18 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|''Artist, Act Of Love''
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Hollywood-More-25-year-old-Kuukua-Eshun-wins-international-film-awards-996766 &quot;Hollywood &amp; More: 25-year-old Kuukua Eshun wins international film awards&quot;]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|''Unveiling''
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211227191905/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kuukua-Eshun-gets-her-film-Unveiling-premiered-in-a-German-museum-1425907 &quot;Kuukua Eshun gets her film 'Unveiling' premiered in a German museum&quot;]. ''GhanaWeb''. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|''Made In Lagos (Deluxe)''
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Conteh, Mankaprr (20 December 2021). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/wizkid-made-in-lagos-short-film-1274314/ &quot;Wizkid Indulges in Beauty in 'Made in Lagos (Deluxe)' Short Film&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved 25 January 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ameyawdebrah.com/watch-ghanaian-filmmaker-kuukua-eshun-and-wizkid-create-short-film-for-grammy-nominated-made-in-lagos-album/ &quot;WATCH: Ghanaian Filmmaker Kuukua Eshun And Wizkid Create Short Film For Grammy Nominated 'Made In Lagos' Album&quot;]. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ein awards den recognition ==
* Urbanworld Film Festival Finalists for Young Creators Showcase.&lt;ref&gt;Ramos, Dino-Ray (18 September 2020). [https://deadline.com/2020/09/urbanworld-film-festival-lineup-stacey-abrams-all-in-the-fight-for-democracy-1234579258/ &quot;Urbanworld Film Festival Adds Spotlight Conversation On 'All In: The Fight for Democracy' And More Events To Bolster Civic Engagement&quot;]. ''Deadline''. Retrieved 24 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Event
!Prize
!Recipient
!Result
|-
|2021
|2021 Ghana Movie Awards
|Best Documentary&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghana-movie-awards-2021-full-list-of-nominations/ &quot;Ghana Movie Awards 2021: Full list of nominations - MyJoyOnline.com&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 27 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|Unveiling
|Dem nominate am
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
'''Kuukua Eshun''' at Wikipedia ein sisto projects

* [[File:Commons-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[commons:Category:Kuukua_Eshun|Wikimedia Commons]]
* [[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|link=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[wikiquote:Kuukua_Eshun|Wikiquote]] (en)
* [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383541|16x16px]] [[wikidata:Q80132949|Wikidata]]

* [https://x.com/kuukssss Kuukua Eshun] for Twitter top

[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ghanaian film directors]]
[[Category:Ghanaian women film directors]]
[[Category:Ghanaian film producers]]
[[Category:Ghanaian writers]]
[[Category:Ghanaian women writers]]
[[Category:Ghanaian women film producers]]
[[Category:Ghanaian people stubs]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women]]
[[Category:People wey komot Greater Accra Region]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>São Tomé and Príncipe</title>
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'''São Tomé and Príncipe''', officially de '''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe''', be an island country insyd de Gulf of Guinea, off de western equatorial coast of Central Africa. E dey consist of two archipelagos around de two main islands of São Tomé den Príncipe, about {{convert|150|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} apart den about {{convert|250|and|225|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} off de northwestern coast of [[Gabon]]. Plus a population of 201,800 (2018 official estimate),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, as of 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; São Tomé and Príncipe be de second-smallest den second-least populous African sovereign state after [[Seychelles]].

De people of São Tomé and Príncipe be predominantly of African den ''mestiço'' descent, wey chaw dey practice Christianity. De legacy of Portuguese rule sanso be visible insyd de country ein culture, customs, den music, wich dey fuse European den African influences. São Tomé and Príncipe be a founding member state of de Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

== Politics ==

=== Administrative divisions ===
Insyd 1977, two years after independence, na dem divide de country into two provinces (São Tomé Province den Príncipe Province) den six districts. Since na dem adopt de new constitution insyd 1990, dem abolish de provinces, den de districts be de administrative subdivisions per. Since 29 April 1995, na de island of Príncipe be an autonomous region, coterminous plus de district of Pagué. Dem divide de larger island of São Tomé into six districts den Príncipe island into one:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIixDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA35|title=Governing Urban Africa|last=Nunes Silva|first=Carlos|publisher=Springer Nature|year=2016|isbn=9781349951093|chapter=São Tomé and Príncipe|via=Google Books|pages=35–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''São Tomé Island'''

*Água Grande
*Cantagalo
*Caué
*Lembá
*Lobata
*Mé-Zóchi

'''Príncipe Island'''

*Pagué

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:1975 establishments insyd São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Central African countries]]
[[Category:Countries for Africa insyd]]
[[Category:Former colonies insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Gulf of Guinea]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Least developed countries]]
[[Category:Member states of de African Union]]
[[Category:Member states of de Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]
[[Category:Member states of de Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
[[Category:Member states of de United Nations]]
[[Category:Countries den territories wer Portuguese be official language]]
[[Category:Portuguese colonisation insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:Small Island Developing States]]
[[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1975]]

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book|last=Seibert|first=Gerhard|title=Comrades, Clients, and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism, and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|year=2006|isbn=9789004147362}}
* {{cite book|last=Seibert|first=Gerhard|title=Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa|publisher=James Currey|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk|year=2013|isbn=9781847011367|chapter=São Tomé &amp; Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics|editor1-last=Law|editor1-first=Robin|editor2-last=Strickrodt|editor2-first=Silke|editor3-last=Schwarz|editor3-first=Suzanne}}
* {{Cite journal|volume=6|issue=3|pages=453–467|last=Vogt|first=John L.|title=The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=1973|doi=10.2307/216611|jstor=216611}}

== Read further ==

* Chabal, Patrick (ed.) 2002. ''A history of postcolonial Lusophone Africa.'' London: C. Hurst. {{ISBN|1-85065-589-8}} – Overview of the decolonization of Portugal's African colonies, and a chapter specifically about São Tomé and Príncipe's experience since the 1970s.
* Eyzaguirre, Pablo B. &quot;The independence of São Tomé e Príncipe and agrarian reform.&quot; ''Journal of Modern African Studies'' 27.4 (1989): 671–678.
* Frynas, Jędrzej George, Geoffrey Wood, and Ricardo MS Soares de Oliveira. &quot;Business and politics in São Tomé e Príncipe: from cocoa monoculture to petro‐state.&quot; ''African Affairs'' 102.406 (2003): 51–80. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1542 online]
* Hodges, Tony, and Malyn Dudley Dunn Newitt. ''São Tomé and Príncipe: from plantation colony to microstate'' (Westview Press, 1988).
* Keese, Alexander. &quot;Forced labour in the 'Gorgulho Years': Understanding reform and repression in Rural São Tomé e Príncipe, 1945–1953.&quot; ''Itinerario'' 38.1 (2014): 103–124.
* Tomás, Gil, et al. &quot;The peopling of Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea): origins of slave settlers and admixture with the Portuguese.&quot; ''Human biology'' 74.3 (2002): 397–411.
* Weszkalnys, Gisa. &quot;Hope &amp; oil: expectations in São Tomé e Príncipe.&quot; ''Review of African Political Economy'' 35.117 (2008): 473–482. [http://www.academia.edu/download/38851914/Weszkalnys_Hope_and_Oil_published.pdf online]
== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q1039|c=Category:São Tomé e Príncipe|n=Category:São Tomé and Príncipe|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=
São Tomé and Príncipe|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=São Tomé and Príncipe|species=no}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064541.stm Country Profile] from BBC News
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409145152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sao-tome-and-principe/ São Tomé and Príncipe]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency.
* [[commons:Atlas_of_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Wikimedia Atlas of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [http://www.saotome.st/ São Tomé e Príncipe]—Tourist information
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ST Key Development Forecasts for São Tomé and Príncipe] from International Futures

'''Government'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091224031040/http://www.gov.st/ Página Oficial do Governo de São Tomé e Príncipe] – Official Page of the Government of São Tomé and Príncipe (insyd Portuguese)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051022122318/http://www.presidencia.st/ Presidência da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe] – President of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (official site) (insyd Portuguese)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110430035407/http://www.parlamento.st/ Assembleia Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe] – National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe (official site) (insyd Portuguese)
* [http://www.ine.st/ Instituto Nacional de Estatística] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091113141805/http://www.ine.st/ Archived] 13 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine– National statistics institute (insyd Portuguese)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191115142646/http://www.bcstp.st/ Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070612235116/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/sao-tome-and-principe.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
{{Authority control}}</text>
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      <text bytes="49438" sha1="5nbhammsnf14thm3al44icb3qosiqd5" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia! ==

Hi DaSupremo, and also ping @[[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]], @[[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]], @[[User:Feliciopedro2|Feliciopedro2]], @[[User:Sunkanmi12|Sunkanmi12]], @[[User:NanaKojo16|NanaKojo16]], @[[User:NanaYawBotar|NanaYawBotar]], @[[User:Afimaame|Afimaame]], @[[User:Elkay20|Elkay20]] and @[[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]].

Welcome to the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia! You and all your co-contributors have done a great job so far in getting here, and I would like to congratulate you on finally having the newest official Wikipedia edition! Well done to all of you!

For previous wikis, there have usually been some technical issues that take some time to fix, but for the first time in many years, I think all of the normal technical issues have actually already bene solved now, less than one day after the Wikipedia was created. Visual editor works like it should, the same with the DiscussionTools, Wikidata support has been enabled, and the statistics in [[Special:Statistics]] look correct.

But still, if you notice any issues, or if there are things you want to do but aren't able to for some reason, please feel free to reach out to me, and I can help figure out how to solve them.

Best of luck to all of you with your new Wikipedia, and happy editing! 🎉 [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 01:07, 6 July 2023 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) thanks for that and we are also grateful for your continuous help and support. We would like to fix the use of bare URLS for references. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 13:48, 6 July 2023 (GMT)
:Thanks  [[User:NanaKojo16|NanaKojo16]] ([[User talk:NanaKojo16|talk]]) 08:38, 7 July 2023 (GMT)
==Modifications to the home page==
Hello dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]]
I've made a slight modification to the homepage, by adding the number of existing articles.
And I designed and programmed a new template for the introduction of the home page.
I hope you see it:[[User:Osps7/Test]]

With regards--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 18:26, 19 August 2023 (GMT)

:Wow...thanks for that. [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) It will help us track and remove vandalism on articles. Really grateful [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 21:38, 19 August 2023 (GMT)
==Important inquiry==
Dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I am trying to work on developing the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia by adding new tools and improving the work of the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia by adding software tools that contribute to increasing effectiveness and contribute to protecting the encyclopedia from vandalism.
I'm trying to work on an add-on (MediaWiki:Gadget-autocomplete.js)
But I need permissions, how can I request permissions?

With regards--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 11:42, 20 August 2023 (GMT)

:I think you can propose it on [[phab:|Phabricator]] and start working on it. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:36, 20 August 2023 (GMT)

== Suggestions ==

First off, congratulations on leading the creation of and becoming admin of this Wikipedia, which is still the newest AFAIK. Hope that this project continues to grow and thrive. Onto the suggestions: with regards to the references, I think if you used your admin permissions to import the CS1 citation templates from enwiki it would also take care of the dependent modules. Or maybe someone from the community should file a request on MetaWiki. Documentation templates would also be handy I also think it might be a good idea to add a system or template for handling linguistic issues: for instance, I've already seen a page copied from enwiki with no effort made to translate it (although I can't find the specific page right now). Thanks! [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 15:43, 24 August 2023 (GMT)

:Thanks for the good wishes. I would really need help cos I am not conversant with the templates. I will ask a couple of guys around. Thanks again [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:34, 24 August 2023 (GMT)
==suggestion==
Dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]],
What do you think of the idea of ​​adding a new section to the home page called “In the News” and updating it continuously?--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 12:00, 10 September 2023 (GMT)

:Sounds good. A very good idea [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:07, 10 September 2023 (GMT)

== Note ==

Dear @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I hope you are well.
Over the past few days, I have developed a bot that I will activate here soon. It will create categories and templates that will help us. [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 22:03, 3 November 2023 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]), I am good and you? Noted and thanks for the continuous support. We really appreciate it. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:21, 3 November 2023 (GMT)

== Translation ==
Hi, could you please translate this to Ghanaian Pidgin?

Guosa is a constructed interlanguage originally created by Alex Igbineweka in 1965. It was designed to be a combination of the indigenous languages of Nigeria and to serve as a lingua franca to West Africa.

It has the following characteristics:
* It is an isolating language with subject–verb–object word order.
* There are no articles.
* There is no grammatical gender or noun class system.
* Most grammatical meaning is expressed through particles that precede the words they modify.
* Adjectives follow the noun.
* Guosa is generally prepositional.

Thank you. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 07:12, 16 November 2023 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]), thanks for reaching out. This is the Ghanaian Pidgin translation:
:Guosa be constructed interlanguage wey Alex Igbineweka originally create am for 1965 insyd. Dem design am make e be combination of de indigenous languages for Nigeria wey e go serve as lingua franca go West Africa.
:E get de characteristics wey dey follow:
:•E be language wey dey isolate plus subject–verb–object word order.
:•No articles dey.
:•No grammatical gender anaa noun class system dey.
:•Dem dey express chaw grammatical meaning thru particles wey dey precede de words dem modify.
:•Adjectives dey follow de noun.
:•Guosa be generally prepositional. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:03, 16 November 2023 (GMT)

==Importing citation templates==
Was looking at importing cite journal, cite book, and cite web. Best way to do this would be to use this tool and select &quot;Include all templates and transcluded pages&quot; https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Import

Would be happy to but only certain user groups have permission to use the tool. Best [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 12:30, 26 October 2024 (GMT)
:By the way hope to see you do more healthcare translations. Once we get the templates imported things will come through better. Best [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 12:44, 26 October 2024 (GMT)
::Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) for this information. It is valuable for us. I have checked it out and I realized it is a good tool. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:05, 26 October 2024 (GMT)
:::Are you able to make me a member of one of these groups &quot;Administrators or Importers&quot; so that I can help. Looking at &quot;Template:Cite book&quot; and not sure it worked properly. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 23:17, 26 October 2024 (GMT)
::::No please. But I think you can request for a temporal admin [[metawiki:Steward_requests/Permissions#Administrator_access|here]] to enable you carry that task.  [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:05, 27 October 2024 (GMT)

== delete ==

Can you please delete [[Talk:Audrey Sitsofe Gadzekpo]] and [[Talk:Joseph Kwame Kumah]]? they are orphaned. Best regards, [[User:TenWhile6|TenWhile6]] ([[User talk:TenWhile6|talk]]) 17:01, 14 November 2024 (GMT)

:Done [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 18:59, 14 November 2024 (GMT)

== Thank you for being a medical translator! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2024 Cure Translators Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2024 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&amp;project=all&amp;year=2024&amp;start=Filter joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We look forwards to working together in 2025.
|}

Thanks again :-)  -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:54, 26 January 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Translators_2024&amp;oldid=28173086 --&gt;
:I appreciate the award. Hope to do more this year [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 10:24, 26 January 2025 (GMT)

== Request for help ==

Hello @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]],

My name is [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma]], I am the Movement Communications Specialist supporting the [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization]] team. I am reaching out because you [[mediawikiwiki:Translation_suggestions:_Topic-based_&amp;_Community-defined_lists/Collaborators#User_names_and_campaigns|indicated interest]] in participating in the [[mediawikiwiki:Translation_suggestions:_Topic-based_&amp;_Community-defined_lists|Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists]] project.

We now have the [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=sw&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en Community-defined list feature] in the [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=sw&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=draft&amp;from=en Content translation tool]. We want to approach organisers of Wiki campaigns that involve translation happening now or soon to add the collection tags to their article list. So that people who use the Content translation tool can discover these campaigns and participate directly from the moment they access the tool using their mobile device. The campaign suggestions will be in the &quot;All Collection&quot; category of the Translation suggestion feature in the tool, as illustrated in the GIF below.

[[File:How_to_select_a_specific_collection_&amp;_all_collections_(1).gif|Screen record of how to select a specific collection and &quot;all collections&quot;]]

'''Our request'''

Please help us by providing a list of the campaigns happening in your community and the organisers we can approach to add the tag. This is important to us because we need to learn from its usage for campaigns.

I would appreciate your help connecting me to the campaigns you are preparing for in your community.

I look forward to your response, and please let me know if you need any clarification. Thank you so much!

Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 22:28, 11 February 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] thanks for reaching out. The Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia will be participating in this year's [[metawiki:Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_2025/Participants#Participating_Communities|Wiki Loves Ramadan]]. I will keep you posted when the community participates in subsequent editathons and campaigns. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:43, 11 February 2025 (GMT)
::Thank you so much, @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], for this information. I will keep in touch.
::Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 18:47, 13 February 2025 (GMT)
:::Ok @[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:14, 13 February 2025 (GMT)

== Follow-up on Incomplete Information for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 ==

Hi DaSupremo,

Thank you for signing up your community for For Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Please provide the following missing information on the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants|participants' page of Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]].

* Local Project Page Link
* Local Organizer
* Jury Tools Link
* Jury Members

''For the Team'', [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 05:49, 1 April 2025 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:ZI Jony|'''ZI Jony''']] [[User talk:ZI Jony|&lt;sup&gt;''(Talk)''&lt;/sup&gt;]], thanks for the message. Please none of the information above were created because I am the only person contributing on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia participating in the contest. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo#top|talk]]) 11:00, 1 April 2025 (UTC) [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:01, 1 April 2025 (GMT)
::@[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], thank you for your efforts. Unfortunately, above requirements are mandatory. I would like to request you to create an local Wikipedia project page (you would be able to copy content from [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Sample|here]], and then translate in your local language). Ask others to join with you as local organizer and jury members. [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 14:23, 1 April 2025 (GMT)
:::Thanks. Can I still participate as a participant because we did not apply for a grant to organise this event so we have no funds to award winners and its associated cost? [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:29, 1 April 2025 (GMT)
::::@[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], you still can continue as an local participant. Most of local organizers work without grant, as there are international prizes available. [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 14:46, 1 April 2025 (GMT)
:::::Oh okay...thanks. I will set up the local page then. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 15:10, 1 April 2025 (GMT)

== Reminder: Submit Your Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May ==

Dear DaSupremo,

Thank you for your valuable contributions to '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' in your communities!

This is a kind reminder that the '''deadline to submit your local results is 15 May 2025'''.

Please make sure to submit the '''complete and detailed results''' of your local contest on the following Meta-Wiki page:  
'''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]'''

Additionally, feel free to add a brief summary of your local event under the '''Results''' section in your country/region’s row on the participants page:  
'''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]'''

If you need any assistance during this process, don’t hesitate to reach out.

Thank you for your continued dedication and support!


For, Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team 11:51, 2 May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&amp;oldid=28651179 --&gt;

==Testing the tool==
Hey DaSupremo was just testing the tool here and thus had put it in my user space. Article is not actually translated

https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabies&amp;action=history

[[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 15:24, 7 May 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:Doc James|Doc James]], yeah I realized that and that is the reason I am moving them to mainspace and translating them. Thanks  [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:01, 7 May 2025 (GMT)
::Excellent, and we have the disease infobox / other infoboxes formating correctly now. See [[Glioblastoma]] [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 15:59, 8 May 2025 (GMT)
:::Great. Thank you for this. Now we can have infoboxes on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. Greatly appreciated [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 17:28, 8 May 2025 (GMT)

== Final Reminder – Submit Full Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May EOD ==

Dear DaSupremo,

This is a final reminder that the deadline to submit your '''full and detailed local results''' for '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' is '''15 May 2025''' EOD.

Please ensure you complete the following as soon as possible:

* Submit your full results on Meta-Wiki here: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]'''
* Add a brief summary of your local event under the &quot;Results&quot; column on: '''[[Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]'''

Failure to submit by the deadline may result in exclusion from the international jury consideration.

If you need help or encounter any issues, feel free to contact the international team.

Thank you once again for your dedication and hard work!


''Warm regards,''&lt;br/&gt;
'''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', 02:39, 15 May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&amp;oldid=28651179 --&gt;

== Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 ==

Dear DaSupremo

Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms.

To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you.

* '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here]
* '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025

It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future.

Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns!


Warm regards,&lt;br/&gt;
''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' 08:51, 19 May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Participants&amp;oldid=28751574 --&gt;

== Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 – Global Top 10 Winner: Congratulations! ==

'''Dear DaSupremo,'''

Congratulations! You have been selected as one of the '''Top 10 Global Winners''' (ranks 4 to 10) of the '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' campaign. Your contributions and participation have greatly enriched the project, and we sincerely appreciate your efforts.

To send you your prize and the official campaign T-shirt, we kindly request the following details:

* Full name:  
* Wikimedia username:  
* Country of residency:  
* Email address:  
* Preferred T-shirt size (M, L, XL):  
* Preferred T-shirt color (Black, White, Navy):  

'''Please send the above information within 24 hours to:''' '''support@wikilovesramadan.org'''

Your prize will be delivered through the [https://www.tremendous.com/catalog/ Tremendous] platform.

Also, we kindly request you to fill the '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Participant Feedback Form]''' at your earliest convenience.

Once again, thank you for your amazing contribution.

'''Best regards,'''  
''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'', [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 03:43, 27 May 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]], Thanks for the message. I have some reservations about the Winner of the campaign. I do not understand the language but it is clear when an article is created in a particular language. Most of their contributions (from what I sampled) where actually 'discussion pages' rather than translated articles. See [[:bn:আলাপ:মরক্কোতে_আশুরা|this]], [[:bn:আলাপ:গ্রেটার_টলেডো_ইসলামিক_সেন্টার|this]], [[:bn:আলাপ:মুসলিম_আমেরিকান_সোসাইটি|this]] and most could be found on the [[xtools:pages/bn.wikipedia.org/Hasan muntaseer/1|Xtool]]. Moreover, they were not even registered on the dashboard as we were told it was a requirement. On the dashboard, only [[wmfdashboard:courses/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_2025|241 articles]] where created in the Bangla Wikipedia. I might be wrong but their results need to be reviewed to ensure fairness and transparency. Thank you. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 08:03, 27 May 2025 (GMT)
::[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I believe that the same question you maybe asked to Dnshitobu earlier! Mostly tracking categories are used in the talk page of the articles for almost all Wikipedia, including Bangla and English Wikipedia. They use a template on the article talk page where a description also placed, instead of using on the main articles. Using dashboard were not a mandatory tool, because many wikis' developed thier own jury tools, like Bangla, Ukrainian, even English Wikipedia also used a different tool called [https://fountain.toolforge.org Fountain], it’s depend on local organizers which tool they are comfortable to use. Bangla Wikipedia was submitted 1806 articles, due to non-relevant issue they removed several articles. For you clarity, Bangla Wikipedia was looking for additional jury members to complete thier jury process in time, and I joined to help then, in the meantime I have re-reviewd several articles. So, I believe that the jury process were well strictured and trusted. I kindly request you to provide the details you have been asked at your earliest convenience. Additional inquiry, are you attending EduWiki Conference 2025? Or, someone who can receive your gift and certificate from the conference let me know in the same email. Thank you! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 10:51, 27 May 2025 (GMT)
:::Ok...thanks for the detailed explanation. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:03, 27 May 2025 (GMT)

== [[José Rafael Córdero Sánchez]] ==

Hi DaSupremo, I need your help about this article because is a crosswiki spam, for more details please check: [[:nl:Overleg Wikipedia:Checklijst langdurig structureel vandalisme/Josercs1|this report]] from Dutch Wikipedia. Thank you. [[User:Taichi|Taichi]] ([[User talk:Taichi|talk]]) 23:48, 16 October 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:Taichi|Taichi]]. Thanks for reaching out and well noted. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 00:01, 17 October 2025 (GMT)

== [[Samata (fashion entrepreneur)]] ==

Hi DaSupremo, I noticed that you expanded this article in 2023 by translating content from English Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia article was deleted earlier this year as most of the sources were found to be spam or unreliable. Other language Wikipedias like French, Arabic, Swahili and Igbo have also deleted this article on similar grounds. It seems the original English article was written by a spammer for promotional purposes, therefore the Ghanaian Pidgin article (which was primarily translated from English) should also be deleted. Let me know your thoughts. [[User:Acoustical|Acoustical]] ([[User talk:Acoustical|talk]]) 19:16, 25 November 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:Acoustical|Acoustical]]. Thanks for reaching out and well noted. Since it has been deleted from other language Wikipedias, I think it should be deleted too on the Ghanaian Pidgin WIkipedia. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:32, 25 November 2025 (GMT)

== Undeletion Request ==

hello @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]]

I noticed that you previously improved the article about Adebayo Temitayo (Realjjfrosh). I wanted to let you know that the page was later deleted.

If you have time, I would appreciate any guidance on whether the sources used (Punch, Vanguard, ThisDay, BusinessDay, Daily Trust) meet the project’s notability standards, or how the article could be reworked to comply fully with policy.

Thank you for your earlier improvements and for any advice you may be able to offer. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-74643-7|&amp;#126;2026-74643-7]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-74643-7|talk]]) 12:13, 3 February 2026 (GMT)

:It was deleted because of (Spam and it was a ([[metawiki:steward|steward]] action)) [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:19, 3 February 2026 (GMT)
::Ok thanks  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-74643-7|&amp;#126;2026-74643-7]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-74643-7|talk]]) 12:39, 3 February 2026 (GMT)

== Thank you for being a medical contributors! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; color: #000; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2025 Cure Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2025 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2025_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We appreciate you and the vital work you do! 

Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs.

Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating].
|}

Look forwards to collaborating in the year ahead. Thanks again :-)  -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:42, 14 February 2026 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;

(This message was sent to [[:User:DaSupremo]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2025&amp;oldid=30070084 --&gt;

== Thank you for being a medical translator! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; color: #000; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2025 Cure Translators Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2025 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&amp;user_group=all&amp;year=2025&amp;month=All joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public.

Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider formally joining the organization for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs.
|}

Look forwards to collaborating further in the year ahead. Thanks again :-)  -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:53, 14 February 2026 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;

(This message was sent to [[:User:DaSupremo]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers &amp; Jury ==

Hello {{PAGENAME}}!,

Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts!

To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have:
* Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]:
* Started promoting the campaign within your community.
* Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified.
* Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community.

=== Internet &amp; Childcare Support ===
Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''.

'''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]'''

Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained.

=== Important Participation Guidelines ===

* Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers).
* If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us.

=== Community Engagement ===

* Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign.
* Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally.
* In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''.
Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊

Thank you for your collaboration!

''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.''

Feminism and Folklore International Team.

–[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 05:17, 16 February 2026 (GMT)
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== Translation request ==

Hello, DaSupremo.

Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Bazardüzü]] and [[:en:Campi Flegrei]] in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia? 

Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|talk]]) 07:39, 15 March 2026 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]]. Noted [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 13:22, 15 March 2026 (GMT)
::Hello, DaSupremo.
::Thank you very much for the new article.
::Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|talk]]) 16:43, 9 April 2026 (GMT)
:::Welcome @[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:47, 9 April 2026 (GMT)

== Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1em 2em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

Dear Organizer,

I hope this message finds you well.

First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause.

As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]].

Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed.

Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. 

Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful.

Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon.

Warm regards,

[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]]

on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team 

&lt;nowiki&gt;#WeTogether&lt;/nowiki&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:57, 11 April 2026 (GMT)
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== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 April 2026 (GMT) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Ghanaian Pidgin ==

Hello. I'm looking for Ghanaian Pidgin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 19:45, 7 May 2026 (GMT)

:Sure [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 20:07, 7 May 2026 (GMT)
:: I'm looking for:
: &quot;studio album by Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;compilation album by Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;song by Käärijä den Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;single by Käärijä den Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;promotional single by Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;music video by Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;lyric video by Basshunter&quot;
:: [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 20:17, 7 May 2026 (GMT)
:::@[[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] Done [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:25, 8 May 2026 (GMT)
:::: So they are almost like English with the only difference of &quot;den&quot;? [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 18:00, 8 May 2026 (GMT)
:::::Ghanaian Pidgin is more of English with a bit of local Ghanaian languages [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 18:50, 8 May 2026 (GMT)
:::::: Good to know. All added. Thanks a lot. [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 21:30, 8 May 2026 (GMT)

== Request writing about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) ==

hi DaSupremo Would you like to write about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) for the GPE Wikipedia? It'll be appreciated if it 'll be done. [[User:Boss-well63|Boss-well63]] ([[User talk:Boss-well63|talk]]) 18:41, 29 May 2026 (GMT)

== Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 ==

Dear Feminism and Folklore organiser, 

This is a friendly reminder that the deadline for submitting the names and details of your local winners for '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' is '''5 June 2026'''.

Please ensure that your community's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|winner information]] is submitted before this date. Communities that do not provide their winner data by the deadline will unfortunately not be eligible for prize distribution, and the international organizing team will not be able to accommodate late submissions received after 5 June 2026.

Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for your participation in the campaign.

Best regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team'''

--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:09, 3 June 2026 (GMT)
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== Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]]

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

Your dedication, coordination, and hard work played a vital role in making this year's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore]] campaign successful. We truly appreciate the time and effort you invested in engaging your community and supporting participants.

As we have completed the jury phase and begin planning for next year's campaign, we would like to learn from your experiences. Please complete the organisers' feedback form and share your insights, challenges, and suggestions on how we can improve the campaign.

'''This feedback form is mandatory for all organisers''', as it helps us evaluate the campaign and make meaningful improvements for future editions.

'''Form link [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf6IsGAsxkTEWTwueyLg-gBjRVlY3g2kTNj3xRhDiILiQnQwQ/viewform?usp=dialog here]'''

Please submit your response by '''25 June 2026'''.

Thank you once again for your invaluable contributions and for helping make Feminism and Folklore a global success. We look forward to working with you again in the future!

Regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore Team'''

--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:05, 18 June 2026 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Thank you for being a part of Feminism and Folklore 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]]

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

Your contributions helped make this year's [[:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore]] campaign a great success, and we are truly grateful for your time, knowledge, and dedication to documenting women's stories and folklore on Wikimedia projects.

As we reflect on this year's campaign and prepare for the next edition, we'd love to hear about your experience. Please take a few minutes to fill out our feedback form and share your thoughts and suggestions.

As a token of our appreciation, everyone who completes the form will receive a '''special digital postcard'''! in their email. This year marks '''''25 years of Wikipedia''''', and the postcard has been created to celebrate this milestone and to recognize the incredible efforts of participants like you who continue to enrich free knowledge for the world.

'''Form Link - [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqFZN9IdWbAnZ_7DyG5bIsuq7KAkdsIxweC_TdPH9In-tthQ/viewform?usp=dialog here]'''

Please complete the feedback form by '''25 June 2026'''.

Thank you once again for making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a success. We hope to see you again in future campaigns!

Best regards,

Feminism and Folklore international Team.

--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:31, 18 June 2026 (GMT)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Share your Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 journey! ==

Dear Organizer,

On behalf of the Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team, I want to send a massive thank you for your leadership and hard work during the 2026 campaign. Organizing local events, coordinating juries, and tracking metrics takes a lot of effort, and your dedication has been vital to bridging the knowledge gap regarding Islamic heritage and traditions.

As we wrap up this year's campaign, we would love to hear how things went in your community. We have put together the Organizer Feedback Form to capture your successes, challenges, and metrics.

* '''Link to form''': https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfDsuYSv2S4RCQuwAO9MlykJwgPIy-l9ENTr7I_GxpfVuo2TA/viewform
* '''Deadline''': 31 July 2026

Thank you again for championing this campaign. We couldn't do this without you.


Warm Regards, [[m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] (Project Lead) for the Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 International Team. 20:12, 29 June 2026 (GMT)
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== Thank you for joining Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026! ==

Dear Participant,

Thank you so much for participating in the Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 campaign! Whether you were writing articles or uploading photos to Wikimedia Commons, your contributions have helped share beautiful traditions, Islamic history, and cultural heritage with the rest of the world. 

We want to make sure next year's campaign is even better, and we need your help to do it! We would love it if you could take 3–5 minutes to fill out our quick '''Participant Feedback Form'''. 

* '''Link to form''': https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScw_bPHsVzpby50jc2_syJD5-mS9scnRL5BLv9UXH2tK3Mr8w/viewform

Thank you again for sharing your knowledge and creativity with the Wikimedia movement. Keep an eye on your talk page and our social media for the final winner announcements soon!  Happy editing,


Warm Regards, [[m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] (Project Lead) for the Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 International Team. 20:13, 29 June 2026 (GMT)
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== Congratulations! You are an International Winner for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==
Hello DaSupremo

On behalf of the '''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', I am absolutely thrilled to inform you that you have been selected as an International Winner for the 2026 Content Writing Competition! Your incredible dedication to writing and expanding articles has been recognized, and you have officially won the '''Consolation top 10 winner'''.

To claim your prize, we have just sent an important email to the address linked to your Wikimedia account from '''support@wikilovesramadan.org'''.

Action required: Please check your email inbox right away. If you don't see it, make sure to check your Spam, Promotions, or Social folders, as official emails sometimes get filtered there by mistake.

Please follow the instructions in that email to fill out your winner's form so we can process your reward.

Congratulations again on this amazing achievement, and thank you for helping us share Islamic history and culture with the world! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 16:31, 30 June 2026 (GMT)

== Nuking ==
Could you undo the nuking you just did on the editing I was doing the past few days? I put a lot of work into that, like with making sure the coding worked into Ghanaian Pidgin for &quot;Module:If preview/styles.css&quot; and so-on: like my entire weekend was spent just on this. And I saw you were helping correct any mistakes I had made with translating, which I appreciated, so I don't know why you've changed course. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39972-87|&amp;#126;2026-39972-87]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-39972-87|talk]]) 22:43, 14 July 2026 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:~2026-39972-87|~2026-39972-87]]. Thanks for reaching out. I deleted your edits because they were not properly translated into the Ghanaian Pidgin and I initially cautioned you. You continued making wrong translations using AI. I am the only admin for this language and it is making my work tedious. Because of your bad translations I can not keep up with edits which could involve vandalism and spamming articles.  [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:54, 14 July 2026 (GMT)
::Right, okay: I will slow down, keep things simpler/not tedious so they can be reviewed. Could you however un-nuke the code-related articles in the meantime: just those ones specifically? That took hours to do, like to make sure I had all the right code sections moved over not to cause errors. And I found a good number of code sections you created where you hadn’t actually transferred over the documentation that made those sections works. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39763-56|&amp;#126;2026-39763-56]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-39763-56|talk]]) 23:21, 14 July 2026 (GMT)
:::Hello @[[User:~2026-39763-56|~2026-39763-56]], thanks for understanding and please keep the edits simple to aid in making any necessary corrections. I really appreciate the edits you made but I just could not keep up with the reviewing process hence the reason I deleted them. I am very sorry about that. I will also would like to ask you to create an account if you are comfortable to prevent valuable edits like yours being deleted since it is on a temporal account. Thanks  [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 23:26, 14 July 2026 (GMT)
::::I can do that, yes, thank you. Can you though restore the code article creations like Infobox character? Looking through your logs, you should be able to tell which ones are code articles from the names. Or if you want I can list them. Since even with an account those would take a ''while'' to create again. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39870-28|&amp;#126;2026-39870-28]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-39870-28|talk]]) 11:45, 15 July 2026 (GMT)
:::::Hello @[[User:~2026-39870-28|~2026-39870-28]], please can you share them with me. I tried searching for them but your username keeps changing because it is a temporal account. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 17:35, 15 July 2026 (GMT)</text>
      <sha1>5nbhammsnf14thm3al44icb3qosiqd5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Marta (footballer)</title>
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      <text bytes="52796" sha1="fplafb6yixwe76dsvyvcn5aj5a46nqb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Marta Vieira da Silva''' (born 19 February 1986), dem know am as '''Marta''', be Brazilian professional footballer wey dey play as forward give de Orlando Pride insyd de National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) den de Brazil national team.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marta &quot;Marta | Biography &amp; Facts | Britannica&quot;]. ''www.britannica.com''. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/meet-marta-the-record-breaking-brazilian-football-player/UAWxrX7MR4XIfg &quot;Meet Marta: The Record-Breaking Brazilian Football Player&quot;]. ''Google Arts &amp; Culture''. Retrieved 7 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem widely dey regard Marta as one of de greatest female footballers of all time.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/aug/03/the-20-greatest-female-football-players-soccer &quot;The 20 greatest female football players of all time&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 3 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161013111955/http://www.sportsmuntra.com/10-best-female-footballers-time/ &quot;10 Best Female Footballers of All Time&quot;]. 27 October 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/womens-world-cup-2015-meet-marta-the-best-of-all-time-who-stands-in-the-way-of-australia/story-e6frf423-1227405275137 &quot;Women's World Cup 2015: who is Marta, who is the greatest footballers of all time, Marta, Matildas - Fox Sports&quot;]. ''www.foxsports.com.au''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Panja, Tariq (8 June 2015). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-08/best-ever-female-player-marta-misses-out-on-soccer-s-millions &quot;Best-Ever Female Player Marta Misses Soccer's Millions&quot;]. ''Bloomberg''.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem name am FIFA World Player of de Year six times, five of them be consecutive (from 2006 thru 2010) den de latest award cam insyd 2018.

Marta dey hold de record for Brazil ein top goalscorer plus 119 goals. Plus 17 goals, Marta sanso dey hold de record for most goals dem score insyd any World Cup, women’s anaa men's.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/18/football/marta-brazil-italy-australia-jamaica-womens-world-cup-spt-intl/index.html &quot;Marta: Brazil great makes history with 17th World Cup goal&quot;]. ''CNN''. 18 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-marta-record-17-world-cup-goals-brazil-italy &quot;Marta scores record 17th World Cup goal as Brazil advance to knockouts&quot;]. ''France 24''. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, na she be de first footballer of any gender make she score for five different World Cups,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48629040 &quot;Women's World Cup: Marta has record to rival Brazil legends Ronaldo and Pele&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 13 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; feat match by Christine Sinclair insyd 2019 den Cristiano Ronaldo insyd 2022,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49925779 &quot;Christine Sinclair: Canada striker beats all-time record&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 30 January 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; den sanso be de first footballer, female anaa male, make she score for five consecutive Olympic Games.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2020-fbl-marta-idUSKBN2ER0ZS &quot;Olympics: Soccer - Brazil's Marta scores in fifth Games running, Britain beat Chile&quot;]. ''Reuters''. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Na she be member of de Brazilian national teams wey win de silver medal for de 2004 den 2008 Summer Olympics. Na den sanso award am de Golden Ball (MVP) for de 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship wey she win both de Golden Ball award as de best player den de Golden Boot award as de top scorer insyd de 2007 Women's World Cup after she lead Brazil to de final of de tournament.

For de club level, Marta win de UEFA Women's Cup for Swedish club Umeå IK insyd 2004 wey she win seven Swedish league championships during ein time dey play give various teams insyd de country.

Insyd January 2013, na dem name am one of de six Ambassadors of de 2014 FIFA World Cup insyd Brazil, alongsyd Amarildo, Bebeto, Carlos Alberto Torres, Ronaldo den Mario Zagallo.&lt;ref&gt;FIFA.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090228213104/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/ambassador/overview.html &quot;2018 FIFA World Cup Russia&quot;]. ''www.fifa.com''. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/ambassador/overview.html the original] on 28 February 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso appear insyd de Sveriges Television television documentary series ''The Other Sport'' from 2013. Insys August 2016, na Marta be one of de eight make dem carry de Olympic Flag insyd de Olympic Games for Rio de Janeiro insyd. Na dem appoint am by de Secretary-General of de United Nations as Sustainable Development Goals advocate.

Insyd 2017, Marta receive Swedish citizenship wey now she get dual citizenship insyd both Brazil den Sweden.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2017-03-14/nu-ar-varldens-genom-tiderna-basta-fotbollsspelare-svensk-medborgare &quot;Nu är världens genom tiderna bästa fotbollsspelare svensk medborgare&quot;]. ''Sydsvenskan'' (insyd Swedish). 14 March 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Club career ==

=== Career start ===
Na Brazilian female coach Helena Pacheco discover Marta wen na she be 14 years old. After she play give de CSA youth team, Marta start ein professional career for Vasco da Gama insyd 2000. After two years, na dem transfer am to Santa Cruz, small club insyd de state of Minas Gerais,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hojeemdia.com.br/esportes/com-passagem-por-clube-de-belo-horizonte-marta-%C3%A9-esperan%C3%A7a-da-sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o-feminina-1.402629/marta-na-%C3%A9poca-em-que-defendeu-o-santa-cruz-de-bh-1.402636 &quot;Marta na época em que defendeu o Santa Cruz de BH&quot;]. ''HOME''. 2 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; wer na she go play for two more seasons, before she join Umeå IK of Sweden.

=== Umeå IK ===
Marta join Umeå IK before de 2004 season, during wich Umeå reach de final of de UEFA Women's Cup, wey win 8–0 for aggregate against Frankfurt, plus Marta score three goals over de two legs. Insyd de league, despite she amass total of 106 goals, wich na ebe 32 more dan de champions, Umeå fini second, Djurgården beat dem by single point. Marta score 22 league goals wey she get on de scoresheet top for de cup final against Djurgården, wey she score de goal per insyd 2–1 Umeå loss.

Ein second season (2005) end plus Marta wey score 21 goals den Umeå win de league, wey go undefeated. Once again, na Djurgården beat Umeå insyd de cup, dem lose by score of 3–1 insyd de final, thus dem avenge 7–0 league defeat to Umeå sam three weeks earlier.

Insyd 2006, Umeå san win de league widout losing, wey Marta, as insyd de previous year, na she be de league ein top scorer plus 21 goals. Umeå cruise to 11–1 aggregate win over Norwegian side Kolbotn FK insyd de UEFA Women's Cup, wey Marta score twice insyd both matches. For de third time for row, na she dey for de losing side top insyd de Swedish cup final wen na Linköpings FC defeat ein side 3–2.

Na de 2007 season be relatively successful give Umeå, plus de club win both de league, for wich dem fini nine points ahead of Djurgården,&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120912023220/http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t3damre.aspx?p=1408601&amp;scr=table&amp;ftid=643 &quot;Tabell och resultat – Damallsvenskan&quot;]. ''svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish). Svenska Fotbollförbundet. Archived from [http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t3damre.aspx?p=1408601&amp;scr=table&amp;ftid=643 the original] on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; den de Swedish Cup, wey dem beat AIK 4–3 for match insyd wich Marta score hat-trick, de last (winning) goal dey cam three minutes from time. Marta score 25 goals insyd de league, wey dem fini one goal behind de top scorer Lotta Schelin.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225070600/http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t2dam.aspx?p=287911 &quot;Skytteliga 2007&quot;]. ''svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish). Svenska Fotbollförbundet. Archived from [http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t2dam.aspx?p=287911 the original] on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de UEFA Women's Cup dem reach de final for de fourth time buh dem suffer disappointment, wey dem lose 1–0 on aggregate to Arsenal.

De 2008 season see Umeå den Marta win anoda Swedish championship title. After de end of de season, speculation arise wey dey concern de future of Marta wey couple of months later, for de day of de FIFA World Player of the Year Awards insyd January 2009, Marta announce say she go play for de American side Los Angeles Sol for de next three years.&lt;ref&gt;Wåhlin, Johan (12 January 2009). [http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=647&amp;a=873009 &quot;Marta bäst i världen – flyttar till LA&quot;]. ''dn.se'' (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; For de request of Marta, de Los Angeles side sanso purchase Johanna Frisk from Umeå IK,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081024002513/http://www.fotbollsexpressen.se/Internationell%2Bfotboll/1.1343544/martas-krav-till-usa-ta-med-frisk &quot;Martas krav till USA: Ta med Frisk&quot;] (insyd Swedish). Fotbollsexpressen.se. 23 October 2008. Archived from [http://www.fotbollsexpressen.se/Internationell%2Bfotboll/1.1343544/martas-krav-till-usa-ta-med-frisk the original] on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; wich lead to report by Swedish TV4 sports presenter Patrick Ekwall dat na Marta den Frisk be lesbian couple.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113022029/http://arbetaren.se/articles/kultur20090120-4 &quot;Ekwalls rekord&quot;] (insyd Swedish). Arbetaren.se. 2 January 2009. Archived from [http://www.arbetaren.se/articles/kultur20090120-4 the original] on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Both players deny dis to be true.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotbollsbladet/sverige/damallsvenskan/article4172741.ab &quot;Frisk: Vi är inget par&quot;] (insyd Swedish). Aftonbladet.se. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Marta ein life den football prowess be depicted insyd de 2005 Swedish television documentary &quot;Marta – Pelés kusin&quot; (&quot;Marta – Pelé ein cousin&quot;).

=== Los Angeles Sol ===
[[File:Marta_star.jpg|left|thumb|Marta insyd 2009 WPS All-Stars match against Umeå IK.]]
For de day dem name am FIFA World Player of the Year insyd January 2009, Marta announce say she go join Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) team Los Angeles Sol give de league ein inaugural season for three-year contract.&lt;ref&gt;[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/01/brazilian-stand.html &quot;The Fabulous Forum&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''. 12 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090402071802/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=991996.html &quot;Newly crowned Marta to join US league&quot;]. FIFA. 12 January 2009. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=991996.html the original] on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Of ein signing, she say, &quot;For me, the most important thing is to be in a place where the best players in the world are playing, and this is what they are trying to do here. The American League is being considered one of the best in the world, so I had to come now.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espnfc.com/news/story?id=625114&amp;cc=5901 &quot;Marta bringing star power to the L.A. Sol&quot;]. ESPN. The Associated Press. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Marta be de league ein top scorer for de 2009 season plus ten goals den three assists.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bleacherreport.com/articles/312695-marta-marta-marta-sol-star-named-fifa-womens-player-of-the-year &quot;Marta! Marta! Marta!: LA Sol Star Named FIFA Women's Player of the Year&quot;]. Bleacher Report. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de Sol be regular season champions wey dem reach de WPS Championship Final, wer na e lost 1–0 to Sky Blue FC.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert, Steven (7 January 2010). [http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/sports/LA-Sol-Loses-1-0-in-Womens-Pro-Soccer-Championship-Game-54184762.html &quot;NJ Sky Blue Eclipse LA Sol 1–0 in Championship&quot;]. NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved 24 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Santos ===
During de off-season plus Los Angeles Sol, she sign three-month loan contract plus Santos make dem play insyd de Copa Libertadores den insyd de Copa do Brasil,&lt;ref&gt;Adilson Barros (1 August 2009). [http://globoesporte.globo.com/Esportes/Noticias/Times/Santos/0,,MUL1251318-9874,00-PEIXE+ANUNCIA+MARTA+QUE+DEVERA+RECEBER+A+CAMISA+DAS+MAOS+DE+PELE.html &quot;Peixe anuncia Marta, que deverá receber a camisa 10 das mãos de Pelé&quot;] (insyd Portuguese). GloboEsporte.com. Retrieved 5 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/091009-off-season-loand.aspx womensprosoccer.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091019031514/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/091009-off-season-loand.aspx Archived] 19 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine; International Report: WPS Stars Head Overseas in the Off-Season&lt;/ref&gt; wey she help ein club win both competitions, wey she score goal insyd de Libertadores final den two insyd de Copa do Brasil final.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227040321/http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2009/10/18/sereias+da+vila+dao+show+e+santos+e+campeao+da+libertadores+8865945.html &quot;'Sereias da Vila' dão show e Santos é campeão da Libertadores&quot;] (insyd Portuguese). iG. 18 October 2009. [http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2009/10/18/sereias+da+vila+dao+show+e+santos+e+campeao+da+libertadores+8865945.html Archived] from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/esportes,santos-bate-botucatu-e-fatura-a-copa-do-brasil-feminina,475189,0.htm &quot;Santos bate Botucatu e conquista a Copa do Brasil feminina&quot;] (insyd Portuguese). Estadão. 1 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== FC Gold Pride ===
[[File:Marta_at_2010_WPS_Championship_5.JPG|right|thumb|Marta dey play give FC Gold Pride for de 2010 WPS Championship]]
Insyd January 2010, de Sol cease operations&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/01/28/los-angeles-sol-wps-folds-season/ foxnews.com]; Los Angeles Sol of WPS folds after first season&lt;/ref&gt; wey de rights to Marta, den ein teammates na dem make available insyd de 2010 WPS Dispersal Draft. Na de FC Gold Pride acquire de rights to Marta as dema first pick.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Four-Time FIFA World Player of the Year Marta to Join the Pride&quot;. ''FC Gold Pride''. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; She appear insyd all of de Pride ein 24 games wey she score 19 goals, wey earn am de WPS MVP den WPS Golden Boot for de second year for row.

Marta sanso appear insyd de WPS All-Star 2010, wer na she captain one of de teams as de top international vote-getter. She lead de Gold Pride to de regular-season championship wey she get two assists den goal insyd de WPS Championship against de Philadelphia Independence, wey earn am MVP honors.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marta named MVP of 2010 WPS Championship&quot;. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; She cam turn free agent after de Gold Pride folded for 17 November 2010.

=== Return to Santos ===
For 16 December 2010, Santos san present Marta. Na ebe two-month contract wey fi cam turn link of year, buh e no do. De board of directors confirm e dey finalize negotiations give de club to dispute de women's football league insyd de United States insyd 2011. However, under de competition regulation, de club go get five Brazilian players per – Marta den four.

=== Western New York Flash ===
For 25 January 2011, Marta join ein third WPS team insyd three years, de expansion team Western New York Flash, wey take over de third year of ein contract plus de Gold Pride.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/110125-wny-marta.aspx womensprosoccer.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075536/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/110125-wny-marta.aspx Archived] 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Western New York Flash acquire Marta; 25 January 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Marta ein two goals den four assists be key part of de 3–0–1 start give de team ein 2011 season.

Western New York Flash forward Marta help ein team to de Regular Season Championship title, wey she score ein tenth goal of de season insyd 2–0 victory over de Atlanta Beat for Sunday, en route to make she earn ein third consecutive PUMA Golden Boot award.  De Brazilian soccer star edge out fellow Flash forward Christine Sinclair insyd de tiebreaker, she have greater production rate base for goals per game average.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flash Forward Marta Captures Third Consecutive PUMA Golden Boot Award&quot;. ''svenskfotboll.se''. womensprosoccer. Retrieved 13 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tyresö FF ===
[[File:Marta_Vieira_da_Silva_2013.jpg|left|thumb|Marta insyd 2013]]
As WPS cancell de 2012 season, Marta decide make she return to Damallsvenskan insyd Sweden. For 22 February 2012 she sign two-year contract plus Tyresö FF.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uefa.com/women/news/newsid=1757170.html &quot;Marta returns to Sweden with Tyresö&quot;]. UEFA. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein extraordinary salary of about $400,000&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120427141751/http://bigapplesoccer.com/sections/wps2.php?article_id=29817 &quot;Marta signs with Tyreso FF&quot;]. bigapplesoccer.com. 22 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.bigapplesoccer.com/sections/wps2.php?article_id=29817 the original] on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221003075703/http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/profiles/blog/show?id=3074237%3ABlogPost%3A164624&amp;commentId=3074237%3AComment%3A165526&amp;xg_source=activity &quot;Marta's agent in talks with four Swedish clubs Tyresö FF, Malmö, Linköping and Umeå&quot;]. womenssoccerunited.com. 26 January 2012. Archived from [http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/profiles/blog/show?id=3074237%3ABlogPost%3A164624&amp;commentId=3074237%3AComment%3A165526&amp;xg_source=activity the original] on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; per season dem pay by external sponsors wey e no be de club, ein owners state.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230855/https://www.womensoccer.de/2012/02/22/marta-wechselt-zu-tyreso-ff/ &quot;Marta transfers to Tyresö FF&quot;] (insyd German). womensoccer.de. 22 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.womensoccer.de/2012/02/22/marta-wechselt-zu-tyreso-ff/ the original] on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Tyresö win de Damallsvenskan title for de first time insyd de 2012 season den Marta collect ein fifth league winner's medal.&lt;ref&gt;Cleris, Johannes (3 November 2012). [http://www.dn.se/sport/fotboll/tyreso-vann-sm-guld-efter-dramatik/ &quot;Tyresö vann SM-guld efter dramatik&quot;]. ''Dagens Nyheter'' (insyd Swedish). Retrieved 27 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Marta score twice insyd Tyresö ein 4–3 defeat by Wolfsburg insyd de 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final.&lt;ref&gt;Saffer, Paul (22 May 2014). [http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2014/matches/round=2000498/match=2014107/postmatch/report/ &quot;Müller the hero again as Wolfsburg win classic final&quot;]. UEFA. Retrieved 22 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Tyresö suffer financial implosion insyd 2014 wey dem withdraw from de 2014 Damallsvenskan season, dey erase all dema results den dey make all dema players free agents. De Stockholm County Administrative Board publish de players dema salaries, wey dey show Marta be de highest earner for SEK 168 000 per month.&lt;ref&gt;Jönsson, Fredrik; Nordmark, Kajsa (5 June 2014). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/damallsvenskan/article19010400.ab &quot;Tyresö lämnar damallsvenskan&quot;] (insyd Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 22 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

As news of Tyresö ein financial difficulties spread, Marta link plus transfer to Avaldsnes IL. Buh de Norwegian Toppserien club ein chairmo warn say she go for take substantial pay cut.&lt;ref&gt;Bråstedt, Mats (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203229/http://www.damfotboll.com/nyheter/2014/04/norsk-klubb-vill-ha-marta &quot;Norsk klubb vill ha Marta&quot;] (insyd Swedish). Damfotboll.com. Archived from [http://www.damfotboll.com/nyheter/2014/04/norsk-klubb-vill-ha-marta the original] on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem sanso report Paris Saint-Germain Féminines approach Marta den Tyresö teammate Caroline Seger.&lt;ref&gt;Bråstedt, Mats (9 April 2014). [http://www.expressen.se/sport/fotboll/damallsvenskan/seger-och-marta-nara-en-flytt-till-paris-sg/ &quot;Seger och Marta nära en flytt till Paris SG&quot;] (insyd Swedish). Expressen. Retrieved 22 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rosengård ===
Insyd July 2014, she sign six-month contract plus defending champion FC Rosengård insyd Sweden.&lt;ref&gt;Kassouf, Jeff (21 July 2014). [https://equalizersoccer.com/2014/07/21/marta-signs-fc-rosengard-contract/ &quot;Marta stays in Sweden, signs with FC Rosengård – Equalizer Soccer&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; While plus de Swedish club, Marta win de Damallsvenskan league title insyd 2014 den 2015, de Svenska Cupen insyd 2016, den de Svenska Supercupen insyd 2015 den 2016.

=== Orlando Pride ===
After Rosengård lost to Barcelona insyd de quarterfinals of de UEFA Women's Champions League, Marta join Orlando Pride for free transfer from Rosengård, wich dem agree make dem terminate ein contract. Na ein fresh contract plus Orlando be for two years, plus de option for third.&lt;ref&gt;Wahl, Grant. [https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2017/04/07/marta-orlando-pride-nwsl-brazil &quot;Brazil star Marta signs with NWSL's Orlando Pride&quot;]. ''SI.com''. Retrieved 20 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; For ein first season for Orlando, she fini second insyd de league for both goals den assists wey na dem vote am MVP by ein teammates.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.themaneland.com/2017/12/4/16731392/2017-orlando-pride-season-in-review-marta &quot;2017 Orlando Pride Season in Review: Marta&quot;]. ''The Mane Land''. Retrieved 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; De Pride end de season insys third place wey earn dem dema first-ever playoff appearance wer na dem lost insyd de semi-finals to de Portland Thorns.

Ahead of de 2022 season, na dem name Marta captain wey dey follow de offseason departure of Ashlyn Harris. She suffer ACL tear for ein left knee insyd for March 26 during de second game of de 2022 NWSL Challenge Cup wey na dem place am for de club ein season-ending injury list after surgery.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-pride-forward-marta-placed-on-season-ending-injury-list &quot;Orlando Pride forward Marta placed on Season Ending Injury list&quot;]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2 October 2023, Marta cam turn de first player make she reach 100 appearances for de Pride insyd 1–0 win over Angel City FC.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/pride/news/martas-moments-a-look-at-the-orlando-pride-captain-s-top-moments-in-her-100-app &quot;Marta's moments: A look at the Orlando Pride captain's top moments in her 100 appearances&quot;]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd de first home game of de 2024 season, Marta score de equalizer insyd de 88th minute of de 1–1 draw plus Angel City.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240323084428/https://digitaledition.orlandosentinel.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=441788c0-8e17-4662-8dcb-d9ca6ba72ecf &quot;Marta delivers late goal on free kick to help Pride come away with draw - Orlando Sentinel&quot;]. ''digitaledition.orlandosentinel.com''. Retrieved 23 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de away game against Utah Royals, she score insyd de 68th minute of de 1–0 victory wey she claim Orlando Pride ein 200th goal.&lt;ref&gt;[https://kslsports.com/514974/utah-royals-orlando-pride-match-recap-april-2024/#:~:text=In%20the%2068th%20minute%2C%20Marta,midway%20through%20the%20second%20half.&amp;text=Like%20the%20first%20half%2C%20both,45%20minutes%20of%20game%20time. &quot;Utah Royals Shutout, Downed By Marta, Orlando Pride&quot;]. 12 April 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== International career ==

For 26 July 2007, Marta den de Brazilian women's team beat de US U-20 national team make dem win de Pan American Games for de Estádio do Maracanã in front of crowd of 68,000. Na dem compare am, by de Brazilian fans, plus Brazilian great Pelé, dem dey bell am &quot;Pelé with skirts.&quot; Pelé ein self agree plus de comparison. Marta say he bell am make he congratulate am for de win den dat na she be extremely happy make she hear dat one of de greatest players ever follow ein team's games.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080322070347/http://pan2007.globo.com/PAN/Noticias/0,,MUL78950-3873,00.html &quot;GloboEsporte.com &gt; Pan2007 &gt; Futebol Pan2007 - NOTÍCIAS - Pelé diz que Marta é Pelé de saias&quot;]. ''pan2007.globo.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; Afterward, na dem record de imprint of her feet insyd cement for de stadium, wey make am de first woman make dem honor am.

Marta participate insyd de 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup plus Brazil, wey stroll thru de group stage, wey dem win all three games plus Marta score four goals. Insyd de quarter-final, Brazil win 3–2 against Australia, plus Marta net from de penalty spot. Insyd de semi-final, Marta score twice Brazil win 4–0 against de United States— na de second goal she score spectacularly. Insyd de final, Brazil lost 2–0 to Germany. Marta get penalty kick dem save midway thru de second half, wich na e go tie de match. She fini de 2007 Women's World Cup as de winner of both de Golden Ball as de top individual player den de 'Golden Boot' as de competition ein top scorer plus seven goals.

[[File:Marta2.png|right|thumb|Marta wear de Brazil number 10 during match insyd de 2007 Pan American Games]]

Marta sanso play insyd de 2008 Summer Olympics, wey earn am silver medal. After ein personal duel insyd de final plus United States goalkeeper Hope Solo, 1–0 defeat consign Marta to ein third consecutive runners–up medal insyd major international tournaments.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110901015009/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/10/156992.html &quot;US women hope Solo keeps Brazil's Marta from finding the net&quot;]. Al Arabiya. 10 July 2011. Archived from [http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/10/156992.html the original] on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Marta be part of de Brazil team for de 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, wer de United States eliminate Brazil insyd de quarter-finals. She record four goals den two assists insyd de tournament make she move joint top of de all-time women's World Cup goalscorer list alongsyd Birgit Prinz for 14.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kansascity.com/2011/07/10/3005451/recap-brazil-vs-united-states.html &quot;Recap: Brazil vs. United States&quot;]. Retrieved 10 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso earn am de Silver Boot as de tournament ein second-leading goal scorer. From ein first touch insyd de tournament against Australia, na Marta be heavily jeered by local den opposing fans.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714060259/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzpgy1H_NC_-LjrNHgwJakEJanaA?docId=CNG.011479171ac142806e7888ecf0eeb397.151 &quot;Boos for Marta bemuse Brazil coach Lima&quot;]. AFP. 10 July 2011. Archived from [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzpgy1H_NC_-LjrNHgwJakEJanaA?docId=CNG.011479171ac142806e7888ecf0eeb397.151 the original] on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111010005315/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/solo-soars-as-marta-is-jeered/1179856 &quot;Solo soars as Marta is jeered&quot;]. ''St Petersburg Times''. 10 July 2011. Archived from [http://www.tampabay.com/sports/solo-soars-as-marta-is-jeered/1179856 the original] on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

During ein fourth World Cup insyd 2015, Marta cam turn de all-time top scorer of de women's tournament plus 15 goals once she score de second goal insyd Brazil ein debut against South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;[http://esporte.uol.com.br/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2015/06/09/marta-faz-de-penalti-e-se-torna-a-maior-goleadora-da-historia-das-copas.htm Marta faz de pênalti e se torna a maior goleadora da história das Copas, Universo Online] (insyd Portuguese)&lt;/ref&gt; Brazil lost to Australia insyd de round-of-16.

During de 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, she cam turn de first player, male anaa female, make she score for five FIFA World Cup tournaments wen she score penalty against Australia insyd Brazil ein second group game. Insyd de next match, she score anoda penalty, dis time against Italy, make she cam turn de outright goalscorer wey dey lead, male anaa female, for de World Cup plus 17 goals for total.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; After na dem knock Brazil out by hosts France insyd de Round of 16,&lt;ref&gt;Fisher, Bethany (2 August 2023). [https://herfootballhub.com/jamaica-south-africa-world-cup-brazil-marta-farewell/ &quot;Jamaica and South Africa make World Cup history, Marta bids an emotional farewell&quot;]. ''Her Football Hub''. Retrieved 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Marta give emotional interview to television cameras wer na she plead plus Brazilian girlies make dem continue de legacy of ageing legends such as ein self, Formiga, den Cristiane. She implore dem make dem &quot;value [women's football] more&quot; den make dem &quot;cry at the beginning so you can smile at the end.&quot; Na de interview go viral during de tournament, plus videos get tens of thousands of retweets for Twitter top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48739925 &quot;Brazil's Marta gives emotional speech to next generation&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. BBC. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; For dat period of time, Marta enter top 10 de most popular footballer insyd de global ranking of de Wikipedia.

For 21 July 2021, she score twice insyd 5–0 win against China make she cam turn de first player make she score for five straight Olympics insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/21/sport/marta-formiga-brazil-2020-tokyo-olympics-china-spt-intl/index.html &quot;Brazil football legends Marta and Formiga create Olympic history&quot;]. ''CNN''. 21 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 26 April 2024, Marta announce ein retirement from international football dey follow de [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/brazil-great-marta-retire-international-football-end-year-2024-04-26/ &quot;Brazil great Marta to retire from international football at end of year&quot;]. ''Reuters''. 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fisher, Bethany (2 August 2023). [https://herfootballhub.com/jamaica-south-africa-world-cup-brazil-marta-farewell/ &quot;Jamaica and South Africa make World Cup history, Marta bids an emotional farewell&quot;]. ''Her Football Hub''. Retrieved 6 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem send am off insyd de first half stoppage time of Brazil ein final group play match against Spain, wey lef am ineligible give dema quarter-final match against France.

== Style of play ==
[[File:Football_against_poverty_2014_-_Marta.jpg|right|thumb|Marta dey play insyd de Match Against Poverty insyd March 2014]]
Small, quick, yet sturdy den tenacious player,&lt;ref&gt;Stephanie Nolen (14 June 2015). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/soccer/a-vicious-circle-plagues-the-world-of-womens-soccer-in-brazil/article24954058/ &quot;A 'vicious circle' plaguing the world of women's soccer in Brazil&quot;]. ''The Globe and Mail''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem dey regard am by chaw people insyd de sport as de greatest female footballer of all time, Marta be renowned for ein flair, quick feet, den exceptional skill for de ball top, wich earn am comparisons plus Ronaldinho,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2006-12/21/content_764247.htm &quot;Marta inspired by Ronaldinho&quot;]. ''www.chinadaily.com.cn''.&lt;/ref&gt; Romário,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Alex Bellos (3 June 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/jun/03/womensfootball.football &quot;Chilled to perfection&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; den sanso [[Pelé]], wey ein self dubb am as ''Pelé with skirts''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326144433/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/international-athletes/9427375/Marta-Vieira-da-Silva-Marta.html &quot;Marta Vieira da Silva (Marta)&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. Archived from [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/international-athletes/9427375/Marta-Vieira-da-Silva-Marta.html the original] on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; For addition to ein vision den technical skills,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; dem sanso know Marta for ein pace wen she dey dribble at speed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bonnie D. Ford (10 June 2015). [https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/2015worldcup/story/_/id/13041656/women-world-cup-marta-quest-soccer-glory &quot;Marta's quest for soccer glory&quot;]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Joanne C. Gerstner (24 June 2011). [https://www.espn.com/espnw/news/story/_/id/6696649/ten-watch-2011-women-world-cup &quot;Ten to watch in Women's World Cup&quot;]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Marta be capable make she play insyd chaw offensive positions: she begin ein career insyd offensive midfield role as classic number 10,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Michael T. Shepard (25 September 2003). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2003/09/25/brazils-marta-is-a-10/7b15ba31-ab88-494a-952d-a92239e33e2a/ &quot;Brazil's Marta Is a 10&quot;]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paul Saffer (22 April 2007). [http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=530128.html &quot;Marta ready to work for Umeå&quot;]. UEFA.com. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; although na dem later deploy am insyd more advanced role,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215061248/http://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2014/m=7/news=marta-makes-latest-swedish-move-2407799.html &quot;Marta makes latest Swedish move&quot;]. FIFA.com. 24 July 2014. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2014/m=7/news=marta-makes-latest-swedish-move-2407799.html the original] on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; both as supporting forward&lt;ref&gt;Wade, Stephen (27 September 2007). [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/usa-0-brazil-4-martas-masterclass-humbles-us-403718.html &quot;USA 0 Brazil 4: Marta's masterclass humbles US&quot;]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; den as main striker,&lt;ref&gt;Reem Abulleil (21 May 2015). [https://news.yahoo.com/interview-marta-aiming-end-her-010200417.html &quot;INTERVIEW: Brazil striker Marta aiming to end her long wait for World Cup glory&quot;]. Yahoo.com. Retrieved 16 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; anaa even for de wing top, position wich dey allow am make she cut into de middle den shoot for goal plus ein stronger left foot.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/sep/27/newsstory.sport &quot;US women crash out of World Cup 4–0 to Brazil&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160804012854/http://www.ottawasun.com/2011/07/03/marta-leads-brazil-into-quarters &quot;Marta leads Brazil into quarters&quot;]. The Ottawa Sun. 3 July 2011. Archived from [http://www.ottawasun.com/2011/07/03/marta-leads-brazil-into-quarters the original] on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Although dem primarily know am for ein creativity, chance creation, den ability make she play off of ein teammates as advanced playmaker,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215061248/http://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2004/m=10/news=2003-magical-marta-ups-the-tempo-the-states-94471.html &quot;2003: Magical Marta ups the tempo in the States&quot;]. FIFA.com. 15 October 2004. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2004/m=10/news=2003-magical-marta-ups-the-tempo-the-states-94471.html the original] on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jeff Carlisle (9 July 2011). [https://www.espn.com/sports/soccer/news/_/columnist/carlisle_jeff/id/6745985/us-defeat-marta-co &quot;Will the U.S. defeat Marta &amp; Co.?&quot;]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Marta be prolific goalscorer, wey be renowned for ein striking ability;&lt;ref&gt;Hughes, Rob (11 January 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/sports/soccer/12iht-SOCCER12.html?_r=0 &quot;The Best Player on Earth Is Looking for a Job&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; she sanso be accurate from penalties den set-pieces.&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Bandini (10 July 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/10/brazil-usa-live-womens-world-cup &quot;Brazil v USA – as it happened]&quot;. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; For addition to ein footballing abilities, Marta sanso stand out give ein leadership.&lt;ref&gt;Bobby Ilich (6 December 2015). [http://www.ibtimes.com/womens-world-cup-2015-one-foreign-soccer-player-stands-out-above-rest-get-know-1965166 &quot;Women's World Cup 2015: One Foreign Soccer Player Stands Out Above The Rest – Get To Know Brazil's Marta&quot;]. ''International Business Times''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein life matter ==
Marta get three siblings, José, Valdir, den Angela. Ein parents be Aldário den Tereza. Ein poppie lef de family while na Marta be baby.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theplayerstribune.com/articles/marta-brazil-letter-to-my-younger-self &quot;Letter to My Younger Self - By Marta&quot;]. ''The Players' Tribune''. 24 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2010, na dem name Marta United Nations Development Programme goodwill ambassador&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104124454/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/10/11/marta.un.ap/index.html &quot;Brazilian star Marta to be UN goodwill ambassador&quot;]. SI.com. 11 October 2010. Archived from [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/10/11/marta.un.ap/index.html the original] on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; den insyd 2018 UN Women goodwill ambassador.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/goodwill-ambassadors/marta-vieira-da-silva &quot;Marta Vieira da Silva&quot;]. ''UN Women''. Retrieved 6 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Marta be fluent insyd Portuguese, Swedish den English.&lt;ref&gt;L. Jones, Grahame (25 February 2009). [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/25/sports/sp-marta25 &quot;Marta has come a long way, takes on new challenge in U.S.&quot;] ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved 21 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; She be Catholic wey dey state say God be very important to am, although she no dey go church often.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/abbey-road-sunday-guest-marta-vieira-da-silva-english-translation/ &quot;Abbey Road – Sunday Guest Marta Vieira Da Silva (English Translation)&quot;]. Women's Soccer United. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2016, na dem list am as one of BBC ein 100 Women.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 &quot;BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list?&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd March 2017, Marta receive Swedish citizenship. She retain ein Brazilian citizenship den, she already cap by Brazil; e no make am eligible make she represent Sweden.&lt;ref&gt;Svensson, Elin Öhlund (14 March 2017). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/9aM7p &quot;Rosengårds Marta Da Silva svensk medborgare&quot;] [Rosengård's Marta Da Silva Swedish citizen]. ''Aftonbladet'' (insyd Swedish). Retrieved 7 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; She gain U.S. green card insyd February 2021, wey dey give am permanent residency status wey sanso dey qualify am as domestic player give NWSL roster purposes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/post/2021/02/17/brazilian-legend-marta-orlando-pride-agree-new-contract &quot;Brazilian Legend Marta, Orlando Pride Agree to New Contract&quot;]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career statistics ==

=== Club ===

: ''As of 14 April 2024''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances den goals by club, season den competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Total
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Division
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Apps
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Goals
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Apps
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Goals
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Apps
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Goals
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Apps
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Goals
|-
|Los Angeles Sol
|2009
|WPS
|20
|10
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|20
|10
|-
|Santos
|2009
|Série A
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|7
|18
|6
|7
|13
|25
|-
|Gold Pride
|2010
|WPS
|25
|20
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|25
|20
|-
|Santos
|2011
|Série A
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|4
|2
|4
|2
|-
|Western New York Flash
|2011
|WPS
|15
|10
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|15
|10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Tyresö
|2012
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Damallsvenskan
|21
|12
|4
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|25
|16
|-
|2013
|15
|12
|1
|1
|8
|7
|24
|20
|-
|2014
|2
|3
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|3
|4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Rosengård
|2014
|9
|5
|5
|2
|6
|4
|20
|11
|-
|2015
|21
|8
|5
|5
|6
|5
|32
|18
|-
|2016
|19
|13
|4
|0
|6
|0
|29
|13
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Orlando Pride
|2017
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |NWSL
|24
|13
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|24
|13
|-
|2018
|17
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|17
|4
|-
|2019
|14
|6
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|14
|6
|-
|2020
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|4
|0
|-
|2021
|19
|4
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|23
|4
|-
|2022
|0
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2
|0
|-
|2023
|18
|4
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|18
|4
|-
|2024
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|4
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!247
!126
!33
!31
!36
!25
!316
!182
|}

# '''^''' NWSL Fall Series

== Honours ==
[[File:Football_against_poverty_2014_-_Marta_(2).jpg|right|thumb|Marta during de 2014 Match Against Poverty insyd Bern, Switzerland]]
'''Umeå IK'''
* Damallsvenskan: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;[https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0238-0e167cb9c836-242258439f23-1000--how-brilliant-is-marta/ &quot;How brilliant is Marta?&quot;]. ''UEFA.com''. 7 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Svenska Cupen: 2007&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231022075523/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/aik-umea-ik-svenska-cupen-damer/719751/ &quot;AIK - Umeå IK - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll&quot;]. ''www.svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish).&lt;/ref&gt;
* UEFA Women's Cup: 2003–04;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; runner-up: 2006–07, 2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

'''Santos'''

* Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino: 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino: 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

'''FC Gold Pride'''

* WPS Championship: 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

'''Western New York Flash'''

* WPS Championship: 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

'''Tyresö FF'''

* Damallsvenskan: 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* UEFA Women's Champions League runner-up: 2013–14&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

'''FC Rosengård'''

* Damallsvenskan: 2014, 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

'''Brazil'''

* Pan American Games: 2003, 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Sudamericano Femenino: 2003, 2010, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210807202325/http://www.cafemchile2018.cl/noticia/96/brasil-se-corono-campeon-invicto-de-la-copa-america-femenina-2018 &quot;Brasil se coronó campeón invicto de la Copa América Femenina 2018&quot;]. ''cafemchile2018.cl''. 19 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
* FIFA Women's World Cup runner-up: 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Summer Olympics runner-up: 2004, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

'''Individual'''

* FIFA World Player of de Year/The Best FIFA Women's Player&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45631205 &quot;Luka Modric named best male player and Marta best female player at Fifa awards&quot;]. ''BBC News/Sport/Football''. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; – Winner (6): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2018
* The Best FIFA Women's Player – runner-up: 2016&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170110091615/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/ballon-dor/general/02/86/27/26/thebest_rankingpresslist2016_neutral.pdf &quot;The Best FIFA Football Awards - Results&quot;] (PDF). ''FIFA.com''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 9 January 2017. Archived from [http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/ballon-dor/general/02/86/27/26/thebest_rankingpresslist2016_neutral.pdf the original] (PDF) on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* FIFPro World XI: 2016, 2017, 2019,&lt;ref&gt;Beaard, Raymond. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203723/https://www.fifpro.org/noticias/las-mejores-futbolistas-del-mundo-el-once-mundial/es/ &quot;Las mejores futbolistas: el Once Mundial - FIFPro World Players' Union&quot;]. Archived from [https://www.fifpro.org/noticias/las-mejores-futbolistas-del-mundo-el-once-mundial/es/ the original] on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 2021&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220118145524/https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/2020-2021-women-s-fifa-fifpro-world-11-revealed &quot;The FIFA FIFPRO Women's World 11 Of 2021 - FIFPRO World Players' Union&quot;]. ''FIFPRO''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Damallsvenskan Top Scorer: 2004, 2005, 2008&lt;ref&gt;[https://svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/historik/skyttedrottningar-1982-/ &quot;Allsvenska skyttedrottningar 1982–.&quot;] Svenskfotboll.se. Retrieved 28 March 2012. (insyd Swedish)&lt;/ref&gt;
* FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2004&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190608151628/https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/marta-sweeps-the-board-609039 &quot;FIFA Women's World Cup 2007™ - News - Marta sweeps the board&quot;]. ''www.fifa.com''. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/marta-sweeps-the-board-609039 the original] on 8 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
* FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2007&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* FIFA Best Special Award: 2023&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/incredible-marta-honoured-with-special-award &quot;Incredible Marta honoured with FIFA Special Award&quot;]. ''FIFA.com''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
* WPS Golden Boot: 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; 2010,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Michelle Akers Player of the Year Award: 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[https://bleacherreport.com/articles/312695-marta-marta-marta-sol-star-named-fifa-womens-player-of-the-year &quot;Marta! Marta! Marta!: LA Sol Star Named FIFA Women's Player of the Year&quot;]. ''Bleacher Report''. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 2010&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mercurynews.com/2010/09/16/fc-gold-prides-marta-is-wps-most-valuable-player/ &quot;FC Gold Pride's Marta is WPS most valuable player&quot;]. ''The Mercury News''. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sudamericano Femenino Golden Boot: 2010&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/news/brazil-reign-again-colombia-make-history-1339135 &quot;Brazil reign again, Colombia make history&quot;]. ''www.fifa.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Sports Illustrated'' Top 20 Female Athletes of de Decade (2000–2009) (#7)&lt;ref&gt;Lawrence, Andrew (22 December 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103091018/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/magazine/specials/2000s/12/19/top.female.athletes/index.html &quot;2000s: Top 20 Female Athletes&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Retrieved 29 December 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS World's Best Woman Playmaker: 2012&lt;ref&gt;[http://iffhs.de/former-results/ &quot;Former Results&quot;]. IFFHS. Retrieved 13 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS Women's World Team: 2018&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515040509/https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-2018-the-women-world-team-2018/ &quot;IFFHS AWARDS – THE WOMEN WORLD TEAM 2018&quot;]. IFFHS.de. 1 December 2018. Archived from [https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-2018-the-women-world-team-2018/ the original] on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS World's Best Woman Player of de Decade 2011–2020&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211108044318/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/953 &quot;IFFHS WORLD'S BEST WOMAN PLAYER OF THE DECADE 2011-2020&quot;]. ''IFFHS''. 7 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS CONMEBOL Best Woman Player of de Decade 2011–2020&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211106171304/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/939 &quot;IFFHS BEST WOMAN PLAYER - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020&quot;]. ''IFFHS''. 2 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS World's Woman Team of de Decade 2011–2020&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250218231349/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/918 &quot;IFFHS WORLD'S WOMAN TEAM OF THE DECADE 2011-2020&quot;]. ''IFFHS''. 25 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS CONMEBOL Woman Team of de Decade 2011–2020&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130225/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/920 &quot;IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020&quot;]. ''IFFHS''. 26 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Records'''

* FIFA Women's World Cup all-time record goalscorer (17)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48685664 &quot;Women's World Cup: Brazil forward Marta breaks men's and women's tournament goal record&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 19 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* Friedman, Ian C. (2007), ''Latino Athletes'', Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1438107846
* Grainey, Timothy (2012), ''Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer'', University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0803240368
* Kassouf, Jeff (2011), ''Girls Play to Win Soccer'', Norwood House Press, ISBN 1599534649
* McDougall, Chrös (2012), ''Soccer'', ABDO,ISBN 1614785554
* Richards, Ted (2013), ''Soccer and Philosophy: Beautiful Thoughts on the Beautiful Game'', Open Court, ISBN 0812696824
* Stevens, Dakota (2011), ''A Look at the Women's Professional Soccer Including the Soccer Associations, Teams, Players, Awards, and More'', BiblioBazaar, ISBN 1241047464
* Velázquez de León, Mauricio (2010), ''20 Soccer Superstars'', The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 1615329471

== External links ==
Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Marta_Vieira_da_Silva|Marta Vieira da Silva]]'''''.

* [http://www.marta10.com/ Official website] 
* [https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/6006/ Marta] at Soccerway.com
* [https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/marta/ Marta] at WorldFootball.net
* [https://www.kicker.de/marta/spieler Marta] at kicker (insyd German)
* [https://fbref.com/en/players/3857e361/ Marta] at FBref.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230407082211/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/0edd6716-d09c-4d9d-9cc1-7e3f0fac277f/ Marta] at de Swedish Football Association (insyd Swedish)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=190358/index.html Marta] – FIFA competition record (archived)
* [https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/93137/ Marta] – UEFA competition record (archive)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240227061008/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/marta-vieira-da-silva-veiga Marta] at de National Women's Soccer League
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110630071623/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/wny/players/bios/marta &quot;WPS profile&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.womensprosoccer.com/wny/players/bios/marta the original] on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
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'''Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary''' (formerly '''St. John's Seminary and College''', dem nickname am '''POJOSS'''), ebi all-boys boarding school, wey dey for Effiduase, [[Koforidua]], insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of [[Ghana]]. Dem establish am insyd 1958 by Bishop Joseph Oliver Bowers SVD as a Catholic seminary for boys wey he wish say ego train person become priests. Students dey moe courses such as general arts, general science, business den visual arts after demma stay insyd de school, dem for sit for external examination wey dem dey call am West African Senior School Certificate Examination wey dem go place am insyd any of de tertiary institutions for de country.

De students of de school dem dey usually call dem ''Pojomma'' wey demma alumni dem dey call dem ''Pojoba'', wey dem dey respond ''Daasebre''.

== Mission ==
Say dem go train students so say dem go excel academically, be morally upright den well-discipline by de time dem complete demma course of studies insyd de school.

== History ==
[[File:BISHOP_JOSEPH_OLIVER_BOWERS_SVD.JPG|right|thumb|Bishop Joseph Oliver Bowers]]
On 8 November 1953, Bishop Joseph Oliver Bowers SVD,☃☃ Catholic Bishop odthdthen Diocese of Accra, now [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Accra|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Accrao]] come New Juabeng Traditional Area insyd Eastern Region, Ghana on ein first pastoral visit. He hold discussions plus Nana Frempong Mposo II, chief for de area, wey he lead de Roman Catholic Church mission go acquire land at Effiduase insyd Koforidua. Father Anthony Bauer den Fr. Henk Janseen were den ask to survey the land and their report was favorable. Early in 1955, Bishop J. O. Bowers decided to build a junior seminary for the Diocese of Accra on that land. In January 1955, Fr. Jude SVD, Dr. Balduricus and Dr. Lucian Orians came to construct the first buildings, one classroom block and a combined Fathers' residence and administrative block. In early 1957, Dr. Damian Brockmann SVD constructed the first Science Block. Today in its place stands a students' dormitory called Elsbend House, named after the first headmaster. In October 1957, Bishop Bowers appointed Rev. Fr. Alphonse Elsbend☃☃ as the first Headmaster and Seminary Rector, assisted by Rev. John O'Sullivan and Rev. Joseph Skorupka and Bismark Sosu. The school's chapel was constructed the following year in 1958.

On 21 January 1958, St. John's Seminary and College dem officially open am with 45 students; 14 seminarians den 31-day students wey dey inside two forms. One Ghanaian lay teacher, Mr. Paul Ohene-Boakye dem employ am to help de 3 SVD priests wey dem appoint am by de Bishop say make dem teach den instruct de young boys insyd demma academic work, moral den religious lives. Insyd June 1958, dem extend electricity give de school for de cost of 45 pounds. On 20 July 1961, de first Speech den Prize-Giving Day dem do am. De Guest Speaker bi Rev. Maurice Lesage SVD. M.SC., den headmaster of St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School insyd Accra den de distribution of prizes dem do am by Nana Frempong Mposo II, na he bi chief of Effiduase. De school ein enrollment for dis time come make 23 Seminarians den 90 day students, totalling 113 students. Pius Kpeglo (he come make catholic retired Monsignor), Senior Prefect for de seminary den school, wey come make successful insyd ein G.C.E. examinations den left on Scholarship on 7 August 1961 to do Philosophy den Theology for de Diocesan Seminary in Regensburg, Germany.

=== Change of name den absorption into de public education system ===
From 1958 to 1968, St. John's College dey operate as a private Catholic institution wey ebi de Catholic Diocese of Accra wey dey finance de school fees give de few students. Sake of high cost of running de school, Father Fredrischs, de second Headmaster, go gey approval of Bishop Bowers, den apply for incorporation into de Public Education System for de Ministry of Education of Ghana. On 1 September 1968, St. John Seminary and College dem absorb am into de Ghana Education Service for de Ministry of Education (Ghana) as a government-assisted secondary school. De name for de school dem change am to [[Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary|Pope John Secondary School and Junior Seminary]] say ego avoid confusion plus other Catholic Schools insyd Ghana wey already dem designate am as &quot;St. John&quot;. The name Pope John dem choose am in memory of Pope John XXIII wey just conven de Second Vatican Council wey dem want to keep ein identity den purpose for de former St. John's College. De 2007 Ghana education reform under de [[John Kufuor]] administration see say de school re-designated Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary.
[[File:Ioannes_XXIII,_by_De_Agostini,_1958–1963.jpg|right|thumb|Pope John XXIII]]

=== Growth den development ===
De mustard seed wey de Society of the Divine Word (SVD) Fathers insyd de Catholic Church sow under de supervision of Bishop Bowers wey come see remarkable growth den development.
Insyd July 1992 de Roman Catholic Diocese of Koforidua come erect, giving am autonomy from de now Metropolitan [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Accra]]. Most Rev. Dr. Charles G. Palmer-Buckle come make de first bishop for de new diocese. De management of Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary wey become de responsibility give de Roman Catholic Diocese of Koforidua within de Ecclesiastical Province of Accra. Today, dem get about92 professional teaching staff den 85 non-teaching staff. Dem gey over 2000 boarding students plus a little wey dey under 100 seminarians.

More than 8,000 students wey pass through de classrooms den examination halls of Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary. Over thousands of ein former students wey dem ordain am as priests for de Catholic Church, wey edey include Archbishop Charles G. Palmer-Buckle.

== School attire ==
[[File:POJOMMA.jpg|right|thumb|[[Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary|POJOSS]] students in demma ''reflector''.]]
Dem christen am as de &quot;Reflector&quot;, de school ein uniform bi yellow shirt den blue pair of trousers or shorts wey may be worn plus de school ein tie den blazer. De yellow shirt bi sometin dem dey mostly worn over demma pair of shorts. Only form 3 or final year students wey dem dey allow to wear trousers. Other uniforms dey include de school cloth, de African print wear (wey dey san call am 'African wear') den house jerseys. House jerseys dem dey wear am for sports den every house too gey ein own colour.

== Culture ==
Pope John Senior High School dey maintains a very strong Roman Catholic culture wey dey underpins almost all demma activities. Ebi by convention say dem for appointment demma  head of school den key student leaders such as de senior prefect, student ein chaplain den demma assistants wey dem for belong to de Catholic faith. Dem dey Founders' Day Mass annually all over de country den insyd de school. Dem gey administrative student units wey ebi independent as edey demma own. Dem dey assist de school ein administration den governing de student body as dem dey maintain discipline. They are; De Students' Representative Council (SRC), De Prefectural Board, De Editorial Board, De Entertainment Board, De Chaplaincy Board den De School Cadet.

== Academic departments ==
Academic activities for de school dem structure am into departments wey gey heads-of-department who dey directly be responsible give de assistant headmaster for academics. De departments wey dem get bi General Science, General Arts, Business, den Visual Arts.

== Curriculum ==
POJOSS dey follows de Ghanaian educational Senior High School curriculum, wey edey operate in three-year academic cycle, edey start from form one to form three. Dem dey teach students throughout de year, as dem dey get over three academic terms. De first term for de academic year marks dey start de enrolment of form one students to de school while de third term marks de graduation give de form three students. De programmes dem dey run am by de school wey edey include General Science, [[General Arts]], Business and Visual Arts. Form one applicants select four Elective courses. Unlike Elective courses, core courses wey dem dey offer am to all students, irrespective of demma program of study. De core courses insyd de school bi: English Language, Core Mathematics, Social Studies, Integrated Science, Information Communication Technology, den Physical Education, however, students dey only dey examine externally, insyd de first five aforementioned courses. Dem gey subjects wey dem dey teach wey ebi unique give de school sake of edey attach de seminary. Dem bi Religion, Doctrine Studies, Latin den Music.

== Facilities ==
[[File:POJOSS_NYT.jpg|right|thumb|Evening view of the Science Center ([[Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary|POJOSS]]).]]
Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary gey an ultramodern Science Laboratory, wey ebi state of de arts I.C.T. Centre, a library, a multipurpose athletic field, a basketball den volleyball court, among a host of others.

De school ein Parent Teacher Association (PTA), de SRC, de Roman Catholic Church den de [[POJOBA]] wey dey contribute to de development for dese facilities insyd de school. De school ein administration dey make sure that dese facilities dem dey effectively use am to enhance teaching den learning insyd de school.

== Chaplaincy ==
[[File:CHAPEL_POJOSS.jpg|thumb|POJOSS Chapel, dem dey constructe am insyd 1958]]
[[File:SACRED_HEART_POJOSS.jpg|right|thumb|De Sacred Heart of Jesus monument]]
Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary gey chaplaincy wey dem dey head am by chaplain who dem dey appoint am by de [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Accra|Archbishop of Accra]]. Among other things, de POJOSS chaplaincy gey ein headquarters for religious groups like de Catholic Students Union (CASU), Legion of Mary, [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] den de Sacred Heart Confraternity insyd de Eastern Region.

Ebi, therefore, dem dey see am as de organization for de St. Thomas Aquinas Day celebrations den Kwahu-Tafo pilgrimage wey dem dey hold am annually insyd de Eastern Region. De head of de chaplaincy bi Rev. Fr. Joel Yao Kwame of de [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Accra]].

== Annual events ==
Throughout de school ein academic season, dem dey hold events wey ego enhance de formation of students plus demma academic work. They are as follows:

=== Founders' Day celebrations ===
Each year on 21 January, dem dey organise a Holy Mass for de memory of de founding fathers for de school. Dem dey celebrate am by de Alumni of de school for de Holy Spirit Cathedral insyd de [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Accra]] den by de students for de school. Holy Mass wey dey precedes de celebrations den insyd Accra, as dem say all alumni-priests for de school.

=== Homecoming Reunion ===
[[File:ALUMNI_POJOSS.jpg|right|thumb|Alumni of Pope John sing in de school choir for de outdoor mass during demma Home-coming event.]]
Dis event dey brings together all alumni for POJOSS for de school for fun games, socialising den networking. During dis event, old boys come deliver motivational talks give de students.

=== Speech den Prize-Giving Day ===
[[File:POJOSS_ANNIVERSARY.jpg|thumb|Dr. Omane Boamah dey present award one teacher for demma 58th Anniversary celebration for de school]]
A speech den prize-giving day dem dey organise am to award long-serving teachers den students wey dey excell for demma all areas of demma formation; academic work, sports d ensocial life.

=== SRC Symposium den Funfair ===
Dis event dem dey organize am by de student administrative unit as dem dey bring together all sister schools den schools within demma locality for educational symposiums, entertainment jams den socialization. Occasionally, schools from de [[Greater Accra Region]], [[Ashanti Region]] den [[Volta Region]] all dem dey invite. Dem take give de event a unique name by each group of administrators every year.

=== St. Thomas Aquinas Day celebrations ===
Also dem known in student circles as ''Tom Aqua'', dem dey organize by de chaplaincy for de school. Edey brings together all Catholic students wey dey insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] to honor demma patron saint, St. Thomas Aquinas den discuss matters wey dey affect dem.
Under de 2001/2002 executives of de Koforidua Diocese Catholic Students Union (KODCASU) de St. Thomas Aquinas Day dem come institutionalize am. De first dem organize am on 2 February 2002 for de St. George's Cathedral, Koforidua. De main celebrant of de Holy Mass bi Most Rev Charles Gabriel Palmer-Buckle, den Bishop of Koforidua. Notable among de students bi Mr. Emmanuel Obeng Codjoe (now Rev. Fr. Emmanuel Obeng Codjoe) who na he bi de Students' Chaplain of Pope John at de time.

=== Inter-house athletics ===
Dis event dem dey organize am by de Sports Department to award students who dey distinguish Demma selves insyd field den track events. It san dey serves as an avenue give sport boys wey dem dey pick go rep de school for National Athletic Competitions.

=== Elections ===
General elections dem dey organize every year to select new prefects den student administrators give de SRC.

== Campus ==
[[File:NEW_HOUSE.jpg|alt=Newest House in POJOSS|right|thumb|De latest house insyd [[Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary|POJOSS]]]]
Dem gey staff bungalows den teachers' demma flats where instructors of de students dey insyd. Dem san gey Fathers' residence wey dey hosts de school ein chaplain den other priests of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Koforidua.

=== Houses ===
Dem dey currently gey seven houses available for boarding students who dey require a stay throughout a term:

* Pope John Seminary (Pope John House)
* Bishop Bowers House
* Nana Frempong Mposo House
* Alphonse Elsbernd House
* Paul Boakye House
* Fr. Amos Fredric's House
* Most Rev. Leon Badikebele Kalenga House.
{{wide image|Pj pana.jpg|600px|Panoramic view of the [[POJOSS]] campus|align-cap=center}}

== Academic performance ==
[[File:Pojoss_debate_00.jpg|right|thumb|Pope John wins National Independence Day Debate 2000. Team members dey include renowned Ghanaian journalist Kojo Oppong Nkrumah, second from left.]]
[[File:Pope_John_Senior_High_School_and_Minor_Seminary_students_receive_their_WASSCE_upon_Graduation.jpg|alt=Debate Victory|right|thumb|2013 National Independence Day Debate Victory]]
Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary dey maintains very high academic standard den gey over de years distinguish demma self insyd de areas of Science, Business, den Arts. Insyd 2012, de school place 9th for de WASSCE order of merit ([[Koforidua|Education in Koforidua]]), den come emerge victorious insyd many inter-school academic competitions. A survey dey indicate say that Pojoss dey contributes over 60% of ein students to tertiary institutions around de globe every year. Also, insyd 2015, Pope John Senior High School come chop 1st insyd de WASSCE rankings.

=== Awards den recognition ===

* VALCO Soccer Tournament (1999) (Winner)
* National Independence Debate Championship (2000) (Winner)
* Milo Schools Soccer Championship (2001) (Winner)
* National Science and Maths Quiz (2001) (Winner)
* VALCO Soccer Tournament (2002) (Winner)
* Microsoft Internet Safety and Security Focus On Ghana (MISSFoG) National Quiz Contest (2009) (Winner)
* Junior Achievement Barclays Bank Chairman Awards (2009) (Placed Second)
* Project Citizen National Showcase (2011) (Placed 3rd)
* Ghana Youth Forum Debate (2012) (Winner)
* National Independence Debate Championship (2013) (Winner)
* National Independence Debate Championship (2015) (Winner)
* National Independence Debate Championship (2017) (runners up)(2nd)

Sharks Quiz Season 2 (2nd)

=== Notable teachers ===

* Mr Emmanuel Agyepong (Received 3rd Prize for National Best Teacher Award 2001)
* Most Reverend Charles G. Palmer-Buckle (former chaplain den teacher)
* Mr. Yaw Gyebi (Received 2nd Prize National Best Teacher Award)
* Mr. Isaac Amanor(Geography department)

* Mr. Patrick Larbi Lartey (former Senior House Master den Teacher)
* Mr Eric Bempoe (Senior House Master)
* Benedicta Foli [https://mybrytfmonline.com/headmistress-of-pojoss-sells-sachete-water-to-run-the-school-as-free-shs-funds-delay/](Former Headmistress)

== Clubs den societies ==
[[File:School_Choir_Pojoss.jpg|thumb|Members of de choir pose for a picture after Sunday Mass]]
Students wey dey Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary dey involve demma self insyd Extracurricular activities through demma membership insyd clubs den societies. Dis dey bring out de talents wey dey insyd many of de students den dem dey use in securing victories for de school through debates, quizzes den boot camps. Edey include:
[[File:CADET_POJOSS.jpg|right|thumb|School Cadet on parade at de 54th Anniversary]]

* Science and Maths Club (PJSMC)
* Literary and drama club
* School Choir
* Civic Education Club
* Child's Right International
* Mystical Vibes
* Olympic Club
* GUNSA
* Future Leaders Investment Club (FLIC)
* SYTO
* FRENCH Club
* Catholic Students' Union (CASU)
* American Field Service (AFS)
* Legion of Mary
* Knights of the Altar
* Air force Cadet
* Red Cross Society
* Art Renaissance Club
* Pope John InfoTech Club
* Junior Achievement Company
* Students' Representative Council (SRC)
* School Brass Band
* Scholarship and Talent Club
* Business club (GNABS, POJOSS)

== Student Representative Council ==
[[File:POJOSS_SRC.jpg|right|thumb|2013 year group of Student Administrators]]
Sake of de large size of de school den student body, de administration wey dem dey decentralized am to de students demma level to ensure say dem go maintenance high standard of discipline insyd de school. At de helm of student administration bi de Students' Representative Council, wey ein head bi President wey gey two assistants who dey perform de role of Senior Prefects as well.

All other student groups, clubs den societies dey fall under de SRC den dem bi accountable to demma president. Among other things, de SRC dey ensures say dem go maintain de discipline wey dey among de students den promotes a good student-administration forum.

Edey over de years, wey dem contribute to de development of amenities den infrastructure for de school ein campus. Notable among dese bi de Visitors demma Lounge den students demma bath house. Currently ebi Master Franklin Amoh wey dey head am.

== POJOSS den Society ==
De Pope John community over de decades dey maintain a very cordial relationship plus de society, especially plus de Roman Catholic Church, de town of Effiduase insyd Koforidua den sister schools across [[Ghana]].

=== Alliances ===

==== POJOROSA ====
[[File:Pojorosa.jpg|right|thumb|A cartoon published in the 2012 edition of de POJOMAG illustrating de relationship between Pojoss den Roses]]
POJOROSA bi de acronym wey edey rep de alliance between Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary, den St. Roses Senior High School. Dis alliance come make plenty marriages of alumni of de two schools. Teachers from St. Roses have teach insyd Pojoss den vice versa. Alumni from Pojoss san return de gesture den teach insyd St. Roses. Annual programmes wey dem dey organize am by de two schools are often well attend by students of de schools as a gesture of the friendliness they bear toward each other. Apart from all these, Pope John den Saint Roses dey share de same heritage from demma founding fathers, de SVD missionaries.

Buh now ebi POJOKRO. Dis bi a collaboration plus Pojoss students den Krobo girls. De bond bi strong bond for de past years. Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary teachers dey teach insyd Krobo senior high school den vice versa.

==== POJOKRO ====
POJOSS' relationship plus Krobo Girls' Senior High School wey san come result de birth of POJOKRO: Though many dey see this as impossible alliance since Krobo Girls' bi Presbyterian school, de students dey often try dey breach that divide by inviting students of Krobo Girls' to some of demma annual programmes.

==== De Roman Catholic Church ====
De church dey maintains a cordial relationship plus Pojoss. Many of de school ein alumni come make Roman Catholic priests for de dioceses all over Ghana. De school ein boys' choir wey dey perform for many Catholic events wey edey include de burial mass for demma founder, Joseph Bowers. Catholic programmes are often dem dey organise am in Pope John, notable among bi de Sacred Heart Congress.

==== Electoral Commission of Ghana ====
Pojoss remains a polling station where elections for Ghana dey concerned. Members of de school staff are often employ as demma polling officials insyd every general election for de country insyd.

==== De [[University of Education, Winneba]] ====
De academic campus of Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary dem dey use am weekly weekend campus for Koforidua-resident distant learners wey dey offer courses at de university. Some of de school ein teaching staff san dey give tuition for all dese weekend lectures.

=== Affiliations ===

==== De Roman Catholic Church ====
De establishment of Pope John bi a vision wey dem initiate am by de Roman Catholic church. Therefore dem dey know am as a Catholic school. De seminary dey continues to receive funding from de church to support de formation of seminarians.

==== Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology ====
Dem gey some informal relationship plus KNUST. Most of de university demma senior lecturers wey dey include demma past vice chancellor bi alumni of Pope John. Additionally, considerable number of alumni dey enroll insyd KNUST annually. Insyd 2012 under de Community Impact Program, KNUST donated books to de school ein library den supervise de renovation of demma science lab.

=== Rivalry ===
Dem gey dis a friendly rivalry between Pope John Senior High den St. Peter's Boys Senior Secondary School, Nkwatia. Dem dey organise inter-school programmes to promote unity den cordiality among students.

== Chronology of headmasters ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!HEADMASTER
!BEGINNING OF OFFICE
!END OF OFFICE
|-
|Rev. Fr. Alphonse J. Elsbernd SVD
|1958
|1961
|-
|Rev. Fr. Amos Fredrichs SVD
|1961
|1974
|-
|Rev. Fr. Thomas Potts SVD
|1974
|1981
|-
|Rev. Fr. Vincent Michael Burke SVD
|1981
|1984
|-
|Rev. Fr. Edmund Nomo SVD
|1984
|1989
|-
|Rev. Fr. Vincent Michael Burke SVD
|1989
|1997
|-
|Mr. Paul Ofori-Atta
|1997
|2007
|-
|Mr. Isaac Laweh Odenteh
|2008
|2013
|-
|Mrs. Benedicta Foli
|2014
|2022
|-
|Rev. Fr. Benjamin Ohene
|2022
|Present
|}

== Notable alumni ==
[[File:Charles_G._Palmer-Buckle.JPG|right|thumb|Archbishop Charles G. Palmer-Buckle, Archbishop of Cape Coast.]]

=== Clergy ===

* Archbishop Charles G. Palmer- Buckle, Metropolitan Archbishop of Cape Coast

=== Politics, government, den public policy ===

* Samuel Nuamah Donkor, Former MP for New Juaben North, Minister of Health and Ashanti Regional Minister
* Edward Omane Boamah, Former Minister of Communications
* Ebenezer Okletey Terlabi, MP for Lower Manya Krobo and Former Deputy Minister of Defence
* Kojo Oppong Nkrumah, Minister of Information and MP for Ofoasi/Ayirebi
* Franklin Cudjoe, Founder and President of IMANI Centre for Policy and Education

=== Law enforcement ===

* Joseph Boateng Danquah, Former Chief of Defense Staff (CDS) of the Ghana Armed Forces and Member of Council of State
* Major General William Omane Agyekum, Commandant of Military Academy and Training Schools
* Brigadier General Kweku Asamoah Yeboah, Director General of International Peace Support Operations, Ghana Armed Forces

=== Academia ===

* William Otoo Ellis, former Vice Chancellor of [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|KNUST]]

=== Corporate, business, den finance ===

* Maxwell Opoku-Afari, Economist and first Deputy Governor of the [[Bank of Ghana]].

=== Arts den entertainment ===

* D-Black, Hip-hop star den entrepreneur
* [[Ibrahim Mahama (artist)]], Author den Artist of monumental installations
* Worlasi, Artist 

== San see ==

* Ministry of Education (Ghana)
* List of senior secondary schools in Ghana
* Joseph Oliver Bowers
* List of schools in Ghana

== References ==

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:Christian educational institutions]]
[[Category:Catholic minor seminaries]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:1958 establishments insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1958]]
[[Category:Education insyd de Eastern Region (Ghana)]]
[[Category:High schools insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Boarding schools insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Boys' schools insyd Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>sa2rob2a7qfallmikpfwsz5j8wvny64</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Params</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>20247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>107294</id>
      <parentid>106475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-16T06:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>3655</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]]</comment>
      <origin>107294</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="88000" sha1="jm8x5ug81bre69dpt2csm0n3owsmu2i" xml:space="preserve">require[[strict]]


	---                                        ---
	---     PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT                ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Abstract utilities ]]--
	----------------------------


-- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers)
local function zero_padded (str)
	return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str)
end


-- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting)
local function natural_sort (var1, var2)
	return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) &lt; var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded)
end


-- Return a copy or a reference to a table
local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly)
	if refonly then return src end
	local newtab = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end
	return newtab
end


-- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest`
local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len)
	local idx = 1
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1
		if idx &gt; len then break end
	end
	return dest
end


-- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left
local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len)
	local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt;= idx then
			if key &gt; tmp then cache[key - len] = val end
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = 1 - idx
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			elseif key &lt; idx then ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary)
local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len)
	local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1
	if idx &gt; 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; idx then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key + len] = val end
		end
	elseif tmp &gt; 0 then
		local nshift = idx - 1
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val
			elseif key &gt; 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val
			elseif key &lt; 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end
		end
	else
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &gt; tmp then
				ret[key] = val
			else ret[key - len] = val end
		end
	end
	return ret
end


-- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys
local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn)
	local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			nn = nn + 1
			nums[nn] = key
		else
			nw = nw + 1
			words[nw] = key
		end
	end
	table.sort(nums)
	table.sort(words, sort_fn)
	return nums, words, nn, nw
end


-- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number
local function get_parameter_name (par_str)
	local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end
	return tonumber(ret)
end


-- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and
-- always parsing numeric strings as numbers
local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey)
	local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey)
	if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end
end


	--[[ Public strings ]]--
	------------------------


-- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local mkeywords = {
	['or'] = 0,
	pattern = 1,
	plain = 2,
	strict = 3
}


-- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local sortfunctions = {
	alphabetically = false,
	naturally = natural_sort
}


-- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers
-- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
--[[

Meanings of the columns:

  col[1] = Loop type (0-3)
  col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3)
  col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback
  col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name
  col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value
  col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]`
  col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]`

A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`)

]]--
local mapping_styles = {
	names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 },
	values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 },
	values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 },
	names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 },
	names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 },
	names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 },
	values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 },
	blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 }
}


-- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names)
local memoryslots = {
	h = 'header',
	f = 'footer',
	i = 'itersep',
	l = 'lastsep',
	n = 'ifngiven',
	p = 'pairsep',
	s = 'oxfordsep'
}


-- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier
local trim_parse_opts = {
	trim_none = { false, false },
	trim_positional = { false, true },
	trim_named = { true, false },
	trim_all = { true, true }
}


-- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local isep_parse_opts = {
	splitter_pattern = false,
	splitter_string = true
}


-- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and
-- `reinterpreting` modifiers
local psep_parse_opts = {
	setter_pattern = false,
	setter_string = true
}


-- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier
local position_references = {
	add_nothing = 0,
	add_smallest_number = 1,
	add_last_of_sequence = 2,
	add_largest_number = 3
}


-- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier
local a_modes = {
	duplicate = 0,
	transfer = 1,
	provide = 2,
	spare = 3,
	sacrifice = 4
}


-- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`,
-- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue`
-- `without_sorting`


	--[[ Private constants ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`)
local modulename = 'Module:Params'


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args`
-- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also
-- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available
local refpipe = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	--coins = true,
	count = true,
	evaluating = true,
	for_each = true,
	list = true,
	list_values = true,
	list_maybe_with_names = true,
	value_of = true
}


-- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the
-- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if 
-- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own
-- (modified) copy available
local refparams = {
	call_for_each_group = true,
	combining = true,
	combining_by_calling = true,
	combining_values = true,
	concat_and_call = true,
	concat_and_invoke = true,
	concat_and_magic = true,
	count = true,
	grouping_by_calling = true,
	mixing_names_and_values = true,
	keeping_at_most = true,
	renaming_by_mixing = true,
	renaming_to_sequence = true,
	renaming_to_uppercase = true,
	renaming_to_lowercase = true,
	--renaming_to_values = true,
	shifting = true,
	splicing = true,
	--swapping_names_and_values = true,
	value_of = true,
	with_name_matching = true
}


-- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we
-- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its
-- optimal value at Module talk:Params)
local maxfill = 1024


-- The private table of functions
local library = {}


-- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position
local static_iface = {}


	--[[ Private functions ]]--
	---------------------------


-- Create a new context
local function context_new (child_frame)
	local main_frame = child_frame:getParent()
	return {
		frame = main_frame,
		opipe = child_frame.args,
		oparams = main_frame.args,
		firstposonly = static_iface,
		iterfunc = pairs,
		sorttype = 0,
		n_parents = 0,
		n_children = 0,
		n_available = maxfill
	}
end


-- Move to the next action within the user-given list
local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward)
	local nextfn
	if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then
		nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	end
	if nextfn == nil then error(modulename ..
		': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
	if library[nextfn] == nil then
		if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0)
		else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn ..
			'’ directive can only appear in first position', 0)
		end
	end
	remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward)
	return library[nextfn]
end


-- Main loop
local function main_loop (ctx, start_with)
	local fn = start_with
	repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn
	if ctx.n_parents &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end
	if ctx.n_children &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end
end


-- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table
local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from)
	local cmd
	if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end
	cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/')
		:match'^/*(.*[^/])'
	if cmd == nil then return start_from end
	local vname, chr
	local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1
	for idx = 1, #cmd do
		chr = cmd:byte(idx)
		if chr == sep then
			for key, val in ipairs(amap) do
				dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil
			end
			argc = argc + 1
		else
			vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)]
			if vname == nil then error(modulename ..
				', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' ..
				string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end
			table.insert(amap, vname)
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end
	return argc
end


-- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children`
local function new_substack (ctx)
	local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {}
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end
	ctx.n_children = currsnap
	return newparams
end


-- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or
-- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil`
local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg)
	if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end
	local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end
	local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg]
	if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end
	return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg
end


-- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|
-- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]`
local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params)
	local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2
	local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {}
	while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do
		tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3
--[[
		elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then
			tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2
]]--
		elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then
			tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2])
			tmp2 = params[tmp1]
			mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin =
				tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3
		else break end
	end
	local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil)
	for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end
	if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end
	tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin])
	if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then
		if tmp1 &lt; 0 then tmp1 = -1 end
		tmp2 = append_after - pin
		for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end
		pin = pin + tmp1 + 1
	end
	if tnamed ~= nil then
		for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return tbl, pin, tnew, mem
end


-- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*`
-- class of modifiers
local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params)
	local style, shf
	local tmp = src[n_skip + 1]
	if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1
	else shf = n_skip end
	local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5]
	tmp = style[6]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			karg = tonumber(karg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg)
		end
	end
	tmp = style[7]
	if tmp &gt; -1 then
		varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			varg = tonumber(varg)
			n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg)
		end
	end
	local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf,
		n_exist, params)
	tmp = style[1]
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 2 end
	if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then
		tmp = tmp - 1 end
	return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem
end


-- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of
-- modifiers
local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami)
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end
	if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end
	local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3
	if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end
	local flg = opts[argc]
	if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end
	return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax &lt; 1) or
		(flg == 3 and ptn == repl)
end


-- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers
local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami)
	local keyw
	local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1
	for _, val in ipairs(opts) do
		if state == 0 then
			nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1
			ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false }
		else
			keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or (
				state &gt; 0 and mkeywords[keyw] &gt; 0
			) then break
			else
				state = mkeywords[keyw]
				if state &gt; 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end
				if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end
			end
		end
		cnt = cnt + 1
	end
	if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami ..
		'’: No pattern was given', 0) end
	return ptns, nptns, cnt
end


-- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and
-- `evaluating` modifiers
local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp)
	local tmp
	local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain =
		{ true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true
	repeat
		noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc]
		if tmp == nil then break end
		tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
		if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp]
			trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil
		elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp],
				opts[argc], nil
		elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then
			argc = argc + 1
			pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp],
				opts[argc], nil
		else break end
		argc = argc + 1
	until noptslots &lt; 1
	return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc
end


-- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table
local value_maps = {
	[0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end
	end,
	[1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[varg] = val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg] = key
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val
			tbl[key] = fn()
		end
	end
}


-- Private table for `map_names()`
local name_thieves = {
	[0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[varg] = val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg] = key
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end,
	[3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn())
		end
	end
}


-- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table
local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn)
	local cache = {}
	name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn)
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
end


-- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric
-- suffixes in its keys
local function make_groups (src)
	-- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable!
	local prefix, gid
	local groups = {}
	for key, val in pairs(src) do
		-- `key` must only be a string or a number...
		if type(key) == 'string' then
			prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$'
			gid = tonumber(gid) or ''
		else
			prefix, gid = '', key
		end
		if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end
		if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			prefix = tonumber(prefix)
			if prefix &lt; 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end
		end
		groups[gid][prefix] = val
	end
	return groups
end


-- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and
-- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length
local function parse_placeholder_string (target)
	local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {}
	local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false)
	while e_pos ~= nil do
		canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1)
		skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@'
		idx = idx + 2
		s_pos = e_pos + 2
		e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false)
	end
	if (s_pos &gt; target:len()) then idx = idx - 1
	else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end
	return skel, canvas, idx
end


-- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`,
-- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`)
local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru)
	local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2
	local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1
	if isp == nil or isp == '' then
		if psp == nil or psp == '' then
			if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else tbl[idx] = str end
			return idx
		end
		spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
			else val = str end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = str:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
		return idx
	end
	if psp == nil or psp == '' then
		repeat
			pos1 = pos3 + 1
			pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
			val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1
		until pos2 == nil
		return idx
	end
	repeat
		pos1 = pos3 + 1
		pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl)
		val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1)
		spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl)
		if spos1 == nil then
			key = idx
			if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
			idx = idx + 1
		else
			key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1))
			val = val:sub(spos2 + 1)
			if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
		end
		tbl[key] = val
	until pos2 == nil
	return idx
end


-- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering`
local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if len == nil or len == 0 then
		local stack = new_substack(ctx)
		for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end
		return len == nil and 1 or 2
	end
	if len &lt; 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len)
	return 2
end


-- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values`
local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	local stack = ctx.children[currsnap]
	for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do
		if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end
	end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
end


-- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values`
local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function
	-- MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local argc
	local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {}
	local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2])
	if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then
		varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1)
		set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami)
	else
		if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end
		argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1)
	end
	if argc &lt; varsarg0 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end
	if next(tbl) == nil then
		if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params =
			{ [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven }
		elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end
		return argc
	end
	local cache, len
	if do_sort then
		local words
		cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end
		len = len + tmp
	else
		len, cache = 0, {}
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			len = len + 1
			cache[len] = key
		end
	end
	local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or ''
	for idx = 1, len do
		tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps
		pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs)
		nss = nss + 2
	end
	tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep
	if tmp ~= nil and nss &gt; 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp
	elseif nss &gt; 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then
		pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep
	end
	pmap[1] = vars.header or ''
	if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end
	ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) }
	return argc
end


-- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric
-- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options
-- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters
local function concat_params (ctx)
	local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		-- We need only the sequence
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end
	else
		if ctx.subset == -1 then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				retval[key + nmax] = val
			else retval[key] = val end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end
	return retval
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this
-- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function flush_params (ctx, fn)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort)
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
			for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
			return
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset ~= -1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
			fn(key, val)
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end
end


-- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value
-- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable)
local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then
		for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end
		return
	end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then
		flush_params(ctx, fn_oth)
		return
	end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then
		local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort)
		local sequence = {}
		for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end
		if ctx.sorttype == 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		end
		for idx = 1, nn do
			if sequence[nums[idx]] then fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]])
			else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end
		end
		if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then
			for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end
		end
		return
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do
		fn_seq(key, val)
		tbl[key] = nil
	end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end
end


-- Finalize and return a concatenated list
local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize)
	if len &gt; 0 then
		local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep
		if tmp ~= nil and len &gt; modsize * 2 then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp
		elseif len &gt; modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then
			lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep
		end
		lst[1] = ctx.header or ''
		if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end
		ctx.text = table.concat(lst)
	else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
end


	---                                        ---
	---     PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT                 ---
	---    ________________________________    ---
	---                                        ---


	--[[ Modifiers ]]--
	-------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to
library.sequential = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype &gt; 0 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to
library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx)
	if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to
library.all_sorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to
library.reassorted = function (ctx)
	if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end
	if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end
	if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename ..
		': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end
	ctx.sorttype = 2
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to
library.setting = function (ctx)
	local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1)
	if argc &lt; 2 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to
library.scoring = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local tmp
	local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe
	for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == 'in_substack' then
		new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval)
		return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
	end
	ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval)
	return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to
library.squeezing = function (ctx)
	local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			newlen = newlen + 1
			indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil
		end
	end
	table.sort(indices)
	for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to
library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx)
	local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums =
		ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1
	if newval == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmax == nil then
				if key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
				nmax = key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
			tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1
		end
	end
	if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin &gt; nnums then
		ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax
		if ctx.n_available &lt; 0 then error(modulename ..
			', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' ..
			tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end
		for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end
		for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to
library.clearing = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to
library.cutting = function (ctx)
	local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local len = #tbl
	if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
	if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
	local tot = lcut + rcut
	if tot &gt; 0 then
		local cache = {}
		if tot &gt;= len then
			for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end
			tot = len
		else
			for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and key &gt; 0 then
				if key &gt; len then cache[key - tot] = val
				else cache[key - lcut] = val end
				tbl[key] = nil
			end
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to
library.cropping = function (ctx)
	local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename ..
		', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local nmin, nmax
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	if nmin ~= nil then
		local len = nmax - nmin + 1
		if lcut &lt; 0 then lcut = len + lcut end
		if rcut &lt; 0 then rcut = len + rcut end
		if lcut + rcut - len &gt; -1 then
			for key in pairs(tbl) do
				if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end
			end
		elseif lcut + rcut &gt; 0 then
			for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end
			for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end
			local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1
			if lshift &gt; 0 then
				for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do
					tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] =
						tbl[idx], nil
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.purging = function (ctx)
	local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &lt; 1 then
		len = len + table.maxn(tbl)
		if idx &gt; len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		len = len - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to
library.backpurging = function (ctx)
	local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end
	local idx
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if len &gt; 0 then
		idx = last - len + 1
	else
		for key in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or
				key &lt; idx) then idx = key end
		end
		if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		idx = idx - len
		if last &lt; idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end
		len = last - idx + 1
	end
	ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to
library.shifting = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then
		error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end
	local tbl = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val
		else tbl[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to
library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil
			if key &gt; nmax then nmax = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local shift = #tbl + 1
	if shift &lt; 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end
	local numerics = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local nmax, nmin
	local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {}
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			numerics[key] = val
			tbl[key] = nil
			if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key
			elseif key &gt; nmax then nmax = key
			elseif key &lt; nmin then nmin = key end
		end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp
	local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then
			nsize = nsize + 1
			cache[nsize] = key
		end
	end
	table.sort(cache)
	for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do
		tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ]
		tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ]
		tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to
library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx)
	local sortfn
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then
		sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$']
	end
	if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn)
	else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil`
	if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment|
--            [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to
library.splicing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp2, argc, pos, refp
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	local tmp1 = opts[1]
	if tmp1 ~= nil then
		tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1)
		if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then
			pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4,
				tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
			if tmp2 ~= nil then
				refp = position_references[tmp2]
				if refp == nil then error(modulename ..
					', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) ..
					'’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end
			else refp = 0 end
		else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end
	else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end
	if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1])
	if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end
	if refp == 2 then
		for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end
		refp = 0
	end
	tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil
	if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if type(key) == 'number' then
				if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key
				elseif key &lt; tmp1 then tmp1 = key
				elseif key &gt; tmp2 then tmp2 = key end
			end
		end
	end
	if tmp2 == nil then len = 0
	elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2
	elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end
	if len &gt; 0 and pos + len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len)
	elseif len &lt; 0 and pos - len &gt; tmp1 and pos &lt;= tmp2 then
		tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len)
	else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end
	ctx.params = tbl
	tmp1 = tonumber(opts[argc])
	if len == 0 and (tmp1 == nil or tmp1 &lt; 1) then error(modulename ..
		', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to add cannot be zero', 0) end
	if tmp1 == nil or tmp1 &lt; 0 or math.floor(tmp1) ~= tmp1 then
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	tmp2 = argc - pos + 1
	for key = pos, pos + tmp1 - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc + tmp1 + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to
library.imposing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end
	ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2]
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to
library.providing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end
	local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])
	if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to
library.reassigning = function (ctx)
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end
	if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end
	local mode
	local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	local val = tbl[src]
	if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end
	local argc = mode == nil and 3 or 4
	if val == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2])
	if mode == 1 or mode == 4 or (mode == 3 and tbl[dest] == nil) then
		tbl[src] = nil
	end
	if mode == nil or mode &lt; 2 or tbl[dest] == nil then tbl[dest] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to
library.discarding = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2])
	if len == nil then
		ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end
	if len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end
	for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to
library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to
library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx)
	local tmp = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]
--            |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_name_matching = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp, ptn
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_name_matching')
	local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {}
	for idx = 1, nptns do
		ptn = targets[idx]
		if ptn[3] then
			tmp = ptn[1]
			if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
				tmp = tonumber(tmp)
			end
			newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp]
		else
			for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
				if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
					newparams[key] = val
				end
			end
		end
	end
	ctx.params = newparams
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]
--            |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_name_not_matching')
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then
		local tmp = targets[1][1]
		if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
			tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil
		else tbl[tmp] = nil end
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	local yesmatch, ptn
	for key in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]
--            |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag
--            N]|pipe to
library.with_value_matching = function (ctx)
	local nomatch, ptn
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_value_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		nomatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val == ptn[1] then
					nomatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				nomatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]
--            |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain
--            flag N]|pipe to
library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx)
	local yesmatch, ptn
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe,
		'with_value_not_matching')
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		yesmatch = true
		for idx = 1, nptns do
			ptn = targets[idx]
			if ptn[3] then
				if val ~= ptn[1] then
					yesmatch = false
					break
				end
			elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then
				yesmatch = false
				break
			end
		end
		if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len)
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to
library.trimming_values = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = margs }
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local mname, fname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local magic
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params)
	value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)
		end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1]
	if mix == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to
--[[
library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx)
	local tbl = ctx.params
	for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to
library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
		if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else
		cache[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to
library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache, len
	local tbl = ctx.params
	local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1])
	if do_sort then
		local words, wl
		cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn)
		for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end
		for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end
	else
		len, cache = 0, {}
		for _, val in pairs(tbl) do
			len = len + 1
			cache[len] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx)
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params)
	local model = { title = tname, args = rargs }
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function
--            name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of
--            additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument
--            N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	local mname, fname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params)
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call
--            style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem =
		load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params)
	map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function ()
		return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs)
	end)
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end
	ctx.params = tbl
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain
--            flag]|pipe to
library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx)
	local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die =
		load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing')
	if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end
	local tbl = ctx.params
	if flg == 3 then
		ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn)
		local val = tbl[ptn]
		if val ~= nil then
			tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val
		end
	else
		if flg == 2 then
			-- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()`
			ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0')
		end
		local cache = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
			steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache,
				tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax))
		end
		for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to
library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end
	local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	local cache = {}
	if mix == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val
		end
	else
		local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
				if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val
				else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end
			end
			cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to
--[[
library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template
--            name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional
--            arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to
library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params)
	local gargs = {}
	for key, val in pairs(tmp) do
		if type(key) == 'number' and key &lt; 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val
		else gargs[key] = val end
	end
	tmp = ctx.pipe[1]
	if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local groups = make_groups(tbl)
	for gid, group in pairs(groups) do
		for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args = gid, group
		groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end
	for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end
	ctx.params = groups
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.parsing = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=')
	parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
		trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim
--            flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter
--            setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.reinterpreting = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=')
	local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	local str = tbl[tmp]
	if str ~= nil then
		tbl[tmp] = nil
		parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain,
			trimnamed, trimunnamed)
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration
--            delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to
library.evaluating = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end
	local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc =
		load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':')
	if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then
		ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe)
		return context_iterate(ctx, argc)
	end
	local new_opts, cache = {}, {}
	local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain,
		psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc
	for key, val in pairs(opts) do
		if type(key) ~= 'number' or key &lt; 1 then new_opts[key] = val
		elseif key &gt;= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end
	end
	for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end
	ctx.pipe = new_opts
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to
library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end
	local tmp
	local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2]
	if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then
		for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key)
		end
	elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then
		for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end
	else
		local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k)
		local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v)
		for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do
			tmp = tostring(key)
			for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do
				if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end
			end
			for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do
				if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end
			end
			cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] =
				table.concat(cnv_v)
		end
	end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to
--[[
library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local cache = {}
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end
	ctx.params = cache
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end,
		'combining'
	) + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort
--            order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to
library.combining_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters(
		ctx,
		function (key, val, kvs) return val end,
		'combining_values'
	) + 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local tname = ctx.pipe[1]
	if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
			title = tname,
			args = ctx.params
		}
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new
--            parameter name|pipe to
library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local mname = ctx.pipe[1]
	if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	local fname = ctx.pipe[2]
	if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] =
			tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)))
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 4)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter
--            name|pipe to
library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier,
	-- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning
	local magic = ctx.pipe[1]
	if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
	else error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	ctx.params = {
		[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] =
			ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params)
	}
	return context_iterate(ctx, 3)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.snapshotting = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to
library.remembering = function (ctx)
	return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering'))
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to
library.entering_substack = function (ctx)
	local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1
	if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl }
	else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end
	ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then
		ctx.params = {}
		return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
	end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children
	if currsnap &gt; 0 then
		ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children =
			ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1
	else
		local newparams = {}
		for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end
		ctx.params = newparams
	end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to
library.pulling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end
	local tmp = ctx.n_parents
	local parent = tmp &lt; 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp]
	tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to
library.recalling = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to
--[[
library.finding = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end
	local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1])
	local parent
	for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do
		parent = ctx.parents[idx]
		if parent[arg] ~= nil then
			ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg]
			return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
		end
	end
	if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to
--[[
library.picking = function (ctx)
	local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1])
	if len == nil or len &lt; 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename ..
		', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end
	if ctx.n_parents &lt; 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len)
	else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 2)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to
library.detaching_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent]
	for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to
library.dropping_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to
library.leaving_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1
	if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params }
	else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children =
		ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to
library.merging_substack = function (ctx)
	local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents
	if ncurrparent &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end
	local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params
	ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil,
		ncurrparent - 1
	for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to
library.flushing = function (ctx)
	if ctx.n_children &lt; 1 then error(modulename ..
		', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end
	local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end
	ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to
library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx)
	set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing')
	return context_iterate(ctx, 1)
end


	--[[ Functions ]]--
	-----------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|count
library.count = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local retval = 0
	for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end
	if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end
	ctx.text = retval
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]
--            |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value
--            n]|[...]
library.concat_and_call = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{
		title = tname,
		args = concat_params(ctx)
	}
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend
--            1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            item n=value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local mname, fname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2)
	local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname]
	if mfunc == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname ..
		'’ does not exist', 0) end
	ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{
		title = 'Module:' .. mname,
		args = concat_params(ctx)
	})
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend
--            2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=
--            value n]|[...]
library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable!
	local magic
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx))
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name
library.value_of = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end
	local val
	local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'
	if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then
		key = tonumber(key)
		val = ctx.params[key]
		-- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in
		-- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable)
		if val ~= nil and (
			ctx.subset ~= -1 or key &gt; #ctx.params or key &lt; 1
		) and (
			ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key &lt;= #ctx.params and key &gt; 0)
		) then
			ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	else
		val = ctx.params[key]
		if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header
			or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '')
		else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end
	end
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list
library.list = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss =
			pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_values
library.list_values = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	-- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us
	local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names
library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or ''
	mixed_flush_params(
		ctx,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4
		end,
		function (key, val)
			ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3],
				ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4
		end
	)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value
--            2]|[...]|[last coin = value N]
--[[
library.coins = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end
	return library.list_values(ctx)
end
]]--


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin =
--            value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N]
--[[
library.unique_coins = function (ctx)
	local tmp
	local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params
	for key, val in pairs(tbl) do
		tmp = get_parameter_name(val)
		tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil
	end
	return library.list_values(ctx)
end
]]


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext
library.for_each = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable!
	local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or ''
	local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do
			if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val
			else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end
		end
		ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]
--            |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each = function (ctx)
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tname, args = opts }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	table.insert(opts, 1, true)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append
--            1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]
--            |[named param n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx)
	local mname, fname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
		
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2]
--            |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each = function (ctx)
	local magic
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	table.insert(opts, 1, true)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts)

	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local tname
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tname, args = opts }
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local mname, fname
	if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if mname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end
	if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts }
	local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname]
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1)
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]
--            |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named
--            param n=value n]|[...]
library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx)
	local opts = ctx.pipe
	local magic
	if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if magic == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end
	local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	flush_params(ctx, function (key, val)
		opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append
--            2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param
--            n=value n]|[...]
library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx)
	-- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables!
	local tmp
	if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end
	if tmp == nil then error(modulename ..
		', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end
	local model = { title = tmp }
	local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or ''
	for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do
		if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val
		else opts[key] = val end
	end
	ctx.pipe = opts
	ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params)
	flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group)
		for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end
		group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs,
			nss + 2
		ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model)
	end)
	finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2)
	return false
end


	--[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|new|pipe to
static_iface.new = function (child_frame)
	local ctx = context_new(child_frame)
	ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false)
	ctx.params = {}
	main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1))
	return ctx.text
end


	--[[ First-position-only functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


-- Syntax:  #invoke:params|self
static_iface.self = function (frame)
	return frame:getParent():getTitle()
end


	--[[ Public metatable of functions ]]--
	---------------------------------------


return setmetatable({}, {
	__index = function (_, query)
		local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)'
		if fname == nil then error(modulename ..
			': You must specify a function to call', 0) end
		local func = static_iface[fname]
		if func ~= nil then return func end
		func = library[fname]
		if func == nil then error(modulename ..
			': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end
		return function (child_frame)
			local ctx = context_new(child_frame)
			ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname])
			ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname])
			main_loop(ctx, func)
			return ctx.text
		end
	end
})</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uthman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>24335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>107293</id>
      <parentid>87913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-16T05:21:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>107293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4802" sha1="4ilyd99kk5tb8r3pquos5f7uv4bdhks" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Uthman ibn Affan''' (Arabic: عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان, &lt;small&gt;romanized:&lt;/small&gt; ''ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān'') ({{circa|573 anaa 576}}{{snd}}17 June 656) na he be de third caliph of de Rashidun Caliphate, ruling from 644 til ein assassination insyd 656. Uthman, a second cousin, son-in-law, den senior companion of de Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], play a major role insyd early Islamic history. During ein reign as caliph, na he be known for ordering de official compilation of de standardized version of de [[Quran]], dem know as de Uthmanic codex, wich still be used today.

Before ein predecessor, Caliph [[Umar]] (r. 634–644) die insyd office, he appoint a committee of trustees to elect a successor. Uthman, wey na then aged 68–71 years, dem elect am to succeed am wey he cam be de oldest person to hold such a high position. During ein reign, de Caliphate expand further into Persia wey e reach as far as de provinces of Khurasan den Transoxiana insyd de East as well as Ifriqiya den de Iberian Peninsula insyd de West. Uthman institute centralized reforms in order to create a more cohesive administrative structure wey he foster rapid economic growth.

However, na de last years of ein reign be marked by discontent wey eventually evolve into an armed revolt, wey lead to a siege upon ein residence den ultimately culminating insyd ein assassination. Sunni Muslim tradition dey consider am de third rightly-guided caliph.

== Family den early life ==
Dem born Uthman insyd de Hejaz. De exact date be disputed; both 573 den 576 be indicated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 3'', translated by Bewley, A.; (2013), ''The Companions of Badr'', London, TaHa Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem born am to an affluent family of de powerful den wealthy Banu Umayya clan, einself a part of de larger Banu Abd Shams. Ein poppie, Affan ibn Abi al-As be of de Banu Umayya, den ein mommie, Arwa bint Kurayz be of de Banu Abd Shams. Uthman get one sisto, Amina.

Uthman dey relate to Muhammad thru ein mommie, wey be de first cousin of Muhammad wey e make Uthman ein first cousin ein son. Ein poppie die at a young age while on a caravan travel, wey he lef Uthman plus a large inheritance. He invest de wealth in trade wey he cam be a highly successful merchant, wey make am one of de wealthiest people of de Quraysh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nectar&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Al-Mubarakphuri |first=Safi-ur-Rahman |title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum |date=1996 |trans-title=The Sealed Nectar |place=[[Riyadh]] |publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Assassination ==
On 17 June 656, after finding de gates of Uthman ein house guarded, a group of rebels scale de walls from a neighboring house wey dem enter ein room. Among dem be Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, de son of de first caliph, wey reportedly seize Uthman by ein beard. According to chaw accounts, after Uthman remind am of ein poppie ein friendship, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr feel remorse wey he withdraw from de scene; however, oda rebels then move insyd wey dem fatally stab de Caliph while he dey recite de Quran.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=139}}{{sfn|Humphreys|1990|p=190}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q37731|c=Category:Uthman|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
Views of various Islamic historians on Uthman:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717083104/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/60_uthman_bin_ghani.htm Uthman in History]
* [http://quilliampress.com/the-khilafa-of-uthman/ Quilliam Press: Uthman ibn Affan] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025115604/http://quilliampress.com/the-khilafa-of-uthman/ |date=25 October 2012}}
Views of the Arab Media on Uthman:
* [http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&amp;Area=sd&amp;ID=SP70404 Ever Since the Murder of Uthman]
Shia view of Uthman:
* [http://al-islam.org/restatement/58.htm Uthman's election]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411185921/http://www.holynajaf.net/eng/html/nahjulbalaga/030.htm The assassination of Uthman Ibn Affan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080222003638/http://www.basma.us/site/true_islam/quran/article.quran.graces_of_waki%27aah.php Uthman and Abdullah bin Massood]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uthman Ibn Affan}}
[[Category:Uthman| ]]
[[Category:579 births]]
[[Category:656 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:7th-century monarchs dem murder]]
[[Category:7th-century caliphs]]
[[Category:Caliphs dem assassinate]]
[[Category:Banu Umayya]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]
[[Category:Rashidun caliphs]]
[[Category:Sahabah martyrs]]
[[Category:Sahabah wey participate insyd de battle of Uhud]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]
[[Category:Arab Muslims]]
[[Category:2026 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]]</text>
      <sha1>4ilyd99kk5tb8r3pquos5f7uv4bdhks</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Katosi Water Works</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>107242</id>
      <parentid>106564</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T13:32:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>107242</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13184" sha1="lgv5stqcjpltds19un5aq5b8981a09m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Katosi Water Works''' ('''KWW'''), wey dem sanso dey call '''Katosi Water Treatment Plant''', be water purification plus distribution project for Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=26 April 2018 | url=https://chimpreports.com/exclusive-nwsc-embarks-on-new-160millon-litres-katosi-water-works/ |title=NWSC Embarks on New 160 millon Litres Katosi Water Works |date=5 February 2018 |work=Chimpreports.com |author=Sharon Kyatusiimire
|location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Location==
De water treatment facility dey locate for lakeside town of Katosi, for Ntenjeru subcounty, Mukono District, insyd Buganda Region of Uganda. Katosi dey about {{convert|23.5|km|0}}, by road, south-east of Mukono town, wey be de district headquarters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 August 2020 |title=Distance Between Mukono And Katosi (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mukono/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/@0.2263085,32.720376,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dfc05135cc4e9:0xf99cbaf9eaeacc70!2m2!1d32.7633036!2d0.2835476!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one be about {{convert|53|km|0}}, by road, south-east of Kampala, wey be capital city of Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 August 2020 |title=Distance Between Kampala And Katosi (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/@0.2625272,32.5580349,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De geographical coordinates of de water treatment plant be: 00°07'02.0&quot;N, 32°46'37.0&quot;E (Latitude:0.117222; Longitude:32.776944).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 August 2020 |title=Location of Katosi Water Works (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B007'02.0%22N+32%C2%B046'37.0%22E/@0.1172222,32.7769444,392m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.1172222!4d32.7769444 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Overview==
As far back as 2011, Uganda government, thru National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), start plan to build new water treatment facility for Katosi, to add to de ones for Ggaba (Ggaba I, II &amp; III), so dem fit meet water demand of fast growing population of Kampala plus surrounding districts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=17 April 2011 |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/news116532-html/ |title=Uganda to Build $306m Water Treatment Plant in Katosi |access-date=26 April 2018 |publisher=Water-Technology.net | author=Water Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''GKW Consult GmbH'', together plus ''Alliance Consultants Limited'', dem contract dem by NWSC to provide consulting service for design of de new Drinking Water Treatment Plant near Katosi. Tendering plus supervision of construction work dey under dis same consulting contract.&lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gkw-consult.com/en/news/news-message/article/new-major-water-supply-project-in-uganda/ |title=New Major Water Supply Project in Uganda |access-date=26 April 2018 |date=23 June 2016
|publisher=GKWConsult.com |location=Mannheim, Germany | author=GKW Consult}}&lt;/ref&gt; De design sanso include pipeline wey go carry water go storage reservoir for Nsumba Hill, about {{convert|7|km|0}}, to de north-west.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 August 2020 |title=Travel Distance From Katosi To Nsumba Hill (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/Nsumba+Nursery+School/@0.1745599,32.7789181,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!1m5!1m1!1s0x177debf3e44afe97:0x18283652f33a8fc0!2m2!1d32.7910152!2d0.193365!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wen e finish, de plant go get initial capacity of {{convert|160000|m3|liters}} of water daily, wey fit later increase go {{convert|240000|m3|liters}} per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;CapR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://theugandan.com.ug/national-water-building-sh378-billion-treatment-plant-katosi/ |title=National Water building Sh378 billion treatment plant at Katosi |date=June 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=The Ugandan |location=Kampala |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015401/https://theugandan.com.ug/national-water-building-sh378-billion-treatment-plant-katosi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; De target be about 4.5 million people by 2025 den 7 million by 2040, wey go dey live for Kampala plus surrounding metro area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Five&quot;/&gt;

==Ownership==
De water treatment facility belong fully to National Water and Sewerage Corporation, wey be government parastatal company wey dey in charge of potable water plus sewerage services for whole country.&lt;ref name=&quot;One&quot;/&gt;

==Construction==
De construction of Katosi Water Treatment Plant be part of master plan wey dem call Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project, wey dem develop for 2011. De project aim be to improve water supply plus sanitation for all de 2 million people wey dey Kampala at dat time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seven&quot;&gt;{{cite web | access-date=26 April 2018 | url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/blending/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-sector-watsan_en | last=European Commission | publisher=European Commission | date=21 July 2015 | title=Kampala Water - Lake Victoria Water And Sanitation Sector (WATSAN)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EuroR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=5 May 2011 | url=https://www.waterbriefing.org/home/finance-and-risk/item/4164-european-finance-to-transform-water-supply-in-uganda?font-size=smaller |title=European finance to transform water supply in Uganda |publisher=Waterbriefing.org |author=Water Briefing Organization |access-date=3 April 2019 |location=Bristol, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As part of dat program, wey sanso include upgrade of NWSC Ggaba Water Treatment Plant, dem plan build new {{convert|120000|m3|liter}} per day water treatment plant for Katosi, Mukono District, east of Kampala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Four&quot;/&gt;

Feasibility study dem BRL Ingenierie SA, IGIP den WE Consult carry am do. For June 2016, GKW Consult GmbH den Alliance Consultants Limited dem select as consulting engineers. Tenders for construction dem advertise for first quarter of 2017, wey dem expect bid evaluation for May 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;TendR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Uganda, Kampala: EIB Package 4B: Katosi Drinking Water Treatment Plant and Nsumba Pumping Main and Reservoir | url=http://www.publictenders.net/node/3445379 |date=19 August 2016 |work=Publictenders.net |author=Anonymous |access-date=3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem give contract to consortium wey include Suez International of [[Egypt]] den Sogea-Satom of [[France]]. For June 2018, NWSC sign agreement plus dem to design den build Katosi Water Works plus intake, storage den transmission infrastructure for contract price of €84 million (USh378 billion). Construction start January 2019 wey dem expect to finish am March 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;CapR&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewthR&quot;&gt;{{cite web| date=9 January 2020 | url=https://chimpreports.com/nwsc-to-employ-new-technology-to-increase-water-safety-in-uganda/ |title=NWSC To Employ New Technology To Increase Water Safety In Uganda |access-date=10 January 2020 |work=ChimpReports |author=Sharon Kyatusiimire | place=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of May 2020, construction reach about 80 percent. Test pumping plan for last quarter of 2020, wey dem expect commissioning for first quarter of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| date=13 May 2020 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/Kampala-water-demand-outstrips-supply-NWSC/688606-5550568-obfgtf/index.html
|title=Kampala Water Demand Outstrips Supply - NWSC |work=Daily Monitor |author=Ashita Chopra |location=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Financing==
De funding of Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water den Sanitation Project (WATSAN) be as e dey insyd table below:&lt;ref name=&quot;Nine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project (Uganda) | publisher=European Investment Bank |author=European Investment Bank | url=http://www.eib.org/products/blending/mri/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-project-uganda.htm |access-date=26 April 2018 | date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em auto&quot;
|+ Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project Funding
! Rank !! Development Partner !! Contribution in Euros !! Percentage !! Notes
|-
| 1 || Government of Uganda || 34.0 million || 16.04 || Investment
|-
| 2 || KfW of Germany || 20.0 million || 9.44 || Grant
|-
| 3 || European Investment Bank || 75.0 million || 35.38 || Loan
|-
| 4 || French Development Agency || 75.0 million || 35.38 || Loan
|-
| 5 || European Union Infrastructure Trust Fund || 8.0 million || 3.77 || Grant
|-
| || '''Total''' || '''212.00 million''' || '''100.00''' ||
|-
|}
* Note: Totals are slightly off due to rounding.

For February 2019, dem sign agreement between French Development Agency (AFD), wey Stéphanie Rivoal represent, plus Uganda government, wey Finance Minister Matia Kasaija represent, for 20-year USh630 billion (€150 million) loan, wey form part of EIB and AFD funding give dis project.&lt;ref name=&quot;LoanR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Afrik21 |date=6 February 2019 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ |title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects | access-date=31 March 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu
|location=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Loan1R&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.softpower.ug/govt-to-borrow-over-shs-1-trillion-for-water-sanitation-projects/ |title=Government To Borrow Over One Trillion For Water Sanitation Projects |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |author=SoftPower Reporter |date=6 November 2018
|access-date=31 March 2019 | location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Powering de plant==
For August 2020, Umeme, wey be biggest electricity distribution company for Uganda, announce say dem dey build dedicated double circuit 33kV power line from dema substation for Mbalala (no be Mbarara), along Kampala–Jinja Highway, to give stable power supply to de water treatment plant. De power line expect to finish for December 2020.&lt;ref name=XXR&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Finance/Umeme-seeks-to-integrate-Mukono-power-network/688608-5604982-15af6arz/index.html |title=Umeme seeks to integrate Mukono power network |date=6 August 2020 |newspaper=Daily Monitor | author=Christine Kasemiire |access-date=29 August 2020 | place=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Recent events==
For April 2021, wen construction nearly finish reach about 95 percent, contractors plus NWSC engineers start test electrical den mechanical systems of de plant. Dem test things like electrical control units, pressure gauges, intake den output pipes, landscaping den staff housing. Commissioning of de full system expect for last week of April 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;FinR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pumps-africa.com/uganda-begins-system-testing-on-katosi-water-treatment-plant-2/ |title=Uganda begins system testing on new Katosi water plant |publisher=Pumps-Africa.com |date=1 April 2021 |author=Martina, A. |access-date=4 April 2021 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2021, Uganda Minister of Water and Environment, Sam Cheptoris, NWSC chairman Engineer Badru Kiggundu den NWSC CEO Doctor Silver Mugisha tour de completed plant. De infrastructure include purification plant for Katosi, storage reservoirs for Nsumba Hill den Sonde Hill insyd Mukono District, plus booster pump for Namugongo insyd Wakiso District. Total of {{convert|51|km|0}} water pipeline connect Katosi plant to Ntinda area for Kampala, wer treated water join NWSC network for Metropolitan Kampala (Kampala City, Mukono District den Wakiso District).&lt;ref name=&quot;CompR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Daily Monitor | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/nwsc-now-has-more-water-than-demanded-in-kampala-metro--3536444 |date=3 September 2021 |title=NWSC now has more water than demanded in Kampala Metro |author=Stephen Otage |access-date=3 September 2021 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sanso spy==
* [[Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)]]
* [[Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex]]
* [[Karenge Drinking Water Supply System]]

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
* [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water &amp; Sewerage Corporation]
* [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)]
* [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1331920/nwsc-increase-water-supply NWSC to increase water supply by 50%] As of  5 August 2015.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241127045317/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-katosi-drinking-water-plant-to-be-put-into-service-in-february-2021/ Uganda: Katosi drinking water plant to be put into service in February 2021] As of 18 August 2020.

[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Uganda]]
[[Category:Mukono District]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:Central Region, Uganda]]
[[Category:2021 establishments insyd Uganda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>National Water and Sewerage Corporation</title>
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      <text bytes="11485" sha1="g4mnjtj7nxmgvqg6aujw8jmwdofb34y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''National Water and Sewerage Corporation''' (NWSC) be water supply den sanitation company wey dey [[Uganda]]. E be fully owned by de government of Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.littlegatepublishing.com/2015/04/water-for-all-national-water-and-sewerage-corporation-nwsc/ |title= Water for All: National Water and Sewerage Corporation |access-date=27 October 2016 |date=27 October 2016 |publisher=Little Gate Publishing |author=Little Gate Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of October 2023, de company dey supply {{convert|730000000|m³|0}} of clean potable water every day give de country. Dis one dey compare plus {{convert|276000000|m³|0}} daily output wey dem dey supply ten years before for 2013. Dis show say e increase by 85 percent for those ten years. As of 2024, de corporation non-revenue water be 34 percent, plus plan to reduce am go 30 percent by 2029. De total population wey NWSC water dey reach for 2024 dem estimate at 18 million people, plus target to increase am reach 25 million by 2029.&lt;ref name=&quot;DataR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://chimpreports.com/nwsc-boosts-water-production-capacity-by-85-to-support-ugandas-growing-population/ |date=16 October 2024 |work=ChimpReports |title=NWSC Boosts Water Production Capacity by 85% to Support Uganda’s Growing Population |access-date=29 December 2024 | author=ChimpReports |location=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Location==
As of July 2018, de company dey for final stage of construction for dema new headquarters building for 3 Nakasero Road, for Nakasero Hill, opposite ''Rwenzori House''.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eagle.co.ug/2017/09/01/nwsc-unveil-new-state-art-offices.html |title=NWSC to unveil new state-of-the-art offices |access-date=25 July 2018 |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |author=Eagle Reporter |location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 July 2018 |date=31 March 2018 |publisher=PMLDaily.com | url=http://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/03/nwsc-reveals-new-plans-to-shift-head-offices.html |title=NWSC reveals plans to shift head offices |last=Ssebwami |first=Javira |location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem commission de new headquarters building by Ruhakana Rugunda, wey be Prime Minister of Uganda, for July 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=25 July 2018 | url=https://chimpreports.com/rugunda-launches-nwsc-ambitious-corporate-plan/ |title=Rugunda Launches NWSC Ambitious Corporate Plan |date=21 July 2018 |publisher=Chimp Reports Uganda | author=Chimp Corps |location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
NWSC start by Decree No. 34 for 1972 to serve urban areas of Kampala, Entebbe, den Jinja. For 1995, dem reorganize NWSC under NWSC Statute. De company get more authority den autonomy wey dem give am mandate to operate den provide water den sewerage services for areas wey dem trust am, on commercial den viable basis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US |url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/about-us |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210616194342/https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/about-us |archive-date=2021-06-16 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=www.nwsc.co.ug |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of October 2016, these cities and towns dey receive services from NWSC:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;
|+ '''Cities den Towns wey NWSC serve'''
! style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; |City!!Town!!Municipality
|-
| [[Kampala]] || [[Bushenyi]] || Kateete
|-
| [[Kira Town|Kira]] || [[Kigumba]] || [[Luweero]]
|-
| [[Gulu]] || [[Paidha]] ||Buyanja
|-
| [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]] || [[Kitagata, Uganda|Kitagata]] || Butogota
|-
| [[Entebbe]] || [[Wakiso]] || Kebisoni
|-
| [[Mbale]] || [[Pader, Uganda|Pader]] || [[Kamwenge]]
|-
| [[Masaka]] || [[Kaliro]] || [[Kajjansi]]
|-
| [[Mbarara]] || [[Malaba, Uganda|Malaba]] || Kanyampanga
|-
| [[Hoima]] || [[Kisoro]] || Nyakagyeme
|-
| [[Kasese]] || [[Iganga]] || [[Kaberamaido]]
|-
| [[Mukono]] || [[Ishaka]] || [[Kanungu]]
|-
| [[Arua]] || [[Rukungiri]] || [[Aduku]]
|-
| [[Masindi]] || [[Amuria]] || [[Nebbi]]
|-
| [[Soroti]] || [[Apac]] || [[Kalisizo]]
|-
| [[Kitgum]] || [[Wobulenzi]] || [[Kihihi]]
|-
| [[Bombo, Uganda|Bombo]] || [[Kabwohe]] || Nyamirama
|-
| [[Kabale]] || [[Kiryandongo]] || Kalaki
|-
| [[Lira, Uganda|Lira]] || [[Lyantonde]] || Oteboi
|-
| [[Tororo]] || [[Kalisizo]] || Kanyantorogo
|-
| [[Fort Portal]] || Kambuga || Atilis
|-
| [[Mubende]] || [[Ibanda]] || Rwerere
|-
| [[Njeru]] || [[Lugazi]] || Kangyenyi
|-
| [[Mityana]] ||[[Ssabagabo]] || Itendero
|-
|}

==Expansion plans==
For 2011,&lt;ref name=&quot;8R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |access-date=25 July 2018 | url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/blending/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-sector-watsan_en |last=European Commission |publisher=[[European Commission]] |date=25 July 2018 |title=Kampala Water - Lake Victoria Water And Sanitation Sector (WATSAN) |location=Brussels}}&lt;/ref&gt; NWSC start implement programme wey go improve water supply for Kampala Metropolitan Area wey include Kampala City, [[Wakiso District]], [[Mukono District]], [[Nansana]], [[Ssabagabo]], den [[Kira Town|Kira]]. De programme wey go cost €212 million, government of Uganda dey finance am (€34 million), [[KfW]] (€20 million grant), [[European Investment Bank]] (€75 million loan), [[French Development Agency]] (€75 million loan), den [[European Union|European Union Infrastructure Trust Fund]] (€8 million grant).&lt;ref name=&quot;9R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kampala Water: Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project (Uganda) |date=27 October 2016 |location=Luxembourg | work=European Investment Bank |url=http://www.eib.org/products/blending/mri/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-project-uganda.htm |access-date=27 October 2016 |author=European Investment Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NWSC build new water treatment plant ([[Katosi Water Works]]) for [[Katosi]] insyd Mukono District wey fit supply {{convert|120000|m3|liters}} water every day. De plan sanso include refurbishment of Ggaba complex water treatment plants (Ggaba 1, Ggaba 2 den Ggaba 3). De Katosi water source dey support existing sources wey get daily capacity of {{convert|160000|m3|liters}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.water-technology.net/news/news116532.html | title=Uganda to Build $306m Water Treatment Plant in Katosi | publisher=Water-technology.net| date=18 April 2011 |author=Water Technology |
 access-date=21 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=21 July 2015 |location=Kampala | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312101430.html | title=Uganda: Kampala in U.S.$280 Million Revamp for City Water | date=10 December 2013 | publisher=[[East African Business Week]] (EABW) via [[AllAfrica.com]] |last=EABW Staff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For December 2015, NWSC announce plan to start serve some rural areas of Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;12R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=NWSC registers heavy profits |first=Stephen |access-date=6 January 2016 | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/NWSC-registers-heavy-profits-to-supply-water-to-rural-areas/-/688606/3000628/-/pl6ip3z/-/index.html |location=Kampala | last=Otage |date=18 December 2015 |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of March 2018, NWSC dey serve 225 towns for Uganda wey dem plan to connect water to 12,000 villages insyd dema service areas by 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;13R&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://theugandan.com.ug/nwsc-kicks-off-project-connect-water-12000-villages/ |title=NWSC Kicks Off Project To Connect Water To 12000 Villages |access-date=25 July 2018 |date=21 March 2018 |publisher=The Ugandan |author=The Ugandan | location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For February 2026, with funding from de [[French Development Agency]], [[KfW]] den de [[European Investment Bank]], NWSC start expansion of water distribution network for northern den western Kampala plus nearby parts of [[Wakiso District]]. De work include increase production capacity for [[Katosi Water Works]] by {{convert|80000|m3|0}} per day. Dem dey lay new water distribution pipes wey dem sanso build new above-ground water reservoirs. Government of France thru AFD invest €480 million. Dem expect finish de construction for Q2 of 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;14R&quot;&gt;{{cite web| work=Nile Post Uganda | url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/319982/nwsc-expands-katosi-water-network-to-connect-millions-across-north-kampala |title=NWSC Expands Katosi Water Network to Connect Millions Across North Kampala |date=13 February 2026 |author=Jamila Mulindwa |access-date=13 February 2026 | location=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Power plant to operate Ggaba water treatment plants==

For October 2014, NWSC advertise for private partner wey go build, own, den operate 7 megawatt independent power station to support energy needs for Ggaba I, Ggaba II, den Ggaba III water treatment plants. Dis one go reduce NWSC electricity bill wey dey around [[Ugandan shilling|USh&amp;nbsp;]]24&amp;nbsp;billion (about US$6.5&amp;nbsp;million) every year, wey be 35 percent of total operating expenditure. Wen dem procure am, partner go sign 20-year [[power purchase agreement]] plus NWSC, den NWSC fit sell excess power go national grid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=NWSC eyes own power plant | date=10 November 2014 | access-date=21 July 2015 | url=http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/9485-nwsc-eyes-own-power-plant- | newspaper=[[The Independent (Uganda)]] |author=Julius Businge |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081840/http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/9485-nwsc-eyes-own-power-plant- |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Organizational structure==
NWSC get chaw divisions, each one be headed by director, general manager, senior manager, anaa manager.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/about-us/our-structure
|title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation: Our Structure
|publisher=National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) |last=NWSC |access-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Board of directors==
NWSC be governed by five-member board of directors. Engineer Badru Kiggundu be de chairman den Engineer Silver Mugisha be de managing director den chief executive officer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/board-of-directors/ |title= Board of Directors: National Water and Sewerage Corporation |work=National Water and Sewerage Corporation
|date=14 July 2022 |author=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |access-date=14 July 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sanso spy==
* [[African Water and Sanitation Association]]
* Water supply and sanitation in Uganda
* [[Katosi Water Works]]

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090312034610/http://nwsc.co.ug/ NWSC Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312034610/http://nwsc.co.ug/ |date=12 March 2009 }}
* [http://www.water-technology.net/projects/kampala/ Kampala Water Supply and Sanitation Expansion Programme, Uganda]
* [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NWSC-to-restructure-management--team/-/688334/2799660/-/qcl956/-/index.html NWSC To Restructure Management Team] As of 20 July 2015.
* [https://www.independent.co.ug/how-nswc-is-saving-water-securing-ugandas-future/ How NSWC is saving water, securing Uganda’s future] As at 26 May 2026.

{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:National Water And Sewerage Corporation}}
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Uganda]]
[[Category:Public utilities dem establish insyd 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments insyd Uganda]]
[[Category:Water insyd Uganda]]
[[Category:Companies dem base insyd Kampala]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sezibwa River</title>
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De '''Sezibwa River''' be a river insyd Central Uganda, insyd East Africa. Dem derive de name from de Luganda phrase &quot;sizibirwa kkubo&quot;, wich dey translate into &quot;my path cannot be blocked&quot;.

==Location==
River Sezibwa dey locate insyd de south-central part of [[Uganda]]. E dey start from de wetlands between [[Lake Victoria]] den [[Lake Kyoga]], west of de Victoria Nile den dey flow insyd a general northerly direction to empty into Lake Kyoga. De source of River Sezibwa dey locate insyd Buikwe District, near de town of Ngogwe, plus coordinates: Latitude:0.2700; Longitude:33.0050. De Sezibwa dey enter Lake Kyoga insyd Kayunga District, near de town of Galilaya, plus coordinates: Latitude:1.3700; Longitude:32.8150. De length of River Sezibwa approximately be {{convert|150|km|mi}} from source to mouth.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Ngogwe%20(Mukono)&amp;toplace=Galiraya%20(Nakasongola)&amp;fromlat=0.2391667&amp;tolat=1.3130556&amp;fromlng=32.9708333&amp;tolng=32.8675 Approximate Distance between Ngogwe and Galilaya with Map]&lt;/ref&gt; Between ein source insyd Buikwe District, buh before e dey enter Kayunga District, de river dey flow thru Mukono District.

== Legend ==
According to legend, de Ssezibwa River no be a natural phenomenon, buh de progeny of a pregnant woman dem call Nakangu, wey live chaw hundreds of years ago wey belonged to de Kibe (fox) clan. Na dem expect am to give birth to twins, buh instead wat pour from ein womb be twin rivers. De spirits of Nakangu ein unborn kiddies - Ssezibwa den Mubeeya be believed to inhibit de twin rivers for wich reason e be used to be customary give any Muganda wey dey pass de river ein source at Namukono, sam 20 km further east, to throw a handful of grass anaa stones into de river for good luck. Even today, dem dey make a thanksgiving sacrifice of barkcloth, beer den a cockerel at de river ein source every year, usually wey be led by a Ssalongo (poppie of twins).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Uganda: The Bradt Travel Guide|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|year=2020|isbn=9781784776428|location=England|pages=180|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Sezibwa Falls==
De Sezibwa Falls approximately be {{convert|20|mi|km}}, east of Kampala, [[Uganda]] ein capital, along de Kampala-Jinja Highway. De site be a Buganda Heritage Site. E be marked plus an out-span of sharp-edged rocks den de magnificent sound of soothing waters wey dey flow down de steep ridged stones. De Falls dey locate insyd Mukono District.

De falls be {{convert|7|m|ft}} high. Rock climbing den bird watching be de main activities at de site. Geologists den oda scientists sanso frequent de site. Wildlife insyd de surrounding forest include bush monkeys, red-tailed monkeys den oda primates den birds.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723145504/http://www.huntingconcepts.net/stories/the-hidden-tresure-of-uganda-s-sezibwa-falls The Hidden Treasures of Sezibwa Falls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723145504/http://www.huntingconcepts.net/stories/the-hidden-tresure-of-uganda-s-sezibwa-falls |date=2011-07-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sanso spy==
*[[Lake Victoria]]
*[[Lake Kyoga]]
*Victoria Nile
*Kayunga

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1370492/-/cqqfk/-/index.html Detailed Description of Sezibwa Falls]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Rivers and Lakes of Uganda]
* [http://www.energyandminerals.go.ug/renenergy/images/Sezibwa.jpg Photo of Sezibwa Falls]

[[Category:Rivers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Buganda]]
[[Category:Mukono District]]
[[Category:Kayunga District]]</text>
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    <title>Dibamba</title>
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      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
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'''Dibamba''' be town den commune wey dey [[Cameroon]].
==References==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090608041115/http://www.spm.gov.cm/elections/minicipales2002/maires2002_adamaoua.htm Site de la primature - Élections municipales 2002] (in French)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110601052711/http://www.cidegef.refer.org/douala/DONATIEN_AVELE.doc Contrôle de gestion et performance des services publics communaux des villes camerounaises ]- Thèse de Donation Avele, Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV (in French)
* Charles Nanga, ''[http://www.ena.fr/index.php?module=doc&amp;action=getFile&amp;id=408 La réforme de l’administration territoriale au Cameroun à la lumière de la loi constitutionnelle n° 96/06 du 18 janvier 1996]'', Mémoire ENA. (in French)

{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places insyd Littoral Region (Cameroon)]]
[[Category:Communes of Cameroon]]</text>
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'''Alpha-gal syndrome''' ('''AGS'''), dem sanso know as '''alpha-gal allergy''' anaa '''mammalian meat allergy''' ('''MMA'''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalyst |url=https://iview.abc.net.au/show/catalyst |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=ABC iview |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; be an acquired allergy to de epitope of de carbohydrate molecule galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (&quot;alpha-gal&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo Clinic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date=2025-08-08| title=Alpha-gal syndrome | url= https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608 | access-date=2025-08-20 | publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reactions fi be life-threatening, den typically either dey begin rapidly after exposure from intravenous therapy, anaa 2–8 hours after ingesting foods den medicines. Reactions sanso fi occur from skin contact den environmental exposures.&lt;ref name=&quot;healio-death&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First documented alpha-gal syndrome fatality from mammalian meat reported |url=https://www.healio.com/news/allergy-asthma/20251114/first-documented-alphagal-syndrome-fatality-from-mammalian-meat-reported |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.healio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;implications-fatal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Platts-Mills |first1=Thomas A. E. |last2=Workman |first2=Lisa J. |last3=Richards |first3=Nathan E. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=McFeely |first5=Erin M. |date=2025-11-12 |title=Implications of a fatal anaphylactic reaction occurring 4 hours after eating beef in a young man with IgE antibodies to galactose-α-1,3-galactose |url=https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(25)00953-5/fulltext |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |language=English |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=3422–3424 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2025.09.039 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=12866976 |pmid=41222531 |pmc-embargo-date=November 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tick bites can trigger serious reactions to some medications|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/01/19/ticks-alpha-gal-drug-allergy/|work=The Washington Post|date=2025-01-19|access-date=2026-07-15|issn=0190-8286|language=en-US|first=Marta|last=Zaraska}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Alpha-gal syndrome''' ('''AGS'''), dem sanso know as '''alpha-gal allergy''' anaa '''mammalian meat allergy''' ('''MMA'''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalyst |url=https://iview.abc.net.au/show/catalyst |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=ABC iview |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; be an acquired allergy to de epitope of de carbohydrate molecule galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (&quot;alpha-gal&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo Clinic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date=2025-08-08| title=Alpha-gal syndrome | url= https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608 | access-date=2025-08-20 | publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reactions fi be life-threatening, den typically either dey begin rapidly after exposure from intravenous therapy, anaa 2–8 hours after ingesting foods den medicines. Reactions sanso fi occur from skin contact den environmental exposures.&lt;ref name=&quot;healio-death&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First documented alpha-gal syndrome fatality from mammalian meat reported |url=https://www.healio.com/news/allergy-asthma/20251114/first-documented-alphagal-syndrome-fatality-from-mammalian-meat-reported |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.healio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;implications-fatal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Platts-Mills |first1=Thomas A. E. |last2=Workman |first2=Lisa J. |last3=Richards |first3=Nathan E. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=McFeely |first5=Erin M. |date=2025-11-12 |title=Implications of a fatal anaphylactic reaction occurring 4 hours after eating beef in a young man with IgE antibodies to galactose-α-1,3-galactose |url=https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(25)00953-5/fulltext |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |language=English |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=3422–3424 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2025.09.039 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=12866976 |pmid=41222531 |pmc-embargo-date=November 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tick bites can trigger serious reactions to some medications|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/01/19/ticks-alpha-gal-drug-allergy/|work=The Washington Post|date=2025-01-19|access-date=2026-07-15|issn=0190-8286|language=en-US|first=Marta|last=Zaraska}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18337601&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M |year=2008 |title=Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=358 |issue=11 |pages=1109–17 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa074943 |pmc=2361129 |pmid=18337601}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2500patients&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Commins |first=Scott P. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Diagnosis &amp; management of alpha-gal syndrome: lessons from 2,500 patients |journal=Expert Review of Clinical Immunology |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=667–677 |doi=10.1080/1744666X.2020.1782745 |pmc=8344025 |pmid=32571129}}&lt;/ref&gt; AGS dey result from tick bites, den possibly bites from oda parasites.&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-ticks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ticks and Alpha-gal Syndrome |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/ticks-and-ags/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chiggers&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stoltz |first1=Lindsey P. |last2=Cristiano |first2=Leslie M. |last3=Dowling |first3=Ashley P. G. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=Platts-Mills |first5=Thomas A. E. |last6=Traister |first6=Russell S. |date=2019-02-01 |title=Could chiggers be contributing to the prevalence of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose sensitization and mammalian meat allergy? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=664–666 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2018.07.014 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=6549691 |pmid=30053595}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;parasites&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Murangi |first1=Tatenda |last2=Prakash |first2=Prema |last3=Moreira |first3=Bernardo Pereira |last4=Basera |first4=Wisdom |last5=Botha |first5=Maresa |last6=Cunningham |first6=Stephen |last7=Facey-Thomas |first7=Heidi |last8=Halajian |first8=Ali |last9=Joshi |first9=Lokesh |last10=Ramjith |first10=Jordache |last11=Falcone |first11=Franco H. |last12=Horsnell |first12=William |last13=Levin |first13=Michael E. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Ascaris lumbricoides and ticks associated with sensitization to galactose α1,3-galactose and elicitation of the alpha-gal syndrome |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(21)01138-6/abstract |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=698–707.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.018 |issn=0091-6749 |pmid=34333031}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Alpha-gal syndrome''' ('''AGS'''), dem sanso know as '''alpha-gal allergy''' anaa '''mammalian meat allergy''' ('''MMA'''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalyst |url=https://iview.abc.net.au/show/catalyst |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=ABC iview |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; be an acquired allergy to de epitope of de carbohydrate molecule galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (&quot;alpha-gal&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo Clinic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date=2025-08-08| title=Alpha-gal syndrome | url= https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608 | access-date=2025-08-20 | publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reactions fi be life-threatening, den typically either dey begin rapidly after exposure from intravenous therapy, anaa 2–8 hours after ingesting foods den medicines. Reactions sanso fi occur from skin contact den environmental exposures.&lt;ref name=&quot;healio-death&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First documented alpha-gal syndrome fatality from mammalian meat reported |url=https://www.healio.com/news/allergy-asthma/20251114/first-documented-alphagal-syndrome-fatality-from-mammalian-meat-reported |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.healio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;implications-fatal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Platts-Mills |first1=Thomas A. E. |last2=Workman |first2=Lisa J. |last3=Richards |first3=Nathan E. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=McFeely |first5=Erin M. |date=2025-11-12 |title=Implications of a fatal anaphylactic reaction occurring 4 hours after eating beef in a young man with IgE antibodies to galactose-α-1,3-galactose |url=https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(25)00953-5/fulltext |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |language=English |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=3422–3424 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2025.09.039 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=12866976 |pmid=41222531 |pmc-embargo-date=November 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tick bites can trigger serious reactions to some medications|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/01/19/ticks-alpha-gal-drug-allergy/|work=The Washington Post|date=2025-01-19|access-date=2026-07-15|issn=0190-8286|language=en-US|first=Marta|last=Zaraska}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18337601&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M |year=2008 |title=Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=358 |issue=11 |pages=1109–17 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa074943 |pmc=2361129 |pmid=18337601}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2500patients&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Commins |first=Scott P. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Diagnosis &amp; management of alpha-gal syndrome: lessons from 2,500 patients |journal=Expert Review of Clinical Immunology |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=667–677 |doi=10.1080/1744666X.2020.1782745 |pmc=8344025 |pmid=32571129}}&lt;/ref&gt; AGS dey result from tick bites, den possibly bites from oda parasites.&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-ticks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ticks and Alpha-gal Syndrome |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/ticks-and-ags/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chiggers&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stoltz |first1=Lindsey P. |last2=Cristiano |first2=Leslie M. |last3=Dowling |first3=Ashley P. G. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=Platts-Mills |first5=Thomas A. E. |last6=Traister |first6=Russell S. |date=2019-02-01 |title=Could chiggers be contributing to the prevalence of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose sensitization and mammalian meat allergy? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=664–666 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2018.07.014 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=6549691 |pmid=30053595}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;parasites&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Murangi |first1=Tatenda |last2=Prakash |first2=Prema |last3=Moreira |first3=Bernardo Pereira |last4=Basera |first4=Wisdom |last5=Botha |first5=Maresa |last6=Cunningham |first6=Stephen |last7=Facey-Thomas |first7=Heidi |last8=Halajian |first8=Ali |last9=Joshi |first9=Lokesh |last10=Ramjith |first10=Jordache |last11=Falcone |first11=Franco H. |last12=Horsnell |first12=William |last13=Levin |first13=Michael E. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Ascaris lumbricoides and ticks associated with sensitization to galactose α1,3-galactose and elicitation of the alpha-gal syndrome |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(21)01138-6/abstract |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=698–707.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.018 |issn=0091-6749 |pmid=34333031}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alpha-gal be present insyd all chows den ingredients dem make from beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit, den oda mammal sources, wey dey include gelatin den milk. Certain seaweeds sanso dey contain alpha-gal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo Clinic&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-06 |title=Alpha-gal syndrome |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/alpha-gal/index.html |access-date=2021-07-21 |publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;carrageenan-epitope&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobacman |first=Joanne K. |date=2015-12-01 |title=The common food additive carrageenan and the alpha-gal epitope |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(15)01345-7/fulltext |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=1708–1709 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.048 |issn=0091-6749 |pmid=26518095}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alpha-gal be found worldwide among de inactive ingredients den materials of medications den healthcare products, wey e be generally no be required to be labelled.&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-mammalian-byproducts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mammalian Byproducts |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/mammalian-byproducts/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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'''Alpha-gal syndrome''' ('''AGS'''), dem sanso know as '''alpha-gal allergy''' anaa '''mammalian meat allergy''' ('''MMA'''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalyst |url=https://iview.abc.net.au/show/catalyst |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=ABC iview |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; be an acquired allergy to de epitope of de carbohydrate molecule galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (&quot;alpha-gal&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo Clinic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date=2025-08-08| title=Alpha-gal syndrome | url= https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608 | access-date=2025-08-20 | publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reactions fi be life-threatening, den typically either dey begin rapidly after exposure from intravenous therapy, anaa 2–8 hours after ingesting foods den medicines. Reactions sanso fi occur from skin contact den environmental exposures.&lt;ref name=&quot;healio-death&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First documented alpha-gal syndrome fatality from mammalian meat reported |url=https://www.healio.com/news/allergy-asthma/20251114/first-documented-alphagal-syndrome-fatality-from-mammalian-meat-reported |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.healio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;implications-fatal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Platts-Mills |first1=Thomas A. E. |last2=Workman |first2=Lisa J. |last3=Richards |first3=Nathan E. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=McFeely |first5=Erin M. |date=2025-11-12 |title=Implications of a fatal anaphylactic reaction occurring 4 hours after eating beef in a young man with IgE antibodies to galactose-α-1,3-galactose |url=https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(25)00953-5/fulltext |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |language=English |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=3422–3424 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2025.09.039 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=12866976 |pmid=41222531 |pmc-embargo-date=November 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tick bites can trigger serious reactions to some medications|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/01/19/ticks-alpha-gal-drug-allergy/|work=The Washington Post|date=2025-01-19|access-date=2026-07-15|issn=0190-8286|language=en-US|first=Marta|last=Zaraska}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18337601&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M |year=2008 |title=Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=358 |issue=11 |pages=1109–17 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa074943 |pmc=2361129 |pmid=18337601}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2500patients&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Commins |first=Scott P. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Diagnosis &amp; management of alpha-gal syndrome: lessons from 2,500 patients |journal=Expert Review of Clinical Immunology |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=667–677 |doi=10.1080/1744666X.2020.1782745 |pmc=8344025 |pmid=32571129}}&lt;/ref&gt; AGS dey result from tick bites, den possibly bites from oda parasites.&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-ticks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ticks and Alpha-gal Syndrome |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/ticks-and-ags/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chiggers&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stoltz |first1=Lindsey P. |last2=Cristiano |first2=Leslie M. |last3=Dowling |first3=Ashley P. G. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=Platts-Mills |first5=Thomas A. E. |last6=Traister |first6=Russell S. |date=2019-02-01 |title=Could chiggers be contributing to the prevalence of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose sensitization and mammalian meat allergy? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=664–666 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2018.07.014 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=6549691 |pmid=30053595}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;parasites&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Murangi |first1=Tatenda |last2=Prakash |first2=Prema |last3=Moreira |first3=Bernardo Pereira |last4=Basera |first4=Wisdom |last5=Botha |first5=Maresa |last6=Cunningham |first6=Stephen |last7=Facey-Thomas |first7=Heidi |last8=Halajian |first8=Ali |last9=Joshi |first9=Lokesh |last10=Ramjith |first10=Jordache |last11=Falcone |first11=Franco H. |last12=Horsnell |first12=William |last13=Levin |first13=Michael E. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Ascaris lumbricoides and ticks associated with sensitization to galactose α1,3-galactose and elicitation of the alpha-gal syndrome |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(21)01138-6/abstract |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=698–707.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.018 |issn=0091-6749 |pmid=34333031}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alpha-gal be present insyd all chows den ingredients dem make from beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit, den oda mammal sources, wey dey include gelatin den milk. Certain seaweeds sanso dey contain alpha-gal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo Clinic&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-06 |title=Alpha-gal syndrome |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/alpha-gal/index.html |access-date=2021-07-21 |publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;carrageenan-epitope&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobacman |first=Joanne K. |date=2015-12-01 |title=The common food additive carrageenan and the alpha-gal epitope |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(15)01345-7/fulltext |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=1708–1709 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.048 |issn=0091-6749 |pmid=26518095}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alpha-gal be found worldwide among de inactive ingredients den materials of medications den healthcare products, wey e be generally no be required to be labelled.&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-mammalian-byproducts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mammalian Byproducts |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/mammalian-byproducts/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;animal-free-meds&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Altomari |first1=Cora |last2=Uchi |first2=Jasmine |last3=Carpenter |first3=Christopher |last4=Shah |first4=Sachin |date=2025-02-01 |title=Emerging Need for Animal-Free Medications in Alpha-gal Syndrome |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(24)02191-2/fulltext |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=155 |issue=2 |pages=AB293 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2024.12.904 |issn=0091-6749}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reactions be reported from breathing cooking fumes wey dey contain alpha-gal molecules,&lt;ref name=&quot;Reactions to Airborne Alpha-gal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reactions to Airborne Alpha-gal |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/reactions-to-airborne-alpha-gal/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; den contact plus health den personal care products.&lt;ref name=&quot;2500patients&quot; /&gt; AGS patients fi get a reaction near farm animals, den shoveling manure anaa oda chores fi require gloves anaa a respirator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prada |first=Luis |date=2024-10-15 |title=Freaky Tick Bites Make Farmers Allergic to Their Own Farm Animals |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lone-star-ticks-ags-meat-allergy-farmers/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-farming&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Geist |first1=Linda |last2=Missouri |first2=University of |date=2025-04-10 |title=Farming and Ranching with Alpha-gal Syndrome |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/farming-ranching/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Alpha-gal syndrome''' ('''AGS'''), dem sanso know as '''alpha-gal allergy''' anaa '''mammalian meat allergy''' ('''MMA'''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalyst |url=https://iview.abc.net.au/show/catalyst |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=ABC iview |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; be an acquired allergy to de epitope of de carbohydrate molecule galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (&quot;alpha-gal&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo Clinic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | date=2025-08-08| title=Alpha-gal syndrome | url= https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608 | access-date=2025-08-20 | publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reactions fi be life-threatening, den typically either dey begin rapidly after exposure from intravenous therapy, anaa 2–8 hours after ingesting foods den medicines. Reactions sanso fi occur from skin contact den environmental exposures.&lt;ref name=&quot;healio-death&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=First documented alpha-gal syndrome fatality from mammalian meat reported |url=https://www.healio.com/news/allergy-asthma/20251114/first-documented-alphagal-syndrome-fatality-from-mammalian-meat-reported |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.healio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;implications-fatal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Platts-Mills |first1=Thomas A. E. |last2=Workman |first2=Lisa J. |last3=Richards |first3=Nathan E. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=McFeely |first5=Erin M. |date=2025-11-12 |title=Implications of a fatal anaphylactic reaction occurring 4 hours after eating beef in a young man with IgE antibodies to galactose-α-1,3-galactose |url=https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(25)00953-5/fulltext |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |language=English |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=3422–3424 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2025.09.039 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=12866976 |pmid=41222531 |pmc-embargo-date=November 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tick bites can trigger serious reactions to some medications|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/01/19/ticks-alpha-gal-drug-allergy/|work=The Washington Post|date=2025-01-19|access-date=2026-07-15|issn=0190-8286|language=en-US|first=Marta|last=Zaraska}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18337601&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, Le QT, Berlin J, Morse M |year=2008 |title=Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=358 |issue=11 |pages=1109–17 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa074943 |pmc=2361129 |pmid=18337601}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2500patients&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Commins |first=Scott P. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Diagnosis &amp; management of alpha-gal syndrome: lessons from 2,500 patients |journal=Expert Review of Clinical Immunology |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=667–677 |doi=10.1080/1744666X.2020.1782745 |pmc=8344025 |pmid=32571129}}&lt;/ref&gt; AGS dey result from tick bites, den possibly bites from oda parasites.&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-ticks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ticks and Alpha-gal Syndrome |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/ticks-and-ags/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chiggers&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stoltz |first1=Lindsey P. |last2=Cristiano |first2=Leslie M. |last3=Dowling |first3=Ashley P. G. |last4=Wilson |first4=Jeffrey M. |last5=Platts-Mills |first5=Thomas A. E. |last6=Traister |first6=Russell S. |date=2019-02-01 |title=Could chiggers be contributing to the prevalence of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose sensitization and mammalian meat allergy? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=664–666 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2018.07.014 |issn=2213-2198 |pmc=6549691 |pmid=30053595}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;parasites&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Murangi |first1=Tatenda |last2=Prakash |first2=Prema |last3=Moreira |first3=Bernardo Pereira |last4=Basera |first4=Wisdom |last5=Botha |first5=Maresa |last6=Cunningham |first6=Stephen |last7=Facey-Thomas |first7=Heidi |last8=Halajian |first8=Ali |last9=Joshi |first9=Lokesh |last10=Ramjith |first10=Jordache |last11=Falcone |first11=Franco H. |last12=Horsnell |first12=William |last13=Levin |first13=Michael E. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Ascaris lumbricoides and ticks associated with sensitization to galactose α1,3-galactose and elicitation of the alpha-gal syndrome |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(21)01138-6/abstract |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=698–707.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.018 |issn=0091-6749 |pmid=34333031}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alpha-gal be present insyd all chows den ingredients dem make from beef, pork, lamb, venison, rabbit, den oda mammal sources, wey dey include gelatin den milk. Certain seaweeds sanso dey contain alpha-gal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo Clinic&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-06 |title=Alpha-gal syndrome |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/alpha-gal/index.html |access-date=2021-07-21 |publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;carrageenan-epitope&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobacman |first=Joanne K. |date=2015-12-01 |title=The common food additive carrageenan and the alpha-gal epitope |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(15)01345-7/fulltext |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=1708–1709 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.048 |issn=0091-6749 |pmid=26518095}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alpha-gal be found worldwide among de inactive ingredients den materials of medications den healthcare products, wey e be generally no be required to be labelled.&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-mammalian-byproducts&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mammalian Byproducts |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/mammalian-byproducts/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;animal-free-meds&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Altomari |first1=Cora |last2=Uchi |first2=Jasmine |last3=Carpenter |first3=Christopher |last4=Shah |first4=Sachin |date=2025-02-01 |title=Emerging Need for Animal-Free Medications in Alpha-gal Syndrome |url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(24)02191-2/fulltext |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |language=English |volume=155 |issue=2 |pages=AB293 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2024.12.904 |issn=0091-6749}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reactions be reported from breathing cooking fumes wey dey contain alpha-gal molecules,&lt;ref name=&quot;Reactions to Airborne Alpha-gal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reactions to Airborne Alpha-gal |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/reactions-to-airborne-alpha-gal/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; den contact plus health den personal care products.&lt;ref name=&quot;2500patients&quot; /&gt; AGS patients fi get a reaction near farm animals, den shoveling manure anaa oda chores fi require gloves anaa a respirator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prada |first=Luis |date=2024-10-15 |title=Freaky Tick Bites Make Farmers Allergic to Their Own Farm Animals |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lone-star-ticks-ags-meat-allergy-farmers/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;agi-farming&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Geist |first1=Linda |last2=Missouri |first2=University of |date=2025-04-10 |title=Farming and Ranching with Alpha-gal Syndrome |url=https://alphagalinformation.org/farming-ranching/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Alpha-gal Information |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Allergology]]
[[Category:Tick-borne diseases]]
[[Category:Food allergies]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Food allergies</title>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>One Health</title>
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      <comment>I don start an article</comment>
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{{Short description|Global initiative wey people dey work together}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|date=April 2026|reason=where to begin. [[Special:Diff/1344829014|this edit]], [[Special:Diff/1216414269|this]]; also likely other expansions from 2023-2026; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc}}

[[File:One-Health-Triad-en.png|thumb|One Health dey join human health, animal health plus environmental health together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ratnadass |first1=Alain |last2=Deguine |first2=Jean-Philippe |date=June 2021 |title=Crop protection practices and viral zoonotic risks within a One Health framework |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=774 |article-number=145172 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145172 |pmid=33610983 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.77445172R |s2cid=231989807 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''One Health''' na one approach wey dey call make different-different professionals and fields work together for local, national and global level so dem fit achieve better health for people, animals plus the environment, as the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF) define am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=15 July 2008|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|page=9|access-date=2017-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis approach come because evidence show say zoonotic diseases dey spread from one species go another, plus people begin understand say human health, animal health and environmental changes all connect together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Brian H. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A.K. |title=Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |date=15 February 2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=121–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014628 |pmid=29144769 |issn=2165-8102|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this approach, public health no be only human matter again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabinowitz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Peter |last2=Conti |first2=Lisa |title=Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |date=18 March 2013 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114426 |pmid=23330700 |bibcode=2013ARPH...34..189R |issn=0163-7525}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health: By Protecting Animals We Preserve our Future |url=https://library.buffalo.edu/PDFs/onehealth.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because humans and animals dey share the same environment and many body systems resemble each other, both fit suffer the same zoonotic diseases. Dem fit even use similar or the same medicines treat both humans and animals. Because of this, people need take extra care make dem no overuse or misuse medicines for zoonotic diseases, especially as drug resistance for infectious microbes dey increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Kevin A. |last2=Qureshi |first2=M. Haziq |last3=Cox |first3=Philip B. |last4=Marshall |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Bellaire |first5=Bailey C. |last6=Wilcox |first6=Michael |last7=Stuart |first7=Bradey A. R. |last8=Njardarson |first8=Jon T. |date=2020-12-24 |title=A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book-Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |language=en |volume=63 |issue=24 |pages=15449–15482 |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |pmid=33125236 |s2cid=226218045 |issn=0022-2623|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health concept dey common for scientific research and e dey show say human health, animal health plus environmental health all connect closely. Because of that, people need study all of dem together if dem wan solve global health problems well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Sarah J. |last2=Gunn |first2=Alan |date=2024 |title=The One Health Concept |journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=81 |article-number=12366 |doi=10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366  |doi-access=free|issn=2474-0896 |pmc=10902059 |pmid=38434675}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A lot of organizations around the world dey support the goals of '''One Health'''. Some of dem be the One Health Commission (OHC), One Health Initiative, One Health Platform, CDC One Health Office, Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP), plus the Quadripartite Organizations.

The Quadripartite Organizations be:

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
* World Health Organization (WHO),
* World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, wey dem dey call OIE before),
* plus United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026. Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment |publisher=FAO; UNEP; WHO; World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (founded as OIE) |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2289en |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:One Health.svg|thumb|One Health dey promote better and sustainable future through collaboration, communication, coordination plus capacity building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026 |website=FAO |date=2022 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cc2289en|isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Especially, the One Health High Level Expert Panel, wey be independent advisory group for the Quadripartite Organizations,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; give one complete definition of One Health. According to dem:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;One Health na one integrated and united approach wey dey aim to balance and improve the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems in one sustainable way. E recognize say the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment (including ecosystems) all connect together and depend on one another. This approach dey bring together different sectors, professions and communities for different levels of society make dem work together to improve well-being and solve threats to health and ecosystems. E also dey address the shared need for clean water, energy and fresh air, safe and nutritious food, action against climate change, plus contribution to sustainable development.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== History ==

For the 19th century, two famous doctors, Rudolf Virchow and William Osler (wey be Virchow ein student), first notice and discuss the connection between human health and animal health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=History {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/one-health-history.html|access-date=2019-11-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Osler has been credited through [[word of mouth]] in the medical community with coining the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cardiff|first1=Robert D.|last2=Ward|first2=Jerrold M.|last3=Barthold|first3=Stephen W.|title=One medicine—one pathology: are veterinary and human pathology prepared?|journal=Laboratory Investigation|year=2008|volume=88|issue=1|pages=18–26|doi=10.1038/labinvest.3700695|pmc=7099239}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though some people talk say Osler be the first person wey use the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;, no direct evidence dey show say na true.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zinsstag |first1=J. |last2=Schelling |first2=E. |last3=Waltner-Toews |first3=D. |last4=Tanner |first4=M. |title=From &quot;one medicine&quot; to &quot;one health&quot; and systemic approaches to health and well-being |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=September 1, 2011 |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003 |pmid=20832879 |pmc=3145159 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the modern form of the concept, most people credit Calvin Schwabe for the work he do at the University of California, Davis during the 1960s and 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Conrad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conrad |first1=Patricia A. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A. |last3=Clifford |first3=Deana |last4=Scott |first4=Cheryl |last5=Michael Wilkes |title=Evolution of a transdisciplinary &quot;One Medicine–One Health&quot; approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=December 1, 2009 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.002 |pmid=19819575 |pmc=7132481 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Schwabe, wey be veterinary doctor wey train for public health, first use the term '''One Medicine''' inside one veterinary textbook for 1964. He use am take show say animal medicine and human medicine resemble each other, and say veterinarians plus medical doctors need work together solve global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

He later establish one department for UC Davis wey join animal health science and human health science together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;

For 1976, Schwabe further develop and expand the One Medicine concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot; /&gt;

Since 2009, UC Davis continue to support the One Health movement through the One Health Institute.
For 2004, the Wildlife Conservation Society organize one conference wey dem call '''&quot;One World, One Health&quot;''' for Rockefeller University for New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbs|first=E. Paul J.|date=2014-01-25|title=The evolution of One Health: a decade of progress and challenges for the future|journal=Veterinary Record|language=en|volume=174|issue=4|pages=85–91|doi=10.1136/vr.g143|issn=0042-4900|pmid=24464377|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneworldonehealth.org/sept2004/owoh_sept04.html|title=29 September 2004 Symposium|website=www.oneworldonehealth.org|access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na from this conference dem create the '''Twelve Manhattan Principles''' to explain one united approach for preventing epidemic diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

These principles stress the strong connection between humans, animals and the environment. Dem also explain say understanding how diseases dey spread need collaboration between different professions, especially for disease prevention, education, investment and policy development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Because of the worldwide fear over the H5N1 influenza outbreaks for the early to middle 2000s, the American Veterinary Medical Association establish the '''One Health Initiative Task Force''' for 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/avian-influenza/avian-a-h5n1-virus |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2007, the American Medical Association pass one One Health resolution to encourage partnership between veterinary and human medical organizations. That same year too, experts recommend make countries use the One Health approach to respond to global disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Building on these efforts, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO) join hands with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations System Influenza Coordination, plus the World Bank to develop one framework wey dem title ''Contributing to One World, One Health—A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface'' for 2008. The framework repeat the importance of using the One Health approach to tackle global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Later, for May 2010, experts expand this framework and develop practical policies during one meeting for Stone Mountain, Georgia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

International One Health meetings later happen for Africa and Australia during 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

For 2012, physician Barbara Natterson-Horowitz together with science journalist Kathryn Bowers publish the book ''Zoobiquity''. Inside the book, dem coin the term while comparing animal health and human health through many practical case studies. Dem encourage biomedical researchers and healthcare professionals make dem rediscover comparative medicine and study human and animal health through evolution and the environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title='Zoobiquity': What Animals Can Teach Us About Our Health |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/zoobiquity-what-animals-can-teach-us-about-our-health |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The Daily Beast |date=17 June 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The book become one ''New York Times'' bestseller,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot; /&gt; and many people praise am because e easy to read and interesting. However, some researchers criticize am because dem believe say e no discuss the subject deeply enough and e no fully recognize how humans and animals evolve differently as complex systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Greek |first1=Ray |title=Zoobiquity: What Animals Can Teach Us About Health and the Science of Healing. By Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers. Knopf Doubleday Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 2012; Hardback, 320 pp;16.23; ISBN 0307593487 |journal=Animals |date=1 October 2012 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=559–563 |doi=10.3390/ani2040559 |pmc=4494279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2016, the One Health Commission, One Health Platform and One Health Initiative Team officially declare '''3 November''' as International One Health Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=USAID Celebrates International One Health Day |url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USAID/bulletins/218dfbe |website=USAID Bureau for Global Health |access-date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, Senator Tina Smith and Representative Kurt Schrader introduce the '''Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act''' into the United States Senate and House of Representatives respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1903|title=S.1903 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Smith|first=Tina|date=2019-06-19|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3771|title=H.R.3771 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Schrader|first=Kurt|date=2019-08-09|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This bipartisan bill require the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies make dem develop one coordinated One Health Framework to improve preparedness against zoonotic diseases and prevent future disease outbreaks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/index.cfm/38050/46766/bipartisan_one_health_congressional_bills_introduced_in_us_senate_and_house|title=Bi-Partisan One Health Congressional Bills introduced in U.S. Senate and House|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 18 March 2021, Tina Smith and Todd Young introduce the bill again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AVMA and congressional allies call for passage of One Health bill |url=https://www.avma.org/blog/avma-and-congressional-allies-call-passage-one-health-bill |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=March 22, 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Controlling zoonotic disease central to One Health bill |url=https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/controlling-zoonotic-disease-central-to-one-health-bill/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=Veterinary Practice News |date=26 March 2021 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Margaret Foster |title=One Health Pandemic Prevention and Mitigation: The Role of FDA (Open Access) |journal=Food and Drug Law Institute |date=15 October 2021 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=200–234 |url=https://www.fdli.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/6-Riley.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Public health applications ==

The One Health model dey commonly used to solve public health problems wey involve humans, animals and the environment together. These applications include prevention of zoonotic diseases, food safety, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health interventions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bidaisee |first1=Satesh |last2=Macpherson |first2=Calum N. L. |title=Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |year=2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2014/874345|doi-access=free |pmid=24634782 |pmc=3928857 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reviews of One Health research show say zoonotic diseases, environmental health, agriculture, food safety and global health be the main areas where people dey apply this approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;/&gt;

People dey use the One Health approach to encourage collaboration between different sectors because many infectious diseases happen through the interaction of animal reservoirs, environmental conditions and human activities at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases: From Advocacy to Action |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Global initiative wey people dey work together}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|date=April 2026|reason=where to begin. [[Special:Diff/1344829014|this edit]], [[Special:Diff/1216414269|this]]; also likely other expansions from 2023-2026; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc}}

[[File:One-Health-Triad-en.png|thumb|One Health dey join human health, animal health plus environmental health together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ratnadass |first1=Alain |last2=Deguine |first2=Jean-Philippe |date=June 2021 |title=Crop protection practices and viral zoonotic risks within a One Health framework |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=774 |article-number=145172 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145172 |pmid=33610983 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.77445172R |s2cid=231989807 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''One Health''' na one approach wey dey call make different-different professionals and fields work together for local, national and global level so dem fit achieve better health for people, animals plus the environment, as the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF) define am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=15 July 2008|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|page=9|access-date=2017-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis approach come because evidence show say zoonotic diseases dey spread from one species go another, plus people begin understand say human health, animal health and environmental changes all connect together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Brian H. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A.K. |title=Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |date=15 February 2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=121–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014628 |pmid=29144769 |issn=2165-8102|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this approach, public health no be only human matter again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabinowitz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Peter |last2=Conti |first2=Lisa |title=Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |date=18 March 2013 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114426 |pmid=23330700 |bibcode=2013ARPH...34..189R |issn=0163-7525}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health: By Protecting Animals We Preserve our Future |url=https://library.buffalo.edu/PDFs/onehealth.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because humans and animals dey share the same environment and many body systems resemble each other, both fit suffer the same zoonotic diseases. Dem fit even use similar or the same medicines treat both humans and animals. Because of this, people need take extra care make dem no overuse or misuse medicines for zoonotic diseases, especially as drug resistance for infectious microbes dey increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Kevin A. |last2=Qureshi |first2=M. Haziq |last3=Cox |first3=Philip B. |last4=Marshall |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Bellaire |first5=Bailey C. |last6=Wilcox |first6=Michael |last7=Stuart |first7=Bradey A. R. |last8=Njardarson |first8=Jon T. |date=2020-12-24 |title=A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book-Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |language=en |volume=63 |issue=24 |pages=15449–15482 |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |pmid=33125236 |s2cid=226218045 |issn=0022-2623|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health concept dey common for scientific research and e dey show say human health, animal health plus environmental health all connect closely. Because of that, people need study all of dem together if dem wan solve global health problems well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Sarah J. |last2=Gunn |first2=Alan |date=2024 |title=The One Health Concept |journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=81 |article-number=12366 |doi=10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366  |doi-access=free|issn=2474-0896 |pmc=10902059 |pmid=38434675}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A lot of organizations around the world dey support the goals of '''One Health'''. Some of dem be the One Health Commission (OHC), One Health Initiative, One Health Platform, CDC One Health Office, Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP), plus the Quadripartite Organizations.

The Quadripartite Organizations be:

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
* World Health Organization (WHO),
* World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, wey dem dey call OIE before),
* plus United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026. Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment |publisher=FAO; UNEP; WHO; World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (founded as OIE) |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2289en |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:One Health.svg|thumb|One Health dey promote better and sustainable future through collaboration, communication, coordination plus capacity building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026 |website=FAO |date=2022 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cc2289en|isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Especially, the One Health High Level Expert Panel, wey be independent advisory group for the Quadripartite Organizations,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; give one complete definition of One Health. According to dem:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;One Health na one integrated and united approach wey dey aim to balance and improve the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems in one sustainable way. E recognize say the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment (including ecosystems) all connect together and depend on one another. This approach dey bring together different sectors, professions and communities for different levels of society make dem work together to improve well-being and solve threats to health and ecosystems. E also dey address the shared need for clean water, energy and fresh air, safe and nutritious food, action against climate change, plus contribution to sustainable development.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== History ==

For the 19th century, two famous doctors, Rudolf Virchow and William Osler (wey be Virchow ein student), first notice and discuss the connection between human health and animal health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=History {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/one-health-history.html|access-date=2019-11-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Osler has been credited through [[word of mouth]] in the medical community with coining the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cardiff|first1=Robert D.|last2=Ward|first2=Jerrold M.|last3=Barthold|first3=Stephen W.|title=One medicine—one pathology: are veterinary and human pathology prepared?|journal=Laboratory Investigation|year=2008|volume=88|issue=1|pages=18–26|doi=10.1038/labinvest.3700695|pmc=7099239}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though some people talk say Osler be the first person wey use the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;, no direct evidence dey show say na true.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zinsstag |first1=J. |last2=Schelling |first2=E. |last3=Waltner-Toews |first3=D. |last4=Tanner |first4=M. |title=From &quot;one medicine&quot; to &quot;one health&quot; and systemic approaches to health and well-being |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=September 1, 2011 |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003 |pmid=20832879 |pmc=3145159 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the modern form of the concept, most people credit Calvin Schwabe for the work he do at the University of California, Davis during the 1960s and 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Conrad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conrad |first1=Patricia A. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A. |last3=Clifford |first3=Deana |last4=Scott |first4=Cheryl |last5=Michael Wilkes |title=Evolution of a transdisciplinary &quot;One Medicine–One Health&quot; approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=December 1, 2009 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.002 |pmid=19819575 |pmc=7132481 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Schwabe, wey be veterinary doctor wey train for public health, first use the term '''One Medicine''' inside one veterinary textbook for 1964. He use am take show say animal medicine and human medicine resemble each other, and say veterinarians plus medical doctors need work together solve global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

He later establish one department for UC Davis wey join animal health science and human health science together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;

For 1976, Schwabe further develop and expand the One Medicine concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot; /&gt;

Since 2009, UC Davis continue to support the One Health movement through the One Health Institute.
For 2004, the Wildlife Conservation Society organize one conference wey dem call '''&quot;One World, One Health&quot;''' for Rockefeller University for New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbs|first=E. Paul J.|date=2014-01-25|title=The evolution of One Health: a decade of progress and challenges for the future|journal=Veterinary Record|language=en|volume=174|issue=4|pages=85–91|doi=10.1136/vr.g143|issn=0042-4900|pmid=24464377|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneworldonehealth.org/sept2004/owoh_sept04.html|title=29 September 2004 Symposium|website=www.oneworldonehealth.org|access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na from this conference dem create the '''Twelve Manhattan Principles''' to explain one united approach for preventing epidemic diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

These principles stress the strong connection between humans, animals and the environment. Dem also explain say understanding how diseases dey spread need collaboration between different professions, especially for disease prevention, education, investment and policy development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Because of the worldwide fear over the H5N1 influenza outbreaks for the early to middle 2000s, the American Veterinary Medical Association establish the '''One Health Initiative Task Force''' for 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/avian-influenza/avian-a-h5n1-virus |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2007, the American Medical Association pass one One Health resolution to encourage partnership between veterinary and human medical organizations. That same year too, experts recommend make countries use the One Health approach to respond to global disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Building on these efforts, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO) join hands with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations System Influenza Coordination, plus the World Bank to develop one framework wey dem title ''Contributing to One World, One Health—A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface'' for 2008. The framework repeat the importance of using the One Health approach to tackle global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Later, for May 2010, experts expand this framework and develop practical policies during one meeting for Stone Mountain, Georgia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

International One Health meetings later happen for Africa and Australia during 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

For 2012, physician Barbara Natterson-Horowitz together with science journalist Kathryn Bowers publish the book ''Zoobiquity''. Inside the book, dem coin the term while comparing animal health and human health through many practical case studies. Dem encourage biomedical researchers and healthcare professionals make dem rediscover comparative medicine and study human and animal health through evolution and the environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title='Zoobiquity': What Animals Can Teach Us About Our Health |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/zoobiquity-what-animals-can-teach-us-about-our-health |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The Daily Beast |date=17 June 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The book become one ''New York Times'' bestseller,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot; /&gt; and many people praise am because e easy to read and interesting. However, some researchers criticize am because dem believe say e no discuss the subject deeply enough and e no fully recognize how humans and animals evolve differently as complex systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Greek |first1=Ray |title=Zoobiquity: What Animals Can Teach Us About Health and the Science of Healing. By Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers. Knopf Doubleday Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 2012; Hardback, 320 pp;16.23; ISBN 0307593487 |journal=Animals |date=1 October 2012 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=559–563 |doi=10.3390/ani2040559 |pmc=4494279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2016, the One Health Commission, One Health Platform and One Health Initiative Team officially declare '''3 November''' as International One Health Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=USAID Celebrates International One Health Day |url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USAID/bulletins/218dfbe |website=USAID Bureau for Global Health |access-date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, Senator Tina Smith and Representative Kurt Schrader introduce the '''Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act''' into the United States Senate and House of Representatives respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1903|title=S.1903 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Smith|first=Tina|date=2019-06-19|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3771|title=H.R.3771 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Schrader|first=Kurt|date=2019-08-09|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This bipartisan bill require the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies make dem develop one coordinated One Health Framework to improve preparedness against zoonotic diseases and prevent future disease outbreaks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/index.cfm/38050/46766/bipartisan_one_health_congressional_bills_introduced_in_us_senate_and_house|title=Bi-Partisan One Health Congressional Bills introduced in U.S. Senate and House|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 18 March 2021, Tina Smith and Todd Young introduce the bill again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AVMA and congressional allies call for passage of One Health bill |url=https://www.avma.org/blog/avma-and-congressional-allies-call-passage-one-health-bill |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=March 22, 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Controlling zoonotic disease central to One Health bill |url=https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/controlling-zoonotic-disease-central-to-one-health-bill/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=Veterinary Practice News |date=26 March 2021 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Margaret Foster |title=One Health Pandemic Prevention and Mitigation: The Role of FDA (Open Access) |journal=Food and Drug Law Institute |date=15 October 2021 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=200–234 |url=https://www.fdli.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/6-Riley.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Public health applications ==

The One Health model dey commonly used to solve public health problems wey involve humans, animals and the environment together. These applications include prevention of zoonotic diseases, food safety, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health interventions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bidaisee |first1=Satesh |last2=Macpherson |first2=Calum N. L. |title=Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |year=2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2014/874345|doi-access=free |pmid=24634782 |pmc=3928857 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reviews of One Health research show say zoonotic diseases, environmental health, agriculture, food safety and global health be the main areas where people dey apply this approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;/&gt;

People dey use the One Health approach to encourage collaboration between different sectors because many infectious diseases happen through the interaction of animal reservoirs, environmental conditions and human activities at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases: From Advocacy to Action |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Habitat Fragmentation and The One Health Framework ==

Habitat fragmentation na the process wey one big continuous habitat break into many small-small isolated patches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ruffell |first1=James |last2=Daebert |first2=Timm |last3=Didham |first3=Raphael |date=2021 |title=Habitat fragmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316313236 |journal=The Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability |volume=5 |pages=172–175 |via=Gale}}&lt;/ref&gt; Activities like deforestation, agriculture, urbanization and natural disturbances fit make landscapes shrink seriously.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Alan |last2=Noon |first2=Barry |last3=George |first3=T. |date=2002-01-01 |title=What is Habitat Fragmentation? |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/sab/vol25/iss1/6 |journal=Studies in Avian Biology |volume=25 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As this dey happen, wildlife and humans dey come live closer to each other. This close contact dey increase the spread of zoonotic diseases because humans and animals begin dey share the same environment and the same resources. Since animals no fit easily get enough resources, stress levels dey increase, and this weakens their immune systems. Higher stress also dey reduce their overall health, making am easier for wildlife to carry, shed and spread pathogens across ecosystems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=TOWARD A HEALTHY PLANET: A ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO CONSERVATION |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf-one-health-approach-to-conservation_1.pdf |website=World Wildlife Fund (WWF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nipah Virus ===

Nipah virus na disease wey mainly affect the respiratory system and fit also cause encephalitis for humans. The disease come from infection wey fruit bats carry, and e fit spread to humans through contact with infected animals, contaminated food, or close contact with infected people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chua |first=Kaw Bing |date=2003 |title=Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00268-8 |issn=1386-6532 |pmid=12637075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One major reason why Nipah virus infections increase be deforestation plus habitat fragmentation. When flowering and fruit trees get destroyed because people cut down trees, food for fruit bats reduce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Because of that, the bats move closer to orchards and places where people collect palm sap, bringing them into closer contact with humans and livestock.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; This make the virus get more chances to spread.

== Leading and supporting organizations ==

=== One Health Commission (OHC) ===

For 2007, Roger K. Mahr from the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jay H. Glasser from the American Public Health Association, and Ronald M. Davis from the American Medical Association join other health professionals, academics, students, government workers and industry scientists to form one task force. Dem organize teleconferences to discuss the One Health concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1|title=History - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/One_Health_InitiativeTask_Force_Mem_306367AC81F70.pdf One Health Initiative Task Force Members 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Initiative Task Force publish one report for 2008 wey recommend make people:

* Create one joint steering committee,
* Improve communication efforts,
* Plan national One Health studies,
* Develop one One Health Commission,
* Create advisory teams,
* Organize national meetings,
* Engage medical, veterinary and public health students.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=2008|website=www.avma.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/Exec_Summary_of_AVMA_One_Health_Tas_8E6FB0ECAFA60.pdf Executive Summary of One Health Commission Task Force (2008) -]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Commission (OHC) officially register for Washington, D.C. for 2009 as one 501(c)3 non-profit organization. The mission of the commission be to connect people across human, animal and environmental health sectors, and educate the public on these issues to help improve global health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/about_the_commission/|title=About the Commission - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roger Mahr become the founding CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2010, the commission ask institutions to submit proposals to become its main partner, and Iowa State University be selected as the main operations site.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2013, Roger Mahr retire, and the commission move its operations to Research Triangle, North Carolina, where e still dey today.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

The current Executive Director be Cheryl Stroud, one veterinary doctor, wey don hold the position since 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/leadership__board_of_directors/|title=Leadership / Board of Directors - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2014, the One Health Commission start to compile the '''Who's Who in One Health''', one worldwide directory of organizations wey actively dey support the One Health movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WHO's WHO in One Health - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/whos_who_in_one_health/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The commission also manage one Global One Health Community listserv.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JOIN the GLOBAL OH COMMUNITY LISTSERV - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/join_the_global_oh_community_listserv/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apart from that, the commission get one webpage called the '''One Health Library''', where people fit access many different resources related to One Health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health LIBRARY |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/one_health_library/}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Global initiative wey people dey work together}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|date=April 2026|reason=where to begin. [[Special:Diff/1344829014|this edit]], [[Special:Diff/1216414269|this]]; also likely other expansions from 2023-2026; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc}}

[[File:One-Health-Triad-en.png|thumb|One Health dey join human health, animal health plus environmental health together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ratnadass |first1=Alain |last2=Deguine |first2=Jean-Philippe |date=June 2021 |title=Crop protection practices and viral zoonotic risks within a One Health framework |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=774 |article-number=145172 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145172 |pmid=33610983 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.77445172R |s2cid=231989807 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''One Health''' na one approach wey dey call make different-different professionals and fields work together for local, national and global level so dem fit achieve better health for people, animals plus the environment, as the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF) define am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=15 July 2008|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|page=9|access-date=2017-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis approach come because evidence show say zoonotic diseases dey spread from one species go another, plus people begin understand say human health, animal health and environmental changes all connect together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Brian H. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A.K. |title=Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |date=15 February 2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=121–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014628 |pmid=29144769 |issn=2165-8102|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this approach, public health no be only human matter again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabinowitz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Peter |last2=Conti |first2=Lisa |title=Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |date=18 March 2013 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114426 |pmid=23330700 |bibcode=2013ARPH...34..189R |issn=0163-7525}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health: By Protecting Animals We Preserve our Future |url=https://library.buffalo.edu/PDFs/onehealth.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because humans and animals dey share the same environment and many body systems resemble each other, both fit suffer the same zoonotic diseases. Dem fit even use similar or the same medicines treat both humans and animals. Because of this, people need take extra care make dem no overuse or misuse medicines for zoonotic diseases, especially as drug resistance for infectious microbes dey increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Kevin A. |last2=Qureshi |first2=M. Haziq |last3=Cox |first3=Philip B. |last4=Marshall |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Bellaire |first5=Bailey C. |last6=Wilcox |first6=Michael |last7=Stuart |first7=Bradey A. R. |last8=Njardarson |first8=Jon T. |date=2020-12-24 |title=A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book-Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |language=en |volume=63 |issue=24 |pages=15449–15482 |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |pmid=33125236 |s2cid=226218045 |issn=0022-2623|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health concept dey common for scientific research and e dey show say human health, animal health plus environmental health all connect closely. Because of that, people need study all of dem together if dem wan solve global health problems well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Sarah J. |last2=Gunn |first2=Alan |date=2024 |title=The One Health Concept |journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=81 |article-number=12366 |doi=10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366  |doi-access=free|issn=2474-0896 |pmc=10902059 |pmid=38434675}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A lot of organizations around the world dey support the goals of '''One Health'''. Some of dem be the One Health Commission (OHC), One Health Initiative, One Health Platform, CDC One Health Office, Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP), plus the Quadripartite Organizations.

The Quadripartite Organizations be:

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
* World Health Organization (WHO),
* World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, wey dem dey call OIE before),
* plus United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026. Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment |publisher=FAO; UNEP; WHO; World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (founded as OIE) |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2289en |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:One Health.svg|thumb|One Health dey promote better and sustainable future through collaboration, communication, coordination plus capacity building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026 |website=FAO |date=2022 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cc2289en|isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Especially, the One Health High Level Expert Panel, wey be independent advisory group for the Quadripartite Organizations,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; give one complete definition of One Health. According to dem:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;One Health na one integrated and united approach wey dey aim to balance and improve the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems in one sustainable way. E recognize say the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment (including ecosystems) all connect together and depend on one another. This approach dey bring together different sectors, professions and communities for different levels of society make dem work together to improve well-being and solve threats to health and ecosystems. E also dey address the shared need for clean water, energy and fresh air, safe and nutritious food, action against climate change, plus contribution to sustainable development.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== History ==

For the 19th century, two famous doctors, Rudolf Virchow and William Osler (wey be Virchow ein student), first notice and discuss the connection between human health and animal health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=History {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/one-health-history.html|access-date=2019-11-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Osler has been credited through [[word of mouth]] in the medical community with coining the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cardiff|first1=Robert D.|last2=Ward|first2=Jerrold M.|last3=Barthold|first3=Stephen W.|title=One medicine—one pathology: are veterinary and human pathology prepared?|journal=Laboratory Investigation|year=2008|volume=88|issue=1|pages=18–26|doi=10.1038/labinvest.3700695|pmc=7099239}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though some people talk say Osler be the first person wey use the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;, no direct evidence dey show say na true.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zinsstag |first1=J. |last2=Schelling |first2=E. |last3=Waltner-Toews |first3=D. |last4=Tanner |first4=M. |title=From &quot;one medicine&quot; to &quot;one health&quot; and systemic approaches to health and well-being |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=September 1, 2011 |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003 |pmid=20832879 |pmc=3145159 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the modern form of the concept, most people credit Calvin Schwabe for the work he do at the University of California, Davis during the 1960s and 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Conrad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conrad |first1=Patricia A. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A. |last3=Clifford |first3=Deana |last4=Scott |first4=Cheryl |last5=Michael Wilkes |title=Evolution of a transdisciplinary &quot;One Medicine–One Health&quot; approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=December 1, 2009 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.002 |pmid=19819575 |pmc=7132481 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Schwabe, wey be veterinary doctor wey train for public health, first use the term '''One Medicine''' inside one veterinary textbook for 1964. He use am take show say animal medicine and human medicine resemble each other, and say veterinarians plus medical doctors need work together solve global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

He later establish one department for UC Davis wey join animal health science and human health science together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;

For 1976, Schwabe further develop and expand the One Medicine concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot; /&gt;

Since 2009, UC Davis continue to support the One Health movement through the One Health Institute.
For 2004, the Wildlife Conservation Society organize one conference wey dem call '''&quot;One World, One Health&quot;''' for Rockefeller University for New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbs|first=E. Paul J.|date=2014-01-25|title=The evolution of One Health: a decade of progress and challenges for the future|journal=Veterinary Record|language=en|volume=174|issue=4|pages=85–91|doi=10.1136/vr.g143|issn=0042-4900|pmid=24464377|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneworldonehealth.org/sept2004/owoh_sept04.html|title=29 September 2004 Symposium|website=www.oneworldonehealth.org|access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na from this conference dem create the '''Twelve Manhattan Principles''' to explain one united approach for preventing epidemic diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

These principles stress the strong connection between humans, animals and the environment. Dem also explain say understanding how diseases dey spread need collaboration between different professions, especially for disease prevention, education, investment and policy development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Because of the worldwide fear over the H5N1 influenza outbreaks for the early to middle 2000s, the American Veterinary Medical Association establish the '''One Health Initiative Task Force''' for 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/avian-influenza/avian-a-h5n1-virus |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2007, the American Medical Association pass one One Health resolution to encourage partnership between veterinary and human medical organizations. That same year too, experts recommend make countries use the One Health approach to respond to global disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Building on these efforts, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO) join hands with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations System Influenza Coordination, plus the World Bank to develop one framework wey dem title ''Contributing to One World, One Health—A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface'' for 2008. The framework repeat the importance of using the One Health approach to tackle global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Later, for May 2010, experts expand this framework and develop practical policies during one meeting for Stone Mountain, Georgia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

International One Health meetings later happen for Africa and Australia during 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

For 2012, physician Barbara Natterson-Horowitz together with science journalist Kathryn Bowers publish the book ''Zoobiquity''. Inside the book, dem coin the term while comparing animal health and human health through many practical case studies. Dem encourage biomedical researchers and healthcare professionals make dem rediscover comparative medicine and study human and animal health through evolution and the environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title='Zoobiquity': What Animals Can Teach Us About Our Health |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/zoobiquity-what-animals-can-teach-us-about-our-health |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The Daily Beast |date=17 June 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The book become one ''New York Times'' bestseller,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot; /&gt; and many people praise am because e easy to read and interesting. However, some researchers criticize am because dem believe say e no discuss the subject deeply enough and e no fully recognize how humans and animals evolve differently as complex systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Greek |first1=Ray |title=Zoobiquity: What Animals Can Teach Us About Health and the Science of Healing. By Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers. Knopf Doubleday Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 2012; Hardback, 320 pp;16.23; ISBN 0307593487 |journal=Animals |date=1 October 2012 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=559–563 |doi=10.3390/ani2040559 |pmc=4494279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2016, the One Health Commission, One Health Platform and One Health Initiative Team officially declare '''3 November''' as International One Health Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=USAID Celebrates International One Health Day |url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USAID/bulletins/218dfbe |website=USAID Bureau for Global Health |access-date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, Senator Tina Smith and Representative Kurt Schrader introduce the '''Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act''' into the United States Senate and House of Representatives respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1903|title=S.1903 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Smith|first=Tina|date=2019-06-19|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3771|title=H.R.3771 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Schrader|first=Kurt|date=2019-08-09|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This bipartisan bill require the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies make dem develop one coordinated One Health Framework to improve preparedness against zoonotic diseases and prevent future disease outbreaks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/index.cfm/38050/46766/bipartisan_one_health_congressional_bills_introduced_in_us_senate_and_house|title=Bi-Partisan One Health Congressional Bills introduced in U.S. Senate and House|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 18 March 2021, Tina Smith and Todd Young introduce the bill again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AVMA and congressional allies call for passage of One Health bill |url=https://www.avma.org/blog/avma-and-congressional-allies-call-passage-one-health-bill |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=March 22, 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Controlling zoonotic disease central to One Health bill |url=https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/controlling-zoonotic-disease-central-to-one-health-bill/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=Veterinary Practice News |date=26 March 2021 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Margaret Foster |title=One Health Pandemic Prevention and Mitigation: The Role of FDA (Open Access) |journal=Food and Drug Law Institute |date=15 October 2021 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=200–234 |url=https://www.fdli.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/6-Riley.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Public health applications ==

The One Health model dey commonly used to solve public health problems wey involve humans, animals and the environment together. These applications include prevention of zoonotic diseases, food safety, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health interventions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bidaisee |first1=Satesh |last2=Macpherson |first2=Calum N. L. |title=Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |year=2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2014/874345|doi-access=free |pmid=24634782 |pmc=3928857 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reviews of One Health research show say zoonotic diseases, environmental health, agriculture, food safety and global health be the main areas where people dey apply this approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;/&gt;

People dey use the One Health approach to encourage collaboration between different sectors because many infectious diseases happen through the interaction of animal reservoirs, environmental conditions and human activities at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases: From Advocacy to Action |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Habitat Fragmentation and The One Health Framework ==

Habitat fragmentation na the process wey one big continuous habitat break into many small-small isolated patches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ruffell |first1=James |last2=Daebert |first2=Timm |last3=Didham |first3=Raphael |date=2021 |title=Habitat fragmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316313236 |journal=The Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability |volume=5 |pages=172–175 |via=Gale}}&lt;/ref&gt; Activities like deforestation, agriculture, urbanization and natural disturbances fit make landscapes shrink seriously.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Alan |last2=Noon |first2=Barry |last3=George |first3=T. |date=2002-01-01 |title=What is Habitat Fragmentation? |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/sab/vol25/iss1/6 |journal=Studies in Avian Biology |volume=25 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As this dey happen, wildlife and humans dey come live closer to each other. This close contact dey increase the spread of zoonotic diseases because humans and animals begin dey share the same environment and the same resources. Since animals no fit easily get enough resources, stress levels dey increase, and this weakens their immune systems. Higher stress also dey reduce their overall health, making am easier for wildlife to carry, shed and spread pathogens across ecosystems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=TOWARD A HEALTHY PLANET: A ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO CONSERVATION |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf-one-health-approach-to-conservation_1.pdf |website=World Wildlife Fund (WWF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nipah Virus ===

Nipah virus na disease wey mainly affect the respiratory system and fit also cause encephalitis for humans. The disease come from infection wey fruit bats carry, and e fit spread to humans through contact with infected animals, contaminated food, or close contact with infected people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chua |first=Kaw Bing |date=2003 |title=Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00268-8 |issn=1386-6532 |pmid=12637075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One major reason why Nipah virus infections increase be deforestation plus habitat fragmentation. When flowering and fruit trees get destroyed because people cut down trees, food for fruit bats reduce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Because of that, the bats move closer to orchards and places where people collect palm sap, bringing them into closer contact with humans and livestock.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; This make the virus get more chances to spread.

== Leading and supporting organizations ==

=== One Health Commission (OHC) ===

For 2007, Roger K. Mahr from the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jay H. Glasser from the American Public Health Association, and Ronald M. Davis from the American Medical Association join other health professionals, academics, students, government workers and industry scientists to form one task force. Dem organize teleconferences to discuss the One Health concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1|title=History - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/One_Health_InitiativeTask_Force_Mem_306367AC81F70.pdf One Health Initiative Task Force Members 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Initiative Task Force publish one report for 2008 wey recommend make people:

* Create one joint steering committee,
* Improve communication efforts,
* Plan national One Health studies,
* Develop one One Health Commission,
* Create advisory teams,
* Organize national meetings,
* Engage medical, veterinary and public health students.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=2008|website=www.avma.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/Exec_Summary_of_AVMA_One_Health_Tas_8E6FB0ECAFA60.pdf Executive Summary of One Health Commission Task Force (2008) -]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Commission (OHC) officially register for Washington, D.C. for 2009 as one 501(c)3 non-profit organization. The mission of the commission be to connect people across human, animal and environmental health sectors, and educate the public on these issues to help improve global health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/about_the_commission/|title=About the Commission - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roger Mahr become the founding CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2010, the commission ask institutions to submit proposals to become its main partner, and Iowa State University be selected as the main operations site.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2013, Roger Mahr retire, and the commission move its operations to Research Triangle, North Carolina, where e still dey today.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

The current Executive Director be Cheryl Stroud, one veterinary doctor, wey don hold the position since 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/leadership__board_of_directors/|title=Leadership / Board of Directors - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2014, the One Health Commission start to compile the '''Who's Who in One Health''', one worldwide directory of organizations wey actively dey support the One Health movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WHO's WHO in One Health - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/whos_who_in_one_health/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The commission also manage one Global One Health Community listserv.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JOIN the GLOBAL OH COMMUNITY LISTSERV - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/join_the_global_oh_community_listserv/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apart from that, the commission get one webpage called the '''One Health Library''', where people fit access many different resources related to One Health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health LIBRARY |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/one_health_library/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== One Health Initiative ===

The One Health Initiative na one interdisciplinary movement wey dey bring human health, animal health and environmental health organizations together make dem collaborate. Some of the organizations wey dey inside include the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Medical Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States Department of Agriculture, Vétérinaires sans Frontières/Tierärzte ohne Grenzen, plus the United States National Environmental Health Association, among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/index.php|title=One Health Initiative - One World One Medicine One Health - Home Page|website=www.onehealthinitiative.com|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This kind collaboration, even though e still dey limited for many places, fit help professionals from different fields share knowledge, ideas and experience faster. That one be important to improve the response to disease outbreaks and newly emerging zoonotic diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Eussen |first1=Björn G.M. |last2=Schaveling |first2=Jaap |last3=Dragt |first3=Maria J. |last4=Blomme |first4=Robert Jan |date=2017-06-13 |title=Stimulating collaboration between human and veterinary health care professionals |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=174 |doi=10.1186/s12917-017-1072-x |issn=1746-6148 |pmc=5470326 |pmid=28610617 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== One Health Platform ===

The One Health Platform na one scientific reference network wey bring researchers and experts together make dem better understand and prepare for zoonotic disease outbreaks wey fit move from animals to humans, plus antimicrobial resistance. The platform also dey help improve understanding of environmental factors wey influence how diseases dey spread.

The management board consist of Ab Osterhaus, John Mackenzie and Chris Vanlangendonck.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://onehealthday.com/ohp/who-we-are/management-board |title=Initiators |website=One Health Platform |access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The organization get nine major objectives, including:

* Share research findings during biennial meetings,
* Identify knowledge gaps inside the field,
* Engage policy makers,
* Establish one Bio Threats Scanning Group to connect One Health with global health security,
* Share data,
* Serve as one reference network for governments,
* Promote collaborations,
* Support implementation of policies,
* Increase public awareness during One Health Day.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetamit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ONE HEALTH: THE TIES THAT BIND |url=https://www.vetamit.com/post/one-health-the-ties-that-bind |website=vetamit_forum |access-date=8 March 2022 |language=en |date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308020525/https://www.vetamit.com/post/one-health-the-ties-that-bind }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Platform organize the World One Health Congress every year from 2015 to 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterhaus&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osterhaus |first1=Albert D. M. E. |last2=Vanlangendonck |first2=Chris |last3=Barbeschi |first3=Maurizio |last4=Bruschke |first4=Christianne J. M. |last5=Christensen |first5=Renee |last6=Daszak |first6=Peter |last7=de Groot |first7=Frouke |last8=Doherty |first8=Peter |last9=Drury |first9=Patrick |last10=Gmacz |first10=Sabri |last11=Hamilton |first11=Keith |last12=Hart |first12=John |last13=Katz |first13=Rebecca |last14=Longuet |first14=Christophe |last15=McLeay |first15=Jesse |last16=Morelli |first16=Gaetano |last17=Schlundt |first17=Joergen |last18=Smith |first18=Trevor |last19=Suri |first19=Sameera |last20=Umali |first20=Khristeen |last21=van Aken |first21=Jan |last22=Wagenaar |first22=Jaap A. |title=Make science evolve into a One Health approach to improve health and security: a white paper |journal=One Health Outlook |date=17 April 2020 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1186/s42522-019-0009-7 |pmid=32835168 |pmc=7162674 |issn=2524-4655 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next World One Health Congress, originally scheduled for 2022, continue for Singapore under the hosting of SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Congress2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th World One Health Congress |url=https://worldonehealthcongress2022.miceapps.com/client/sites/view/WOH2022 |website=worldonehealthcongress2022.miceapps.com |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The FAO-WOAH-WHO Collaboration ===

FAO dey work closely with WOAH (formerly OIE) and WHO. Together, people know dem as the '''Tripartite organizations'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The FAO-OIE-WHO Collaboration |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/bb92ccaa-9190-4f05-8b51-455a5b3328d2/ |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WHO help establish the strategic One Health framework for addressing global health problems for 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

For September 2017, WHO add one special One Health page to its website. The page explain the One Health concept and highlight important topics such as food safety, zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/one-health/en/|title=WHO {{!}} One Health|website=WHO|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WOAH, whose headquarters dey Paris, France,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About us: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health|url=https://www.oie.int/en/about-us/|access-date=2019-11-15|website=www.oie.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; also help establish the same strategic One Health framework for 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

WOAH dey work to maintain transparency about animal diseases worldwide, collect and distribute veterinary information, publish international standards for animal trade and animal products, improve veterinary services globally, and promote animal welfare plus food safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oie.int/en/about-us/our-missions/|title=Our missions: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health|website=www.oie.int|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2011, FAO publish one strategic action plan for One Health. The main goal be to strengthen food security by improving animal production systems and veterinary services, while encouraging stronger collaboration among animal, human and environmental health sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/al868e/al868e00.pdf|title=One Health: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Strategic Action Plan|date=2011|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, FAO, WOAH and WHO jointly publish one new guide on how to address zoonotic diseases using the One Health framework.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/TZG/TZG.htm|title=Taking a Multisectoral One Health approach|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Global initiative wey people dey work together}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|date=April 2026|reason=where to begin. [[Special:Diff/1344829014|this edit]], [[Special:Diff/1216414269|this]]; also likely other expansions from 2023-2026; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc}}

[[File:One-Health-Triad-en.png|thumb|One Health dey join human health, animal health plus environmental health together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ratnadass |first1=Alain |last2=Deguine |first2=Jean-Philippe |date=June 2021 |title=Crop protection practices and viral zoonotic risks within a One Health framework |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=774 |article-number=145172 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145172 |pmid=33610983 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.77445172R |s2cid=231989807 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''One Health''' na one approach wey dey call make different-different professionals and fields work together for local, national and global level so dem fit achieve better health for people, animals plus the environment, as the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF) define am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=15 July 2008|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|page=9|access-date=2017-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis approach come because evidence show say zoonotic diseases dey spread from one species go another, plus people begin understand say human health, animal health and environmental changes all connect together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Brian H. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A.K. |title=Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |date=15 February 2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=121–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014628 |pmid=29144769 |issn=2165-8102|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this approach, public health no be only human matter again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabinowitz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Peter |last2=Conti |first2=Lisa |title=Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |date=18 March 2013 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114426 |pmid=23330700 |bibcode=2013ARPH...34..189R |issn=0163-7525}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health: By Protecting Animals We Preserve our Future |url=https://library.buffalo.edu/PDFs/onehealth.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because humans and animals dey share the same environment and many body systems resemble each other, both fit suffer the same zoonotic diseases. Dem fit even use similar or the same medicines treat both humans and animals. Because of this, people need take extra care make dem no overuse or misuse medicines for zoonotic diseases, especially as drug resistance for infectious microbes dey increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Kevin A. |last2=Qureshi |first2=M. Haziq |last3=Cox |first3=Philip B. |last4=Marshall |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Bellaire |first5=Bailey C. |last6=Wilcox |first6=Michael |last7=Stuart |first7=Bradey A. R. |last8=Njardarson |first8=Jon T. |date=2020-12-24 |title=A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book-Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |language=en |volume=63 |issue=24 |pages=15449–15482 |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |pmid=33125236 |s2cid=226218045 |issn=0022-2623|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health concept dey common for scientific research and e dey show say human health, animal health plus environmental health all connect closely. Because of that, people need study all of dem together if dem wan solve global health problems well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Sarah J. |last2=Gunn |first2=Alan |date=2024 |title=The One Health Concept |journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=81 |article-number=12366 |doi=10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366  |doi-access=free|issn=2474-0896 |pmc=10902059 |pmid=38434675}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A lot of organizations around the world dey support the goals of '''One Health'''. Some of dem be the One Health Commission (OHC), One Health Initiative, One Health Platform, CDC One Health Office, Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP), plus the Quadripartite Organizations.

The Quadripartite Organizations be:

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
* World Health Organization (WHO),
* World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, wey dem dey call OIE before),
* plus United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026. Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment |publisher=FAO; UNEP; WHO; World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (founded as OIE) |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2289en |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:One Health.svg|thumb|One Health dey promote better and sustainable future through collaboration, communication, coordination plus capacity building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026 |website=FAO |date=2022 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cc2289en|isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Especially, the One Health High Level Expert Panel, wey be independent advisory group for the Quadripartite Organizations,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; give one complete definition of One Health. According to dem:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;One Health na one integrated and united approach wey dey aim to balance and improve the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems in one sustainable way. E recognize say the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment (including ecosystems) all connect together and depend on one another. This approach dey bring together different sectors, professions and communities for different levels of society make dem work together to improve well-being and solve threats to health and ecosystems. E also dey address the shared need for clean water, energy and fresh air, safe and nutritious food, action against climate change, plus contribution to sustainable development.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== History ==

For the 19th century, two famous doctors, Rudolf Virchow and William Osler (wey be Virchow ein student), first notice and discuss the connection between human health and animal health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=History {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/one-health-history.html|access-date=2019-11-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Osler has been credited through [[word of mouth]] in the medical community with coining the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cardiff|first1=Robert D.|last2=Ward|first2=Jerrold M.|last3=Barthold|first3=Stephen W.|title=One medicine—one pathology: are veterinary and human pathology prepared?|journal=Laboratory Investigation|year=2008|volume=88|issue=1|pages=18–26|doi=10.1038/labinvest.3700695|pmc=7099239}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though some people talk say Osler be the first person wey use the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;, no direct evidence dey show say na true.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zinsstag |first1=J. |last2=Schelling |first2=E. |last3=Waltner-Toews |first3=D. |last4=Tanner |first4=M. |title=From &quot;one medicine&quot; to &quot;one health&quot; and systemic approaches to health and well-being |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=September 1, 2011 |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003 |pmid=20832879 |pmc=3145159 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the modern form of the concept, most people credit Calvin Schwabe for the work he do at the University of California, Davis during the 1960s and 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Conrad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conrad |first1=Patricia A. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A. |last3=Clifford |first3=Deana |last4=Scott |first4=Cheryl |last5=Michael Wilkes |title=Evolution of a transdisciplinary &quot;One Medicine–One Health&quot; approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=December 1, 2009 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.002 |pmid=19819575 |pmc=7132481 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Schwabe, wey be veterinary doctor wey train for public health, first use the term '''One Medicine''' inside one veterinary textbook for 1964. He use am take show say animal medicine and human medicine resemble each other, and say veterinarians plus medical doctors need work together solve global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

He later establish one department for UC Davis wey join animal health science and human health science together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;

For 1976, Schwabe further develop and expand the One Medicine concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot; /&gt;

Since 2009, UC Davis continue to support the One Health movement through the One Health Institute.
For 2004, the Wildlife Conservation Society organize one conference wey dem call '''&quot;One World, One Health&quot;''' for Rockefeller University for New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbs|first=E. Paul J.|date=2014-01-25|title=The evolution of One Health: a decade of progress and challenges for the future|journal=Veterinary Record|language=en|volume=174|issue=4|pages=85–91|doi=10.1136/vr.g143|issn=0042-4900|pmid=24464377|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneworldonehealth.org/sept2004/owoh_sept04.html|title=29 September 2004 Symposium|website=www.oneworldonehealth.org|access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na from this conference dem create the '''Twelve Manhattan Principles''' to explain one united approach for preventing epidemic diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

These principles stress the strong connection between humans, animals and the environment. Dem also explain say understanding how diseases dey spread need collaboration between different professions, especially for disease prevention, education, investment and policy development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Because of the worldwide fear over the H5N1 influenza outbreaks for the early to middle 2000s, the American Veterinary Medical Association establish the '''One Health Initiative Task Force''' for 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/avian-influenza/avian-a-h5n1-virus |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2007, the American Medical Association pass one One Health resolution to encourage partnership between veterinary and human medical organizations. That same year too, experts recommend make countries use the One Health approach to respond to global disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Building on these efforts, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO) join hands with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations System Influenza Coordination, plus the World Bank to develop one framework wey dem title ''Contributing to One World, One Health—A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface'' for 2008. The framework repeat the importance of using the One Health approach to tackle global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Later, for May 2010, experts expand this framework and develop practical policies during one meeting for Stone Mountain, Georgia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

International One Health meetings later happen for Africa and Australia during 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

For 2012, physician Barbara Natterson-Horowitz together with science journalist Kathryn Bowers publish the book ''Zoobiquity''. Inside the book, dem coin the term while comparing animal health and human health through many practical case studies. Dem encourage biomedical researchers and healthcare professionals make dem rediscover comparative medicine and study human and animal health through evolution and the environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title='Zoobiquity': What Animals Can Teach Us About Our Health |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/zoobiquity-what-animals-can-teach-us-about-our-health |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The Daily Beast |date=17 June 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The book become one ''New York Times'' bestseller,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot; /&gt; and many people praise am because e easy to read and interesting. However, some researchers criticize am because dem believe say e no discuss the subject deeply enough and e no fully recognize how humans and animals evolve differently as complex systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Greek |first1=Ray |title=Zoobiquity: What Animals Can Teach Us About Health and the Science of Healing. By Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers. Knopf Doubleday Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 2012; Hardback, 320 pp;16.23; ISBN 0307593487 |journal=Animals |date=1 October 2012 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=559–563 |doi=10.3390/ani2040559 |pmc=4494279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2016, the One Health Commission, One Health Platform and One Health Initiative Team officially declare '''3 November''' as International One Health Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=USAID Celebrates International One Health Day |url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USAID/bulletins/218dfbe |website=USAID Bureau for Global Health |access-date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, Senator Tina Smith and Representative Kurt Schrader introduce the '''Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act''' into the United States Senate and House of Representatives respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1903|title=S.1903 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Smith|first=Tina|date=2019-06-19|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3771|title=H.R.3771 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Schrader|first=Kurt|date=2019-08-09|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This bipartisan bill require the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies make dem develop one coordinated One Health Framework to improve preparedness against zoonotic diseases and prevent future disease outbreaks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/index.cfm/38050/46766/bipartisan_one_health_congressional_bills_introduced_in_us_senate_and_house|title=Bi-Partisan One Health Congressional Bills introduced in U.S. Senate and House|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 18 March 2021, Tina Smith and Todd Young introduce the bill again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AVMA and congressional allies call for passage of One Health bill |url=https://www.avma.org/blog/avma-and-congressional-allies-call-passage-one-health-bill |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=March 22, 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Controlling zoonotic disease central to One Health bill |url=https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/controlling-zoonotic-disease-central-to-one-health-bill/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=Veterinary Practice News |date=26 March 2021 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Margaret Foster |title=One Health Pandemic Prevention and Mitigation: The Role of FDA (Open Access) |journal=Food and Drug Law Institute |date=15 October 2021 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=200–234 |url=https://www.fdli.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/6-Riley.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Public health applications ==

The One Health model dey commonly used to solve public health problems wey involve humans, animals and the environment together. These applications include prevention of zoonotic diseases, food safety, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health interventions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bidaisee |first1=Satesh |last2=Macpherson |first2=Calum N. L. |title=Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |year=2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2014/874345|doi-access=free |pmid=24634782 |pmc=3928857 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reviews of One Health research show say zoonotic diseases, environmental health, agriculture, food safety and global health be the main areas where people dey apply this approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;/&gt;

People dey use the One Health approach to encourage collaboration between different sectors because many infectious diseases happen through the interaction of animal reservoirs, environmental conditions and human activities at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases: From Advocacy to Action |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Habitat Fragmentation and The One Health Framework ==

Habitat fragmentation na the process wey one big continuous habitat break into many small-small isolated patches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ruffell |first1=James |last2=Daebert |first2=Timm |last3=Didham |first3=Raphael |date=2021 |title=Habitat fragmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316313236 |journal=The Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability |volume=5 |pages=172–175 |via=Gale}}&lt;/ref&gt; Activities like deforestation, agriculture, urbanization and natural disturbances fit make landscapes shrink seriously.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Alan |last2=Noon |first2=Barry |last3=George |first3=T. |date=2002-01-01 |title=What is Habitat Fragmentation? |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/sab/vol25/iss1/6 |journal=Studies in Avian Biology |volume=25 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As this dey happen, wildlife and humans dey come live closer to each other. This close contact dey increase the spread of zoonotic diseases because humans and animals begin dey share the same environment and the same resources. Since animals no fit easily get enough resources, stress levels dey increase, and this weakens their immune systems. Higher stress also dey reduce their overall health, making am easier for wildlife to carry, shed and spread pathogens across ecosystems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=TOWARD A HEALTHY PLANET: A ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO CONSERVATION |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf-one-health-approach-to-conservation_1.pdf |website=World Wildlife Fund (WWF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nipah Virus ===

Nipah virus na disease wey mainly affect the respiratory system and fit also cause encephalitis for humans. The disease come from infection wey fruit bats carry, and e fit spread to humans through contact with infected animals, contaminated food, or close contact with infected people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chua |first=Kaw Bing |date=2003 |title=Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00268-8 |issn=1386-6532 |pmid=12637075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One major reason why Nipah virus infections increase be deforestation plus habitat fragmentation. When flowering and fruit trees get destroyed because people cut down trees, food for fruit bats reduce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Because of that, the bats move closer to orchards and places where people collect palm sap, bringing them into closer contact with humans and livestock.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; This make the virus get more chances to spread.

== Leading and supporting organizations ==

=== One Health Commission (OHC) ===

For 2007, Roger K. Mahr from the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jay H. Glasser from the American Public Health Association, and Ronald M. Davis from the American Medical Association join other health professionals, academics, students, government workers and industry scientists to form one task force. Dem organize teleconferences to discuss the One Health concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1|title=History - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/One_Health_InitiativeTask_Force_Mem_306367AC81F70.pdf One Health Initiative Task Force Members 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Initiative Task Force publish one report for 2008 wey recommend make people:

* Create one joint steering committee,
* Improve communication efforts,
* Plan national One Health studies,
* Develop one One Health Commission,
* Create advisory teams,
* Organize national meetings,
* Engage medical, veterinary and public health students.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=2008|website=www.avma.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/Exec_Summary_of_AVMA_One_Health_Tas_8E6FB0ECAFA60.pdf Executive Summary of One Health Commission Task Force (2008) -]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Commission (OHC) officially register for Washington, D.C. for 2009 as one 501(c)3 non-profit organization. The mission of the commission be to connect people across human, animal and environmental health sectors, and educate the public on these issues to help improve global health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/about_the_commission/|title=About the Commission - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roger Mahr become the founding CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2010, the commission ask institutions to submit proposals to become its main partner, and Iowa State University be selected as the main operations site.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2013, Roger Mahr retire, and the commission move its operations to Research Triangle, North Carolina, where e still dey today.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

The current Executive Director be Cheryl Stroud, one veterinary doctor, wey don hold the position since 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/leadership__board_of_directors/|title=Leadership / Board of Directors - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2014, the One Health Commission start to compile the '''Who's Who in One Health''', one worldwide directory of organizations wey actively dey support the One Health movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WHO's WHO in One Health - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/whos_who_in_one_health/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The commission also manage one Global One Health Community listserv.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JOIN the GLOBAL OH COMMUNITY LISTSERV - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/join_the_global_oh_community_listserv/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apart from that, the commission get one webpage called the '''One Health Library''', where people fit access many different resources related to One Health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health LIBRARY |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/one_health_library/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== One Health Initiative ===

The One Health Initiative na one interdisciplinary movement wey dey bring human health, animal health and environmental health organizations together make dem collaborate. Some of the organizations wey dey inside include the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Medical Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States Department of Agriculture, Vétérinaires sans Frontières/Tierärzte ohne Grenzen, plus the United States National Environmental Health Association, among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/index.php|title=One Health Initiative - One World One Medicine One Health - Home Page|website=www.onehealthinitiative.com|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This kind collaboration, even though e still dey limited for many places, fit help professionals from different fields share knowledge, ideas and experience faster. That one be important to improve the response to disease outbreaks and newly emerging zoonotic diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Eussen |first1=Björn G.M. |last2=Schaveling |first2=Jaap |last3=Dragt |first3=Maria J. |last4=Blomme |first4=Robert Jan |date=2017-06-13 |title=Stimulating collaboration between human and veterinary health care professionals |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=174 |doi=10.1186/s12917-017-1072-x |issn=1746-6148 |pmc=5470326 |pmid=28610617 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== One Health Platform ===

The One Health Platform na one scientific reference network wey bring researchers and experts together make dem better understand and prepare for zoonotic disease outbreaks wey fit move from animals to humans, plus antimicrobial resistance. The platform also dey help improve understanding of environmental factors wey influence how diseases dey spread.

The management board consist of Ab Osterhaus, John Mackenzie and Chris Vanlangendonck.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://onehealthday.com/ohp/who-we-are/management-board |title=Initiators |website=One Health Platform |access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The organization get nine major objectives, including:

* Share research findings during biennial meetings,
* Identify knowledge gaps inside the field,
* Engage policy makers,
* Establish one Bio Threats Scanning Group to connect One Health with global health security,
* Share data,
* Serve as one reference network for governments,
* Promote collaborations,
* Support implementation of policies,
* Increase public awareness during One Health Day.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetamit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ONE HEALTH: THE TIES THAT BIND |url=https://www.vetamit.com/post/one-health-the-ties-that-bind |website=vetamit_forum |access-date=8 March 2022 |language=en |date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308020525/https://www.vetamit.com/post/one-health-the-ties-that-bind }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Platform organize the World One Health Congress every year from 2015 to 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterhaus&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osterhaus |first1=Albert D. M. E. |last2=Vanlangendonck |first2=Chris |last3=Barbeschi |first3=Maurizio |last4=Bruschke |first4=Christianne J. M. |last5=Christensen |first5=Renee |last6=Daszak |first6=Peter |last7=de Groot |first7=Frouke |last8=Doherty |first8=Peter |last9=Drury |first9=Patrick |last10=Gmacz |first10=Sabri |last11=Hamilton |first11=Keith |last12=Hart |first12=John |last13=Katz |first13=Rebecca |last14=Longuet |first14=Christophe |last15=McLeay |first15=Jesse |last16=Morelli |first16=Gaetano |last17=Schlundt |first17=Joergen |last18=Smith |first18=Trevor |last19=Suri |first19=Sameera |last20=Umali |first20=Khristeen |last21=van Aken |first21=Jan |last22=Wagenaar |first22=Jaap A. |title=Make science evolve into a One Health approach to improve health and security: a white paper |journal=One Health Outlook |date=17 April 2020 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1186/s42522-019-0009-7 |pmid=32835168 |pmc=7162674 |issn=2524-4655 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next World One Health Congress, originally scheduled for 2022, continue for Singapore under the hosting of SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Congress2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th World One Health Congress |url=https://worldonehealthcongress2022.miceapps.com/client/sites/view/WOH2022 |website=worldonehealthcongress2022.miceapps.com |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The FAO-WOAH-WHO Collaboration ===

FAO dey work closely with WOAH (formerly OIE) and WHO. Together, people know dem as the '''Tripartite organizations'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The FAO-OIE-WHO Collaboration |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/bb92ccaa-9190-4f05-8b51-455a5b3328d2/ |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WHO help establish the strategic One Health framework for addressing global health problems for 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

For September 2017, WHO add one special One Health page to its website. The page explain the One Health concept and highlight important topics such as food safety, zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/one-health/en/|title=WHO {{!}} One Health|website=WHO|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WOAH, whose headquarters dey Paris, France,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About us: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health|url=https://www.oie.int/en/about-us/|access-date=2019-11-15|website=www.oie.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; also help establish the same strategic One Health framework for 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

WOAH dey work to maintain transparency about animal diseases worldwide, collect and distribute veterinary information, publish international standards for animal trade and animal products, improve veterinary services globally, and promote animal welfare plus food safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oie.int/en/about-us/our-missions/|title=Our missions: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health|website=www.oie.int|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2011, FAO publish one strategic action plan for One Health. The main goal be to strengthen food security by improving animal production systems and veterinary services, while encouraging stronger collaboration among animal, human and environmental health sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/al868e/al868e00.pdf|title=One Health: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Strategic Action Plan|date=2011|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, FAO, WOAH and WHO jointly publish one new guide on how to address zoonotic diseases using the One Health framework.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/TZG/TZG.htm|title=Taking a Multisectoral One Health approach|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
For February 2021, because the three partner organizations recognize the important role the environment dey play for the One Health approach, dem invite UNEP make e join the Tripartite partnership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

For March that same year, the Tripartite organizations plus UNEP agree say dem go work together on one strategy to use the One Health approach prevent future pandemics.

One year later, for March 2022, during the Twenty-eighth Tripartite Annual Executive Meeting, all the organizations sign one memorandum of understanding to officially change the partnership from the '''Tripartite''' to the '''Quadripartite'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==== One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) ====

This Quadripartite partnership no be just because dem add one new member. For October 2022, the partnership produce the '''One Health Joint Plan of Action'''. This five-year framework shift attention from only reacting to health threats after dem happen to preventing them before dem happen. The framework take into account human health, animal health and environmental health together.

The plan organize into six main action tracks:

# '''Strengthening One Health capacities to improve health systems'''
#* Provide enough guidance and tools for effective implementation of multisectoral approaches to promote the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems, and prevent plus manage risks at the human–animal–plant–environment interface.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Reducing the risks from emerging and re-emerging zoonotic epidemics and pandemics'''
#* Reduce the risk and local or global impact of zoonotic epidemics and pandemics by understanding the factors behind disease emergence and spillover, applying preventive measures, and strengthening One Health surveillance, early warning and response systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Controlling and eliminating endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases and vector-borne diseases'''
#* Reduce the burden of endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases and vector-borne diseases by helping countries implement community-based and risk-based solutions, strengthen policy and legal frameworks from local to global levels, and increase political commitment and investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Strengthening food safety risk assessment, management and communication'''
#* Increase awareness, encourage policy changes and improve coordination among stakeholders so humans, animals and ecosystems fit stay healthy throughout the food supply chain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Reducing the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance'''
#* Work together to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial medicines and ensure sustainable plus fair access to them for responsible use in human, animal and plant health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Integrating the environment into One Health'''
#* Protect and restore biodiversity, prevent ecosystem degradation and environmental destruction, and support the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems as part of sustainable development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== CDC One Health Office ===

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) establish the '''One Health Office''' for 2009. This make CDC the first federal agency for the United States wey get one office dedicated completely to One Health.

The office dey work together with human, animal and environmental health organizations inside the United States and across the world to increase awareness about One Health and develop tools to strengthen One Health activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/who-we-are/index.html|title=CDC's One Health Office: Who We Are {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The CDC One Health Office dey involved in many activities. These include implementing the Zoonotic Disease Prioritization process, creating Global Health Security Agenda Action Packages, supervising the Zoonoses Education Coalition, developing guidelines together with the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, and educating young people involved in agriculture about influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Keping |first=Ma |date=2011-11-09 |title=Forest biodiversity sustains human well-being and is in need of better conservation |journal=Biodiversity Science |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=273–274 |doi=10.3724/sp.j.1003.2011.02088 |doi-broken-date=30 March 2026 |issn=1005-0094}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides that, the CDC One Health Office regularly organize webinars to educate people about One Health topics such as food safety, antimicrobial resistance and recent disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/index.html|title=CDC's One Health Office: What We Do {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC |date=2020-02-27 |website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The '''One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization''' process dey led by CDC. The process involve international workshops where experts identify the zoonotic diseases wey be the biggest concern for each country and help develop national action plans to address them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/zoonotic-disease-prioritization/fact-sheet.html|title=One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Process Overview {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Normally, each workshop include between three and six facilitators representing the human, animal and environmental health sectors, up to twelve voting members from public health, agriculture/livestock, wildlife/fisheries, environmental agencies and other government sectors, plus ten to fifteen advisers from international organizations such as WHO, FAO or OIE, academic institutions and NGOs wey no directly dey involved in zoonotic disease programmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

The CDC One Health Office train facilitators, and preparations for each workshop fit take several months. This include gathering resources, selecting participants, reviewing information about zoonotic diseases and confirming logistics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Completed workshops don happen for many countries, including Pakistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uzbekistan and China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/zoonotic-disease-prioritization/completed-workshops.html|title=Completed OHZDP Workshops {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-19|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The diseases wey countries most often prioritize include rabies, brucellosis, influenza, Ebola virus disease and Rift Valley fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Global initiative wey people dey work together}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|date=April 2026|reason=where to begin. [[Special:Diff/1344829014|this edit]], [[Special:Diff/1216414269|this]]; also likely other expansions from 2023-2026; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc}}

[[File:One-Health-Triad-en.png|thumb|One Health dey join human health, animal health plus environmental health together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ratnadass |first1=Alain |last2=Deguine |first2=Jean-Philippe |date=June 2021 |title=Crop protection practices and viral zoonotic risks within a One Health framework |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=774 |article-number=145172 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145172 |pmid=33610983 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.77445172R |s2cid=231989807 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''One Health''' na one approach wey dey call make different-different professionals and fields work together for local, national and global level so dem fit achieve better health for people, animals plus the environment, as the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF) define am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=15 July 2008|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|page=9|access-date=2017-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis approach come because evidence show say zoonotic diseases dey spread from one species go another, plus people begin understand say human health, animal health and environmental changes all connect together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Brian H. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A.K. |title=Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |date=15 February 2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=121–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014628 |pmid=29144769 |issn=2165-8102|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this approach, public health no be only human matter again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabinowitz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Peter |last2=Conti |first2=Lisa |title=Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |date=18 March 2013 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114426 |pmid=23330700 |bibcode=2013ARPH...34..189R |issn=0163-7525}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health: By Protecting Animals We Preserve our Future |url=https://library.buffalo.edu/PDFs/onehealth.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because humans and animals dey share the same environment and many body systems resemble each other, both fit suffer the same zoonotic diseases. Dem fit even use similar or the same medicines treat both humans and animals. Because of this, people need take extra care make dem no overuse or misuse medicines for zoonotic diseases, especially as drug resistance for infectious microbes dey increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Kevin A. |last2=Qureshi |first2=M. Haziq |last3=Cox |first3=Philip B. |last4=Marshall |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Bellaire |first5=Bailey C. |last6=Wilcox |first6=Michael |last7=Stuart |first7=Bradey A. R. |last8=Njardarson |first8=Jon T. |date=2020-12-24 |title=A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book-Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |language=en |volume=63 |issue=24 |pages=15449–15482 |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |pmid=33125236 |s2cid=226218045 |issn=0022-2623|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health concept dey common for scientific research and e dey show say human health, animal health plus environmental health all connect closely. Because of that, people need study all of dem together if dem wan solve global health problems well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Sarah J. |last2=Gunn |first2=Alan |date=2024 |title=The One Health Concept |journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=81 |article-number=12366 |doi=10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366  |doi-access=free|issn=2474-0896 |pmc=10902059 |pmid=38434675}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A lot of organizations around the world dey support the goals of '''One Health'''. Some of dem be the One Health Commission (OHC), One Health Initiative, One Health Platform, CDC One Health Office, Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP), plus the Quadripartite Organizations.

The Quadripartite Organizations be:

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
* World Health Organization (WHO),
* World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, wey dem dey call OIE before),
* plus United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026. Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment |publisher=FAO; UNEP; WHO; World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (founded as OIE) |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2289en |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:One Health.svg|thumb|One Health dey promote better and sustainable future through collaboration, communication, coordination plus capacity building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026 |website=FAO |date=2022 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cc2289en|isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Especially, the One Health High Level Expert Panel, wey be independent advisory group for the Quadripartite Organizations,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; give one complete definition of One Health. According to dem:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;One Health na one integrated and united approach wey dey aim to balance and improve the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems in one sustainable way. E recognize say the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment (including ecosystems) all connect together and depend on one another. This approach dey bring together different sectors, professions and communities for different levels of society make dem work together to improve well-being and solve threats to health and ecosystems. E also dey address the shared need for clean water, energy and fresh air, safe and nutritious food, action against climate change, plus contribution to sustainable development.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== History ==

For the 19th century, two famous doctors, Rudolf Virchow and William Osler (wey be Virchow ein student), first notice and discuss the connection between human health and animal health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=History {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/one-health-history.html|access-date=2019-11-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Osler has been credited through [[word of mouth]] in the medical community with coining the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cardiff|first1=Robert D.|last2=Ward|first2=Jerrold M.|last3=Barthold|first3=Stephen W.|title=One medicine—one pathology: are veterinary and human pathology prepared?|journal=Laboratory Investigation|year=2008|volume=88|issue=1|pages=18–26|doi=10.1038/labinvest.3700695|pmc=7099239}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though some people talk say Osler be the first person wey use the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;, no direct evidence dey show say na true.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zinsstag |first1=J. |last2=Schelling |first2=E. |last3=Waltner-Toews |first3=D. |last4=Tanner |first4=M. |title=From &quot;one medicine&quot; to &quot;one health&quot; and systemic approaches to health and well-being |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=September 1, 2011 |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003 |pmid=20832879 |pmc=3145159 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the modern form of the concept, most people credit Calvin Schwabe for the work he do at the University of California, Davis during the 1960s and 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Conrad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conrad |first1=Patricia A. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A. |last3=Clifford |first3=Deana |last4=Scott |first4=Cheryl |last5=Michael Wilkes |title=Evolution of a transdisciplinary &quot;One Medicine–One Health&quot; approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=December 1, 2009 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.002 |pmid=19819575 |pmc=7132481 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Schwabe, wey be veterinary doctor wey train for public health, first use the term '''One Medicine''' inside one veterinary textbook for 1964. He use am take show say animal medicine and human medicine resemble each other, and say veterinarians plus medical doctors need work together solve global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

He later establish one department for UC Davis wey join animal health science and human health science together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;

For 1976, Schwabe further develop and expand the One Medicine concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot; /&gt;

Since 2009, UC Davis continue to support the One Health movement through the One Health Institute.
For 2004, the Wildlife Conservation Society organize one conference wey dem call '''&quot;One World, One Health&quot;''' for Rockefeller University for New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbs|first=E. Paul J.|date=2014-01-25|title=The evolution of One Health: a decade of progress and challenges for the future|journal=Veterinary Record|language=en|volume=174|issue=4|pages=85–91|doi=10.1136/vr.g143|issn=0042-4900|pmid=24464377|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneworldonehealth.org/sept2004/owoh_sept04.html|title=29 September 2004 Symposium|website=www.oneworldonehealth.org|access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na from this conference dem create the '''Twelve Manhattan Principles''' to explain one united approach for preventing epidemic diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

These principles stress the strong connection between humans, animals and the environment. Dem also explain say understanding how diseases dey spread need collaboration between different professions, especially for disease prevention, education, investment and policy development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Because of the worldwide fear over the H5N1 influenza outbreaks for the early to middle 2000s, the American Veterinary Medical Association establish the '''One Health Initiative Task Force''' for 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/avian-influenza/avian-a-h5n1-virus |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2007, the American Medical Association pass one One Health resolution to encourage partnership between veterinary and human medical organizations. That same year too, experts recommend make countries use the One Health approach to respond to global disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Building on these efforts, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO) join hands with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations System Influenza Coordination, plus the World Bank to develop one framework wey dem title ''Contributing to One World, One Health—A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface'' for 2008. The framework repeat the importance of using the One Health approach to tackle global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Later, for May 2010, experts expand this framework and develop practical policies during one meeting for Stone Mountain, Georgia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

International One Health meetings later happen for Africa and Australia during 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

For 2012, physician Barbara Natterson-Horowitz together with science journalist Kathryn Bowers publish the book ''Zoobiquity''. Inside the book, dem coin the term while comparing animal health and human health through many practical case studies. Dem encourage biomedical researchers and healthcare professionals make dem rediscover comparative medicine and study human and animal health through evolution and the environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title='Zoobiquity': What Animals Can Teach Us About Our Health |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/zoobiquity-what-animals-can-teach-us-about-our-health |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The Daily Beast |date=17 June 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The book become one ''New York Times'' bestseller,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot; /&gt; and many people praise am because e easy to read and interesting. However, some researchers criticize am because dem believe say e no discuss the subject deeply enough and e no fully recognize how humans and animals evolve differently as complex systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Greek |first1=Ray |title=Zoobiquity: What Animals Can Teach Us About Health and the Science of Healing. By Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers. Knopf Doubleday Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 2012; Hardback, 320 pp;16.23; ISBN 0307593487 |journal=Animals |date=1 October 2012 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=559–563 |doi=10.3390/ani2040559 |pmc=4494279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2016, the One Health Commission, One Health Platform and One Health Initiative Team officially declare '''3 November''' as International One Health Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=USAID Celebrates International One Health Day |url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USAID/bulletins/218dfbe |website=USAID Bureau for Global Health |access-date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, Senator Tina Smith and Representative Kurt Schrader introduce the '''Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act''' into the United States Senate and House of Representatives respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1903|title=S.1903 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Smith|first=Tina|date=2019-06-19|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3771|title=H.R.3771 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Schrader|first=Kurt|date=2019-08-09|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This bipartisan bill require the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies make dem develop one coordinated One Health Framework to improve preparedness against zoonotic diseases and prevent future disease outbreaks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/index.cfm/38050/46766/bipartisan_one_health_congressional_bills_introduced_in_us_senate_and_house|title=Bi-Partisan One Health Congressional Bills introduced in U.S. Senate and House|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 18 March 2021, Tina Smith and Todd Young introduce the bill again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AVMA and congressional allies call for passage of One Health bill |url=https://www.avma.org/blog/avma-and-congressional-allies-call-passage-one-health-bill |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=March 22, 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Controlling zoonotic disease central to One Health bill |url=https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/controlling-zoonotic-disease-central-to-one-health-bill/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=Veterinary Practice News |date=26 March 2021 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Margaret Foster |title=One Health Pandemic Prevention and Mitigation: The Role of FDA (Open Access) |journal=Food and Drug Law Institute |date=15 October 2021 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=200–234 |url=https://www.fdli.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/6-Riley.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Public health applications ==

The One Health model dey commonly used to solve public health problems wey involve humans, animals and the environment together. These applications include prevention of zoonotic diseases, food safety, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health interventions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bidaisee |first1=Satesh |last2=Macpherson |first2=Calum N. L. |title=Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |year=2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2014/874345|doi-access=free |pmid=24634782 |pmc=3928857 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reviews of One Health research show say zoonotic diseases, environmental health, agriculture, food safety and global health be the main areas where people dey apply this approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;/&gt;

People dey use the One Health approach to encourage collaboration between different sectors because many infectious diseases happen through the interaction of animal reservoirs, environmental conditions and human activities at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases: From Advocacy to Action |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Habitat Fragmentation and The One Health Framework ==

Habitat fragmentation na the process wey one big continuous habitat break into many small-small isolated patches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ruffell |first1=James |last2=Daebert |first2=Timm |last3=Didham |first3=Raphael |date=2021 |title=Habitat fragmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316313236 |journal=The Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability |volume=5 |pages=172–175 |via=Gale}}&lt;/ref&gt; Activities like deforestation, agriculture, urbanization and natural disturbances fit make landscapes shrink seriously.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Alan |last2=Noon |first2=Barry |last3=George |first3=T. |date=2002-01-01 |title=What is Habitat Fragmentation? |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/sab/vol25/iss1/6 |journal=Studies in Avian Biology |volume=25 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As this dey happen, wildlife and humans dey come live closer to each other. This close contact dey increase the spread of zoonotic diseases because humans and animals begin dey share the same environment and the same resources. Since animals no fit easily get enough resources, stress levels dey increase, and this weakens their immune systems. Higher stress also dey reduce their overall health, making am easier for wildlife to carry, shed and spread pathogens across ecosystems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=TOWARD A HEALTHY PLANET: A ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO CONSERVATION |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf-one-health-approach-to-conservation_1.pdf |website=World Wildlife Fund (WWF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nipah Virus ===

Nipah virus na disease wey mainly affect the respiratory system and fit also cause encephalitis for humans. The disease come from infection wey fruit bats carry, and e fit spread to humans through contact with infected animals, contaminated food, or close contact with infected people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chua |first=Kaw Bing |date=2003 |title=Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00268-8 |issn=1386-6532 |pmid=12637075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One major reason why Nipah virus infections increase be deforestation plus habitat fragmentation. When flowering and fruit trees get destroyed because people cut down trees, food for fruit bats reduce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Because of that, the bats move closer to orchards and places where people collect palm sap, bringing them into closer contact with humans and livestock.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; This make the virus get more chances to spread.

== Leading and supporting organizations ==

=== One Health Commission (OHC) ===

For 2007, Roger K. Mahr from the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jay H. Glasser from the American Public Health Association, and Ronald M. Davis from the American Medical Association join other health professionals, academics, students, government workers and industry scientists to form one task force. Dem organize teleconferences to discuss the One Health concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1|title=History - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/One_Health_InitiativeTask_Force_Mem_306367AC81F70.pdf One Health Initiative Task Force Members 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Initiative Task Force publish one report for 2008 wey recommend make people:

* Create one joint steering committee,
* Improve communication efforts,
* Plan national One Health studies,
* Develop one One Health Commission,
* Create advisory teams,
* Organize national meetings,
* Engage medical, veterinary and public health students.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=2008|website=www.avma.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/Exec_Summary_of_AVMA_One_Health_Tas_8E6FB0ECAFA60.pdf Executive Summary of One Health Commission Task Force (2008) -]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Commission (OHC) officially register for Washington, D.C. for 2009 as one 501(c)3 non-profit organization. The mission of the commission be to connect people across human, animal and environmental health sectors, and educate the public on these issues to help improve global health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/about_the_commission/|title=About the Commission - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roger Mahr become the founding CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2010, the commission ask institutions to submit proposals to become its main partner, and Iowa State University be selected as the main operations site.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2013, Roger Mahr retire, and the commission move its operations to Research Triangle, North Carolina, where e still dey today.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

The current Executive Director be Cheryl Stroud, one veterinary doctor, wey don hold the position since 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/leadership__board_of_directors/|title=Leadership / Board of Directors - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2014, the One Health Commission start to compile the '''Who's Who in One Health''', one worldwide directory of organizations wey actively dey support the One Health movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WHO's WHO in One Health - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/whos_who_in_one_health/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The commission also manage one Global One Health Community listserv.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JOIN the GLOBAL OH COMMUNITY LISTSERV - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/join_the_global_oh_community_listserv/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apart from that, the commission get one webpage called the '''One Health Library''', where people fit access many different resources related to One Health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health LIBRARY |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/one_health_library/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== One Health Initiative ===

The One Health Initiative na one interdisciplinary movement wey dey bring human health, animal health and environmental health organizations together make dem collaborate. Some of the organizations wey dey inside include the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Medical Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States Department of Agriculture, Vétérinaires sans Frontières/Tierärzte ohne Grenzen, plus the United States National Environmental Health Association, among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/index.php|title=One Health Initiative - One World One Medicine One Health - Home Page|website=www.onehealthinitiative.com|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This kind collaboration, even though e still dey limited for many places, fit help professionals from different fields share knowledge, ideas and experience faster. That one be important to improve the response to disease outbreaks and newly emerging zoonotic diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Eussen |first1=Björn G.M. |last2=Schaveling |first2=Jaap |last3=Dragt |first3=Maria J. |last4=Blomme |first4=Robert Jan |date=2017-06-13 |title=Stimulating collaboration between human and veterinary health care professionals |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=174 |doi=10.1186/s12917-017-1072-x |issn=1746-6148 |pmc=5470326 |pmid=28610617 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== One Health Platform ===

The One Health Platform na one scientific reference network wey bring researchers and experts together make dem better understand and prepare for zoonotic disease outbreaks wey fit move from animals to humans, plus antimicrobial resistance. The platform also dey help improve understanding of environmental factors wey influence how diseases dey spread.

The management board consist of Ab Osterhaus, John Mackenzie and Chris Vanlangendonck.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://onehealthday.com/ohp/who-we-are/management-board |title=Initiators |website=One Health Platform |access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The organization get nine major objectives, including:

* Share research findings during biennial meetings,
* Identify knowledge gaps inside the field,
* Engage policy makers,
* Establish one Bio Threats Scanning Group to connect One Health with global health security,
* Share data,
* Serve as one reference network for governments,
* Promote collaborations,
* Support implementation of policies,
* Increase public awareness during One Health Day.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetamit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ONE HEALTH: THE TIES THAT BIND |url=https://www.vetamit.com/post/one-health-the-ties-that-bind |website=vetamit_forum |access-date=8 March 2022 |language=en |date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308020525/https://www.vetamit.com/post/one-health-the-ties-that-bind }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Platform organize the World One Health Congress every year from 2015 to 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterhaus&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osterhaus |first1=Albert D. M. E. |last2=Vanlangendonck |first2=Chris |last3=Barbeschi |first3=Maurizio |last4=Bruschke |first4=Christianne J. M. |last5=Christensen |first5=Renee |last6=Daszak |first6=Peter |last7=de Groot |first7=Frouke |last8=Doherty |first8=Peter |last9=Drury |first9=Patrick |last10=Gmacz |first10=Sabri |last11=Hamilton |first11=Keith |last12=Hart |first12=John |last13=Katz |first13=Rebecca |last14=Longuet |first14=Christophe |last15=McLeay |first15=Jesse |last16=Morelli |first16=Gaetano |last17=Schlundt |first17=Joergen |last18=Smith |first18=Trevor |last19=Suri |first19=Sameera |last20=Umali |first20=Khristeen |last21=van Aken |first21=Jan |last22=Wagenaar |first22=Jaap A. |title=Make science evolve into a One Health approach to improve health and security: a white paper |journal=One Health Outlook |date=17 April 2020 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1186/s42522-019-0009-7 |pmid=32835168 |pmc=7162674 |issn=2524-4655 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next World One Health Congress, originally scheduled for 2022, continue for Singapore under the hosting of SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Congress2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th World One Health Congress |url=https://worldonehealthcongress2022.miceapps.com/client/sites/view/WOH2022 |website=worldonehealthcongress2022.miceapps.com |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The FAO-WOAH-WHO Collaboration ===

FAO dey work closely with WOAH (formerly OIE) and WHO. Together, people know dem as the '''Tripartite organizations'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The FAO-OIE-WHO Collaboration |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/bb92ccaa-9190-4f05-8b51-455a5b3328d2/ |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WHO help establish the strategic One Health framework for addressing global health problems for 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

For September 2017, WHO add one special One Health page to its website. The page explain the One Health concept and highlight important topics such as food safety, zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/one-health/en/|title=WHO {{!}} One Health|website=WHO|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WOAH, whose headquarters dey Paris, France,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About us: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health|url=https://www.oie.int/en/about-us/|access-date=2019-11-15|website=www.oie.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; also help establish the same strategic One Health framework for 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

WOAH dey work to maintain transparency about animal diseases worldwide, collect and distribute veterinary information, publish international standards for animal trade and animal products, improve veterinary services globally, and promote animal welfare plus food safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oie.int/en/about-us/our-missions/|title=Our missions: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health|website=www.oie.int|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2011, FAO publish one strategic action plan for One Health. The main goal be to strengthen food security by improving animal production systems and veterinary services, while encouraging stronger collaboration among animal, human and environmental health sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/al868e/al868e00.pdf|title=One Health: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Strategic Action Plan|date=2011|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, FAO, WOAH and WHO jointly publish one new guide on how to address zoonotic diseases using the One Health framework.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/TZG/TZG.htm|title=Taking a Multisectoral One Health approach|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
For February 2021, because the three partner organizations recognize the important role the environment dey play for the One Health approach, dem invite UNEP make e join the Tripartite partnership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

For March that same year, the Tripartite organizations plus UNEP agree say dem go work together on one strategy to use the One Health approach prevent future pandemics.

One year later, for March 2022, during the Twenty-eighth Tripartite Annual Executive Meeting, all the organizations sign one memorandum of understanding to officially change the partnership from the '''Tripartite''' to the '''Quadripartite'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==== One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) ====

This Quadripartite partnership no be just because dem add one new member. For October 2022, the partnership produce the '''One Health Joint Plan of Action'''. This five-year framework shift attention from only reacting to health threats after dem happen to preventing them before dem happen. The framework take into account human health, animal health and environmental health together.

The plan organize into six main action tracks:

# '''Strengthening One Health capacities to improve health systems'''
#* Provide enough guidance and tools for effective implementation of multisectoral approaches to promote the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems, and prevent plus manage risks at the human–animal–plant–environment interface.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Reducing the risks from emerging and re-emerging zoonotic epidemics and pandemics'''
#* Reduce the risk and local or global impact of zoonotic epidemics and pandemics by understanding the factors behind disease emergence and spillover, applying preventive measures, and strengthening One Health surveillance, early warning and response systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Controlling and eliminating endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases and vector-borne diseases'''
#* Reduce the burden of endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases and vector-borne diseases by helping countries implement community-based and risk-based solutions, strengthen policy and legal frameworks from local to global levels, and increase political commitment and investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Strengthening food safety risk assessment, management and communication'''
#* Increase awareness, encourage policy changes and improve coordination among stakeholders so humans, animals and ecosystems fit stay healthy throughout the food supply chain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Reducing the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance'''
#* Work together to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial medicines and ensure sustainable plus fair access to them for responsible use in human, animal and plant health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Integrating the environment into One Health'''
#* Protect and restore biodiversity, prevent ecosystem degradation and environmental destruction, and support the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems as part of sustainable development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== CDC One Health Office ===

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) establish the '''One Health Office''' for 2009. This make CDC the first federal agency for the United States wey get one office dedicated completely to One Health.

The office dey work together with human, animal and environmental health organizations inside the United States and across the world to increase awareness about One Health and develop tools to strengthen One Health activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/who-we-are/index.html|title=CDC's One Health Office: Who We Are {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The CDC One Health Office dey involved in many activities. These include implementing the Zoonotic Disease Prioritization process, creating Global Health Security Agenda Action Packages, supervising the Zoonoses Education Coalition, developing guidelines together with the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, and educating young people involved in agriculture about influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Keping |first=Ma |date=2011-11-09 |title=Forest biodiversity sustains human well-being and is in need of better conservation |journal=Biodiversity Science |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=273–274 |doi=10.3724/sp.j.1003.2011.02088 |doi-broken-date=30 March 2026 |issn=1005-0094}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides that, the CDC One Health Office regularly organize webinars to educate people about One Health topics such as food safety, antimicrobial resistance and recent disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/index.html|title=CDC's One Health Office: What We Do {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC |date=2020-02-27 |website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The '''One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization''' process dey led by CDC. The process involve international workshops where experts identify the zoonotic diseases wey be the biggest concern for each country and help develop national action plans to address them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/zoonotic-disease-prioritization/fact-sheet.html|title=One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Process Overview {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Normally, each workshop include between three and six facilitators representing the human, animal and environmental health sectors, up to twelve voting members from public health, agriculture/livestock, wildlife/fisheries, environmental agencies and other government sectors, plus ten to fifteen advisers from international organizations such as WHO, FAO or OIE, academic institutions and NGOs wey no directly dey involved in zoonotic disease programmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

The CDC One Health Office train facilitators, and preparations for each workshop fit take several months. This include gathering resources, selecting participants, reviewing information about zoonotic diseases and confirming logistics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Completed workshops don happen for many countries, including Pakistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uzbekistan and China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/zoonotic-disease-prioritization/completed-workshops.html|title=Completed OHZDP Workshops {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-19|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The diseases wey countries most often prioritize include rabies, brucellosis, influenza, Ebola virus disease and Rift Valley fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
== Antimicrobial resistance ==

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) na one major global public health problem wey people widely recognize today. People dey usually address am through the One Health framework because resistant microorganisms and antimicrobial residues fit move between humans, animals, plants and the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antimicrobial resistance |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance |website=World Health Organization |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also describe antimicrobial resistance as one One Health issue wey affect humans, animals and ecosystems, emphasizing say resistance for one sector fit affect the others because all of them connect together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antimicrobial Resistance in People and Animals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/php/stories/ar-in-people-and-animals.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=25 June 2024 |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the One Health perspective, antimicrobial resistance no dey start only inside hospitals or clinics. The proper and improper use of antimicrobial medicines for human medicine, veterinary care and agriculture all contribute to the development of resistant organisms. Environmental pathways such as wastewater, soil and agricultural runoff also help spread resistant microorganisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McEwen |first1=S. A. |last2=Collignon |first2=P. J. |date=2018 |title=Antimicrobial Resistance: a One Health Perspective |journal=Microbiology Spectrum |volume=6 |issue=2 |article-number=6.2.10 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0009-2017 |pmid=29600770 |pmc=11633550 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research show say resistant bacteria and resistance genes fit move between humans, animals and the environment. This strengthen the need for integrated surveillance systems and coordinated intervention strategies across all sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Larsson |first1=D. G. J. |last2=Flach |first2=C. F. |date=2022 |title=Antibiotic resistance in the environment |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00649-x |pmid=34737424 |pmc=8567979 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

International policies increasingly dey include antimicrobial resistance inside One Health strategies. The Quadripartite One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) identify antimicrobial resistance as one major priority wey need coordinated action across human, animal and environmental health sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) |url=https://www.fao.org/one-health/resources/publications/joint-plan-of-action/en |website=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also highlight the role of environmental pollution in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Because of this, the organization support stronger antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention and environmental risk reduction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A One Health Priority Research Agenda for Antimicrobial Resistance |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/one-health-priority-research-agenda-antimicrobial-resistance |website=United Nations Environment Programme |date=15 July 2024 |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Recommended actions ===

For one global review of One Health networks and collaborations, Mwatondo and colleagues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwatondo |first1=Athman |last2=Rahman-Shepherd |first2=Afifah |last3=Hollmann |first3=Lara |last4=Chiossi |first4=Scott |last5=Maina |first5=Josphat |last6=Kurup |first6=Karishma Krishna |last7=Hassan |first7=Osama Ahmed |last8=Coates |first8=Beatrice |last9=Khan |first9=Mishal |last10=Spencer |first10=Julia |last11=Mutono |first11=Nyamai |last12=Thumbi |first12=Samuel M. |last13=Muturi |first13=Mathew |last14=Mutunga |first14=Mumbua |last15=Arruda |first15=Liã Bárbara |date=2023-02-18 |title=A global analysis of One Health Networks and the proliferation of One Health collaborations |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)01596-3/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=401 |issue=10376 |pages=605–616 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01596-3 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=36682370|s2cid=256000860 |hdl=2263/94398 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; recommend three important ways to maintain sustainable and fair One Health programmes:

# Use effective governance and management structures to improve collaboration and cooperation among all participants.
# Prioritize activities at the national and local levels so they address the real needs of stakeholders instead of only donor priorities.
# Ensure strong participation from local communities in planning and implementation.

== Surveillance systems ==

One Health surveillance systems na integrated systems wey people use to monitor, detect and respond to health threats wey happen where human health, animal health and environmental health meet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stärk |first1=Katharina D.C. |last2=Arroyo Kuribreña |first2=Montserrat |last3=Dauphin |first3=Gwenaelle |last4=Vokaty |first4=Sandra |last5=Ward |first5=Michael P. |last6=Wieland |first6=Barbara |last7=Lindberg |first7=Ann |date=June 2015 |title=One Health surveillance – More than a buzz word? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167587715000355 |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |language=en |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=124–130 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.019|pmid=25722055 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

These surveillance systems build on the One Health concept and make early detection of zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety problems and environmental hazards possible by bringing together data from human healthcare, veterinary medicine, agriculture, wildlife and environmental studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Terra R. |last2=Machalaba |first2=Catherine |last3=Karesh |first3=William B. |last4=Crook |first4=Paulina Zielinska |last5=Gilardi |first5=Kirsten |last6=Nziza |first6=Julius |last7=Uhart |first7=Marcela M. |last8=Robles |first8=Erika Alandia |last9=Saylors |first9=Karen |last10=Joly |first10=Damien O. |last11=Monagin |first11=Corina |last12=Mangombo |first12=Prime Mulembakani |last13=Kingebeni |first13=Placide Mbala |last14=Kazwala |first14=Rudovick |last15=Wolking |first15=David |date=2020-01-10 |title=Implementing One Health approaches to confront emerging and re-emerging zoonotic disease threats: lessons from PREDICT |journal=One Health Outlook |volume=2 |issue=1 |article-number=1 |doi=10.1186/s42522-019-0007-9 |doi-access=free |issn=2524-4655 |pmc=7149069 |pmid=33824944}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Global initiative wey people dey work together}}
{{AI-generated|partial=y|date=April 2026|reason=where to begin. [[Special:Diff/1344829014|this edit]], [[Special:Diff/1216414269|this]]; also likely other expansions from 2023-2026; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc}}

[[File:One-Health-Triad-en.png|thumb|One Health dey join human health, animal health plus environmental health together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ratnadass |first1=Alain |last2=Deguine |first2=Jean-Philippe |date=June 2021 |title=Crop protection practices and viral zoonotic risks within a One Health framework |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=774 |article-number=145172 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145172 |pmid=33610983 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.77445172R |s2cid=231989807 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''One Health''' na one approach wey dey call make different-different professionals and fields work together for local, national and global level so dem fit achieve better health for people, animals plus the environment, as the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF) define am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=15 July 2008|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association|page=9|access-date=2017-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis approach come because evidence show say zoonotic diseases dey spread from one species go another, plus people begin understand say human health, animal health and environmental changes all connect together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Brian H. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A.K. |title=Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |date=15 February 2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=121–139 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014628 |pmid=29144769 |issn=2165-8102|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For this approach, public health no be only human matter again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rabinowitz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Peter |last2=Conti |first2=Lisa |title=Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |date=18 March 2013 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114426 |pmid=23330700 |bibcode=2013ARPH...34..189R |issn=0163-7525}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health: By Protecting Animals We Preserve our Future |url=https://library.buffalo.edu/PDFs/onehealth.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because humans and animals dey share the same environment and many body systems resemble each other, both fit suffer the same zoonotic diseases. Dem fit even use similar or the same medicines treat both humans and animals. Because of this, people need take extra care make dem no overuse or misuse medicines for zoonotic diseases, especially as drug resistance for infectious microbes dey increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Kevin A. |last2=Qureshi |first2=M. Haziq |last3=Cox |first3=Philip B. |last4=Marshall |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Bellaire |first5=Bailey C. |last6=Wilcox |first6=Michael |last7=Stuart |first7=Bradey A. R. |last8=Njardarson |first8=Jon T. |date=2020-12-24 |title=A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book-Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |language=en |volume=63 |issue=24 |pages=15449–15482 |doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502 |pmid=33125236 |s2cid=226218045 |issn=0022-2623|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health concept dey common for scientific research and e dey show say human health, animal health plus environmental health all connect closely. Because of that, people need study all of dem together if dem wan solve global health problems well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Sarah J. |last2=Gunn |first2=Alan |date=2024 |title=The One Health Concept |journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=81 |article-number=12366 |doi=10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366  |doi-access=free|issn=2474-0896 |pmc=10902059 |pmid=38434675}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A lot of organizations around the world dey support the goals of '''One Health'''. Some of dem be the One Health Commission (OHC), One Health Initiative, One Health Platform, CDC One Health Office, Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP), plus the Quadripartite Organizations.

The Quadripartite Organizations be:

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
* World Health Organization (WHO),
* World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, wey dem dey call OIE before),
* plus United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026. Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment |publisher=FAO; UNEP; WHO; World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (founded as OIE) |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2289en |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:One Health.svg|thumb|One Health dey promote better and sustainable future through collaboration, communication, coordination plus capacity building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action, 2022–2026 |website=FAO |date=2022 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cc2289en|isbn=978-92-5-136957-9 |s2cid=252939111 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Especially, the One Health High Level Expert Panel, wey be independent advisory group for the Quadripartite Organizations,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; give one complete definition of One Health. According to dem:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;One Health na one integrated and united approach wey dey aim to balance and improve the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems in one sustainable way. E recognize say the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment (including ecosystems) all connect together and depend on one another. This approach dey bring together different sectors, professions and communities for different levels of society make dem work together to improve well-being and solve threats to health and ecosystems. E also dey address the shared need for clean water, energy and fresh air, safe and nutritious food, action against climate change, plus contribution to sustainable development.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== History ==

For the 19th century, two famous doctors, Rudolf Virchow and William Osler (wey be Virchow ein student), first notice and discuss the connection between human health and animal health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=History {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/one-health-history.html|access-date=2019-11-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Osler has been credited through [[word of mouth]] in the medical community with coining the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cardiff|first1=Robert D.|last2=Ward|first2=Jerrold M.|last3=Barthold|first3=Stephen W.|title=One medicine—one pathology: are veterinary and human pathology prepared?|journal=Laboratory Investigation|year=2008|volume=88|issue=1|pages=18–26|doi=10.1038/labinvest.3700695|pmc=7099239}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though some people talk say Osler be the first person wey use the term &quot;One Medicine&quot;, no direct evidence dey show say na true.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zinsstag |first1=J. |last2=Schelling |first2=E. |last3=Waltner-Toews |first3=D. |last4=Tanner |first4=M. |title=From &quot;one medicine&quot; to &quot;one health&quot; and systemic approaches to health and well-being |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=September 1, 2011 |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=148–156 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003 |pmid=20832879 |pmc=3145159 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the modern form of the concept, most people credit Calvin Schwabe for the work he do at the University of California, Davis during the 1960s and 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Conrad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conrad |first1=Patricia A. |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna A. |last3=Clifford |first3=Deana |last4=Scott |first4=Cheryl |last5=Michael Wilkes |title=Evolution of a transdisciplinary &quot;One Medicine–One Health&quot; approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |date=December 1, 2009 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=268–274 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.002 |pmid=19819575 |pmc=7132481 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Schwabe, wey be veterinary doctor wey train for public health, first use the term '''One Medicine''' inside one veterinary textbook for 1964. He use am take show say animal medicine and human medicine resemble each other, and say veterinarians plus medical doctors need work together solve global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

He later establish one department for UC Davis wey join animal health science and human health science together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;

For 1976, Schwabe further develop and expand the One Medicine concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zinsstag&quot; /&gt;

Since 2009, UC Davis continue to support the One Health movement through the One Health Institute.
For 2004, the Wildlife Conservation Society organize one conference wey dem call '''&quot;One World, One Health&quot;''' for Rockefeller University for New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gibbs|first=E. Paul J.|date=2014-01-25|title=The evolution of One Health: a decade of progress and challenges for the future|journal=Veterinary Record|language=en|volume=174|issue=4|pages=85–91|doi=10.1136/vr.g143|issn=0042-4900|pmid=24464377|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneworldonehealth.org/sept2004/owoh_sept04.html|title=29 September 2004 Symposium|website=www.oneworldonehealth.org|access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na from this conference dem create the '''Twelve Manhattan Principles''' to explain one united approach for preventing epidemic diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

These principles stress the strong connection between humans, animals and the environment. Dem also explain say understanding how diseases dey spread need collaboration between different professions, especially for disease prevention, education, investment and policy development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Because of the worldwide fear over the H5N1 influenza outbreaks for the early to middle 2000s, the American Veterinary Medical Association establish the '''One Health Initiative Task Force''' for 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/avian-influenza/avian-a-h5n1-virus |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2026-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2007, the American Medical Association pass one One Health resolution to encourage partnership between veterinary and human medical organizations. That same year too, experts recommend make countries use the One Health approach to respond to global disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Building on these efforts, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO) join hands with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations System Influenza Coordination, plus the World Bank to develop one framework wey dem title ''Contributing to One World, One Health—A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface'' for 2008. The framework repeat the importance of using the One Health approach to tackle global health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

Later, for May 2010, experts expand this framework and develop practical policies during one meeting for Stone Mountain, Georgia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

International One Health meetings later happen for Africa and Australia during 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt;

For 2012, physician Barbara Natterson-Horowitz together with science journalist Kathryn Bowers publish the book ''Zoobiquity''. Inside the book, dem coin the term while comparing animal health and human health through many practical case studies. Dem encourage biomedical researchers and healthcare professionals make dem rediscover comparative medicine and study human and animal health through evolution and the environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title='Zoobiquity': What Animals Can Teach Us About Our Health |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/zoobiquity-what-animals-can-teach-us-about-our-health |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The Daily Beast |date=17 June 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The book become one ''New York Times'' bestseller,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmer&quot; /&gt; and many people praise am because e easy to read and interesting. However, some researchers criticize am because dem believe say e no discuss the subject deeply enough and e no fully recognize how humans and animals evolve differently as complex systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greek&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Greek |first1=Ray |title=Zoobiquity: What Animals Can Teach Us About Health and the Science of Healing. By Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers. Knopf Doubleday Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 2012; Hardback, 320 pp;16.23; ISBN 0307593487 |journal=Animals |date=1 October 2012 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=559–563 |doi=10.3390/ani2040559 |pmc=4494279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2016, the One Health Commission, One Health Platform and One Health Initiative Team officially declare '''3 November''' as International One Health Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=USAID Celebrates International One Health Day |url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USAID/bulletins/218dfbe |website=USAID Bureau for Global Health |access-date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, Senator Tina Smith and Representative Kurt Schrader introduce the '''Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act''' into the United States Senate and House of Representatives respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1903|title=S.1903 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Smith|first=Tina|date=2019-06-19|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3771|title=H.R.3771 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act of 2019|last=Schrader|first=Kurt|date=2019-08-09|website=www.congress.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This bipartisan bill require the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies make dem develop one coordinated One Health Framework to improve preparedness against zoonotic diseases and prevent future disease outbreaks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/index.cfm/38050/46766/bipartisan_one_health_congressional_bills_introduced_in_us_senate_and_house|title=Bi-Partisan One Health Congressional Bills introduced in U.S. Senate and House|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 18 March 2021, Tina Smith and Todd Young introduce the bill again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AVMA and congressional allies call for passage of One Health bill |url=https://www.avma.org/blog/avma-and-congressional-allies-call-passage-one-health-bill |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=March 22, 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Controlling zoonotic disease central to One Health bill |url=https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/controlling-zoonotic-disease-central-to-one-health-bill/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=Veterinary Practice News |date=26 March 2021 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Margaret Foster |title=One Health Pandemic Prevention and Mitigation: The Role of FDA (Open Access) |journal=Food and Drug Law Institute |date=15 October 2021 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=200–234 |url=https://www.fdli.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/6-Riley.pdf |access-date=7 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Public health applications ==

The One Health model dey commonly used to solve public health problems wey involve humans, animals and the environment together. These applications include prevention of zoonotic diseases, food safety, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, and environmental health interventions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bidaisee |first1=Satesh |last2=Macpherson |first2=Calum N. L. |title=Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Parasitology Research |year=2014 |volume=2014 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2014/874345|doi-access=free |pmid=24634782 |pmc=3928857 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reviews of One Health research show say zoonotic diseases, environmental health, agriculture, food safety and global health be the main areas where people dey apply this approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zoonoses and One Health: A Review o&quot;/&gt;

People dey use the One Health approach to encourage collaboration between different sectors because many infectious diseases happen through the interaction of animal reservoirs, environmental conditions and human activities at the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases: From Advocacy to Action |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Habitat Fragmentation and The One Health Framework ==

Habitat fragmentation na the process wey one big continuous habitat break into many small-small isolated patches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ruffell |first1=James |last2=Daebert |first2=Timm |last3=Didham |first3=Raphael |date=2021 |title=Habitat fragmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316313236 |journal=The Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability |volume=5 |pages=172–175 |via=Gale}}&lt;/ref&gt; Activities like deforestation, agriculture, urbanization and natural disturbances fit make landscapes shrink seriously.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Alan |last2=Noon |first2=Barry |last3=George |first3=T. |date=2002-01-01 |title=What is Habitat Fragmentation? |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/sab/vol25/iss1/6 |journal=Studies in Avian Biology |volume=25 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As this dey happen, wildlife and humans dey come live closer to each other. This close contact dey increase the spread of zoonotic diseases because humans and animals begin dey share the same environment and the same resources. Since animals no fit easily get enough resources, stress levels dey increase, and this weakens their immune systems. Higher stress also dey reduce their overall health, making am easier for wildlife to carry, shed and spread pathogens across ecosystems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=TOWARD A HEALTHY PLANET: A ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO CONSERVATION |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf-one-health-approach-to-conservation_1.pdf |website=World Wildlife Fund (WWF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nipah Virus ===

Nipah virus na disease wey mainly affect the respiratory system and fit also cause encephalitis for humans. The disease come from infection wey fruit bats carry, and e fit spread to humans through contact with infected animals, contaminated food, or close contact with infected people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chua |first=Kaw Bing |date=2003 |title=Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00268-8 |issn=1386-6532 |pmid=12637075}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One major reason why Nipah virus infections increase be deforestation plus habitat fragmentation. When flowering and fruit trees get destroyed because people cut down trees, food for fruit bats reduce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Because of that, the bats move closer to orchards and places where people collect palm sap, bringing them into closer contact with humans and livestock.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; This make the virus get more chances to spread.

== Leading and supporting organizations ==

=== One Health Commission (OHC) ===

For 2007, Roger K. Mahr from the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jay H. Glasser from the American Public Health Association, and Ronald M. Davis from the American Medical Association join other health professionals, academics, students, government workers and industry scientists to form one task force. Dem organize teleconferences to discuss the One Health concept.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1|title=History - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/One_Health_InitiativeTask_Force_Mem_306367AC81F70.pdf One Health Initiative Task Force Members 2007/2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Initiative Task Force publish one report for 2008 wey recommend make people:

* Create one joint steering committee,
* Improve communication efforts,
* Plan national One Health studies,
* Develop one One Health Commission,
* Create advisory teams,
* Organize national meetings,
* Engage medical, veterinary and public health students.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf|title=One Health: A New Professional Imperative|date=2008|website=www.avma.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;[https://www.onehealthcommission.org/documents/filelibrary/aboutus/Exec_Summary_of_AVMA_One_Health_Tas_8E6FB0ECAFA60.pdf Executive Summary of One Health Commission Task Force (2008) -]&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Commission (OHC) officially register for Washington, D.C. for 2009 as one 501(c)3 non-profit organization. The mission of the commission be to connect people across human, animal and environmental health sectors, and educate the public on these issues to help improve global health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/why_one_health/about_the_commission/|title=About the Commission - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roger Mahr become the founding CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2010, the commission ask institutions to submit proposals to become its main partner, and Iowa State University be selected as the main operations site.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2013, Roger Mahr retire, and the commission move its operations to Research Triangle, North Carolina, where e still dey today.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

The current Executive Director be Cheryl Stroud, one veterinary doctor, wey don hold the position since 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/leadership__board_of_directors/|title=Leadership / Board of Directors - One Health Commission|website=www.onehealthcommission.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2014, the One Health Commission start to compile the '''Who's Who in One Health''', one worldwide directory of organizations wey actively dey support the One Health movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WHO's WHO in One Health - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/whos_who_in_one_health/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The commission also manage one Global One Health Community listserv.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JOIN the GLOBAL OH COMMUNITY LISTSERV - One Health Commission |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/join_the_global_oh_community_listserv/ |website=www.onehealthcommission.org |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apart from that, the commission get one webpage called the '''One Health Library''', where people fit access many different resources related to One Health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health LIBRARY |url=https://www.onehealthcommission.org/en/resources__services/one_health_library/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== One Health Initiative ===

The One Health Initiative na one interdisciplinary movement wey dey bring human health, animal health and environmental health organizations together make dem collaborate. Some of the organizations wey dey inside include the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Medical Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States Department of Agriculture, Vétérinaires sans Frontières/Tierärzte ohne Grenzen, plus the United States National Environmental Health Association, among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/index.php|title=One Health Initiative - One World One Medicine One Health - Home Page|website=www.onehealthinitiative.com|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This kind collaboration, even though e still dey limited for many places, fit help professionals from different fields share knowledge, ideas and experience faster. That one be important to improve the response to disease outbreaks and newly emerging zoonotic diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Eussen |first1=Björn G.M. |last2=Schaveling |first2=Jaap |last3=Dragt |first3=Maria J. |last4=Blomme |first4=Robert Jan |date=2017-06-13 |title=Stimulating collaboration between human and veterinary health care professionals |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=174 |doi=10.1186/s12917-017-1072-x |issn=1746-6148 |pmc=5470326 |pmid=28610617 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== One Health Platform ===

The One Health Platform na one scientific reference network wey bring researchers and experts together make dem better understand and prepare for zoonotic disease outbreaks wey fit move from animals to humans, plus antimicrobial resistance. The platform also dey help improve understanding of environmental factors wey influence how diseases dey spread.

The management board consist of Ab Osterhaus, John Mackenzie and Chris Vanlangendonck.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://onehealthday.com/ohp/who-we-are/management-board |title=Initiators |website=One Health Platform |access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The organization get nine major objectives, including:

* Share research findings during biennial meetings,
* Identify knowledge gaps inside the field,
* Engage policy makers,
* Establish one Bio Threats Scanning Group to connect One Health with global health security,
* Share data,
* Serve as one reference network for governments,
* Promote collaborations,
* Support implementation of policies,
* Increase public awareness during One Health Day.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetamit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ONE HEALTH: THE TIES THAT BIND |url=https://www.vetamit.com/post/one-health-the-ties-that-bind |website=vetamit_forum |access-date=8 March 2022 |language=en |date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308020525/https://www.vetamit.com/post/one-health-the-ties-that-bind }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The One Health Platform organize the World One Health Congress every year from 2015 to 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;Osterhaus&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Osterhaus |first1=Albert D. M. E. |last2=Vanlangendonck |first2=Chris |last3=Barbeschi |first3=Maurizio |last4=Bruschke |first4=Christianne J. M. |last5=Christensen |first5=Renee |last6=Daszak |first6=Peter |last7=de Groot |first7=Frouke |last8=Doherty |first8=Peter |last9=Drury |first9=Patrick |last10=Gmacz |first10=Sabri |last11=Hamilton |first11=Keith |last12=Hart |first12=John |last13=Katz |first13=Rebecca |last14=Longuet |first14=Christophe |last15=McLeay |first15=Jesse |last16=Morelli |first16=Gaetano |last17=Schlundt |first17=Joergen |last18=Smith |first18=Trevor |last19=Suri |first19=Sameera |last20=Umali |first20=Khristeen |last21=van Aken |first21=Jan |last22=Wagenaar |first22=Jaap A. |title=Make science evolve into a One Health approach to improve health and security: a white paper |journal=One Health Outlook |date=17 April 2020 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1186/s42522-019-0009-7 |pmid=32835168 |pmc=7162674 |issn=2524-4655 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next World One Health Congress, originally scheduled for 2022, continue for Singapore under the hosting of SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Congress2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th World One Health Congress |url=https://worldonehealthcongress2022.miceapps.com/client/sites/view/WOH2022 |website=worldonehealthcongress2022.miceapps.com |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The FAO-WOAH-WHO Collaboration ===

FAO dey work closely with WOAH (formerly OIE) and WHO. Together, people know dem as the '''Tripartite organizations'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The FAO-OIE-WHO Collaboration |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/bb92ccaa-9190-4f05-8b51-455a5b3328d2/ |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WHO help establish the strategic One Health framework for addressing global health problems for 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

For September 2017, WHO add one special One Health page to its website. The page explain the One Health concept and highlight important topics such as food safety, zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/one-health/en/|title=WHO {{!}} One Health|website=WHO|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WOAH, whose headquarters dey Paris, France,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About us: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health|url=https://www.oie.int/en/about-us/|access-date=2019-11-15|website=www.oie.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; also help establish the same strategic One Health framework for 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

WOAH dey work to maintain transparency about animal diseases worldwide, collect and distribute veterinary information, publish international standards for animal trade and animal products, improve veterinary services globally, and promote animal welfare plus food safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oie.int/en/about-us/our-missions/|title=Our missions: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health|website=www.oie.int|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2011, FAO publish one strategic action plan for One Health. The main goal be to strengthen food security by improving animal production systems and veterinary services, while encouraging stronger collaboration among animal, human and environmental health sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/al868e/al868e00.pdf|title=One Health: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Strategic Action Plan|date=2011|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, FAO, WOAH and WHO jointly publish one new guide on how to address zoonotic diseases using the One Health framework.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/TZG/TZG.htm|title=Taking a Multisectoral One Health approach|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
For February 2021, because the three partner organizations recognize the important role the environment dey play for the One Health approach, dem invite UNEP make e join the Tripartite partnership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

For March that same year, the Tripartite organizations plus UNEP agree say dem go work together on one strategy to use the One Health approach prevent future pandemics.

One year later, for March 2022, during the Twenty-eighth Tripartite Annual Executive Meeting, all the organizations sign one memorandum of understanding to officially change the partnership from the '''Tripartite''' to the '''Quadripartite'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==== One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) ====

This Quadripartite partnership no be just because dem add one new member. For October 2022, the partnership produce the '''One Health Joint Plan of Action'''. This five-year framework shift attention from only reacting to health threats after dem happen to preventing them before dem happen. The framework take into account human health, animal health and environmental health together.

The plan organize into six main action tracks:

# '''Strengthening One Health capacities to improve health systems'''
#* Provide enough guidance and tools for effective implementation of multisectoral approaches to promote the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems, and prevent plus manage risks at the human–animal–plant–environment interface.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Reducing the risks from emerging and re-emerging zoonotic epidemics and pandemics'''
#* Reduce the risk and local or global impact of zoonotic epidemics and pandemics by understanding the factors behind disease emergence and spillover, applying preventive measures, and strengthening One Health surveillance, early warning and response systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Controlling and eliminating endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases and vector-borne diseases'''
#* Reduce the burden of endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases and vector-borne diseases by helping countries implement community-based and risk-based solutions, strengthen policy and legal frameworks from local to global levels, and increase political commitment and investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Strengthening food safety risk assessment, management and communication'''
#* Increase awareness, encourage policy changes and improve coordination among stakeholders so humans, animals and ecosystems fit stay healthy throughout the food supply chain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Reducing the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance'''
#* Work together to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial medicines and ensure sustainable plus fair access to them for responsible use in human, animal and plant health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# '''Integrating the environment into One Health'''
#* Protect and restore biodiversity, prevent ecosystem degradation and environmental destruction, and support the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems as part of sustainable development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== CDC One Health Office ===

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) establish the '''One Health Office''' for 2009. This make CDC the first federal agency for the United States wey get one office dedicated completely to One Health.

The office dey work together with human, animal and environmental health organizations inside the United States and across the world to increase awareness about One Health and develop tools to strengthen One Health activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/who-we-are/index.html|title=CDC's One Health Office: Who We Are {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The CDC One Health Office dey involved in many activities. These include implementing the Zoonotic Disease Prioritization process, creating Global Health Security Agenda Action Packages, supervising the Zoonoses Education Coalition, developing guidelines together with the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, and educating young people involved in agriculture about influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Keping |first=Ma |date=2011-11-09 |title=Forest biodiversity sustains human well-being and is in need of better conservation |journal=Biodiversity Science |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=273–274 |doi=10.3724/sp.j.1003.2011.02088 |doi-broken-date=30 March 2026 |issn=1005-0094}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides that, the CDC One Health Office regularly organize webinars to educate people about One Health topics such as food safety, antimicrobial resistance and recent disease outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/index.html|title=CDC's One Health Office: What We Do {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC |date=2020-02-27 |website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The '''One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization''' process dey led by CDC. The process involve international workshops where experts identify the zoonotic diseases wey be the biggest concern for each country and help develop national action plans to address them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/zoonotic-disease-prioritization/fact-sheet.html|title=One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Process Overview {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Normally, each workshop include between three and six facilitators representing the human, animal and environmental health sectors, up to twelve voting members from public health, agriculture/livestock, wildlife/fisheries, environmental agencies and other government sectors, plus ten to fifteen advisers from international organizations such as WHO, FAO or OIE, academic institutions and NGOs wey no directly dey involved in zoonotic disease programmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

The CDC One Health Office train facilitators, and preparations for each workshop fit take several months. This include gathering resources, selecting participants, reviewing information about zoonotic diseases and confirming logistics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Completed workshops don happen for many countries, including Pakistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uzbekistan and China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/what-we-do/zoonotic-disease-prioritization/completed-workshops.html|title=Completed OHZDP Workshops {{!}} One Health {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-19|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The diseases wey countries most often prioritize include rabies, brucellosis, influenza, Ebola virus disease and Rift Valley fever.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
== Antimicrobial resistance ==

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) na one major global public health problem wey people widely recognize today. People dey usually address am through the One Health framework because resistant microorganisms and antimicrobial residues fit move between humans, animals, plants and the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antimicrobial resistance |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance |website=World Health Organization |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also describe antimicrobial resistance as one One Health issue wey affect humans, animals and ecosystems, emphasizing say resistance for one sector fit affect the others because all of them connect together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Antimicrobial Resistance in People and Animals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/php/stories/ar-in-people-and-animals.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=25 June 2024 |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the One Health perspective, antimicrobial resistance no dey start only inside hospitals or clinics. The proper and improper use of antimicrobial medicines for human medicine, veterinary care and agriculture all contribute to the development of resistant organisms. Environmental pathways such as wastewater, soil and agricultural runoff also help spread resistant microorganisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McEwen |first1=S. A. |last2=Collignon |first2=P. J. |date=2018 |title=Antimicrobial Resistance: a One Health Perspective |journal=Microbiology Spectrum |volume=6 |issue=2 |article-number=6.2.10 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0009-2017 |pmid=29600770 |pmc=11633550 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Research show say resistant bacteria and resistance genes fit move between humans, animals and the environment. This strengthen the need for integrated surveillance systems and coordinated intervention strategies across all sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Larsson |first1=D. G. J. |last2=Flach |first2=C. F. |date=2022 |title=Antibiotic resistance in the environment |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00649-x |pmid=34737424 |pmc=8567979 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

International policies increasingly dey include antimicrobial resistance inside One Health strategies. The Quadripartite One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) identify antimicrobial resistance as one major priority wey need coordinated action across human, animal and environmental health sectors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026) |url=https://www.fao.org/one-health/resources/publications/joint-plan-of-action/en |website=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also highlight the role of environmental pollution in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Because of this, the organization support stronger antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention and environmental risk reduction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A One Health Priority Research Agenda for Antimicrobial Resistance |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/one-health-priority-research-agenda-antimicrobial-resistance |website=United Nations Environment Programme |date=15 July 2024 |access-date=2026-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Recommended actions ===

For one global review of One Health networks and collaborations, Mwatondo and colleagues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mwatondo |first1=Athman |last2=Rahman-Shepherd |first2=Afifah |last3=Hollmann |first3=Lara |last4=Chiossi |first4=Scott |last5=Maina |first5=Josphat |last6=Kurup |first6=Karishma Krishna |last7=Hassan |first7=Osama Ahmed |last8=Coates |first8=Beatrice |last9=Khan |first9=Mishal |last10=Spencer |first10=Julia |last11=Mutono |first11=Nyamai |last12=Thumbi |first12=Samuel M. |last13=Muturi |first13=Mathew |last14=Mutunga |first14=Mumbua |last15=Arruda |first15=Liã Bárbara |date=2023-02-18 |title=A global analysis of One Health Networks and the proliferation of One Health collaborations |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)01596-3/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=401 |issue=10376 |pages=605–616 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01596-3 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=36682370|s2cid=256000860 |hdl=2263/94398 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; recommend three important ways to maintain sustainable and fair One Health programmes:

# Use effective governance and management structures to improve collaboration and cooperation among all participants.
# Prioritize activities at the national and local levels so they address the real needs of stakeholders instead of only donor priorities.
# Ensure strong participation from local communities in planning and implementation.

== Surveillance systems ==

One Health surveillance systems na integrated systems wey people use to monitor, detect and respond to health threats wey happen where human health, animal health and environmental health meet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stärk |first1=Katharina D.C. |last2=Arroyo Kuribreña |first2=Montserrat |last3=Dauphin |first3=Gwenaelle |last4=Vokaty |first4=Sandra |last5=Ward |first5=Michael P. |last6=Wieland |first6=Barbara |last7=Lindberg |first7=Ann |date=June 2015 |title=One Health surveillance – More than a buzz word? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167587715000355 |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |language=en |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=124–130 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.019|pmid=25722055 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

These surveillance systems build on the One Health concept and make early detection of zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety problems and environmental hazards possible by bringing together data from human healthcare, veterinary medicine, agriculture, wildlife and environmental studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Terra R. |last2=Machalaba |first2=Catherine |last3=Karesh |first3=William B. |last4=Crook |first4=Paulina Zielinska |last5=Gilardi |first5=Kirsten |last6=Nziza |first6=Julius |last7=Uhart |first7=Marcela M. |last8=Robles |first8=Erika Alandia |last9=Saylors |first9=Karen |last10=Joly |first10=Damien O. |last11=Monagin |first11=Corina |last12=Mangombo |first12=Prime Mulembakani |last13=Kingebeni |first13=Placide Mbala |last14=Kazwala |first14=Rudovick |last15=Wolking |first15=David |date=2020-01-10 |title=Implementing One Health approaches to confront emerging and re-emerging zoonotic disease threats: lessons from PREDICT |journal=One Health Outlook |volume=2 |issue=1 |article-number=1 |doi=10.1186/s42522-019-0007-9 |doi-access=free |issn=2524-4655 |pmc=7149069 |pmid=33824944}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Some well-known examples of One Health surveillance include global initiatives like the USAID-funded '''PREDICT''' project. This project dey identify and track new zoonotic pathogens for different parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sharan |first1=Manjeet |last2=Vijay |first2=Deepthi |last3=Yadav |first3=Jay Prakash |last4=Bedi |first4=Jasbir Singh |last5=Dhaka |first5=Pankaj |date=2023-01-01 |title=Surveillance and response strategies for zoonotic diseases: a comprehensive review |journal=Science in One Health |volume=2 |article-number=100050 |doi=10.1016/j.soh.2023.100050 |issn=2949-7043 |pmc=11262259 |pmid=39077041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important example be the '''Tripartite Zoonosis Guide''', wey the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) develop together. The guide support integrated disease surveillance and risk assessment activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tripartite Zoonoses Guide (TZG) |url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/tripartite-zoonosis-guide |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though One Health surveillance systems dey work well, dem still face plenty implementation challenges. These include difficulty in sharing data across different sectors, limited communication and coordination among different disciplines, plus lack of enough resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bordier |first1=Marion |last2=Uea-Anuwong |first2=Theethawat |last3=Binot |first3=Aurélie |last4=Hendrikx |first4=Pascal |last5=Goutard |first5=Flavie L. |date=2020-08-01 |title=Characteristics of One Health surveillance systems: A systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167587718303659 |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |volume=181 |article-number=104560 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.005 |pmid=30528937 |issn=0167-5877}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite these challenges, global health organizations widely recognize One Health surveillance systems as essential for improving global preparedness against pandemics and addressing complex health problems connected to environmental and socio-economic changes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One health joint plan of action (2022‒2026): working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240059139 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==

* Conservation medicine
* Parasparopagraho Jivanam
* EcoHealth
* Environmental health
* Planetary health

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book |last1=Deem |first1=Sharon L. |last2=Lane-deGraaf |first2=Kelly E. |last3=Rayhel |first3=Elizabeth A. |title=Introduction to One Health: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Planetary Health |date=2019 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-1-119-38286-7 |edition=1st |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Introduction+to+One+Health%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Approach+to+Planetary+Health-p-9781119382850}}

* {{cite journal | last1=Estebanez | first1=Jean | last2=Boireau | first2=Pascal | title=One Health: A social science discussion of a global agenda | journal=Parasite | volume=29 | year=2022 | issn=1776-1042 | doi=10.1051/parasite/2022014 | page=17| pmid=35315768 | pmc=8939297 }}

* Bhattacharjee, S., Ceri Davies, D., Holland, J. C., Holmes, J. M., Kilroy, D., McGonnell, I. M., &amp; Reynolds, A. L. (2022). ''On the importance of integrating comparative anatomy and one health perspectives in anatomy education.'' ''Journal of Anatomy'', 240(3), 429–446.

== External links ==

* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/one-health WHO fact sheet on One Health]
* [https://sidp.org/SIDPOneHealth SIDP website with educational handouts]

{{open access}}
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[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Health policy]]
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{{Short description|Health of civilization and natural systems}}
{{Tone|date=December 2025}}

'''Planetary Health''' na di way human health an environment health dey depend on each oda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mago |first1=Arpit |last2=Dhali |first2=Arkadeep |last3=Kumar |first3=Harendra |last4=Maity |first4=Rick |last5=Kumar |first5=Bharat |date=2024 |title=Planetary health and its relevance in the modern era: A topical review |journal=SAGE Open Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |article-number=20503121241254231 |doi=10.1177/20503121241254231 |issn=2050-3121 |pmc=11107315 |pmid=38774741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebi research field wey bring plenty different subjects together plus worldwide movement wey dey study how changes for environment dey affect human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Jo |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Colthart |first3=Gavin |last4=Dem |first4=Francesca |last5=Fairhead |first5=James |last6=Head |first6=Michael G. |last7=Inacio |first7=Joao |last8=Jimbudo |first8=Mavis |last9=Laman |first9=Moses |last10=Novotny |first10=Vojtech |last11=Peck |first11=Mika |last12=Philip |first12=Jonah |last13=Pomat |first13=William |last14=Sui |first14=Shen |last15=West-Oram |first15=Peter |date=2020-11-01 |title=Rationale, experience and ethical considerations underpinning integrated actions to further global goals for health and land biodiversity in Papua New Guinea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1653–1664 |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1653M |issn=1862-4057|hdl=10072/413428 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Planetary health mean &quot;di health of human civilization plus di condition of di natural systems wey human beings dey depend on.&quot; For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health introduce dis concept,&lt;ref name=Lancet2015&gt;{{cite journal |title=Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health |journal=The Lancet |date=2015-11-14 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 |volume=386 |pages=1973–2028  | last1 = Whitmee | first1 = Sarah|issue=10007 |pmid=26188744 |s2cid=21925353 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1973W }}&lt;/ref&gt; an dem still dey develop am into new health science wey now get more than 25 different areas of expertise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel |title=Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves |last2=Frumkin |first2=Howard |date=2020 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-966-1 |location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background and milestones==

Plenty ideas an concepts come before di Planetary Health concept. According to Susan Prescott, di term &quot;planetary health&quot; come out from di environmental an holistic health movements wey happen for di 1970s an 1980s. For 1980, Friends of the Earth expand di World Health Organization definition of health by saying, &quot;health na state of complete physical, mental, social an ecological well-being, no be only absence of disease. Personal health include planetary health too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=Susan L. |last2=Logan |first2=Alan C. |date=March 2019 |title=Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550830718301824 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2018.09.002 |pmid=30316687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

James Lovelock create di term '''&quot;Planetary Medicine&quot;''' for 1986.&lt;ref&gt;Lovelock, J. E. (1986). Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67(4), 392-397.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1993, Norwegian doctor Per Fugelli write say:

&quot;The patient Earth dey sick. Global environmental problems fit cause serious effects for human health. E don reach time make doctors check di whole world, diagnose am, an recommend treatment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;lancet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Casassus |first=Barbara |date=November 2017 |title=Per Fugelli |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361732737X |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=390 |issue=10107 |pages=2032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32737-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For di 1990s, dem develop model curriculum wey dem call Terra Medicine (Planetary Medicine) for Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt as part of di Altmühltal Agenda 21 project.&lt;ref&gt;Stappen, R.: Terramedizin und Master for Sustainable Development – Zwei Konzepte für innovative. Modellstudiengänge. In: Stadt-Umland-Perspektiven – Zukunftsfähige Regionen in Europa. 2000, ISBN 3-00-007218-7, S. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2000, James Lovelock publish im book ''Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=James E. |title=Gaia, the practical science of planetary medicine |last2=Lovelock |first2=James E. |date=1991 |publisher=Gaia Books |isbn=978-1-85675-040-0 |edition=1. publ |series=Gaia Original |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Milestones===

For March 2014, one issue of di medical journal ''The Lancet'' call for new planetary health movement wey go change di public health field. Before dis, public health mostly focus on human population health without paying enough attention to di natural ecosystems wey surround people.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=From public to planetary health: a manifesto |journal=The Lancet |date=2014-03-06 |last1=Horton |first1=Richard |last2=Beaglehole |first2=Robert |last3=Bonita |first3=Ruth |last4=Raeburn |first4=John |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |volume=383 |issue=9920 |page=847 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60409-8/fulltext |access-date=2016-10-05 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60409-8|pmid=24607088 |bibcode=2014Lanc..383..847H |s2cid=29341866 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di proposal also recognize new threats wey dey affect both natural systems an human-made systems wey support human life.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;/&gt;

For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation an ''The Lancet'' launch di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance start for '''December 2015''' by Harvard University together with di Wildlife Conservation Society plus oda partner organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://planetaryhealthalliance.org/|title=Planetary Health Alliance|website=planetaryhealthalliance.org|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/planetary-health-alliance-launched-to-address-public-health-threats/|title=Harvard University, Wildlife Conservation Society launch new 'Planetary Health Alliance' with support from The Rockefeller Foundation|date=2015-12-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rockefeller Foundation Economic Council on Planetary Health for Oxford Martin School start work on 1 June 2017 to help define dis new field of planetary health. Di open-access journal ''Lancet Planetary Health'' publish ein first issue for April 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Lancet Planetary Health {{!}} All Journal Issues {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230424044618/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health na action call wey different stakeholders create together during di 2021 Planetary Health Annual Meeting for São Paulo, Brazil. Di declaration dey encourage governments, private sector organizations, civil society, an ordinary people make dem commit to di Great Transition so dem go protect healthy an fair future for humanity plus safeguard all life for Earth.

For 2022, as dem celebrate 50 years since di first UN environmental conference, &quot;United Nations Conference on the Human Environment&quot; wey happen for Stockholm for 1972, di United Nations publish di report ''UN Conference Stockholm+50: A Healthy Planet for the Prosperity of All – Our Responsibility, Our Opportunity''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K22/117/97/PDF/K2211797.pdf?OpenElement Report UN-Conference Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity][[United Nations]]'&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2023, di Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publish di '''Academic Health Institutions' Declaration on Planetary Health'''. Di declaration call on all academic health institutions around di world make dem take immediate action to reduce di harmful effects of dia activities on di planet's natural systems an introduce adaptive plus regenerative measures, including advocacy. More than 40 academic health institutions sign di declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration on Planetary Health |url=https://www.afmc.ca/initiatives/planetaryhealthdeclaration/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=AFMC |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include medical schools, faculties of medicine, schools of nursing, schools of public health, plus oda health-related institutions from countries like Canada, India, Finland, Dominican Republic, South Africa, Germany, Portugal, Indonesia, an plenty more.

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences publish one detailed report for June 2023 about di current state of planetary health research an di future research agenda. Di report no be only useful for Netherlands but e get international importance too ([https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]).

For April 2024, more than 100 members from worldwide Planetary Health community create di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan. Dis roadmap build on di principles an action call from di 2021 São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health. Di roadmap cover important areas like governance, education, business an communication, giving strategic direction to strengthen dis growing movement an protect di health an well-being of all life for Earth. [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/roadmap The roadmap]</text>
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{{Short description|Health of civilization and natural systems}}
{{Tone|date=December 2025}}

'''Planetary Health''' na di way human health an environment health dey depend on each oda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mago |first1=Arpit |last2=Dhali |first2=Arkadeep |last3=Kumar |first3=Harendra |last4=Maity |first4=Rick |last5=Kumar |first5=Bharat |date=2024 |title=Planetary health and its relevance in the modern era: A topical review |journal=SAGE Open Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |article-number=20503121241254231 |doi=10.1177/20503121241254231 |issn=2050-3121 |pmc=11107315 |pmid=38774741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebi research field wey bring plenty different subjects together plus worldwide movement wey dey study how changes for environment dey affect human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Jo |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Colthart |first3=Gavin |last4=Dem |first4=Francesca |last5=Fairhead |first5=James |last6=Head |first6=Michael G. |last7=Inacio |first7=Joao |last8=Jimbudo |first8=Mavis |last9=Laman |first9=Moses |last10=Novotny |first10=Vojtech |last11=Peck |first11=Mika |last12=Philip |first12=Jonah |last13=Pomat |first13=William |last14=Sui |first14=Shen |last15=West-Oram |first15=Peter |date=2020-11-01 |title=Rationale, experience and ethical considerations underpinning integrated actions to further global goals for health and land biodiversity in Papua New Guinea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1653–1664 |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1653M |issn=1862-4057|hdl=10072/413428 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Planetary health mean &quot;di health of human civilization plus di condition of di natural systems wey human beings dey depend on.&quot; For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health introduce dis concept,&lt;ref name=Lancet2015&gt;{{cite journal |title=Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health |journal=The Lancet |date=2015-11-14 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 |volume=386 |pages=1973–2028  | last1 = Whitmee | first1 = Sarah|issue=10007 |pmid=26188744 |s2cid=21925353 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1973W }}&lt;/ref&gt; an dem still dey develop am into new health science wey now get more than 25 different areas of expertise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel |title=Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves |last2=Frumkin |first2=Howard |date=2020 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-966-1 |location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background and milestones==

Plenty ideas an concepts come before di Planetary Health concept. According to Susan Prescott, di term &quot;planetary health&quot; come out from di environmental an holistic health movements wey happen for di 1970s an 1980s. For 1980, Friends of the Earth expand di World Health Organization definition of health by saying, &quot;health na state of complete physical, mental, social an ecological well-being, no be only absence of disease. Personal health include planetary health too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=Susan L. |last2=Logan |first2=Alan C. |date=March 2019 |title=Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550830718301824 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2018.09.002 |pmid=30316687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

James Lovelock create di term '''&quot;Planetary Medicine&quot;''' for 1986.&lt;ref&gt;Lovelock, J. E. (1986). Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67(4), 392-397.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1993, Norwegian doctor Per Fugelli write say:

&quot;The patient Earth dey sick. Global environmental problems fit cause serious effects for human health. E don reach time make doctors check di whole world, diagnose am, an recommend treatment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;lancet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Casassus |first=Barbara |date=November 2017 |title=Per Fugelli |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361732737X |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=390 |issue=10107 |pages=2032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32737-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For di 1990s, dem develop model curriculum wey dem call Terra Medicine (Planetary Medicine) for Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt as part of di Altmühltal Agenda 21 project.&lt;ref&gt;Stappen, R.: Terramedizin und Master for Sustainable Development – Zwei Konzepte für innovative. Modellstudiengänge. In: Stadt-Umland-Perspektiven – Zukunftsfähige Regionen in Europa. 2000, ISBN 3-00-007218-7, S. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2000, James Lovelock publish im book ''Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=James E. |title=Gaia, the practical science of planetary medicine |last2=Lovelock |first2=James E. |date=1991 |publisher=Gaia Books |isbn=978-1-85675-040-0 |edition=1. publ |series=Gaia Original |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Milestones===

For March 2014, one issue of di medical journal ''The Lancet'' call for new planetary health movement wey go change di public health field. Before dis, public health mostly focus on human population health without paying enough attention to di natural ecosystems wey surround people.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=From public to planetary health: a manifesto |journal=The Lancet |date=2014-03-06 |last1=Horton |first1=Richard |last2=Beaglehole |first2=Robert |last3=Bonita |first3=Ruth |last4=Raeburn |first4=John |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |volume=383 |issue=9920 |page=847 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60409-8/fulltext |access-date=2016-10-05 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60409-8|pmid=24607088 |bibcode=2014Lanc..383..847H |s2cid=29341866 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di proposal also recognize new threats wey dey affect both natural systems an human-made systems wey support human life.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;/&gt;

For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation an ''The Lancet'' launch di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance start for '''December 2015''' by Harvard University together with di Wildlife Conservation Society plus oda partner organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://planetaryhealthalliance.org/|title=Planetary Health Alliance|website=planetaryhealthalliance.org|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/planetary-health-alliance-launched-to-address-public-health-threats/|title=Harvard University, Wildlife Conservation Society launch new 'Planetary Health Alliance' with support from The Rockefeller Foundation|date=2015-12-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rockefeller Foundation Economic Council on Planetary Health for Oxford Martin School start work on 1 June 2017 to help define dis new field of planetary health. Di open-access journal ''Lancet Planetary Health'' publish ein first issue for April 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Lancet Planetary Health {{!}} All Journal Issues {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230424044618/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health na action call wey different stakeholders create together during di 2021 Planetary Health Annual Meeting for São Paulo, Brazil. Di declaration dey encourage governments, private sector organizations, civil society, an ordinary people make dem commit to di Great Transition so dem go protect healthy an fair future for humanity plus safeguard all life for Earth.

For 2022, as dem celebrate 50 years since di first UN environmental conference, &quot;United Nations Conference on the Human Environment&quot; wey happen for Stockholm for 1972, di United Nations publish di report ''UN Conference Stockholm+50: A Healthy Planet for the Prosperity of All – Our Responsibility, Our Opportunity''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K22/117/97/PDF/K2211797.pdf?OpenElement Report UN-Conference Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity][[United Nations]]'&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2023, di Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publish di '''Academic Health Institutions' Declaration on Planetary Health'''. Di declaration call on all academic health institutions around di world make dem take immediate action to reduce di harmful effects of dia activities on di planet's natural systems an introduce adaptive plus regenerative measures, including advocacy. More than 40 academic health institutions sign di declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration on Planetary Health |url=https://www.afmc.ca/initiatives/planetaryhealthdeclaration/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=AFMC |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include medical schools, faculties of medicine, schools of nursing, schools of public health, plus oda health-related institutions from countries like Canada, India, Finland, Dominican Republic, South Africa, Germany, Portugal, Indonesia, an plenty more.

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences publish one detailed report for June 2023 about di current state of planetary health research an di future research agenda. Di report no be only useful for Netherlands but e get international importance too ([https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]).

For April 2024, more than 100 members from worldwide Planetary Health community create di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan. Dis roadmap build on di principles an action call from di 2021 São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health. Di roadmap cover important areas like governance, education, business an communication, giving strategic direction to strengthen dis growing movement an protect di health an well-being of all life for Earth. [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/roadmap The roadmap]
==Research paradigms and agenda==

Based on the definition of health—&quot;a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419175759/http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |title=Constitution of WHO: principles |access-date=2016-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;—plus the principles wey dey inside the preamble of the World Health Organization constitution, the ''Lancet'' Commission report explain say planetary health mean &quot;the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing, and equity worldwide through wise attention to the human systems—political, economic, and social—weh dey shape humanity future, plus the Earth's natural systems wey set the safe environmental limits inside which humanity fit survive and prosper.&quot;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The report also set the main principles wey dey guide the planetary health idea. One important principle be say human health depend on &quot;healthy natural systems plus proper care and management of those natural systems.&quot; Human activities like energy production and food production don cause major changes to the Earth's systems. Because of this, scientists now dey call this present period the Anthropocene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The Planetary Health Education Framework, wey the Planetary Health Alliance develop for '''2021''', dey help guide the education of global citizens, health practitioners, and professionals wey get the knowledge and willingness to solve complex planetary health challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |date=2021 |editor-last=Faerron Guzman |editor-first=Carlos A. |editor2-last=Potter |editor2-first=Teddie |title=Planetary Health Education Framework |url=https://planetaryhealthalliance.org/resources/education-framework/ |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en-US |doi=10.5822/phef2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The framework also want inspire everybody around the world make dem create, restore, protect and conserve healthy ecosystems so human civilization go continue to flourish. According to the framework, '''five foundational domains''' form the core of Planetary Health knowledge, values and practice:

# Connection with nature.
# The Anthropocene and health.
# Equity and social justice.
# Movement building and systems change.
# Systems thinking and complexity.

One group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre propose the concept of nine planetary boundaries. These boundaries show the environmental limits inside which humanity fit continue develop and live well for many generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A safe operating space for humanity |journal=Nature |date=2009-09-04 |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/461472a |pmid=19779433 |pages=472–475 | last1 = Rockström | first1 = Johan|bibcode=2009Natur.461..472R |s2cid=205049746 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to one 2024 update, humanity don already cross six of the planetary boundaries: climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, land-system change, freshwater use, and novel entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |journal=Science |date=2015-02-13 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |pmid=25592418 |volume=347 |issue=6223 |article-number=1259855 | last1 = Steffen | first1 = W.|hdl=1885/13126 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The seventh boundary, ocean acidification, too dey move close to its limit.

The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report conclude say urgent and transformational actions dey necessary to protect both present and future generations. One important area wey need immediate attention be the way human knowledge dey organized and governed. According to the report, the current system no fit properly address the threats wey dey face planetary health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

The report make several broad recommendations. One recommendation be to improve governance so social, economic and environmental policies fit work together better. The report also recommend the creation, sharing and application of interdisciplinary knowledge. The authors further call for new ways of defining prosperity, making quality of life and better health for everybody the main priority while still respecting the integrity of natural systems.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Health of civilization and natural systems}}
{{Tone|date=December 2025}}

'''Planetary Health''' na di way human health an environment health dey depend on each oda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mago |first1=Arpit |last2=Dhali |first2=Arkadeep |last3=Kumar |first3=Harendra |last4=Maity |first4=Rick |last5=Kumar |first5=Bharat |date=2024 |title=Planetary health and its relevance in the modern era: A topical review |journal=SAGE Open Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |article-number=20503121241254231 |doi=10.1177/20503121241254231 |issn=2050-3121 |pmc=11107315 |pmid=38774741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebi research field wey bring plenty different subjects together plus worldwide movement wey dey study how changes for environment dey affect human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Jo |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Colthart |first3=Gavin |last4=Dem |first4=Francesca |last5=Fairhead |first5=James |last6=Head |first6=Michael G. |last7=Inacio |first7=Joao |last8=Jimbudo |first8=Mavis |last9=Laman |first9=Moses |last10=Novotny |first10=Vojtech |last11=Peck |first11=Mika |last12=Philip |first12=Jonah |last13=Pomat |first13=William |last14=Sui |first14=Shen |last15=West-Oram |first15=Peter |date=2020-11-01 |title=Rationale, experience and ethical considerations underpinning integrated actions to further global goals for health and land biodiversity in Papua New Guinea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1653–1664 |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1653M |issn=1862-4057|hdl=10072/413428 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Planetary health mean &quot;di health of human civilization plus di condition of di natural systems wey human beings dey depend on.&quot; For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health introduce dis concept,&lt;ref name=Lancet2015&gt;{{cite journal |title=Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health |journal=The Lancet |date=2015-11-14 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 |volume=386 |pages=1973–2028  | last1 = Whitmee | first1 = Sarah|issue=10007 |pmid=26188744 |s2cid=21925353 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1973W }}&lt;/ref&gt; an dem still dey develop am into new health science wey now get more than 25 different areas of expertise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel |title=Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves |last2=Frumkin |first2=Howard |date=2020 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-966-1 |location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background and milestones==

Plenty ideas an concepts come before di Planetary Health concept. According to Susan Prescott, di term &quot;planetary health&quot; come out from di environmental an holistic health movements wey happen for di 1970s an 1980s. For 1980, Friends of the Earth expand di World Health Organization definition of health by saying, &quot;health na state of complete physical, mental, social an ecological well-being, no be only absence of disease. Personal health include planetary health too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=Susan L. |last2=Logan |first2=Alan C. |date=March 2019 |title=Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550830718301824 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2018.09.002 |pmid=30316687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

James Lovelock create di term '''&quot;Planetary Medicine&quot;''' for 1986.&lt;ref&gt;Lovelock, J. E. (1986). Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67(4), 392-397.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1993, Norwegian doctor Per Fugelli write say:

&quot;The patient Earth dey sick. Global environmental problems fit cause serious effects for human health. E don reach time make doctors check di whole world, diagnose am, an recommend treatment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;lancet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Casassus |first=Barbara |date=November 2017 |title=Per Fugelli |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361732737X |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=390 |issue=10107 |pages=2032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32737-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For di 1990s, dem develop model curriculum wey dem call Terra Medicine (Planetary Medicine) for Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt as part of di Altmühltal Agenda 21 project.&lt;ref&gt;Stappen, R.: Terramedizin und Master for Sustainable Development – Zwei Konzepte für innovative. Modellstudiengänge. In: Stadt-Umland-Perspektiven – Zukunftsfähige Regionen in Europa. 2000, ISBN 3-00-007218-7, S. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2000, James Lovelock publish im book ''Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=James E. |title=Gaia, the practical science of planetary medicine |last2=Lovelock |first2=James E. |date=1991 |publisher=Gaia Books |isbn=978-1-85675-040-0 |edition=1. publ |series=Gaia Original |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Milestones===

For March 2014, one issue of di medical journal ''The Lancet'' call for new planetary health movement wey go change di public health field. Before dis, public health mostly focus on human population health without paying enough attention to di natural ecosystems wey surround people.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=From public to planetary health: a manifesto |journal=The Lancet |date=2014-03-06 |last1=Horton |first1=Richard |last2=Beaglehole |first2=Robert |last3=Bonita |first3=Ruth |last4=Raeburn |first4=John |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |volume=383 |issue=9920 |page=847 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60409-8/fulltext |access-date=2016-10-05 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60409-8|pmid=24607088 |bibcode=2014Lanc..383..847H |s2cid=29341866 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di proposal also recognize new threats wey dey affect both natural systems an human-made systems wey support human life.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;/&gt;

For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation an ''The Lancet'' launch di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance start for '''December 2015''' by Harvard University together with di Wildlife Conservation Society plus oda partner organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://planetaryhealthalliance.org/|title=Planetary Health Alliance|website=planetaryhealthalliance.org|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/planetary-health-alliance-launched-to-address-public-health-threats/|title=Harvard University, Wildlife Conservation Society launch new 'Planetary Health Alliance' with support from The Rockefeller Foundation|date=2015-12-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rockefeller Foundation Economic Council on Planetary Health for Oxford Martin School start work on 1 June 2017 to help define dis new field of planetary health. Di open-access journal ''Lancet Planetary Health'' publish ein first issue for April 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Lancet Planetary Health {{!}} All Journal Issues {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230424044618/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health na action call wey different stakeholders create together during di 2021 Planetary Health Annual Meeting for São Paulo, Brazil. Di declaration dey encourage governments, private sector organizations, civil society, an ordinary people make dem commit to di Great Transition so dem go protect healthy an fair future for humanity plus safeguard all life for Earth.

For 2022, as dem celebrate 50 years since di first UN environmental conference, &quot;United Nations Conference on the Human Environment&quot; wey happen for Stockholm for 1972, di United Nations publish di report ''UN Conference Stockholm+50: A Healthy Planet for the Prosperity of All – Our Responsibility, Our Opportunity''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K22/117/97/PDF/K2211797.pdf?OpenElement Report UN-Conference Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity][[United Nations]]'&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2023, di Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publish di '''Academic Health Institutions' Declaration on Planetary Health'''. Di declaration call on all academic health institutions around di world make dem take immediate action to reduce di harmful effects of dia activities on di planet's natural systems an introduce adaptive plus regenerative measures, including advocacy. More than 40 academic health institutions sign di declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration on Planetary Health |url=https://www.afmc.ca/initiatives/planetaryhealthdeclaration/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=AFMC |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include medical schools, faculties of medicine, schools of nursing, schools of public health, plus oda health-related institutions from countries like Canada, India, Finland, Dominican Republic, South Africa, Germany, Portugal, Indonesia, an plenty more.

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences publish one detailed report for June 2023 about di current state of planetary health research an di future research agenda. Di report no be only useful for Netherlands but e get international importance too ([https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]).

For April 2024, more than 100 members from worldwide Planetary Health community create di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan. Dis roadmap build on di principles an action call from di 2021 São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health. Di roadmap cover important areas like governance, education, business an communication, giving strategic direction to strengthen dis growing movement an protect di health an well-being of all life for Earth. [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/roadmap The roadmap]
==Research paradigms and agenda==

Based on the definition of health—&quot;a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419175759/http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |title=Constitution of WHO: principles |access-date=2016-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;—plus the principles wey dey inside the preamble of the World Health Organization constitution, the ''Lancet'' Commission report explain say planetary health mean &quot;the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing, and equity worldwide through wise attention to the human systems—political, economic, and social—weh dey shape humanity future, plus the Earth's natural systems wey set the safe environmental limits inside which humanity fit survive and prosper.&quot;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The report also set the main principles wey dey guide the planetary health idea. One important principle be say human health depend on &quot;healthy natural systems plus proper care and management of those natural systems.&quot; Human activities like energy production and food production don cause major changes to the Earth's systems. Because of this, scientists now dey call this present period the Anthropocene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The Planetary Health Education Framework, wey the Planetary Health Alliance develop for '''2021''', dey help guide the education of global citizens, health practitioners, and professionals wey get the knowledge and willingness to solve complex planetary health challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |date=2021 |editor-last=Faerron Guzman |editor-first=Carlos A. |editor2-last=Potter |editor2-first=Teddie |title=Planetary Health Education Framework |url=https://planetaryhealthalliance.org/resources/education-framework/ |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en-US |doi=10.5822/phef2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The framework also want inspire everybody around the world make dem create, restore, protect and conserve healthy ecosystems so human civilization go continue to flourish. According to the framework, '''five foundational domains''' form the core of Planetary Health knowledge, values and practice:

# Connection with nature.
# The Anthropocene and health.
# Equity and social justice.
# Movement building and systems change.
# Systems thinking and complexity.

One group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre propose the concept of nine planetary boundaries. These boundaries show the environmental limits inside which humanity fit continue develop and live well for many generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A safe operating space for humanity |journal=Nature |date=2009-09-04 |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/461472a |pmid=19779433 |pages=472–475 | last1 = Rockström | first1 = Johan|bibcode=2009Natur.461..472R |s2cid=205049746 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to one 2024 update, humanity don already cross six of the planetary boundaries: climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, land-system change, freshwater use, and novel entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |journal=Science |date=2015-02-13 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |pmid=25592418 |volume=347 |issue=6223 |article-number=1259855 | last1 = Steffen | first1 = W.|hdl=1885/13126 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The seventh boundary, ocean acidification, too dey move close to its limit.

The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report conclude say urgent and transformational actions dey necessary to protect both present and future generations. One important area wey need immediate attention be the way human knowledge dey organized and governed. According to the report, the current system no fit properly address the threats wey dey face planetary health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

The report make several broad recommendations. One recommendation be to improve governance so social, economic and environmental policies fit work together better. The report also recommend the creation, sharing and application of interdisciplinary knowledge. The authors further call for new ways of defining prosperity, making quality of life and better health for everybody the main priority while still respecting the integrity of natural systems.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
===International research agenda for planetary health===

For June 2023, di Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences present dia planetary health report,&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt; ''Planetary Health, An emerging field to be developed'', after dem spend two years consulting experts and different stakeholders. Di report identify plenty knowledge gaps for di planetary health field. After dem review existing research plus consult experts, dem produce one long list of more than 100 specific knowledge gaps.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW:[https://storage.knaw.nl/2023-05/Longlist-of-knowledge-gaps-in-Planetary-Health.pdf Longlist ofknowledge gaps in Planetary Health]&lt;/ref&gt;

According to di report, people still no fully understand how global environmental change dey affect human health. Plenty pathways still no clear, scientists never know well how effective mitigation and adaptation measures be, and e still dey difficult to know how governments and societies fit quickly change policy and human behaviour. Di Academy conclude say filling all these knowledge gaps go need strong international collaboration plus more investment into research funding. Dem also announce say dem go work together with international partners and umbrella academies like EASAC, FEAM and ALLEA to move dis research agenda forward.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], p. 70 Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2025, di United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report ''GEO-7'' report say investing in planetary health fit bring trillions of dollars extra to global GDP, prevent millions of deaths, and reduce poverty plus hunger worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49014 |title=Global Environment Outlook 7: A future we choose – Why investing in Earth now can lead to a trillion-dollar benefit for all |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-807-4246-6 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-09 |title=UN Report: Investing in planetary health would deliver higher GDP, fewer deaths, less poverty |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-report-investing-planetary-health-would-deliver-higher-gdp-fewer |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nutrition and healthy diets be very important part of planetary health. Food we dey chop, agriculture and technology all need to improve so dem fit support world population wey fit pass 9 billion people while reducing environmental harm through food waste and carbon-intensive diets. One major focus of planetary health research be to find sustainable nutrition solutions wey go benefit both human beings and di environment, plus produce scientific evidence and political support to make these solutions happen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Demaio|first1=Alessandro R|last2=Rockström|first2=Johan|title=Human and planetary health: towards a common language|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=10007|pages=e36–e37|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61044-3|pmid=26188745|year=2015|s2cid=40022076|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2019, one international commission develop di planetary health diet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2019-01-16|title=New plant-focused diet would 'transform' planet's future, say scientists|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/16/new-plant-focused-diet-would-transform-planets-future-say-scientists|access-date=2020-12-12|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Planetary health dey try find more solutions to global human and environmental sustainability through collaboration and research across different sectors like economy, energy, agriculture, water and health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Biodiversity loss, pollution, climate change and fuel consumption all be major problems wey dey threaten both human health and di environment, so dem be key areas of planetary health research. Some researchers believe say humanity's destruction of biodiversity plus invasion into wild ecosystems dey create better conditions for diseases like malaria&lt;ref&gt;Chaves, L.S.M., Fry, J., Malik, A. et al. Global consumption and international trade in deforestation-associated commodities could influence malaria risk. Nat Commun 11, 1258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14954-1&lt;/ref&gt; and new diseases like COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Vidal|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/18/tip-of-the-iceberg-is-our-destruction-of-nature-responsible-for-covid-19-aoe|title='Tip of the iceberg': is our destruction of nature responsible for Covid-19?|date=2020-03-18|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Robbins|first=Jim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/sunday-review/the-ecology-of-disease.html|title=The Ecology of Disease|date=2012-07-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some researchers too suggest say planetary health should include di effects of digital technology on human and environmental health. Dis one include di impact of generative AI on climate, biodiversity and pollution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lupton |first=Deborah |date=2025-09-03 |title=Towards a digital planetary health perspective: generative AI and the digital determinants of health |journal=Health Promotion International |language=en |volume=40 |issue=5 |article-number=daaf153 |doi=10.1093/heapro/daaf153 |issn=0957-4824 |pmc=12464675 |pmid=41001915}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Health of civilization and natural systems}}
{{Tone|date=December 2025}}

'''Planetary Health''' na di way human health an environment health dey depend on each oda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mago |first1=Arpit |last2=Dhali |first2=Arkadeep |last3=Kumar |first3=Harendra |last4=Maity |first4=Rick |last5=Kumar |first5=Bharat |date=2024 |title=Planetary health and its relevance in the modern era: A topical review |journal=SAGE Open Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |article-number=20503121241254231 |doi=10.1177/20503121241254231 |issn=2050-3121 |pmc=11107315 |pmid=38774741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebi research field wey bring plenty different subjects together plus worldwide movement wey dey study how changes for environment dey affect human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Jo |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Colthart |first3=Gavin |last4=Dem |first4=Francesca |last5=Fairhead |first5=James |last6=Head |first6=Michael G. |last7=Inacio |first7=Joao |last8=Jimbudo |first8=Mavis |last9=Laman |first9=Moses |last10=Novotny |first10=Vojtech |last11=Peck |first11=Mika |last12=Philip |first12=Jonah |last13=Pomat |first13=William |last14=Sui |first14=Shen |last15=West-Oram |first15=Peter |date=2020-11-01 |title=Rationale, experience and ethical considerations underpinning integrated actions to further global goals for health and land biodiversity in Papua New Guinea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1653–1664 |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1653M |issn=1862-4057|hdl=10072/413428 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Planetary health mean &quot;di health of human civilization plus di condition of di natural systems wey human beings dey depend on.&quot; For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health introduce dis concept,&lt;ref name=Lancet2015&gt;{{cite journal |title=Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health |journal=The Lancet |date=2015-11-14 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 |volume=386 |pages=1973–2028  | last1 = Whitmee | first1 = Sarah|issue=10007 |pmid=26188744 |s2cid=21925353 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1973W }}&lt;/ref&gt; an dem still dey develop am into new health science wey now get more than 25 different areas of expertise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel |title=Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves |last2=Frumkin |first2=Howard |date=2020 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-966-1 |location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background and milestones==

Plenty ideas an concepts come before di Planetary Health concept. According to Susan Prescott, di term &quot;planetary health&quot; come out from di environmental an holistic health movements wey happen for di 1970s an 1980s. For 1980, Friends of the Earth expand di World Health Organization definition of health by saying, &quot;health na state of complete physical, mental, social an ecological well-being, no be only absence of disease. Personal health include planetary health too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=Susan L. |last2=Logan |first2=Alan C. |date=March 2019 |title=Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550830718301824 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2018.09.002 |pmid=30316687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

James Lovelock create di term '''&quot;Planetary Medicine&quot;''' for 1986.&lt;ref&gt;Lovelock, J. E. (1986). Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67(4), 392-397.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1993, Norwegian doctor Per Fugelli write say:

&quot;The patient Earth dey sick. Global environmental problems fit cause serious effects for human health. E don reach time make doctors check di whole world, diagnose am, an recommend treatment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;lancet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Casassus |first=Barbara |date=November 2017 |title=Per Fugelli |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361732737X |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=390 |issue=10107 |pages=2032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32737-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For di 1990s, dem develop model curriculum wey dem call Terra Medicine (Planetary Medicine) for Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt as part of di Altmühltal Agenda 21 project.&lt;ref&gt;Stappen, R.: Terramedizin und Master for Sustainable Development – Zwei Konzepte für innovative. Modellstudiengänge. In: Stadt-Umland-Perspektiven – Zukunftsfähige Regionen in Europa. 2000, ISBN 3-00-007218-7, S. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2000, James Lovelock publish im book ''Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=James E. |title=Gaia, the practical science of planetary medicine |last2=Lovelock |first2=James E. |date=1991 |publisher=Gaia Books |isbn=978-1-85675-040-0 |edition=1. publ |series=Gaia Original |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Milestones===

For March 2014, one issue of di medical journal ''The Lancet'' call for new planetary health movement wey go change di public health field. Before dis, public health mostly focus on human population health without paying enough attention to di natural ecosystems wey surround people.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=From public to planetary health: a manifesto |journal=The Lancet |date=2014-03-06 |last1=Horton |first1=Richard |last2=Beaglehole |first2=Robert |last3=Bonita |first3=Ruth |last4=Raeburn |first4=John |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |volume=383 |issue=9920 |page=847 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60409-8/fulltext |access-date=2016-10-05 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60409-8|pmid=24607088 |bibcode=2014Lanc..383..847H |s2cid=29341866 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di proposal also recognize new threats wey dey affect both natural systems an human-made systems wey support human life.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;/&gt;

For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation an ''The Lancet'' launch di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance start for '''December 2015''' by Harvard University together with di Wildlife Conservation Society plus oda partner organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://planetaryhealthalliance.org/|title=Planetary Health Alliance|website=planetaryhealthalliance.org|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/planetary-health-alliance-launched-to-address-public-health-threats/|title=Harvard University, Wildlife Conservation Society launch new 'Planetary Health Alliance' with support from The Rockefeller Foundation|date=2015-12-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rockefeller Foundation Economic Council on Planetary Health for Oxford Martin School start work on 1 June 2017 to help define dis new field of planetary health. Di open-access journal ''Lancet Planetary Health'' publish ein first issue for April 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Lancet Planetary Health {{!}} All Journal Issues {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230424044618/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health na action call wey different stakeholders create together during di 2021 Planetary Health Annual Meeting for São Paulo, Brazil. Di declaration dey encourage governments, private sector organizations, civil society, an ordinary people make dem commit to di Great Transition so dem go protect healthy an fair future for humanity plus safeguard all life for Earth.

For 2022, as dem celebrate 50 years since di first UN environmental conference, &quot;United Nations Conference on the Human Environment&quot; wey happen for Stockholm for 1972, di United Nations publish di report ''UN Conference Stockholm+50: A Healthy Planet for the Prosperity of All – Our Responsibility, Our Opportunity''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K22/117/97/PDF/K2211797.pdf?OpenElement Report UN-Conference Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity][[United Nations]]'&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2023, di Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publish di '''Academic Health Institutions' Declaration on Planetary Health'''. Di declaration call on all academic health institutions around di world make dem take immediate action to reduce di harmful effects of dia activities on di planet's natural systems an introduce adaptive plus regenerative measures, including advocacy. More than 40 academic health institutions sign di declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration on Planetary Health |url=https://www.afmc.ca/initiatives/planetaryhealthdeclaration/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=AFMC |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include medical schools, faculties of medicine, schools of nursing, schools of public health, plus oda health-related institutions from countries like Canada, India, Finland, Dominican Republic, South Africa, Germany, Portugal, Indonesia, an plenty more.

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences publish one detailed report for June 2023 about di current state of planetary health research an di future research agenda. Di report no be only useful for Netherlands but e get international importance too ([https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]).

For April 2024, more than 100 members from worldwide Planetary Health community create di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan. Dis roadmap build on di principles an action call from di 2021 São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health. Di roadmap cover important areas like governance, education, business an communication, giving strategic direction to strengthen dis growing movement an protect di health an well-being of all life for Earth. [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/roadmap The roadmap]
==Research paradigms and agenda==

Based on the definition of health—&quot;a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419175759/http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |title=Constitution of WHO: principles |access-date=2016-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;—plus the principles wey dey inside the preamble of the World Health Organization constitution, the ''Lancet'' Commission report explain say planetary health mean &quot;the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing, and equity worldwide through wise attention to the human systems—political, economic, and social—weh dey shape humanity future, plus the Earth's natural systems wey set the safe environmental limits inside which humanity fit survive and prosper.&quot;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The report also set the main principles wey dey guide the planetary health idea. One important principle be say human health depend on &quot;healthy natural systems plus proper care and management of those natural systems.&quot; Human activities like energy production and food production don cause major changes to the Earth's systems. Because of this, scientists now dey call this present period the Anthropocene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The Planetary Health Education Framework, wey the Planetary Health Alliance develop for '''2021''', dey help guide the education of global citizens, health practitioners, and professionals wey get the knowledge and willingness to solve complex planetary health challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |date=2021 |editor-last=Faerron Guzman |editor-first=Carlos A. |editor2-last=Potter |editor2-first=Teddie |title=Planetary Health Education Framework |url=https://planetaryhealthalliance.org/resources/education-framework/ |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en-US |doi=10.5822/phef2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The framework also want inspire everybody around the world make dem create, restore, protect and conserve healthy ecosystems so human civilization go continue to flourish. According to the framework, '''five foundational domains''' form the core of Planetary Health knowledge, values and practice:

# Connection with nature.
# The Anthropocene and health.
# Equity and social justice.
# Movement building and systems change.
# Systems thinking and complexity.

One group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre propose the concept of nine planetary boundaries. These boundaries show the environmental limits inside which humanity fit continue develop and live well for many generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A safe operating space for humanity |journal=Nature |date=2009-09-04 |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/461472a |pmid=19779433 |pages=472–475 | last1 = Rockström | first1 = Johan|bibcode=2009Natur.461..472R |s2cid=205049746 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to one 2024 update, humanity don already cross six of the planetary boundaries: climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, land-system change, freshwater use, and novel entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |journal=Science |date=2015-02-13 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |pmid=25592418 |volume=347 |issue=6223 |article-number=1259855 | last1 = Steffen | first1 = W.|hdl=1885/13126 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The seventh boundary, ocean acidification, too dey move close to its limit.

The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report conclude say urgent and transformational actions dey necessary to protect both present and future generations. One important area wey need immediate attention be the way human knowledge dey organized and governed. According to the report, the current system no fit properly address the threats wey dey face planetary health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

The report make several broad recommendations. One recommendation be to improve governance so social, economic and environmental policies fit work together better. The report also recommend the creation, sharing and application of interdisciplinary knowledge. The authors further call for new ways of defining prosperity, making quality of life and better health for everybody the main priority while still respecting the integrity of natural systems.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
===International research agenda for planetary health===

For June 2023, di Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences present dia planetary health report,&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt; ''Planetary Health, An emerging field to be developed'', after dem spend two years consulting experts and different stakeholders. Di report identify plenty knowledge gaps for di planetary health field. After dem review existing research plus consult experts, dem produce one long list of more than 100 specific knowledge gaps.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW:[https://storage.knaw.nl/2023-05/Longlist-of-knowledge-gaps-in-Planetary-Health.pdf Longlist ofknowledge gaps in Planetary Health]&lt;/ref&gt;

According to di report, people still no fully understand how global environmental change dey affect human health. Plenty pathways still no clear, scientists never know well how effective mitigation and adaptation measures be, and e still dey difficult to know how governments and societies fit quickly change policy and human behaviour. Di Academy conclude say filling all these knowledge gaps go need strong international collaboration plus more investment into research funding. Dem also announce say dem go work together with international partners and umbrella academies like EASAC, FEAM and ALLEA to move dis research agenda forward.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], p. 70 Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2025, di United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report ''GEO-7'' report say investing in planetary health fit bring trillions of dollars extra to global GDP, prevent millions of deaths, and reduce poverty plus hunger worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49014 |title=Global Environment Outlook 7: A future we choose – Why investing in Earth now can lead to a trillion-dollar benefit for all |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-807-4246-6 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-09 |title=UN Report: Investing in planetary health would deliver higher GDP, fewer deaths, less poverty |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-report-investing-planetary-health-would-deliver-higher-gdp-fewer |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nutrition and healthy diets be very important part of planetary health. Food we dey chop, agriculture and technology all need to improve so dem fit support world population wey fit pass 9 billion people while reducing environmental harm through food waste and carbon-intensive diets. One major focus of planetary health research be to find sustainable nutrition solutions wey go benefit both human beings and di environment, plus produce scientific evidence and political support to make these solutions happen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Demaio|first1=Alessandro R|last2=Rockström|first2=Johan|title=Human and planetary health: towards a common language|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=10007|pages=e36–e37|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61044-3|pmid=26188745|year=2015|s2cid=40022076|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2019, one international commission develop di planetary health diet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2019-01-16|title=New plant-focused diet would 'transform' planet's future, say scientists|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/16/new-plant-focused-diet-would-transform-planets-future-say-scientists|access-date=2020-12-12|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Planetary health dey try find more solutions to global human and environmental sustainability through collaboration and research across different sectors like economy, energy, agriculture, water and health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Biodiversity loss, pollution, climate change and fuel consumption all be major problems wey dey threaten both human health and di environment, so dem be key areas of planetary health research. Some researchers believe say humanity's destruction of biodiversity plus invasion into wild ecosystems dey create better conditions for diseases like malaria&lt;ref&gt;Chaves, L.S.M., Fry, J., Malik, A. et al. Global consumption and international trade in deforestation-associated commodities could influence malaria risk. Nat Commun 11, 1258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14954-1&lt;/ref&gt; and new diseases like COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Vidal|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/18/tip-of-the-iceberg-is-our-destruction-of-nature-responsible-for-covid-19-aoe|title='Tip of the iceberg': is our destruction of nature responsible for Covid-19?|date=2020-03-18|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Robbins|first=Jim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/sunday-review/the-ecology-of-disease.html|title=The Ecology of Disease|date=2012-07-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some researchers too suggest say planetary health should include di effects of digital technology on human and environmental health. Dis one include di impact of generative AI on climate, biodiversity and pollution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lupton |first=Deborah |date=2025-09-03 |title=Towards a digital planetary health perspective: generative AI and the digital determinants of health |journal=Health Promotion International |language=en |volume=40 |issue=5 |article-number=daaf153 |doi=10.1093/heapro/daaf153 |issn=0957-4824 |pmc=12464675 |pmid=41001915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Planetary Health Alliance==

Di Planetary Health Alliance (PHA) na informal global network wey bring together more than 580 universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government institutions, and research institutes. Di alliance too get more than 24,000 people wey subscribe to dia newsletter.

Several PHA Regional Hubs dey operate as local communities wey bring PHA members together based on dia geographical locations. Dem dey work together to advance planetary health research, education, policy development, and public outreach wey fit dia local context.&lt;ref&gt;Planetary Health Alliance:[https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/pha-regional-hubs Hubs Terms of Reference]. October 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

Di mission of di alliance be &quot;to promote, mobilize, and lead an inclusive, transdisciplinary field of Planetary Health and its diverse science, stories, solutions, and communities to achieve a comprehensive shift in how human beings interact with each other and Nature, in order to secure a livable future for humanity and the rest of life on Earth.&quot;

Since November 2023, di PHA Secretariat dey based for Johns Hopkins University alongside di [https://planetaryhealth.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins Institute for Planetary Health].

===Regional Hubs===

Eight Planetary Health Regional Hubs don already establish. Dem dey serve as local communities wey gather PHA members inside different geographical regions to work together on planetary health research, education, policy and outreach wey match local needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Planetary health |date=2024-11-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_health#cite_note-26 |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although more hubs still dey under development, di eight established Planetary Health Regional Hubs be:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHA Regional Hubs |url=https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/pha-regional-hubs |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Caribbean
* East Africa
* Europe
* Japan
* Latin America
* Oceania
* South &amp; Southeast Asia
* West Africa

For 2022, di first Planetary Health Europe Regional Hub meeting happen for Amsterdam, where 72 institutions participate.&lt;ref&gt;[https://eeac.eu/2022/09/27/planetary-health-european-hub-convening-amsterdam-26-27-september-2022/ The Planetary Health European Hub convening]. 26–27 September 2022&lt;/ref&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance, European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils Network (EEAC Network), plus Natura Artis Magistra (ARTIS) organize di meeting together. Di PHA Europe Secretariat dey located for Netherlands and Maastricht University together with University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht) jointly coordinate am.

===Next Generation Network===

Di Planetary Health Next Generation Network bring students and young leaders from around di world together. Dem all dey committed to advancing di growing field of Planetary Health through community activities, educational events and research projects.

Dis open-access network include Planetary Health Campus Ambassadors (PHCAs), leaders and members of Planetary Health student clubs, former and current Travel Scholars to Planetary Health Annual Meetings, plus any young person wey want join di Planetary Health community.

Di Planetary Health Alliance staff together with Impact Fellows dey support these activities by providing introductory resources, workshop materials, mentorship opportunities and platforms wey help members connect with each other.

===Campus Ambassador program===

Di Planetary Health Campus Ambassador Program officially recognize young leaders wey dey promote Planetary Health for universities and other academic institutions around di world.

During di program, ambassadors expand dia Planetary Health network and develop leadership plus organizational skills through support from dia cohort, staff members, fellows and alliance members.

Ambassadors dey encouraged to lead activities for dia campuses and beyond, educate dia communities, and help different academic disciplines and initiatives work together on issues related to human health and environmental change.

Dem also become part of di wider Next Generation Network, wey include people from different academic backgrounds, cultures, career stages and interests. Besides dat, dem get opportunities to take leadership roles in other Planetary Health initiatives like di Planetary Health Annual Meeting, Regional Hubs, Clinicians for Planetary Health and different education projects.

===Annual meeting===

Di Planetary Health Annual Meeting, wey di Planetary Health Alliance organize, be international conference series wey start for 2017. E serve as global platform for advancing di Planetary Health field.

Di first meeting happen for Harvard University. Since den, di meetings don grow into major international gatherings wey bring together scientists, policymakers, healthcare professionals, educators, students and community leaders from more than 130 countries.

Di meetings dey rotate among different countries around di world. Previous hosts include United States (Harvard University 2017 and 2022; Stanford University 2019), Scotland (University of Edinburgh 2018), Brazil (University of São Paulo 2021, virtual), and Malaysia (Sunway University 2024). Dis approach show di alliance's commitment to geographical and cultural diversity as dem tackle planetary health challenges. Another meeting dey planned for October 2025 for Netherlands (Erasmus University).

Every annual meeting dey focus on important Planetary Health topics like climate change, biodiversity loss, food systems transformation, health equity and education.

Each meeting don produce important outcomes wey shape di Planetary Health field—from establishing foundational frameworks during di early meetings to di São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health (2021) and di Kuala Lumpur Call to Action (2024), together with di launch of di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan.

Through plenary sessions, research presentations, workshops and community engagement activities, these meetings don play major role in building capacity, strengthening collaboration and promoting practical solutions to planetary health challenges.</text>
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{{Short description|Health of civilization and natural systems}}
{{Tone|date=December 2025}}

'''Planetary Health''' na di way human health an environment health dey depend on each oda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mago |first1=Arpit |last2=Dhali |first2=Arkadeep |last3=Kumar |first3=Harendra |last4=Maity |first4=Rick |last5=Kumar |first5=Bharat |date=2024 |title=Planetary health and its relevance in the modern era: A topical review |journal=SAGE Open Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |article-number=20503121241254231 |doi=10.1177/20503121241254231 |issn=2050-3121 |pmc=11107315 |pmid=38774741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebi research field wey bring plenty different subjects together plus worldwide movement wey dey study how changes for environment dey affect human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Jo |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Colthart |first3=Gavin |last4=Dem |first4=Francesca |last5=Fairhead |first5=James |last6=Head |first6=Michael G. |last7=Inacio |first7=Joao |last8=Jimbudo |first8=Mavis |last9=Laman |first9=Moses |last10=Novotny |first10=Vojtech |last11=Peck |first11=Mika |last12=Philip |first12=Jonah |last13=Pomat |first13=William |last14=Sui |first14=Shen |last15=West-Oram |first15=Peter |date=2020-11-01 |title=Rationale, experience and ethical considerations underpinning integrated actions to further global goals for health and land biodiversity in Papua New Guinea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1653–1664 |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1653M |issn=1862-4057|hdl=10072/413428 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Planetary health mean &quot;di health of human civilization plus di condition of di natural systems wey human beings dey depend on.&quot; For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health introduce dis concept,&lt;ref name=Lancet2015&gt;{{cite journal |title=Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health |journal=The Lancet |date=2015-11-14 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 |volume=386 |pages=1973–2028  | last1 = Whitmee | first1 = Sarah|issue=10007 |pmid=26188744 |s2cid=21925353 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1973W }}&lt;/ref&gt; an dem still dey develop am into new health science wey now get more than 25 different areas of expertise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel |title=Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves |last2=Frumkin |first2=Howard |date=2020 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-966-1 |location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background and milestones==

Plenty ideas an concepts come before di Planetary Health concept. According to Susan Prescott, di term &quot;planetary health&quot; come out from di environmental an holistic health movements wey happen for di 1970s an 1980s. For 1980, Friends of the Earth expand di World Health Organization definition of health by saying, &quot;health na state of complete physical, mental, social an ecological well-being, no be only absence of disease. Personal health include planetary health too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=Susan L. |last2=Logan |first2=Alan C. |date=March 2019 |title=Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550830718301824 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2018.09.002 |pmid=30316687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

James Lovelock create di term '''&quot;Planetary Medicine&quot;''' for 1986.&lt;ref&gt;Lovelock, J. E. (1986). Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67(4), 392-397.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1993, Norwegian doctor Per Fugelli write say:

&quot;The patient Earth dey sick. Global environmental problems fit cause serious effects for human health. E don reach time make doctors check di whole world, diagnose am, an recommend treatment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;lancet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Casassus |first=Barbara |date=November 2017 |title=Per Fugelli |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361732737X |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=390 |issue=10107 |pages=2032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32737-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For di 1990s, dem develop model curriculum wey dem call Terra Medicine (Planetary Medicine) for Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt as part of di Altmühltal Agenda 21 project.&lt;ref&gt;Stappen, R.: Terramedizin und Master for Sustainable Development – Zwei Konzepte für innovative. Modellstudiengänge. In: Stadt-Umland-Perspektiven – Zukunftsfähige Regionen in Europa. 2000, ISBN 3-00-007218-7, S. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2000, James Lovelock publish im book ''Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=James E. |title=Gaia, the practical science of planetary medicine |last2=Lovelock |first2=James E. |date=1991 |publisher=Gaia Books |isbn=978-1-85675-040-0 |edition=1. publ |series=Gaia Original |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Milestones===

For March 2014, one issue of di medical journal ''The Lancet'' call for new planetary health movement wey go change di public health field. Before dis, public health mostly focus on human population health without paying enough attention to di natural ecosystems wey surround people.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=From public to planetary health: a manifesto |journal=The Lancet |date=2014-03-06 |last1=Horton |first1=Richard |last2=Beaglehole |first2=Robert |last3=Bonita |first3=Ruth |last4=Raeburn |first4=John |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |volume=383 |issue=9920 |page=847 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60409-8/fulltext |access-date=2016-10-05 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60409-8|pmid=24607088 |bibcode=2014Lanc..383..847H |s2cid=29341866 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di proposal also recognize new threats wey dey affect both natural systems an human-made systems wey support human life.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;/&gt;

For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation an ''The Lancet'' launch di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance start for '''December 2015''' by Harvard University together with di Wildlife Conservation Society plus oda partner organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://planetaryhealthalliance.org/|title=Planetary Health Alliance|website=planetaryhealthalliance.org|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/planetary-health-alliance-launched-to-address-public-health-threats/|title=Harvard University, Wildlife Conservation Society launch new 'Planetary Health Alliance' with support from The Rockefeller Foundation|date=2015-12-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rockefeller Foundation Economic Council on Planetary Health for Oxford Martin School start work on 1 June 2017 to help define dis new field of planetary health. Di open-access journal ''Lancet Planetary Health'' publish ein first issue for April 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Lancet Planetary Health {{!}} All Journal Issues {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230424044618/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health na action call wey different stakeholders create together during di 2021 Planetary Health Annual Meeting for São Paulo, Brazil. Di declaration dey encourage governments, private sector organizations, civil society, an ordinary people make dem commit to di Great Transition so dem go protect healthy an fair future for humanity plus safeguard all life for Earth.

For 2022, as dem celebrate 50 years since di first UN environmental conference, &quot;United Nations Conference on the Human Environment&quot; wey happen for Stockholm for 1972, di United Nations publish di report ''UN Conference Stockholm+50: A Healthy Planet for the Prosperity of All – Our Responsibility, Our Opportunity''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K22/117/97/PDF/K2211797.pdf?OpenElement Report UN-Conference Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity][[United Nations]]'&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2023, di Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publish di '''Academic Health Institutions' Declaration on Planetary Health'''. Di declaration call on all academic health institutions around di world make dem take immediate action to reduce di harmful effects of dia activities on di planet's natural systems an introduce adaptive plus regenerative measures, including advocacy. More than 40 academic health institutions sign di declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration on Planetary Health |url=https://www.afmc.ca/initiatives/planetaryhealthdeclaration/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=AFMC |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include medical schools, faculties of medicine, schools of nursing, schools of public health, plus oda health-related institutions from countries like Canada, India, Finland, Dominican Republic, South Africa, Germany, Portugal, Indonesia, an plenty more.

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences publish one detailed report for June 2023 about di current state of planetary health research an di future research agenda. Di report no be only useful for Netherlands but e get international importance too ([https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]).

For April 2024, more than 100 members from worldwide Planetary Health community create di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan. Dis roadmap build on di principles an action call from di 2021 São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health. Di roadmap cover important areas like governance, education, business an communication, giving strategic direction to strengthen dis growing movement an protect di health an well-being of all life for Earth. [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/roadmap The roadmap]
==Research paradigms and agenda==

Based on the definition of health—&quot;a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419175759/http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |title=Constitution of WHO: principles |access-date=2016-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;—plus the principles wey dey inside the preamble of the World Health Organization constitution, the ''Lancet'' Commission report explain say planetary health mean &quot;the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing, and equity worldwide through wise attention to the human systems—political, economic, and social—weh dey shape humanity future, plus the Earth's natural systems wey set the safe environmental limits inside which humanity fit survive and prosper.&quot;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The report also set the main principles wey dey guide the planetary health idea. One important principle be say human health depend on &quot;healthy natural systems plus proper care and management of those natural systems.&quot; Human activities like energy production and food production don cause major changes to the Earth's systems. Because of this, scientists now dey call this present period the Anthropocene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The Planetary Health Education Framework, wey the Planetary Health Alliance develop for '''2021''', dey help guide the education of global citizens, health practitioners, and professionals wey get the knowledge and willingness to solve complex planetary health challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |date=2021 |editor-last=Faerron Guzman |editor-first=Carlos A. |editor2-last=Potter |editor2-first=Teddie |title=Planetary Health Education Framework |url=https://planetaryhealthalliance.org/resources/education-framework/ |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en-US |doi=10.5822/phef2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The framework also want inspire everybody around the world make dem create, restore, protect and conserve healthy ecosystems so human civilization go continue to flourish. According to the framework, '''five foundational domains''' form the core of Planetary Health knowledge, values and practice:

# Connection with nature.
# The Anthropocene and health.
# Equity and social justice.
# Movement building and systems change.
# Systems thinking and complexity.

One group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre propose the concept of nine planetary boundaries. These boundaries show the environmental limits inside which humanity fit continue develop and live well for many generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A safe operating space for humanity |journal=Nature |date=2009-09-04 |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/461472a |pmid=19779433 |pages=472–475 | last1 = Rockström | first1 = Johan|bibcode=2009Natur.461..472R |s2cid=205049746 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to one 2024 update, humanity don already cross six of the planetary boundaries: climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, land-system change, freshwater use, and novel entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |journal=Science |date=2015-02-13 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |pmid=25592418 |volume=347 |issue=6223 |article-number=1259855 | last1 = Steffen | first1 = W.|hdl=1885/13126 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The seventh boundary, ocean acidification, too dey move close to its limit.

The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report conclude say urgent and transformational actions dey necessary to protect both present and future generations. One important area wey need immediate attention be the way human knowledge dey organized and governed. According to the report, the current system no fit properly address the threats wey dey face planetary health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

The report make several broad recommendations. One recommendation be to improve governance so social, economic and environmental policies fit work together better. The report also recommend the creation, sharing and application of interdisciplinary knowledge. The authors further call for new ways of defining prosperity, making quality of life and better health for everybody the main priority while still respecting the integrity of natural systems.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
===International research agenda for planetary health===

For June 2023, di Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences present dia planetary health report,&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt; ''Planetary Health, An emerging field to be developed'', after dem spend two years consulting experts and different stakeholders. Di report identify plenty knowledge gaps for di planetary health field. After dem review existing research plus consult experts, dem produce one long list of more than 100 specific knowledge gaps.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW:[https://storage.knaw.nl/2023-05/Longlist-of-knowledge-gaps-in-Planetary-Health.pdf Longlist ofknowledge gaps in Planetary Health]&lt;/ref&gt;

According to di report, people still no fully understand how global environmental change dey affect human health. Plenty pathways still no clear, scientists never know well how effective mitigation and adaptation measures be, and e still dey difficult to know how governments and societies fit quickly change policy and human behaviour. Di Academy conclude say filling all these knowledge gaps go need strong international collaboration plus more investment into research funding. Dem also announce say dem go work together with international partners and umbrella academies like EASAC, FEAM and ALLEA to move dis research agenda forward.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], p. 70 Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2025, di United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report ''GEO-7'' report say investing in planetary health fit bring trillions of dollars extra to global GDP, prevent millions of deaths, and reduce poverty plus hunger worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49014 |title=Global Environment Outlook 7: A future we choose – Why investing in Earth now can lead to a trillion-dollar benefit for all |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-807-4246-6 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-09 |title=UN Report: Investing in planetary health would deliver higher GDP, fewer deaths, less poverty |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-report-investing-planetary-health-would-deliver-higher-gdp-fewer |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nutrition and healthy diets be very important part of planetary health. Food we dey chop, agriculture and technology all need to improve so dem fit support world population wey fit pass 9 billion people while reducing environmental harm through food waste and carbon-intensive diets. One major focus of planetary health research be to find sustainable nutrition solutions wey go benefit both human beings and di environment, plus produce scientific evidence and political support to make these solutions happen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Demaio|first1=Alessandro R|last2=Rockström|first2=Johan|title=Human and planetary health: towards a common language|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=10007|pages=e36–e37|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61044-3|pmid=26188745|year=2015|s2cid=40022076|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2019, one international commission develop di planetary health diet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2019-01-16|title=New plant-focused diet would 'transform' planet's future, say scientists|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/16/new-plant-focused-diet-would-transform-planets-future-say-scientists|access-date=2020-12-12|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Planetary health dey try find more solutions to global human and environmental sustainability through collaboration and research across different sectors like economy, energy, agriculture, water and health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Biodiversity loss, pollution, climate change and fuel consumption all be major problems wey dey threaten both human health and di environment, so dem be key areas of planetary health research. Some researchers believe say humanity's destruction of biodiversity plus invasion into wild ecosystems dey create better conditions for diseases like malaria&lt;ref&gt;Chaves, L.S.M., Fry, J., Malik, A. et al. Global consumption and international trade in deforestation-associated commodities could influence malaria risk. Nat Commun 11, 1258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14954-1&lt;/ref&gt; and new diseases like COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Vidal|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/18/tip-of-the-iceberg-is-our-destruction-of-nature-responsible-for-covid-19-aoe|title='Tip of the iceberg': is our destruction of nature responsible for Covid-19?|date=2020-03-18|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Robbins|first=Jim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/sunday-review/the-ecology-of-disease.html|title=The Ecology of Disease|date=2012-07-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some researchers too suggest say planetary health should include di effects of digital technology on human and environmental health. Dis one include di impact of generative AI on climate, biodiversity and pollution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lupton |first=Deborah |date=2025-09-03 |title=Towards a digital planetary health perspective: generative AI and the digital determinants of health |journal=Health Promotion International |language=en |volume=40 |issue=5 |article-number=daaf153 |doi=10.1093/heapro/daaf153 |issn=0957-4824 |pmc=12464675 |pmid=41001915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Planetary Health Alliance==

Di Planetary Health Alliance (PHA) na informal global network wey bring together more than 580 universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government institutions, and research institutes. Di alliance too get more than 24,000 people wey subscribe to dia newsletter.

Several PHA Regional Hubs dey operate as local communities wey bring PHA members together based on dia geographical locations. Dem dey work together to advance planetary health research, education, policy development, and public outreach wey fit dia local context.&lt;ref&gt;Planetary Health Alliance:[https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/pha-regional-hubs Hubs Terms of Reference]. October 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

Di mission of di alliance be &quot;to promote, mobilize, and lead an inclusive, transdisciplinary field of Planetary Health and its diverse science, stories, solutions, and communities to achieve a comprehensive shift in how human beings interact with each other and Nature, in order to secure a livable future for humanity and the rest of life on Earth.&quot;

Since November 2023, di PHA Secretariat dey based for Johns Hopkins University alongside di [https://planetaryhealth.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins Institute for Planetary Health].

===Regional Hubs===

Eight Planetary Health Regional Hubs don already establish. Dem dey serve as local communities wey gather PHA members inside different geographical regions to work together on planetary health research, education, policy and outreach wey match local needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Planetary health |date=2024-11-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_health#cite_note-26 |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although more hubs still dey under development, di eight established Planetary Health Regional Hubs be:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHA Regional Hubs |url=https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/pha-regional-hubs |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Caribbean
* East Africa
* Europe
* Japan
* Latin America
* Oceania
* South &amp; Southeast Asia
* West Africa

For 2022, di first Planetary Health Europe Regional Hub meeting happen for Amsterdam, where 72 institutions participate.&lt;ref&gt;[https://eeac.eu/2022/09/27/planetary-health-european-hub-convening-amsterdam-26-27-september-2022/ The Planetary Health European Hub convening]. 26–27 September 2022&lt;/ref&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance, European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils Network (EEAC Network), plus Natura Artis Magistra (ARTIS) organize di meeting together. Di PHA Europe Secretariat dey located for Netherlands and Maastricht University together with University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht) jointly coordinate am.

===Next Generation Network===

Di Planetary Health Next Generation Network bring students and young leaders from around di world together. Dem all dey committed to advancing di growing field of Planetary Health through community activities, educational events and research projects.

Dis open-access network include Planetary Health Campus Ambassadors (PHCAs), leaders and members of Planetary Health student clubs, former and current Travel Scholars to Planetary Health Annual Meetings, plus any young person wey want join di Planetary Health community.

Di Planetary Health Alliance staff together with Impact Fellows dey support these activities by providing introductory resources, workshop materials, mentorship opportunities and platforms wey help members connect with each other.

===Campus Ambassador program===

Di Planetary Health Campus Ambassador Program officially recognize young leaders wey dey promote Planetary Health for universities and other academic institutions around di world.

During di program, ambassadors expand dia Planetary Health network and develop leadership plus organizational skills through support from dia cohort, staff members, fellows and alliance members.

Ambassadors dey encouraged to lead activities for dia campuses and beyond, educate dia communities, and help different academic disciplines and initiatives work together on issues related to human health and environmental change.

Dem also become part of di wider Next Generation Network, wey include people from different academic backgrounds, cultures, career stages and interests. Besides dat, dem get opportunities to take leadership roles in other Planetary Health initiatives like di Planetary Health Annual Meeting, Regional Hubs, Clinicians for Planetary Health and different education projects.

===Annual meeting===

Di Planetary Health Annual Meeting, wey di Planetary Health Alliance organize, be international conference series wey start for 2017. E serve as global platform for advancing di Planetary Health field.

Di first meeting happen for Harvard University. Since den, di meetings don grow into major international gatherings wey bring together scientists, policymakers, healthcare professionals, educators, students and community leaders from more than 130 countries.

Di meetings dey rotate among different countries around di world. Previous hosts include United States (Harvard University 2017 and 2022; Stanford University 2019), Scotland (University of Edinburgh 2018), Brazil (University of São Paulo 2021, virtual), and Malaysia (Sunway University 2024). Dis approach show di alliance's commitment to geographical and cultural diversity as dem tackle planetary health challenges. Another meeting dey planned for October 2025 for Netherlands (Erasmus University).

Every annual meeting dey focus on important Planetary Health topics like climate change, biodiversity loss, food systems transformation, health equity and education.

Each meeting don produce important outcomes wey shape di Planetary Health field—from establishing foundational frameworks during di early meetings to di São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health (2021) and di Kuala Lumpur Call to Action (2024), together with di launch of di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan.

Through plenary sessions, research presentations, workshops and community engagement activities, these meetings don play major role in building capacity, strengthening collaboration and promoting practical solutions to planetary health challenges.
==Comparison with other fields==

Planetary health get close relationship with plenty other fields and ways of thinking, including public health, environmental health, ecohealth, One Health, conservation medicine and international health. E too dey draw inspiration from both traditional and modern Indigenous knowledge systems from different parts of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Although different people dey define global health in different ways,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Koplan|first1=Jeffrey P|last2=Bond|first2=T Christopher|last3=Merson|first3=Michael H|last4=Reddy|first4=K Srinath| last5=Rodriguez|first5=Mario Henry|last6=Sewankambo|first6=Nelson K|last7=Wasserheit|first7=Judith N|title=Towards a common definition of global health|journal=The Lancet| volume=373| issue=9679| pages=1993–1995| doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60332-9|pmid=19493564| year=2009|pmc=9905260 |bibcode=2009Lanc..373.1993K |citeseerx=10.1.1.610.7968|s2cid=6919716}}&lt;/ref&gt; people generally see am as the health of populations for the global level. E focus on health problems and risks wey dey cross national borders, and e improve on the older idea of international health by putting more attention on achieving health equity for everybody.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Theodore M. |last2=Cueto| first2=Marcos| last3=Fee|first3=Elizabeth|date=2006-01-01|title=The World Health Organization and the Transition From &quot;International&quot; to &quot;Global&quot; Public Health|journal=American Journal of Public Health| volume=96| issue=1| pages=62–72|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831|pmid=16322464 |issn=0090-0036|pmc=1470434}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some researchers believe say the idea of planetary health make the meaning of health too broad by trying to include almost everything under health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13578 | doi=10.1111/1467-9566.13578 | title=Health beyond medicine. A planetary theory extension | date=2023 | last1=Roth | first1=Steffen | last2=Valentinov | first2=Vladislav | journal=Sociology of Health &amp; Illness | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=331–345 | pmid=36349423 | url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one special issue of ''The Economist'' wey come out for 2014, Richard Horton, Editor-in-Chief of ''The Lancet'', write say global health no dey enough again to solve many of the challenges wey societies dey face because the field still too narrow. According to am, &quot;Global health no fully consider the natural foundation wey human beings dey live on—the planet itself. E too no take into account the strength and weakness of human civilizations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 June 2014 |title=Planetary Health - Economist Intelligence Unit |url=https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150625163005/Planetary-Health-Special-Report_06.25.14.pdf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903123031/https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150625163005/Planetary-Health-Special-Report_06.25.14.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2019 |newspaper=The Economist |page=28 |access-date=2016-10-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2015, Judith Rodin, wey be president of the Rockefeller Foundation, declare planetary health as one new discipline under global health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rodin|first=Judith|title=Planetary Health: A New Discipline in Global Health|work=The Rockefeller Foundation |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/planetary-health-a-new-discipline-in-global-health/|access-date=2016-10-06 |date=2015-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2024, the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) introduce one set of learning objectives for planetary health. Dem explain say future global health professionals need knowledge of planetary health science, interventions and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=CUGH |date=2024-09-05 |title=Planetary Health Learning Objectives (September 2024 Issue) |url=https://www.cugh.org/blog/planetary-health-learning-objectives-september-2024-issue/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Consortium of Universities for Global Health |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; CUGH also include planetary health for the updated edition of dia [https://www.cugh.org/online-tools/competencies-toolkit/ Global Health Competencies Toolkit].

For 2023, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics update the definition of environmental engineering by stating say environmental engineers use engineering disciplines to develop solutions to planetary health problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Oerther|first1=Daniel B. |last2=Oerther| first2=Sarah| last3=Peters|first3=Catherine A.| date=2024-01-18|title=Environmental Engineers Solve Problems of Planetary Health| journal=Environmental Engineering Science| volume=41| issue=1| pages=3–6|doi=10.1089/ees.2023.0301 |bibcode=2024EEngS..41....3O }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2026, Daniel Oerther propose say the engineering profession should change its paramountcy clause to: &quot;hold paramount the health, safety, and welfare of the public and the planet,&quot; to recognize say all forms of life dey interconnected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Oerther|first1=Daniel B. |date=2026-01-01|title=Hold Paramount the Health, Safety, and Welfare of the Public and the Planet| journal=Journal of Environmental Engineering| volume=152| issue=2|article-number=01825002 |doi=10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-8532}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==

* Planetary diet
* Planetary integrity
* Planetary management
* Gaia hypothesis

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/ Planetary Health Alliance]
* [https://www.planetaryhealth.eu/ Planetary Health Alliance - European Hub]
* [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/issue/current The Lancet Planetary Health]
* Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (KNAW) (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]

==Further reading==

* Whitmee, S., Haines, A, &amp; Beyrer, C, et al. 2015. ''Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health.'' 386:10007, p1973-2028. The Lancet Commissions. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1
* Myers, S. and Frumkin, H., 2020. ''Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves.'' Island Press.
* Haines, A. and Frumkin, H., 2021. ''Planetary health: Safeguarding human health and the environment in the Anthropocene.'' Cambridge University Press.
* Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]
* Martens, P. (2023). [https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/136713009/Inaugural%20Speech%20Pim%20Martens.pdf Planetary Health: The Recipe for a Sustainable Future]. Maastricht University.
* Coghlan et al.: [https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1186/s42522-021-00053-8 A bolder One Health: expanding the moral circle to optimize health for all] ''One Health Outlook'', 2021.
* Richard Horton [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32843-X/fulltext?elsca1=etoc Offline: Planetary health's next frontier—biodiversity] ''The Lancet'', Volume 390, No. 10108, p2132, 11 November 2017.

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'''Methoxyflurane''', dem sell under de brand name '''Penthrox''' (de &quot;green whistle&quot;) among odas, be an inhaled medication dem primarily use to reduce pain following an injury.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref name=Jep2018&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jephcott C, Grummet J, Nguyen N, Spruyt O | title = A review of the safety and efficacy of inhaled methoxyflurane as an analgesic for outpatient procedures | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1040–1048 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29661381 | doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.011 | doi-access = free  }}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fi be used to reduce pain associated plus minor medical procedures.&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt; Onset of pain relief be rapid den a standard dose typically dey last for up to 30 minutes.&lt;ref name=NPS2010&gt;{{cite web|author=National Prescribing Service|title=Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) for analgesia (doctor's bag listing)|work=NPS RADAR|publisher=National Prescribing Service, [[Department of Health and Ageing]]|location=Canberra, Australia|year=2010|url=http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/methoxyflurane|access-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727181737/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/methoxyflurane|archive-date=27 July 2011|author-link=National Prescribing Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Use only be recommended plus direct medical supervision.&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=X|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

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'''Methoxyflurane''', dem sell under de brand name '''Penthrox''' (de &quot;green whistle&quot;) among odas, be an inhaled medication dem primarily use to reduce pain following an injury.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref name=Jep2018&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jephcott C, Grummet J, Nguyen N, Spruyt O | title = A review of the safety and efficacy of inhaled methoxyflurane as an analgesic for outpatient procedures | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1040–1048 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29661381 | doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.011 | doi-access = free  }}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fi be used to reduce pain associated plus minor medical procedures.&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt; Onset of pain relief be rapid den a standard dose typically dey last for up to 30 minutes.&lt;ref name=NPS2010&gt;{{cite web|author=National Prescribing Service|title=Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) for analgesia (doctor's bag listing)|work=NPS RADAR|publisher=National Prescribing Service, [[Department of Health and Ageing]]|location=Canberra, Australia|year=2010|url=http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/methoxyflurane|access-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727181737/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/methoxyflurane|archive-date=27 July 2011|author-link=National Prescribing Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Use only be recommended plus direct medical supervision.&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=X|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include anxiety, headache, sleepiness, cough, den nausea.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt; Serious side effects fi include kidney problems, liver problems, low blood pressure, den severe anaesthetic reactions such as malignant hyperthermia.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt; E fi be used during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]], however der fi be additional harmful side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Methoxyflurane |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/anaesthetics/general-anaesthetics/inhaled-anaesthetics/methoxyflurane|access-date=31 July 2025 |website=[[Australian Medicines Handbook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Penthrox Inhalation (methoxyflurane) |url=https://app.emimselite.com/medicineview?id=19c1717d-c14c-474d-8e7b-a53300fd8dee&amp;type=abbpi |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=[[Monthly Index of Medical Specialities|MIMS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be only recommended insyd those wey get a normal level of consciousness den stable blood pressure den heart rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS2010&quot; /&gt; E be classified as a volatile anaesthetic.&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt;

== References ==
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'''Methoxyflurane''', dem sell under de brand name '''Penthrox''' (de &quot;green whistle&quot;) among odas, be an inhaled medication dem primarily use to reduce pain following an injury.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref name=Jep2018&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jephcott C, Grummet J, Nguyen N, Spruyt O | title = A review of the safety and efficacy of inhaled methoxyflurane as an analgesic for outpatient procedures | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1040–1048 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29661381 | doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.011 | doi-access = free  }}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fi be used to reduce pain associated plus minor medical procedures.&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt; Onset of pain relief be rapid den a standard dose typically dey last for up to 30 minutes.&lt;ref name=NPS2010&gt;{{cite web|author=National Prescribing Service|title=Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) for analgesia (doctor's bag listing)|work=NPS RADAR|publisher=National Prescribing Service, [[Department of Health and Ageing]]|location=Canberra, Australia|year=2010|url=http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/methoxyflurane|access-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727181737/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/methoxyflurane|archive-date=27 July 2011|author-link=National Prescribing Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Use only be recommended plus direct medical supervision.&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=X|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include anxiety, headache, sleepiness, cough, den nausea.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt; Serious side effects fi include kidney problems, liver problems, low blood pressure, den severe anaesthetic reactions such as malignant hyperthermia.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt; E fi be used during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]], however der fi be additional harmful side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Methoxyflurane |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/anaesthetics/general-anaesthetics/inhaled-anaesthetics/methoxyflurane|access-date=31 July 2025 |website=[[Australian Medicines Handbook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Penthrox Inhalation (methoxyflurane) |url=https://app.emimselite.com/medicineview?id=19c1717d-c14c-474d-8e7b-a53300fd8dee&amp;type=abbpi |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=[[Monthly Index of Medical Specialities|MIMS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be only recommended insyd those wey get a normal level of consciousness den stable blood pressure den heart rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS2010&quot; /&gt; E be classified as a volatile anaesthetic.&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt;

Na dem first make am insyd 1948 by William T. Miller wey e cam into medical use insyd de 1960s.&lt;ref name=Hard2017&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Hardman JG, Hopkins PM, Struys MM |title=Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199642045 |page=553 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbQ1DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA533 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem use am as a general anesthetic from ein introduction insyd 1960 til de late 1970s.&lt;ref name=Maz2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazze RI | title = Methoxyflurane revisited: tale of an anesthetic from cradle to grave | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 105 | issue = 4 | pages = 843–846 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17006084 | doi = 10.1097/00000542-200610000-00031 | doi-access = free  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1999, de manufacturer discontinue methoxyflurane insyd de United States, den insyd 2005 de Food and Drug Administration withdraw am from de market, secof reports of nephrotoxicity den hepatotoxicity.&lt;ref name=Maz2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;m736&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Determination That Penthrane (Methoxyflurane) Inhalation Liquid, 99.9 Percent, Was Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness |website=Federal Register |date=2005-09-06 |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2005/09/06/05-17559/determination-that-penthrane-methoxyflurane-inhalation-liquid-999-percent-was-withdrawn-from-sale |access-date=2025-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of April 2025, e be used insyd New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, den de United Kingdom for acute pain.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NZ Medsafe Datasheet |url=https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/p/penthroxinh.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231035940/https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/p/penthroxinh.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Medsafe.govt.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Australian Government Therapeutic Goods Administration |title=Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods {{!}} Penthrox |url=https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/artg/311927 |access-date=April 19, 2025 |website=Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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'''Methoxyflurane''', dem sell under de brand name '''Penthrox''' (de &quot;green whistle&quot;) among odas, be an inhaled medication dem primarily use to reduce pain following an injury.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref name=Jep2018&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jephcott C, Grummet J, Nguyen N, Spruyt O | title = A review of the safety and efficacy of inhaled methoxyflurane as an analgesic for outpatient procedures | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1040–1048 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29661381 | doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.011 | doi-access = free  }}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fi be used to reduce pain associated plus minor medical procedures.&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt; Onset of pain relief be rapid den a standard dose typically dey last for up to 30 minutes.&lt;ref name=NPS2010&gt;{{cite web|author=National Prescribing Service|title=Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) for analgesia (doctor's bag listing)|work=NPS RADAR|publisher=National Prescribing Service, [[Department of Health and Ageing]]|location=Canberra, Australia|year=2010|url=http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/methoxyflurane|access-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727181737/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/methoxyflurane|archive-date=27 July 2011|author-link=National Prescribing Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Use only be recommended plus direct medical supervision.&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=9780857113382|pages=X|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include anxiety, headache, sleepiness, cough, den nausea.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt; Serious side effects fi include kidney problems, liver problems, low blood pressure, den severe anaesthetic reactions such as malignant hyperthermia.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt; E fi be used during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]], however der fi be additional harmful side effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Methoxyflurane |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/anaesthetics/general-anaesthetics/inhaled-anaesthetics/methoxyflurane|access-date=31 July 2025 |website=[[Australian Medicines Handbook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Penthrox Inhalation (methoxyflurane) |url=https://app.emimselite.com/medicineview?id=19c1717d-c14c-474d-8e7b-a53300fd8dee&amp;type=abbpi |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=[[Monthly Index of Medical Specialities|MIMS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be only recommended insyd those wey get a normal level of consciousness den stable blood pressure den heart rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPS2010&quot; /&gt; E be classified as a volatile anaesthetic.&lt;ref name=NPS2010/&gt;

Na dem first make am insyd 1948 by William T. Miller wey e cam into medical use insyd de 1960s.&lt;ref name=Hard2017&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Hardman JG, Hopkins PM, Struys MM |title=Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199642045 |page=553 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbQ1DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA533 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem use am as a general anesthetic from ein introduction insyd 1960 til de late 1970s.&lt;ref name=Maz2006&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazze RI | title = Methoxyflurane revisited: tale of an anesthetic from cradle to grave | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 105 | issue = 4 | pages = 843–846 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17006084 | doi = 10.1097/00000542-200610000-00031 | doi-access = free  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 1999, de manufacturer discontinue methoxyflurane insyd de United States, den insyd 2005 de Food and Drug Administration withdraw am from de market, secof reports of nephrotoxicity den hepatotoxicity.&lt;ref name=Maz2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;m736&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Determination That Penthrane (Methoxyflurane) Inhalation Liquid, 99.9 Percent, Was Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness |website=Federal Register |date=2005-09-06 |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2005/09/06/05-17559/determination-that-penthrane-methoxyflurane-inhalation-liquid-999-percent-was-withdrawn-from-sale |access-date=2025-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of April 2025, e be used insyd New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, den de United Kingdom for acute pain.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NZ Medsafe Datasheet |url=https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/p/penthroxinh.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231035940/https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/p/penthroxinh.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Medsafe.govt.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Australian Government Therapeutic Goods Administration |title=Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods {{!}} Penthrox |url=https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/artg/311927 |access-date=April 19, 2025 |website=Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0389.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Organofluorides]]
[[Category:Organochlorides]]
[[Category:Analgesics]]
[[Category:Ethers]]
[[Category:General anesthetics]]
[[Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]]
[[Category:Glycine receptor agonists]]
[[Category:NMDA receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Fluranes]]
[[Category:Australian inventions]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Environmental health</title>
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        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
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      <comment>I don start an article</comment>
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{{Short description|Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health}}
{{Distinguish|Ecological health|Ecosystem health|Environmental medicine}}
{{For|the academic journal |Environmental Health (journal)}}
{{Public health sidebar}}

[[File:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350px|Conceptual map wey dey show how nature, ecosystem services, environmental ethics, environmental justice, and public health connect together.]]

[[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective (26170609558).jpg|thumb|350px|Environmental health indicator (2016). E get three main categories: health impacts, air quality, and water plus sanitation. The health impacts category include the environmental risk exposure indicator.]]

'''Environmental health''' na branch of public health wey dey focus on all the things for the natural environment and built environment wey fit affect human health. The study dey help identify wetin be the requirements for healthy environment, so that people fit control the factors wey dey affect health in an effective way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dovjak |first1=Mateja |chapter=Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments |year=2019 |title=Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings |pages=43–82 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-19411-6 |s2cid=190160283 |last2=Kukec |first2=Andreja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main sub-disciplines for environmental health be environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental medicine, and occupational medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Timothy |date=2008-07-21 |title=The ecology of environmental health |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1177/117863020800200001 |issn=1178-6302 |pmc=3091335 |pmid=21572828|bibcode=2008EnvHI...200200K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitions ==
=== WHO definitions ===

World Health Organization (WHO) define environmental health for one document wey dem publish for 1989 as:

:'''Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is environmental health? |url=https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/overview/what-is-environmental-health/#:~:text=Environmental%20health%20refers%20to%20aspects,psychosocial%20factors%20in%20the%20environment |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=ehinz.ac.nz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem still describe am as the theory plus practice of assessing and controlling the factors for the environment wey fit affect people's health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=von Schirnding |first=Yasmin E.R. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585 |title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health |date=February 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966175-6 |editor-last=Detels |editor-first=Roger |edition=6 |pages=1523–1541 |chapter=11.5 Environmental health practice |doi=10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0240 |access-date=2024-08-12 |editor-last2=Gulliford |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Karim |editor-first3=Quarraisha Abdool |editor-last4=Tan |editor-first4=Chorh Chuan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585/chapter-abstract/306374236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2016}}, the WHO website about environmental health talk say:

:'''Environmental health dey cover all the physical, chemical, and biological factors outside a person, plus all the related factors wey fit affect human behaviour. E include the assessment and control of those environmental factors wey fit affect health. The main aim be to prevent diseases and create environments wey support good health. This definition no include behaviours wey no relate to the environment, behaviours wey relate to the social and cultural environment, or genetics.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ |access-date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Gerding |first2=Justin A. |last3=Landeen |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradley |first4=Eric |last5=Callahan |first5=Timothy |last6=Cushing |first6=Stephanie |last7=Hailu |first7=Fikru |last8=Hall |first8=Nancy |last9=Hatch |first9=Timothy |last10=Jurries |first10=Sherise |last11=Kalis |first11=Martin A. |last12=Kelly |first12=Kaitlyn R. |last13=Laco |first13=Joseph P. |last14=Lemin |first14=Niki |last15=McInnes |first15=Carol |year=2019 |title=Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=125001 |doi=10.1289/EHP5161 |issn=1552-9924 |pmc=6957286 |pmid=31799881 |last16=Olsen |first16=Greg |last17=Stratman |first17=Robert |last18=White |first18=Carolyn |last19=Wille |first19=Steven |last20=Sarisky |first20=John|bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l5001B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i386&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=MacArthur |first1=I. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=X. |year=1997 |title=Environmental health services in Europe. 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s |journal=WHO Regional Publications. European Series |volume=76 |pages=vii–xii, 1–177 |issn=0378-2255 |pmid=9557583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Environmental health still dey check how exposure to things like air pollution, contaminated water, and chemicals fit affect people's health as time dey go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-05-09 |title=Environmental Hazards and Risks |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/index.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Yellow Book |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Other considerations ===

People fit also see the term '''environmental medicine''' as one medical specialty, or as one branch under the broader field of environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=AAMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Brian S. |last2=Rischitelli |first2=Gary |last3=Hu |first3=Howard |date=September 2005 |title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=A574–A576 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1280414 |pmid=16140601}}&lt;/ref&gt; People never fully agree on the terminology, and for plenty European countries, dem dey use both terms to mean the same thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine |access-date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other terms wey people dey use for, or wey closely relate to, environmental health include '''environmental public health''' and '''health protection'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jennings |first=Bruce |chapter=Environmental and Occupational Public Health |year=2016 |title=Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe |volume=3 |pages=177–202 |editor-last2=H. Barrett |editor-first2=Drue |editor-last=W. Ortmann |editor-first=Leonard |editor-last3=Dawson |editor-first3=Angus |editor-last4=Saenz |editor-first4=Carla |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435781/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |series=Public Health Ethics Analysis |place=Cham (CH) |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_6 |isbn=978-3-319-23846-3 |pmid=28590693 |s2cid=168480156|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disciplines ==

Five main disciplines dey normally contribute to the field of environmental health, though some of dem dey overlap:

* '''Environmental epidemiology''' dey study the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, and others) and human health. Observational studies, wey simply observe exposures wey people don already experience, be very common for environmental epidemiology because e no dey ethical to deliberately expose human beings to agents wey people know or suspect say e fit cause disease. Even though researchers no fit use experimental study designs be one limitation, this discipline dey observe the effects directly on human health instead of estimating the effects from animal studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Epidemiology |first1=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/ |title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context |last2=Sciences |first2=National Research Council (US) Commission on Life |date=1997 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Environmental epidemiology na the study of how physical, biological, and chemical factors for the external environment dey affect human health. E still dey examine specific populations or communities wey different environmental conditions expose to understand the relationship between physical, biological, or chemical factors and human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology |title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 |date=1991-01-01 |isbn=978-0-309-04496-7 |doi=10.17226/1802 |pmid=25121252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Toxicology''' dey study how exposure to things for the environment fit lead to specific health problems, mostly by using animals so researchers fit understand the possible effects on human health. Toxicology get advantage because researchers fit carry out randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies with animal subjects. But plenty differences still dey between animal biology and human biology, so people need to take care when dem dey interpret results from animal studies for human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toxicology |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Exposure science''' dey study how human beings dey come into contact with environmental contaminants by identifying and measuring the level of exposure. Exposure science fit support environmental epidemiology by giving a clearer description of environmental exposures wey fit lead to a particular health outcome. E fit also identify common exposures wey toxicology studies fit investigate further, or support risk assessments to determine whether current exposure levels pass the recommended limits. One major advantage of exposure science be say e fit measure exposure to specific chemicals very accurately. However, e no provide direct information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exposure Science |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental engineering''' dey apply scientific and engineering principles to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental factors, protect the environment from the harmful effects of both natural and human activities, and improve the overall quality of the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental law''' include the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common laws, and customary laws wey address the effects of human activities on the natural environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – Folorunso and Co. |url=https://folorunsoandco.com/international-environmental-law-and-basic-principles-of-environmental-law/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science fit combine together to carry out '''risk assessment''' for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other risk factors, so researchers fit determine whether a particular exposure dey pose serious risk to human health (meaning the exposure fit likely cause pollution-related diseases). The results fit help develop and implement environmental health policies, for example, policies wey regulate chemical emissions or set standards for proper sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&amp;q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-56776-0 |edition=2 |location=San Francisco |pages=XXX-LIII |chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engineering and legal intervention strategies fit also work together to monitor and manage exposure risks, with the main aim of protecting human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=C |last2=Obasi |first2=IC |last3=Akinwande |first3=DV |last4=Ile |first4=C |title=The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. |journal=Heliyon |date=15 January 2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23604 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604 |doi-access=free |pmid=38173504 |pmc=10761781 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023604B }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health}}
{{Distinguish|Ecological health|Ecosystem health|Environmental medicine}}
{{For|the academic journal |Environmental Health (journal)}}
{{Public health sidebar}}

[[File:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350px|Conceptual map wey dey show how nature, ecosystem services, environmental ethics, environmental justice, and public health connect together.]]

[[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective (26170609558).jpg|thumb|350px|Environmental health indicator (2016). E get three main categories: health impacts, air quality, and water plus sanitation. The health impacts category include the environmental risk exposure indicator.]]

'''Environmental health''' na branch of public health wey dey focus on all the things for the natural environment and built environment wey fit affect human health. The study dey help identify wetin be the requirements for healthy environment, so that people fit control the factors wey dey affect health in an effective way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dovjak |first1=Mateja |chapter=Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments |year=2019 |title=Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings |pages=43–82 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-19411-6 |s2cid=190160283 |last2=Kukec |first2=Andreja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main sub-disciplines for environmental health be environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental medicine, and occupational medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Timothy |date=2008-07-21 |title=The ecology of environmental health |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1177/117863020800200001 |issn=1178-6302 |pmc=3091335 |pmid=21572828|bibcode=2008EnvHI...200200K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitions ==
=== WHO definitions ===

World Health Organization (WHO) define environmental health for one document wey dem publish for 1989 as:

:'''Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is environmental health? |url=https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/overview/what-is-environmental-health/#:~:text=Environmental%20health%20refers%20to%20aspects,psychosocial%20factors%20in%20the%20environment |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=ehinz.ac.nz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem still describe am as the theory plus practice of assessing and controlling the factors for the environment wey fit affect people's health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=von Schirnding |first=Yasmin E.R. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585 |title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health |date=February 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966175-6 |editor-last=Detels |editor-first=Roger |edition=6 |pages=1523–1541 |chapter=11.5 Environmental health practice |doi=10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0240 |access-date=2024-08-12 |editor-last2=Gulliford |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Karim |editor-first3=Quarraisha Abdool |editor-last4=Tan |editor-first4=Chorh Chuan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585/chapter-abstract/306374236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2016}}, the WHO website about environmental health talk say:

:'''Environmental health dey cover all the physical, chemical, and biological factors outside a person, plus all the related factors wey fit affect human behaviour. E include the assessment and control of those environmental factors wey fit affect health. The main aim be to prevent diseases and create environments wey support good health. This definition no include behaviours wey no relate to the environment, behaviours wey relate to the social and cultural environment, or genetics.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ |access-date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Gerding |first2=Justin A. |last3=Landeen |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradley |first4=Eric |last5=Callahan |first5=Timothy |last6=Cushing |first6=Stephanie |last7=Hailu |first7=Fikru |last8=Hall |first8=Nancy |last9=Hatch |first9=Timothy |last10=Jurries |first10=Sherise |last11=Kalis |first11=Martin A. |last12=Kelly |first12=Kaitlyn R. |last13=Laco |first13=Joseph P. |last14=Lemin |first14=Niki |last15=McInnes |first15=Carol |year=2019 |title=Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=125001 |doi=10.1289/EHP5161 |issn=1552-9924 |pmc=6957286 |pmid=31799881 |last16=Olsen |first16=Greg |last17=Stratman |first17=Robert |last18=White |first18=Carolyn |last19=Wille |first19=Steven |last20=Sarisky |first20=John|bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l5001B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i386&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=MacArthur |first1=I. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=X. |year=1997 |title=Environmental health services in Europe. 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s |journal=WHO Regional Publications. European Series |volume=76 |pages=vii–xii, 1–177 |issn=0378-2255 |pmid=9557583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Environmental health still dey check how exposure to things like air pollution, contaminated water, and chemicals fit affect people's health as time dey go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-05-09 |title=Environmental Hazards and Risks |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/index.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Yellow Book |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Other considerations ===

People fit also see the term '''environmental medicine''' as one medical specialty, or as one branch under the broader field of environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=AAMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Brian S. |last2=Rischitelli |first2=Gary |last3=Hu |first3=Howard |date=September 2005 |title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=A574–A576 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1280414 |pmid=16140601}}&lt;/ref&gt; People never fully agree on the terminology, and for plenty European countries, dem dey use both terms to mean the same thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine |access-date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other terms wey people dey use for, or wey closely relate to, environmental health include '''environmental public health''' and '''health protection'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jennings |first=Bruce |chapter=Environmental and Occupational Public Health |year=2016 |title=Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe |volume=3 |pages=177–202 |editor-last2=H. Barrett |editor-first2=Drue |editor-last=W. Ortmann |editor-first=Leonard |editor-last3=Dawson |editor-first3=Angus |editor-last4=Saenz |editor-first4=Carla |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435781/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |series=Public Health Ethics Analysis |place=Cham (CH) |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_6 |isbn=978-3-319-23846-3 |pmid=28590693 |s2cid=168480156|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disciplines ==

Five main disciplines dey normally contribute to the field of environmental health, though some of dem dey overlap:

* '''Environmental epidemiology''' dey study the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, and others) and human health. Observational studies, wey simply observe exposures wey people don already experience, be very common for environmental epidemiology because e no dey ethical to deliberately expose human beings to agents wey people know or suspect say e fit cause disease. Even though researchers no fit use experimental study designs be one limitation, this discipline dey observe the effects directly on human health instead of estimating the effects from animal studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Epidemiology |first1=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/ |title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context |last2=Sciences |first2=National Research Council (US) Commission on Life |date=1997 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Environmental epidemiology na the study of how physical, biological, and chemical factors for the external environment dey affect human health. E still dey examine specific populations or communities wey different environmental conditions expose to understand the relationship between physical, biological, or chemical factors and human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology |title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 |date=1991-01-01 |isbn=978-0-309-04496-7 |doi=10.17226/1802 |pmid=25121252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Toxicology''' dey study how exposure to things for the environment fit lead to specific health problems, mostly by using animals so researchers fit understand the possible effects on human health. Toxicology get advantage because researchers fit carry out randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies with animal subjects. But plenty differences still dey between animal biology and human biology, so people need to take care when dem dey interpret results from animal studies for human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toxicology |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Exposure science''' dey study how human beings dey come into contact with environmental contaminants by identifying and measuring the level of exposure. Exposure science fit support environmental epidemiology by giving a clearer description of environmental exposures wey fit lead to a particular health outcome. E fit also identify common exposures wey toxicology studies fit investigate further, or support risk assessments to determine whether current exposure levels pass the recommended limits. One major advantage of exposure science be say e fit measure exposure to specific chemicals very accurately. However, e no provide direct information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exposure Science |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental engineering''' dey apply scientific and engineering principles to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental factors, protect the environment from the harmful effects of both natural and human activities, and improve the overall quality of the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental law''' include the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common laws, and customary laws wey address the effects of human activities on the natural environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – Folorunso and Co. |url=https://folorunsoandco.com/international-environmental-law-and-basic-principles-of-environmental-law/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science fit combine together to carry out '''risk assessment''' for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other risk factors, so researchers fit determine whether a particular exposure dey pose serious risk to human health (meaning the exposure fit likely cause pollution-related diseases). The results fit help develop and implement environmental health policies, for example, policies wey regulate chemical emissions or set standards for proper sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&amp;q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-56776-0 |edition=2 |location=San Francisco |pages=XXX-LIII |chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engineering and legal intervention strategies fit also work together to monitor and manage exposure risks, with the main aim of protecting human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=C |last2=Obasi |first2=IC |last3=Akinwande |first3=DV |last4=Ile |first4=C |title=The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. |journal=Heliyon |date=15 January 2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23604 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604 |doi-access=free |pmid=38173504 |pmc=10761781 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023604B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Pediatric environmental health ===

'''Children's environmental health''' na academic discipline wey dey study how environmental exposures for early life—including chemical, biological, nutritional, and social exposures—dey affect children's health and development, and even their health throughout the whole human life span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Landrigan PL and Etzel RA. |title=Textbook of Children's Environmental Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-992957-3 |location=New York |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pediatric environmental health base on the understanding say children no be &quot;small adults.&quot; Babies and children get their own unique ways of exposure and special vulnerabilities. The environmental risks wey babies and children face differ from those of adults both in quality and quantity. Pediatric environmental health be highly interdisciplinary. E dey bring together general pediatrics, many pediatric subspecialties, epidemiology, occupational medicine, environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science.

== Concerns ==

[[File:Health effects of pollution.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Overview of the main health effects of some common types of pollution on human beings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Resources Institute: August 2008 Monthly Update: Air Pollution's Causes, Consequences and Solutions |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501181320/http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of Waterborne Disease Trends |url=http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155251/http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Potential Health Effects of Pesticides |url=http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811175133/http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:FEMA - 16491 - Photograph by John Fleck taken on 09-30-2005 in Mississippi.jpg|thumb|FEMA/EPA Hazardous Materials Team dey remove hazardous materials wey Hurricane Katrina leave behind for 2005.]]

[[File:How is our sick planet making us sick.webm|thumb|Lecture by Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) about environmental health.]]

Environmental health concerns include:

* Biosafety.
* Disaster preparedness and response.
* Food safety, including agriculture, transportation, food processing, wholesale, and retail distribution and sales.
* Housing, including the control of substandard housing and inspection of jails and prisons.
* Prevention of childhood lead poisoning.
* Land use planning, including smart growth.
* Disposal of liquid waste, including municipal wastewater treatment plants and on-site wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and chemical toilets.
* Management and disposal of medical waste.
* Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
* Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes.
* Prevention of recreational water illnesses from swimming pools, spas, oceans, rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bathing places.
* Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities, composting, and solid waste transfer stations.
* Exposure to toxic chemicals from consumer products, homes, workplaces, air, water, or soil.
* Toxins from molds and algal blooms.
* Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches, and other animals wey fit spread pathogens.

According to recent estimates for Europe, about 5% to 10% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) wey people lose dey happen because of environmental causes. The biggest contributor by far be fine particulate matter pollution for urban air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National and regional story (Netherlands) - Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the EBoDE project — European Environment Agency |date=17 November 2011 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2010/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1 |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, researchers estimate say environmental exposures contribute to 4.9&amp;nbsp;million (8.7%) deaths and 86 million (5.7%) DALYs globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;y052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prüss-Ustün |first1=Annette |last2=Vickers |first2=Carolyn |last3=Haefliger |first3=Pascal |last4=Bertollini |first4=Roberto |year=2011 |title=Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review |journal=Environmental Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-9 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3037292 |pmid=21255392 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011EnvHe..10....9P }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the United States, Superfund sites wey different companies create don prove say dem dey dangerous to both human health and the environment for nearby communities. Na this perceived threat—especially the fear of miscarriages, mutations, birth defects, and cancers—wey make the public worry pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schleicher |first=D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC |title=But is it True?: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues |date=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08923-5 |editor-last=Wildavsky |editor-first=Aaron B |pages=153–184 |chapter=Superfund's abandoned hazardous waste sites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Air quality ===

Air quality include both outdoor (ambient) air quality and indoor air quality. Some of the biggest concerns about air quality include environmental tobacco smoke, air pollution from different kinds of chemical waste, and other forms of air pollution wey fit affect human health.

==== Outdoor air quality ====

Air pollution dey cause more than 6.5&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide every year, {{as of|2022}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;h352&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |year=2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmid=35594895 |doi-access=free |last16=Hunter |first16=David |last17=Janata |first17=Gloria |last18=Kupka |first18=Rachael |last19=Lanphear |first19=Bruce |last20=Lichtveld |first20=Maureen |last21=Martin |first21=Keith |last22=Mustapha |first22=Adetoun |last23=Sanchez-Triana |first23=Ernesto |last24=Sandilya |first24=Karti |last25=Schaefli |first25=Laura |last26=Shaw |first26=Joseph |last27=Seddon |first27=Jessica |last28=Suk |first28=William |last29=Téllez-Rojo |first29=Martha María |last30=Yan |first30=Chonghuai|pmc=11995256 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air pollution be major risk factor for diseases like lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, heart disease, and many other respiratory illnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When air pollution reduce, adult mortality too dey reduce, which means improving air quality fit save plenty lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;c579&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Joaquim |last2=Domingo |first2=José L. |last3=Schuhmacher |first3=Marta |author-link3=Marta Schuhmacher |year=2020 |title=Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=703 |article-number=135538 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135538 |pmid=31759725 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70335538R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Air pollution amid blue skies, the day after reopening from lockdown near Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Factory for Mumbai dey release air pollution.]]

Some of the common sources of emissions include road traffic, energy production, household fuel burning, aviation, motor vehicles, and other pollution sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204585 |title=Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks |last1=Prüss-Üstün |first1=Annette |last2=Wolf |first2=J. |year=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |last3=Corvalán |first3=Carlos F. |last4=Bos |first4=R. |last5=Neira |first5=Maria Purificación |isbn=978-92-4-156519-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-09-10 |title=Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation |url=https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/overview-air-pollution-transportation |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These activities involve burning fuel, which dey release harmful particles into the air. Humans and other living organisms fit breathe in or swallow these particles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Pollution and Your Health |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air pollution dey linked with serious health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and even death.&lt;ref name=&quot;p599&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abdo |first1=Nour |last2=Khader |first2=Yousef S. |last3=Abdelrahman |first3=Mostafa |last4=Graboski-Bauer |first4=Ashley |last5=Malkawi |first5=Mazen |last6=Al-Sharif |first6=Munjed |last7=Elbetieha |first7=Ahmad M. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1515/reveh-2015-0076 |pmid=27101544 |bibcode=2016RvEH...31.0076A |issn=2191-0308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The risk wey air pollution pose depend on how dangerous the pollutant be and how much exposure the person get.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vallero |first=Daniel |title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-401733-7 |publication-place=Amsterdam Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, one child wey dey play sports outside every day get higher chance of exposure to outdoor air pollution than one adult wey spend most of the time inside office or house.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Environmental health officials dey work to identify people wey get high risk of exposure to air pollution, identify the risk factors wey dey communities, and help reduce the overall exposure of the whole community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Manisalidis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stavropoulou |first2=Elisavet |last3=Stavropoulos |first3=Agathangelos |last4=Bezirtzoglou |first4=Eugenia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=8 |article-number=14 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 |doi-access=free |pmid=32154200 |pmc=7044178 |bibcode=2020FrPH....8...14M |issn=2296-2565}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Indoor air quality ====

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect of smart water systems in Africa because water supply and treatment facilities can influence the quality of air inside buildings. Poorly maintained water systems may promote the growth of mould, bacteria, and other microorganisms, which can release pollutants into indoor environments. Smart water technologies help monitor water quality, humidity, leaks, and ventilation conditions, reducing health risks associated with contaminated indoor air.

Smart sensors installed in buildings can detect leaks, excessive moisture, and water stagnation, allowing facility managers to respond quickly before mould develops. In hospitals, schools, offices, and residential buildings, these systems contribute to healthier indoor environments by preventing water-related air pollution.

Water treatment facilities also use digital monitoring systems to ensure that chemicals such as chlorine are applied at safe levels. Automated ventilation systems integrated with smart building technologies help remove airborne contaminants generated during water treatment processes.

Several African countries are adopting smart building management systems that combine water monitoring with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls. These integrated systems improve energy efficiency while maintaining healthy indoor conditions.

Although adoption remains limited due to infrastructure and financial constraints, growing investments in smart cities and green buildings are increasing the use of intelligent water and environmental monitoring systems across Africa.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces mould growth caused by water leaks and dampness.
* Improves occupant health by maintaining cleaner indoor air.
* Enables early detection of plumbing failures and water contamination.
* Supports energy-efficient building management.
* Reduces maintenance costs through predictive monitoring.

===== Challenges =====
* High installation and maintenance costs.
* Limited technical expertise in integrated building management systems.
* Inadequate digital infrastructure in many regions.
* Lack of standards for smart indoor environmental monitoring.
* Limited awareness among building owners and facility managers.

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        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
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{{Short description|Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health}}
{{Distinguish|Ecological health|Ecosystem health|Environmental medicine}}
{{For|the academic journal |Environmental Health (journal)}}
{{Public health sidebar}}

[[File:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350px|Conceptual map wey dey show how nature, ecosystem services, environmental ethics, environmental justice, and public health connect together.]]

[[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective (26170609558).jpg|thumb|350px|Environmental health indicator (2016). E get three main categories: health impacts, air quality, and water plus sanitation. The health impacts category include the environmental risk exposure indicator.]]

'''Environmental health''' na branch of public health wey dey focus on all the things for the natural environment and built environment wey fit affect human health. The study dey help identify wetin be the requirements for healthy environment, so that people fit control the factors wey dey affect health in an effective way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dovjak |first1=Mateja |chapter=Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments |year=2019 |title=Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings |pages=43–82 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-19411-6 |s2cid=190160283 |last2=Kukec |first2=Andreja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main sub-disciplines for environmental health be environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental medicine, and occupational medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Timothy |date=2008-07-21 |title=The ecology of environmental health |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1177/117863020800200001 |issn=1178-6302 |pmc=3091335 |pmid=21572828|bibcode=2008EnvHI...200200K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitions ==
=== WHO definitions ===

World Health Organization (WHO) define environmental health for one document wey dem publish for 1989 as:

:'''Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is environmental health? |url=https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/overview/what-is-environmental-health/#:~:text=Environmental%20health%20refers%20to%20aspects,psychosocial%20factors%20in%20the%20environment |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=ehinz.ac.nz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem still describe am as the theory plus practice of assessing and controlling the factors for the environment wey fit affect people's health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=von Schirnding |first=Yasmin E.R. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585 |title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health |date=February 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966175-6 |editor-last=Detels |editor-first=Roger |edition=6 |pages=1523–1541 |chapter=11.5 Environmental health practice |doi=10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0240 |access-date=2024-08-12 |editor-last2=Gulliford |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Karim |editor-first3=Quarraisha Abdool |editor-last4=Tan |editor-first4=Chorh Chuan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585/chapter-abstract/306374236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2016}}, the WHO website about environmental health talk say:

:'''Environmental health dey cover all the physical, chemical, and biological factors outside a person, plus all the related factors wey fit affect human behaviour. E include the assessment and control of those environmental factors wey fit affect health. The main aim be to prevent diseases and create environments wey support good health. This definition no include behaviours wey no relate to the environment, behaviours wey relate to the social and cultural environment, or genetics.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ |access-date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Gerding |first2=Justin A. |last3=Landeen |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradley |first4=Eric |last5=Callahan |first5=Timothy |last6=Cushing |first6=Stephanie |last7=Hailu |first7=Fikru |last8=Hall |first8=Nancy |last9=Hatch |first9=Timothy |last10=Jurries |first10=Sherise |last11=Kalis |first11=Martin A. |last12=Kelly |first12=Kaitlyn R. |last13=Laco |first13=Joseph P. |last14=Lemin |first14=Niki |last15=McInnes |first15=Carol |year=2019 |title=Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=125001 |doi=10.1289/EHP5161 |issn=1552-9924 |pmc=6957286 |pmid=31799881 |last16=Olsen |first16=Greg |last17=Stratman |first17=Robert |last18=White |first18=Carolyn |last19=Wille |first19=Steven |last20=Sarisky |first20=John|bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l5001B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i386&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=MacArthur |first1=I. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=X. |year=1997 |title=Environmental health services in Europe. 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s |journal=WHO Regional Publications. European Series |volume=76 |pages=vii–xii, 1–177 |issn=0378-2255 |pmid=9557583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Environmental health still dey check how exposure to things like air pollution, contaminated water, and chemicals fit affect people's health as time dey go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-05-09 |title=Environmental Hazards and Risks |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/index.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Yellow Book |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Other considerations ===

People fit also see the term '''environmental medicine''' as one medical specialty, or as one branch under the broader field of environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=AAMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Brian S. |last2=Rischitelli |first2=Gary |last3=Hu |first3=Howard |date=September 2005 |title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=A574–A576 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1280414 |pmid=16140601}}&lt;/ref&gt; People never fully agree on the terminology, and for plenty European countries, dem dey use both terms to mean the same thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine |access-date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other terms wey people dey use for, or wey closely relate to, environmental health include '''environmental public health''' and '''health protection'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jennings |first=Bruce |chapter=Environmental and Occupational Public Health |year=2016 |title=Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe |volume=3 |pages=177–202 |editor-last2=H. Barrett |editor-first2=Drue |editor-last=W. Ortmann |editor-first=Leonard |editor-last3=Dawson |editor-first3=Angus |editor-last4=Saenz |editor-first4=Carla |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435781/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |series=Public Health Ethics Analysis |place=Cham (CH) |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_6 |isbn=978-3-319-23846-3 |pmid=28590693 |s2cid=168480156|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disciplines ==

Five main disciplines dey normally contribute to the field of environmental health, though some of dem dey overlap:

* '''Environmental epidemiology''' dey study the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, and others) and human health. Observational studies, wey simply observe exposures wey people don already experience, be very common for environmental epidemiology because e no dey ethical to deliberately expose human beings to agents wey people know or suspect say e fit cause disease. Even though researchers no fit use experimental study designs be one limitation, this discipline dey observe the effects directly on human health instead of estimating the effects from animal studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Epidemiology |first1=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/ |title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context |last2=Sciences |first2=National Research Council (US) Commission on Life |date=1997 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Environmental epidemiology na the study of how physical, biological, and chemical factors for the external environment dey affect human health. E still dey examine specific populations or communities wey different environmental conditions expose to understand the relationship between physical, biological, or chemical factors and human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology |title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 |date=1991-01-01 |isbn=978-0-309-04496-7 |doi=10.17226/1802 |pmid=25121252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Toxicology''' dey study how exposure to things for the environment fit lead to specific health problems, mostly by using animals so researchers fit understand the possible effects on human health. Toxicology get advantage because researchers fit carry out randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies with animal subjects. But plenty differences still dey between animal biology and human biology, so people need to take care when dem dey interpret results from animal studies for human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toxicology |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Exposure science''' dey study how human beings dey come into contact with environmental contaminants by identifying and measuring the level of exposure. Exposure science fit support environmental epidemiology by giving a clearer description of environmental exposures wey fit lead to a particular health outcome. E fit also identify common exposures wey toxicology studies fit investigate further, or support risk assessments to determine whether current exposure levels pass the recommended limits. One major advantage of exposure science be say e fit measure exposure to specific chemicals very accurately. However, e no provide direct information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exposure Science |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental engineering''' dey apply scientific and engineering principles to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental factors, protect the environment from the harmful effects of both natural and human activities, and improve the overall quality of the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental law''' include the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common laws, and customary laws wey address the effects of human activities on the natural environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – Folorunso and Co. |url=https://folorunsoandco.com/international-environmental-law-and-basic-principles-of-environmental-law/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science fit combine together to carry out '''risk assessment''' for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other risk factors, so researchers fit determine whether a particular exposure dey pose serious risk to human health (meaning the exposure fit likely cause pollution-related diseases). The results fit help develop and implement environmental health policies, for example, policies wey regulate chemical emissions or set standards for proper sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&amp;q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-56776-0 |edition=2 |location=San Francisco |pages=XXX-LIII |chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engineering and legal intervention strategies fit also work together to monitor and manage exposure risks, with the main aim of protecting human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=C |last2=Obasi |first2=IC |last3=Akinwande |first3=DV |last4=Ile |first4=C |title=The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. |journal=Heliyon |date=15 January 2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23604 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604 |doi-access=free |pmid=38173504 |pmc=10761781 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023604B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Pediatric environmental health ===

'''Children's environmental health''' na academic discipline wey dey study how environmental exposures for early life—including chemical, biological, nutritional, and social exposures—dey affect children's health and development, and even their health throughout the whole human life span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Landrigan PL and Etzel RA. |title=Textbook of Children's Environmental Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-992957-3 |location=New York |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pediatric environmental health base on the understanding say children no be &quot;small adults.&quot; Babies and children get their own unique ways of exposure and special vulnerabilities. The environmental risks wey babies and children face differ from those of adults both in quality and quantity. Pediatric environmental health be highly interdisciplinary. E dey bring together general pediatrics, many pediatric subspecialties, epidemiology, occupational medicine, environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science.

== Concerns ==

[[File:Health effects of pollution.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Overview of the main health effects of some common types of pollution on human beings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Resources Institute: August 2008 Monthly Update: Air Pollution's Causes, Consequences and Solutions |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501181320/http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of Waterborne Disease Trends |url=http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155251/http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Potential Health Effects of Pesticides |url=http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811175133/http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:FEMA - 16491 - Photograph by John Fleck taken on 09-30-2005 in Mississippi.jpg|thumb|FEMA/EPA Hazardous Materials Team dey remove hazardous materials wey Hurricane Katrina leave behind for 2005.]]

[[File:How is our sick planet making us sick.webm|thumb|Lecture by Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) about environmental health.]]

Environmental health concerns include:

* Biosafety.
* Disaster preparedness and response.
* Food safety, including agriculture, transportation, food processing, wholesale, and retail distribution and sales.
* Housing, including the control of substandard housing and inspection of jails and prisons.
* Prevention of childhood lead poisoning.
* Land use planning, including smart growth.
* Disposal of liquid waste, including municipal wastewater treatment plants and on-site wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and chemical toilets.
* Management and disposal of medical waste.
* Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
* Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes.
* Prevention of recreational water illnesses from swimming pools, spas, oceans, rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bathing places.
* Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities, composting, and solid waste transfer stations.
* Exposure to toxic chemicals from consumer products, homes, workplaces, air, water, or soil.
* Toxins from molds and algal blooms.
* Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches, and other animals wey fit spread pathogens.

According to recent estimates for Europe, about 5% to 10% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) wey people lose dey happen because of environmental causes. The biggest contributor by far be fine particulate matter pollution for urban air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National and regional story (Netherlands) - Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the EBoDE project — European Environment Agency |date=17 November 2011 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2010/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1 |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, researchers estimate say environmental exposures contribute to 4.9&amp;nbsp;million (8.7%) deaths and 86 million (5.7%) DALYs globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;y052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prüss-Ustün |first1=Annette |last2=Vickers |first2=Carolyn |last3=Haefliger |first3=Pascal |last4=Bertollini |first4=Roberto |year=2011 |title=Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review |journal=Environmental Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-9 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3037292 |pmid=21255392 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011EnvHe..10....9P }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the United States, Superfund sites wey different companies create don prove say dem dey dangerous to both human health and the environment for nearby communities. Na this perceived threat—especially the fear of miscarriages, mutations, birth defects, and cancers—wey make the public worry pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schleicher |first=D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC |title=But is it True?: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues |date=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08923-5 |editor-last=Wildavsky |editor-first=Aaron B |pages=153–184 |chapter=Superfund's abandoned hazardous waste sites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Air quality ===

Air quality include both outdoor (ambient) air quality and indoor air quality. Some of the biggest concerns about air quality include environmental tobacco smoke, air pollution from different kinds of chemical waste, and other forms of air pollution wey fit affect human health.

==== Outdoor air quality ====

Air pollution dey cause more than 6.5&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide every year, {{as of|2022}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;h352&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |year=2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmid=35594895 |doi-access=free |last16=Hunter |first16=David |last17=Janata |first17=Gloria |last18=Kupka |first18=Rachael |last19=Lanphear |first19=Bruce |last20=Lichtveld |first20=Maureen |last21=Martin |first21=Keith |last22=Mustapha |first22=Adetoun |last23=Sanchez-Triana |first23=Ernesto |last24=Sandilya |first24=Karti |last25=Schaefli |first25=Laura |last26=Shaw |first26=Joseph |last27=Seddon |first27=Jessica |last28=Suk |first28=William |last29=Téllez-Rojo |first29=Martha María |last30=Yan |first30=Chonghuai|pmc=11995256 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air pollution be major risk factor for diseases like lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, heart disease, and many other respiratory illnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When air pollution reduce, adult mortality too dey reduce, which means improving air quality fit save plenty lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;c579&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Joaquim |last2=Domingo |first2=José L. |last3=Schuhmacher |first3=Marta |author-link3=Marta Schuhmacher |year=2020 |title=Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=703 |article-number=135538 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135538 |pmid=31759725 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70335538R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Air pollution amid blue skies, the day after reopening from lockdown near Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Factory for Mumbai dey release air pollution.]]

Some of the common sources of emissions include road traffic, energy production, household fuel burning, aviation, motor vehicles, and other pollution sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204585 |title=Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks |last1=Prüss-Üstün |first1=Annette |last2=Wolf |first2=J. |year=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |last3=Corvalán |first3=Carlos F. |last4=Bos |first4=R. |last5=Neira |first5=Maria Purificación |isbn=978-92-4-156519-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-09-10 |title=Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation |url=https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/overview-air-pollution-transportation |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These activities involve burning fuel, which dey release harmful particles into the air. Humans and other living organisms fit breathe in or swallow these particles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Pollution and Your Health |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air pollution dey linked with serious health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and even death.&lt;ref name=&quot;p599&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abdo |first1=Nour |last2=Khader |first2=Yousef S. |last3=Abdelrahman |first3=Mostafa |last4=Graboski-Bauer |first4=Ashley |last5=Malkawi |first5=Mazen |last6=Al-Sharif |first6=Munjed |last7=Elbetieha |first7=Ahmad M. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1515/reveh-2015-0076 |pmid=27101544 |bibcode=2016RvEH...31.0076A |issn=2191-0308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The risk wey air pollution pose depend on how dangerous the pollutant be and how much exposure the person get.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vallero |first=Daniel |title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-401733-7 |publication-place=Amsterdam Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, one child wey dey play sports outside every day get higher chance of exposure to outdoor air pollution than one adult wey spend most of the time inside office or house.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Environmental health officials dey work to identify people wey get high risk of exposure to air pollution, identify the risk factors wey dey communities, and help reduce the overall exposure of the whole community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Manisalidis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stavropoulou |first2=Elisavet |last3=Stavropoulos |first3=Agathangelos |last4=Bezirtzoglou |first4=Eugenia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=8 |article-number=14 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 |doi-access=free |pmid=32154200 |pmc=7044178 |bibcode=2020FrPH....8...14M |issn=2296-2565}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Indoor air quality ====

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect of smart water systems in Africa because water supply and treatment facilities can influence the quality of air inside buildings. Poorly maintained water systems may promote the growth of mould, bacteria, and other microorganisms, which can release pollutants into indoor environments. Smart water technologies help monitor water quality, humidity, leaks, and ventilation conditions, reducing health risks associated with contaminated indoor air.

Smart sensors installed in buildings can detect leaks, excessive moisture, and water stagnation, allowing facility managers to respond quickly before mould develops. In hospitals, schools, offices, and residential buildings, these systems contribute to healthier indoor environments by preventing water-related air pollution.

Water treatment facilities also use digital monitoring systems to ensure that chemicals such as chlorine are applied at safe levels. Automated ventilation systems integrated with smart building technologies help remove airborne contaminants generated during water treatment processes.

Several African countries are adopting smart building management systems that combine water monitoring with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls. These integrated systems improve energy efficiency while maintaining healthy indoor conditions.

Although adoption remains limited due to infrastructure and financial constraints, growing investments in smart cities and green buildings are increasing the use of intelligent water and environmental monitoring systems across Africa.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces mould growth caused by water leaks and dampness.
* Improves occupant health by maintaining cleaner indoor air.
* Enables early detection of plumbing failures and water contamination.
* Supports energy-efficient building management.
* Reduces maintenance costs through predictive monitoring.

===== Challenges =====
* High installation and maintenance costs.
* Limited technical expertise in integrated building management systems.
* Inadequate digital infrastructure in many regions.
* Lack of standards for smart indoor environmental monitoring.
* Limited awareness among building owners and facility managers.

==== Climate change adaptation ====

Smart water systems play an increasingly important role in helping African countries adapt to the effects of climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods, and increasing water scarcity have placed significant pressure on water resources across the continent. Digital technologies enable water managers to monitor these changes in real time and respond more effectively.

Remote sensors, satellite imagery, weather forecasting, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to monitor rainfall, river flows, groundwater levels, reservoir storage, and soil moisture. These data help governments, utilities, and farmers make informed decisions about water allocation, irrigation scheduling, and emergency response during droughts and floods.

Smart irrigation systems reduce water consumption by applying water only when crops require it. Combined with weather forecasts and soil moisture sensors, these systems improve agricultural productivity while conserving limited water resources. In regions frequently affected by drought, such technologies enhance food security and strengthen the resilience of farming communities.

Urban water utilities also use smart monitoring systems to prepare for climate-related disasters. Early warning systems can detect rising river levels, pipeline failures, or abnormal water demand during extreme weather events. Automated control systems allow operators to manage reservoirs, pumping stations, and drainage infrastructure more efficiently, reducing the impacts of flooding and water shortages.

Nature-based solutions are increasingly being integrated with smart water management. Digital monitoring supports the restoration of wetlands, watersheds, forests, and river ecosystems by tracking environmental conditions and evaluating conservation efforts. These approaches improve water quality, groundwater recharge, and biodiversity while strengthening resilience to climate change.

International organizations, research institutions, and development partners continue to support African countries through climate adaptation programmes that promote digital water technologies, capacity building, and sustainable infrastructure. However, widespread implementation remains constrained by limited financial resources, inadequate technical capacity, unreliable electricity, and unequal access to digital technologies.

===== Adaptation strategies =====
* Real-time monitoring of water resources.
* Smart irrigation based on weather and soil moisture data.
* Flood forecasting and early warning systems.
* Digital monitoring of reservoirs and groundwater.
* Integration of satellite data and GIS for water planning.
* Nature-based water management supported by environmental monitoring.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves resilience to droughts and floods.
* Enhances food security through efficient irrigation.
* Supports sustainable water resource management.
* Reduces disaster risks through early warning systems.
* Improves long-term planning under changing climate conditions.

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      <text bytes="34159" sha1="kk9xikgqv7fb5bi8qsthnsolv930x0n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Short description|Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health}}
{{Distinguish|Ecological health|Ecosystem health|Environmental medicine}}
{{For|the academic journal |Environmental Health (journal)}}
{{Public health sidebar}}

[[File:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350px|Conceptual map wey dey show how nature, ecosystem services, environmental ethics, environmental justice, and public health connect together.]]

[[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective (26170609558).jpg|thumb|350px|Environmental health indicator (2016). E get three main categories: health impacts, air quality, and water plus sanitation. The health impacts category include the environmental risk exposure indicator.]]

'''Environmental health''' na branch of public health wey dey focus on all the things for the natural environment and built environment wey fit affect human health. The study dey help identify wetin be the requirements for healthy environment, so that people fit control the factors wey dey affect health in an effective way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dovjak |first1=Mateja |chapter=Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments |year=2019 |title=Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings |pages=43–82 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-19411-6 |s2cid=190160283 |last2=Kukec |first2=Andreja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main sub-disciplines for environmental health be environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental medicine, and occupational medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Timothy |date=2008-07-21 |title=The ecology of environmental health |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1177/117863020800200001 |issn=1178-6302 |pmc=3091335 |pmid=21572828|bibcode=2008EnvHI...200200K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitions ==
=== WHO definitions ===

World Health Organization (WHO) define environmental health for one document wey dem publish for 1989 as:

:'''Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is environmental health? |url=https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/overview/what-is-environmental-health/#:~:text=Environmental%20health%20refers%20to%20aspects,psychosocial%20factors%20in%20the%20environment |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=ehinz.ac.nz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem still describe am as the theory plus practice of assessing and controlling the factors for the environment wey fit affect people's health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=von Schirnding |first=Yasmin E.R. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585 |title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health |date=February 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966175-6 |editor-last=Detels |editor-first=Roger |edition=6 |pages=1523–1541 |chapter=11.5 Environmental health practice |doi=10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0240 |access-date=2024-08-12 |editor-last2=Gulliford |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Karim |editor-first3=Quarraisha Abdool |editor-last4=Tan |editor-first4=Chorh Chuan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585/chapter-abstract/306374236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2016}}, the WHO website about environmental health talk say:

:'''Environmental health dey cover all the physical, chemical, and biological factors outside a person, plus all the related factors wey fit affect human behaviour. E include the assessment and control of those environmental factors wey fit affect health. The main aim be to prevent diseases and create environments wey support good health. This definition no include behaviours wey no relate to the environment, behaviours wey relate to the social and cultural environment, or genetics.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ |access-date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Gerding |first2=Justin A. |last3=Landeen |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradley |first4=Eric |last5=Callahan |first5=Timothy |last6=Cushing |first6=Stephanie |last7=Hailu |first7=Fikru |last8=Hall |first8=Nancy |last9=Hatch |first9=Timothy |last10=Jurries |first10=Sherise |last11=Kalis |first11=Martin A. |last12=Kelly |first12=Kaitlyn R. |last13=Laco |first13=Joseph P. |last14=Lemin |first14=Niki |last15=McInnes |first15=Carol |year=2019 |title=Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=125001 |doi=10.1289/EHP5161 |issn=1552-9924 |pmc=6957286 |pmid=31799881 |last16=Olsen |first16=Greg |last17=Stratman |first17=Robert |last18=White |first18=Carolyn |last19=Wille |first19=Steven |last20=Sarisky |first20=John|bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l5001B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i386&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=MacArthur |first1=I. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=X. |year=1997 |title=Environmental health services in Europe. 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s |journal=WHO Regional Publications. European Series |volume=76 |pages=vii–xii, 1–177 |issn=0378-2255 |pmid=9557583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Environmental health still dey check how exposure to things like air pollution, contaminated water, and chemicals fit affect people's health as time dey go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-05-09 |title=Environmental Hazards and Risks |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/index.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Yellow Book |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Other considerations ===

People fit also see the term '''environmental medicine''' as one medical specialty, or as one branch under the broader field of environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=AAMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Brian S. |last2=Rischitelli |first2=Gary |last3=Hu |first3=Howard |date=September 2005 |title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=A574–A576 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1280414 |pmid=16140601}}&lt;/ref&gt; People never fully agree on the terminology, and for plenty European countries, dem dey use both terms to mean the same thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine |access-date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other terms wey people dey use for, or wey closely relate to, environmental health include '''environmental public health''' and '''health protection'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jennings |first=Bruce |chapter=Environmental and Occupational Public Health |year=2016 |title=Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe |volume=3 |pages=177–202 |editor-last2=H. Barrett |editor-first2=Drue |editor-last=W. Ortmann |editor-first=Leonard |editor-last3=Dawson |editor-first3=Angus |editor-last4=Saenz |editor-first4=Carla |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435781/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |series=Public Health Ethics Analysis |place=Cham (CH) |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_6 |isbn=978-3-319-23846-3 |pmid=28590693 |s2cid=168480156|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disciplines ==

Five main disciplines dey normally contribute to the field of environmental health, though some of dem dey overlap:

* '''Environmental epidemiology''' dey study the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, and others) and human health. Observational studies, wey simply observe exposures wey people don already experience, be very common for environmental epidemiology because e no dey ethical to deliberately expose human beings to agents wey people know or suspect say e fit cause disease. Even though researchers no fit use experimental study designs be one limitation, this discipline dey observe the effects directly on human health instead of estimating the effects from animal studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Epidemiology |first1=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/ |title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context |last2=Sciences |first2=National Research Council (US) Commission on Life |date=1997 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Environmental epidemiology na the study of how physical, biological, and chemical factors for the external environment dey affect human health. E still dey examine specific populations or communities wey different environmental conditions expose to understand the relationship between physical, biological, or chemical factors and human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology |title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 |date=1991-01-01 |isbn=978-0-309-04496-7 |doi=10.17226/1802 |pmid=25121252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Toxicology''' dey study how exposure to things for the environment fit lead to specific health problems, mostly by using animals so researchers fit understand the possible effects on human health. Toxicology get advantage because researchers fit carry out randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies with animal subjects. But plenty differences still dey between animal biology and human biology, so people need to take care when dem dey interpret results from animal studies for human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toxicology |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Exposure science''' dey study how human beings dey come into contact with environmental contaminants by identifying and measuring the level of exposure. Exposure science fit support environmental epidemiology by giving a clearer description of environmental exposures wey fit lead to a particular health outcome. E fit also identify common exposures wey toxicology studies fit investigate further, or support risk assessments to determine whether current exposure levels pass the recommended limits. One major advantage of exposure science be say e fit measure exposure to specific chemicals very accurately. However, e no provide direct information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exposure Science |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental engineering''' dey apply scientific and engineering principles to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental factors, protect the environment from the harmful effects of both natural and human activities, and improve the overall quality of the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental law''' include the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common laws, and customary laws wey address the effects of human activities on the natural environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – Folorunso and Co. |url=https://folorunsoandco.com/international-environmental-law-and-basic-principles-of-environmental-law/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science fit combine together to carry out '''risk assessment''' for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other risk factors, so researchers fit determine whether a particular exposure dey pose serious risk to human health (meaning the exposure fit likely cause pollution-related diseases). The results fit help develop and implement environmental health policies, for example, policies wey regulate chemical emissions or set standards for proper sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&amp;q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-56776-0 |edition=2 |location=San Francisco |pages=XXX-LIII |chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engineering and legal intervention strategies fit also work together to monitor and manage exposure risks, with the main aim of protecting human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=C |last2=Obasi |first2=IC |last3=Akinwande |first3=DV |last4=Ile |first4=C |title=The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. |journal=Heliyon |date=15 January 2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23604 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604 |doi-access=free |pmid=38173504 |pmc=10761781 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023604B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Pediatric environmental health ===

'''Children's environmental health''' na academic discipline wey dey study how environmental exposures for early life—including chemical, biological, nutritional, and social exposures—dey affect children's health and development, and even their health throughout the whole human life span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Landrigan PL and Etzel RA. |title=Textbook of Children's Environmental Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-992957-3 |location=New York |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pediatric environmental health base on the understanding say children no be &quot;small adults.&quot; Babies and children get their own unique ways of exposure and special vulnerabilities. The environmental risks wey babies and children face differ from those of adults both in quality and quantity. Pediatric environmental health be highly interdisciplinary. E dey bring together general pediatrics, many pediatric subspecialties, epidemiology, occupational medicine, environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science.

== Concerns ==

[[File:Health effects of pollution.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Overview of the main health effects of some common types of pollution on human beings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Resources Institute: August 2008 Monthly Update: Air Pollution's Causes, Consequences and Solutions |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501181320/http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of Waterborne Disease Trends |url=http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155251/http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Potential Health Effects of Pesticides |url=http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811175133/http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:FEMA - 16491 - Photograph by John Fleck taken on 09-30-2005 in Mississippi.jpg|thumb|FEMA/EPA Hazardous Materials Team dey remove hazardous materials wey Hurricane Katrina leave behind for 2005.]]

[[File:How is our sick planet making us sick.webm|thumb|Lecture by Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) about environmental health.]]

Environmental health concerns include:

* Biosafety.
* Disaster preparedness and response.
* Food safety, including agriculture, transportation, food processing, wholesale, and retail distribution and sales.
* Housing, including the control of substandard housing and inspection of jails and prisons.
* Prevention of childhood lead poisoning.
* Land use planning, including smart growth.
* Disposal of liquid waste, including municipal wastewater treatment plants and on-site wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and chemical toilets.
* Management and disposal of medical waste.
* Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
* Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes.
* Prevention of recreational water illnesses from swimming pools, spas, oceans, rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bathing places.
* Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities, composting, and solid waste transfer stations.
* Exposure to toxic chemicals from consumer products, homes, workplaces, air, water, or soil.
* Toxins from molds and algal blooms.
* Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches, and other animals wey fit spread pathogens.

According to recent estimates for Europe, about 5% to 10% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) wey people lose dey happen because of environmental causes. The biggest contributor by far be fine particulate matter pollution for urban air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National and regional story (Netherlands) - Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the EBoDE project — European Environment Agency |date=17 November 2011 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2010/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1 |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, researchers estimate say environmental exposures contribute to 4.9&amp;nbsp;million (8.7%) deaths and 86 million (5.7%) DALYs globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;y052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prüss-Ustün |first1=Annette |last2=Vickers |first2=Carolyn |last3=Haefliger |first3=Pascal |last4=Bertollini |first4=Roberto |year=2011 |title=Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review |journal=Environmental Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-9 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3037292 |pmid=21255392 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011EnvHe..10....9P }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the United States, Superfund sites wey different companies create don prove say dem dey dangerous to both human health and the environment for nearby communities. Na this perceived threat—especially the fear of miscarriages, mutations, birth defects, and cancers—wey make the public worry pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schleicher |first=D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC |title=But is it True?: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues |date=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08923-5 |editor-last=Wildavsky |editor-first=Aaron B |pages=153–184 |chapter=Superfund's abandoned hazardous waste sites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Air quality ===

Air quality include both outdoor (ambient) air quality and indoor air quality. Some of the biggest concerns about air quality include environmental tobacco smoke, air pollution from different kinds of chemical waste, and other forms of air pollution wey fit affect human health.

==== Outdoor air quality ====

Air pollution dey cause more than 6.5&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide every year, {{as of|2022}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;h352&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |year=2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmid=35594895 |doi-access=free |last16=Hunter |first16=David |last17=Janata |first17=Gloria |last18=Kupka |first18=Rachael |last19=Lanphear |first19=Bruce |last20=Lichtveld |first20=Maureen |last21=Martin |first21=Keith |last22=Mustapha |first22=Adetoun |last23=Sanchez-Triana |first23=Ernesto |last24=Sandilya |first24=Karti |last25=Schaefli |first25=Laura |last26=Shaw |first26=Joseph |last27=Seddon |first27=Jessica |last28=Suk |first28=William |last29=Téllez-Rojo |first29=Martha María |last30=Yan |first30=Chonghuai|pmc=11995256 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air pollution be major risk factor for diseases like lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, heart disease, and many other respiratory illnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When air pollution reduce, adult mortality too dey reduce, which means improving air quality fit save plenty lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;c579&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Joaquim |last2=Domingo |first2=José L. |last3=Schuhmacher |first3=Marta |author-link3=Marta Schuhmacher |year=2020 |title=Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=703 |article-number=135538 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135538 |pmid=31759725 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70335538R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Air pollution amid blue skies, the day after reopening from lockdown near Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Factory for Mumbai dey release air pollution.]]

Some of the common sources of emissions include road traffic, energy production, household fuel burning, aviation, motor vehicles, and other pollution sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204585 |title=Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks |last1=Prüss-Üstün |first1=Annette |last2=Wolf |first2=J. |year=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |last3=Corvalán |first3=Carlos F. |last4=Bos |first4=R. |last5=Neira |first5=Maria Purificación |isbn=978-92-4-156519-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-09-10 |title=Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation |url=https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/overview-air-pollution-transportation |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These activities involve burning fuel, which dey release harmful particles into the air. Humans and other living organisms fit breathe in or swallow these particles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Pollution and Your Health |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air pollution dey linked with serious health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and even death.&lt;ref name=&quot;p599&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abdo |first1=Nour |last2=Khader |first2=Yousef S. |last3=Abdelrahman |first3=Mostafa |last4=Graboski-Bauer |first4=Ashley |last5=Malkawi |first5=Mazen |last6=Al-Sharif |first6=Munjed |last7=Elbetieha |first7=Ahmad M. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1515/reveh-2015-0076 |pmid=27101544 |bibcode=2016RvEH...31.0076A |issn=2191-0308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The risk wey air pollution pose depend on how dangerous the pollutant be and how much exposure the person get.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vallero |first=Daniel |title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-401733-7 |publication-place=Amsterdam Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, one child wey dey play sports outside every day get higher chance of exposure to outdoor air pollution than one adult wey spend most of the time inside office or house.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Environmental health officials dey work to identify people wey get high risk of exposure to air pollution, identify the risk factors wey dey communities, and help reduce the overall exposure of the whole community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Manisalidis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stavropoulou |first2=Elisavet |last3=Stavropoulos |first3=Agathangelos |last4=Bezirtzoglou |first4=Eugenia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=8 |article-number=14 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 |doi-access=free |pmid=32154200 |pmc=7044178 |bibcode=2020FrPH....8...14M |issn=2296-2565}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Indoor air quality ====

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect of smart water systems in Africa because water supply and treatment facilities can influence the quality of air inside buildings. Poorly maintained water systems may promote the growth of mould, bacteria, and other microorganisms, which can release pollutants into indoor environments. Smart water technologies help monitor water quality, humidity, leaks, and ventilation conditions, reducing health risks associated with contaminated indoor air.

Smart sensors installed in buildings can detect leaks, excessive moisture, and water stagnation, allowing facility managers to respond quickly before mould develops. In hospitals, schools, offices, and residential buildings, these systems contribute to healthier indoor environments by preventing water-related air pollution.

Water treatment facilities also use digital monitoring systems to ensure that chemicals such as chlorine are applied at safe levels. Automated ventilation systems integrated with smart building technologies help remove airborne contaminants generated during water treatment processes.

Several African countries are adopting smart building management systems that combine water monitoring with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls. These integrated systems improve energy efficiency while maintaining healthy indoor conditions.

Although adoption remains limited due to infrastructure and financial constraints, growing investments in smart cities and green buildings are increasing the use of intelligent water and environmental monitoring systems across Africa.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces mould growth caused by water leaks and dampness.
* Improves occupant health by maintaining cleaner indoor air.
* Enables early detection of plumbing failures and water contamination.
* Supports energy-efficient building management.
* Reduces maintenance costs through predictive monitoring.

===== Challenges =====
* High installation and maintenance costs.
* Limited technical expertise in integrated building management systems.
* Inadequate digital infrastructure in many regions.
* Lack of standards for smart indoor environmental monitoring.
* Limited awareness among building owners and facility managers.

==== Climate change adaptation ====

Smart water systems play an increasingly important role in helping African countries adapt to the effects of climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods, and increasing water scarcity have placed significant pressure on water resources across the continent. Digital technologies enable water managers to monitor these changes in real time and respond more effectively.

Remote sensors, satellite imagery, weather forecasting, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to monitor rainfall, river flows, groundwater levels, reservoir storage, and soil moisture. These data help governments, utilities, and farmers make informed decisions about water allocation, irrigation scheduling, and emergency response during droughts and floods.

Smart irrigation systems reduce water consumption by applying water only when crops require it. Combined with weather forecasts and soil moisture sensors, these systems improve agricultural productivity while conserving limited water resources. In regions frequently affected by drought, such technologies enhance food security and strengthen the resilience of farming communities.

Urban water utilities also use smart monitoring systems to prepare for climate-related disasters. Early warning systems can detect rising river levels, pipeline failures, or abnormal water demand during extreme weather events. Automated control systems allow operators to manage reservoirs, pumping stations, and drainage infrastructure more efficiently, reducing the impacts of flooding and water shortages.

Nature-based solutions are increasingly being integrated with smart water management. Digital monitoring supports the restoration of wetlands, watersheds, forests, and river ecosystems by tracking environmental conditions and evaluating conservation efforts. These approaches improve water quality, groundwater recharge, and biodiversity while strengthening resilience to climate change.

International organizations, research institutions, and development partners continue to support African countries through climate adaptation programmes that promote digital water technologies, capacity building, and sustainable infrastructure. However, widespread implementation remains constrained by limited financial resources, inadequate technical capacity, unreliable electricity, and unequal access to digital technologies.

===== Adaptation strategies =====
* Real-time monitoring of water resources.
* Smart irrigation based on weather and soil moisture data.
* Flood forecasting and early warning systems.
* Digital monitoring of reservoirs and groundwater.
* Integration of satellite data and GIS for water planning.
* Nature-based water management supported by environmental monitoring.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves resilience to droughts and floods.
* Enhances food security through efficient irrigation.
* Supports sustainable water resource management.
* Reduces disaster risks through early warning systems.
* Improves long-term planning under changing climate conditions.

==== Water governance and policy ====

Effective water governance is essential for the successful implementation of smart water systems in Africa. Water governance refers to the processes, institutions, laws, and policies used to manage water resources and provide reliable water services. Smart water technologies support better governance by improving data collection, transparency, accountability, and decision-making.

Traditional water management systems in many African countries often face challenges such as limited access to accurate data, weak monitoring systems, ageing infrastructure, and difficulties in coordinating between different institutions. Smart water systems address these challenges by providing real-time information about water availability, consumption patterns, infrastructure performance, and service delivery.

Digital platforms allow water authorities to collect and analyse large amounts of data from sensors, meters, satellites, and customer systems. This information helps policymakers develop evidence-based strategies for water allocation, conservation, and infrastructure development. Open data initiatives can also improve public participation by allowing communities, researchers, and organizations to access water-related information.

Smart water technologies contribute to improved accountability among water service providers. Automated metering systems reduce billing errors, detect illegal connections, and improve revenue collection. Leak detection technologies help utilities reduce non-revenue water, which is a major challenge affecting many African water providers.

Government policies and regulatory frameworks play a key role in encouraging smart water adoption. Countries that establish clear standards for digital infrastructure, data protection, water quality monitoring, and public-private partnerships are better positioned to benefit from smart water innovations.

Regional organizations such as the African Union and various water management institutions have emphasized the importance of digital transformation and integrated water resource management. Collaboration between governments, technology companies, research institutions, and local communities is necessary to ensure that smart water systems are inclusive and sustainable.

Despite these opportunities, challenges remain, including limited funding, weak institutional capacity, poor coordination between agencies, and concerns about data ownership and cybersecurity. Addressing these issues is important for creating effective and equitable smart water governance systems across Africa.

===== Governance applications =====
* Digital water information management platforms.
* Real-time monitoring of water supply networks.
* Automated billing and smart metering systems.
* Data-driven water policy development.
* Public access to water information.
* Improved coordination among water institutions.

===== Policy requirements =====
* Development of national smart water strategies.
* Investment in digital infrastructure and skills development.
* Strong regulations for data protection and cybersecurity.
* Support for research and innovation.
* Promotion of partnerships between government and private sectors.

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      <text bytes="37406" sha1="fgtkztbaszbwzy2zxmnp1gwrwcel282" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Short description|Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health}}
{{Distinguish|Ecological health|Ecosystem health|Environmental medicine}}
{{For|the academic journal |Environmental Health (journal)}}
{{Public health sidebar}}

[[File:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350px|Conceptual map wey dey show how nature, ecosystem services, environmental ethics, environmental justice, and public health connect together.]]

[[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective (26170609558).jpg|thumb|350px|Environmental health indicator (2016). E get three main categories: health impacts, air quality, and water plus sanitation. The health impacts category include the environmental risk exposure indicator.]]

'''Environmental health''' na branch of public health wey dey focus on all the things for the natural environment and built environment wey fit affect human health. The study dey help identify wetin be the requirements for healthy environment, so that people fit control the factors wey dey affect health in an effective way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dovjak |first1=Mateja |chapter=Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments |year=2019 |title=Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings |pages=43–82 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-19411-6 |s2cid=190160283 |last2=Kukec |first2=Andreja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main sub-disciplines for environmental health be environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental medicine, and occupational medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Timothy |date=2008-07-21 |title=The ecology of environmental health |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1177/117863020800200001 |issn=1178-6302 |pmc=3091335 |pmid=21572828|bibcode=2008EnvHI...200200K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitions ==
=== WHO definitions ===

World Health Organization (WHO) define environmental health for one document wey dem publish for 1989 as:

:'''Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is environmental health? |url=https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/overview/what-is-environmental-health/#:~:text=Environmental%20health%20refers%20to%20aspects,psychosocial%20factors%20in%20the%20environment |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=ehinz.ac.nz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem still describe am as the theory plus practice of assessing and controlling the factors for the environment wey fit affect people's health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=von Schirnding |first=Yasmin E.R. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585 |title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health |date=February 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966175-6 |editor-last=Detels |editor-first=Roger |edition=6 |pages=1523–1541 |chapter=11.5 Environmental health practice |doi=10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0240 |access-date=2024-08-12 |editor-last2=Gulliford |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Karim |editor-first3=Quarraisha Abdool |editor-last4=Tan |editor-first4=Chorh Chuan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585/chapter-abstract/306374236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2016}}, the WHO website about environmental health talk say:

:'''Environmental health dey cover all the physical, chemical, and biological factors outside a person, plus all the related factors wey fit affect human behaviour. E include the assessment and control of those environmental factors wey fit affect health. The main aim be to prevent diseases and create environments wey support good health. This definition no include behaviours wey no relate to the environment, behaviours wey relate to the social and cultural environment, or genetics.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ |access-date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Gerding |first2=Justin A. |last3=Landeen |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradley |first4=Eric |last5=Callahan |first5=Timothy |last6=Cushing |first6=Stephanie |last7=Hailu |first7=Fikru |last8=Hall |first8=Nancy |last9=Hatch |first9=Timothy |last10=Jurries |first10=Sherise |last11=Kalis |first11=Martin A. |last12=Kelly |first12=Kaitlyn R. |last13=Laco |first13=Joseph P. |last14=Lemin |first14=Niki |last15=McInnes |first15=Carol |year=2019 |title=Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=125001 |doi=10.1289/EHP5161 |issn=1552-9924 |pmc=6957286 |pmid=31799881 |last16=Olsen |first16=Greg |last17=Stratman |first17=Robert |last18=White |first18=Carolyn |last19=Wille |first19=Steven |last20=Sarisky |first20=John|bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l5001B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i386&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=MacArthur |first1=I. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=X. |year=1997 |title=Environmental health services in Europe. 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s |journal=WHO Regional Publications. European Series |volume=76 |pages=vii–xii, 1–177 |issn=0378-2255 |pmid=9557583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Environmental health still dey check how exposure to things like air pollution, contaminated water, and chemicals fit affect people's health as time dey go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-05-09 |title=Environmental Hazards and Risks |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/index.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Yellow Book |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Other considerations ===

People fit also see the term '''environmental medicine''' as one medical specialty, or as one branch under the broader field of environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=AAMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Brian S. |last2=Rischitelli |first2=Gary |last3=Hu |first3=Howard |date=September 2005 |title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=A574–A576 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1280414 |pmid=16140601}}&lt;/ref&gt; People never fully agree on the terminology, and for plenty European countries, dem dey use both terms to mean the same thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine |access-date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other terms wey people dey use for, or wey closely relate to, environmental health include '''environmental public health''' and '''health protection'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jennings |first=Bruce |chapter=Environmental and Occupational Public Health |year=2016 |title=Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe |volume=3 |pages=177–202 |editor-last2=H. Barrett |editor-first2=Drue |editor-last=W. Ortmann |editor-first=Leonard |editor-last3=Dawson |editor-first3=Angus |editor-last4=Saenz |editor-first4=Carla |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435781/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |series=Public Health Ethics Analysis |place=Cham (CH) |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_6 |isbn=978-3-319-23846-3 |pmid=28590693 |s2cid=168480156|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disciplines ==

Five main disciplines dey normally contribute to the field of environmental health, though some of dem dey overlap:

* '''Environmental epidemiology''' dey study the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, and others) and human health. Observational studies, wey simply observe exposures wey people don already experience, be very common for environmental epidemiology because e no dey ethical to deliberately expose human beings to agents wey people know or suspect say e fit cause disease. Even though researchers no fit use experimental study designs be one limitation, this discipline dey observe the effects directly on human health instead of estimating the effects from animal studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Epidemiology |first1=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/ |title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context |last2=Sciences |first2=National Research Council (US) Commission on Life |date=1997 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Environmental epidemiology na the study of how physical, biological, and chemical factors for the external environment dey affect human health. E still dey examine specific populations or communities wey different environmental conditions expose to understand the relationship between physical, biological, or chemical factors and human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology |title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 |date=1991-01-01 |isbn=978-0-309-04496-7 |doi=10.17226/1802 |pmid=25121252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Toxicology''' dey study how exposure to things for the environment fit lead to specific health problems, mostly by using animals so researchers fit understand the possible effects on human health. Toxicology get advantage because researchers fit carry out randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies with animal subjects. But plenty differences still dey between animal biology and human biology, so people need to take care when dem dey interpret results from animal studies for human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toxicology |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Exposure science''' dey study how human beings dey come into contact with environmental contaminants by identifying and measuring the level of exposure. Exposure science fit support environmental epidemiology by giving a clearer description of environmental exposures wey fit lead to a particular health outcome. E fit also identify common exposures wey toxicology studies fit investigate further, or support risk assessments to determine whether current exposure levels pass the recommended limits. One major advantage of exposure science be say e fit measure exposure to specific chemicals very accurately. However, e no provide direct information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exposure Science |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental engineering''' dey apply scientific and engineering principles to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental factors, protect the environment from the harmful effects of both natural and human activities, and improve the overall quality of the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental law''' include the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common laws, and customary laws wey address the effects of human activities on the natural environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – Folorunso and Co. |url=https://folorunsoandco.com/international-environmental-law-and-basic-principles-of-environmental-law/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science fit combine together to carry out '''risk assessment''' for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other risk factors, so researchers fit determine whether a particular exposure dey pose serious risk to human health (meaning the exposure fit likely cause pollution-related diseases). The results fit help develop and implement environmental health policies, for example, policies wey regulate chemical emissions or set standards for proper sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&amp;q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-56776-0 |edition=2 |location=San Francisco |pages=XXX-LIII |chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engineering and legal intervention strategies fit also work together to monitor and manage exposure risks, with the main aim of protecting human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=C |last2=Obasi |first2=IC |last3=Akinwande |first3=DV |last4=Ile |first4=C |title=The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. |journal=Heliyon |date=15 January 2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23604 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604 |doi-access=free |pmid=38173504 |pmc=10761781 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023604B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Pediatric environmental health ===

'''Children's environmental health''' na academic discipline wey dey study how environmental exposures for early life—including chemical, biological, nutritional, and social exposures—dey affect children's health and development, and even their health throughout the whole human life span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Landrigan PL and Etzel RA. |title=Textbook of Children's Environmental Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-992957-3 |location=New York |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pediatric environmental health base on the understanding say children no be &quot;small adults.&quot; Babies and children get their own unique ways of exposure and special vulnerabilities. The environmental risks wey babies and children face differ from those of adults both in quality and quantity. Pediatric environmental health be highly interdisciplinary. E dey bring together general pediatrics, many pediatric subspecialties, epidemiology, occupational medicine, environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science.

== Concerns ==

[[File:Health effects of pollution.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Overview of the main health effects of some common types of pollution on human beings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Resources Institute: August 2008 Monthly Update: Air Pollution's Causes, Consequences and Solutions |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501181320/http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of Waterborne Disease Trends |url=http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155251/http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Potential Health Effects of Pesticides |url=http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811175133/http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:FEMA - 16491 - Photograph by John Fleck taken on 09-30-2005 in Mississippi.jpg|thumb|FEMA/EPA Hazardous Materials Team dey remove hazardous materials wey Hurricane Katrina leave behind for 2005.]]

[[File:How is our sick planet making us sick.webm|thumb|Lecture by Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) about environmental health.]]

Environmental health concerns include:

* Biosafety.
* Disaster preparedness and response.
* Food safety, including agriculture, transportation, food processing, wholesale, and retail distribution and sales.
* Housing, including the control of substandard housing and inspection of jails and prisons.
* Prevention of childhood lead poisoning.
* Land use planning, including smart growth.
* Disposal of liquid waste, including municipal wastewater treatment plants and on-site wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and chemical toilets.
* Management and disposal of medical waste.
* Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
* Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes.
* Prevention of recreational water illnesses from swimming pools, spas, oceans, rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bathing places.
* Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities, composting, and solid waste transfer stations.
* Exposure to toxic chemicals from consumer products, homes, workplaces, air, water, or soil.
* Toxins from molds and algal blooms.
* Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches, and other animals wey fit spread pathogens.

According to recent estimates for Europe, about 5% to 10% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) wey people lose dey happen because of environmental causes. The biggest contributor by far be fine particulate matter pollution for urban air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National and regional story (Netherlands) - Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the EBoDE project — European Environment Agency |date=17 November 2011 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2010/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1 |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, researchers estimate say environmental exposures contribute to 4.9&amp;nbsp;million (8.7%) deaths and 86 million (5.7%) DALYs globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;y052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prüss-Ustün |first1=Annette |last2=Vickers |first2=Carolyn |last3=Haefliger |first3=Pascal |last4=Bertollini |first4=Roberto |year=2011 |title=Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review |journal=Environmental Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-9 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3037292 |pmid=21255392 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011EnvHe..10....9P }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the United States, Superfund sites wey different companies create don prove say dem dey dangerous to both human health and the environment for nearby communities. Na this perceived threat—especially the fear of miscarriages, mutations, birth defects, and cancers—wey make the public worry pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schleicher |first=D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC |title=But is it True?: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues |date=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08923-5 |editor-last=Wildavsky |editor-first=Aaron B |pages=153–184 |chapter=Superfund's abandoned hazardous waste sites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Air quality ===

Air quality include both outdoor (ambient) air quality and indoor air quality. Some of the biggest concerns about air quality include environmental tobacco smoke, air pollution from different kinds of chemical waste, and other forms of air pollution wey fit affect human health.

==== Outdoor air quality ====

Air pollution dey cause more than 6.5&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide every year, {{as of|2022}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;h352&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |year=2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmid=35594895 |doi-access=free |last16=Hunter |first16=David |last17=Janata |first17=Gloria |last18=Kupka |first18=Rachael |last19=Lanphear |first19=Bruce |last20=Lichtveld |first20=Maureen |last21=Martin |first21=Keith |last22=Mustapha |first22=Adetoun |last23=Sanchez-Triana |first23=Ernesto |last24=Sandilya |first24=Karti |last25=Schaefli |first25=Laura |last26=Shaw |first26=Joseph |last27=Seddon |first27=Jessica |last28=Suk |first28=William |last29=Téllez-Rojo |first29=Martha María |last30=Yan |first30=Chonghuai|pmc=11995256 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air pollution be major risk factor for diseases like lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, heart disease, and many other respiratory illnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When air pollution reduce, adult mortality too dey reduce, which means improving air quality fit save plenty lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;c579&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Joaquim |last2=Domingo |first2=José L. |last3=Schuhmacher |first3=Marta |author-link3=Marta Schuhmacher |year=2020 |title=Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=703 |article-number=135538 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135538 |pmid=31759725 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70335538R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Air pollution amid blue skies, the day after reopening from lockdown near Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Factory for Mumbai dey release air pollution.]]

Some of the common sources of emissions include road traffic, energy production, household fuel burning, aviation, motor vehicles, and other pollution sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204585 |title=Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks |last1=Prüss-Üstün |first1=Annette |last2=Wolf |first2=J. |year=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |last3=Corvalán |first3=Carlos F. |last4=Bos |first4=R. |last5=Neira |first5=Maria Purificación |isbn=978-92-4-156519-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-09-10 |title=Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation |url=https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/overview-air-pollution-transportation |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These activities involve burning fuel, which dey release harmful particles into the air. Humans and other living organisms fit breathe in or swallow these particles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Pollution and Your Health |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air pollution dey linked with serious health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and even death.&lt;ref name=&quot;p599&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abdo |first1=Nour |last2=Khader |first2=Yousef S. |last3=Abdelrahman |first3=Mostafa |last4=Graboski-Bauer |first4=Ashley |last5=Malkawi |first5=Mazen |last6=Al-Sharif |first6=Munjed |last7=Elbetieha |first7=Ahmad M. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1515/reveh-2015-0076 |pmid=27101544 |bibcode=2016RvEH...31.0076A |issn=2191-0308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The risk wey air pollution pose depend on how dangerous the pollutant be and how much exposure the person get.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vallero |first=Daniel |title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-401733-7 |publication-place=Amsterdam Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, one child wey dey play sports outside every day get higher chance of exposure to outdoor air pollution than one adult wey spend most of the time inside office or house.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Environmental health officials dey work to identify people wey get high risk of exposure to air pollution, identify the risk factors wey dey communities, and help reduce the overall exposure of the whole community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Manisalidis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stavropoulou |first2=Elisavet |last3=Stavropoulos |first3=Agathangelos |last4=Bezirtzoglou |first4=Eugenia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=8 |article-number=14 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 |doi-access=free |pmid=32154200 |pmc=7044178 |bibcode=2020FrPH....8...14M |issn=2296-2565}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Indoor air quality ====

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect of smart water systems in Africa because water supply and treatment facilities can influence the quality of air inside buildings. Poorly maintained water systems may promote the growth of mould, bacteria, and other microorganisms, which can release pollutants into indoor environments. Smart water technologies help monitor water quality, humidity, leaks, and ventilation conditions, reducing health risks associated with contaminated indoor air.

Smart sensors installed in buildings can detect leaks, excessive moisture, and water stagnation, allowing facility managers to respond quickly before mould develops. In hospitals, schools, offices, and residential buildings, these systems contribute to healthier indoor environments by preventing water-related air pollution.

Water treatment facilities also use digital monitoring systems to ensure that chemicals such as chlorine are applied at safe levels. Automated ventilation systems integrated with smart building technologies help remove airborne contaminants generated during water treatment processes.

Several African countries are adopting smart building management systems that combine water monitoring with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls. These integrated systems improve energy efficiency while maintaining healthy indoor conditions.

Although adoption remains limited due to infrastructure and financial constraints, growing investments in smart cities and green buildings are increasing the use of intelligent water and environmental monitoring systems across Africa.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces mould growth caused by water leaks and dampness.
* Improves occupant health by maintaining cleaner indoor air.
* Enables early detection of plumbing failures and water contamination.
* Supports energy-efficient building management.
* Reduces maintenance costs through predictive monitoring.

===== Challenges =====
* High installation and maintenance costs.
* Limited technical expertise in integrated building management systems.
* Inadequate digital infrastructure in many regions.
* Lack of standards for smart indoor environmental monitoring.
* Limited awareness among building owners and facility managers.

==== Climate change adaptation ====

Smart water systems play an increasingly important role in helping African countries adapt to the effects of climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods, and increasing water scarcity have placed significant pressure on water resources across the continent. Digital technologies enable water managers to monitor these changes in real time and respond more effectively.

Remote sensors, satellite imagery, weather forecasting, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to monitor rainfall, river flows, groundwater levels, reservoir storage, and soil moisture. These data help governments, utilities, and farmers make informed decisions about water allocation, irrigation scheduling, and emergency response during droughts and floods.

Smart irrigation systems reduce water consumption by applying water only when crops require it. Combined with weather forecasts and soil moisture sensors, these systems improve agricultural productivity while conserving limited water resources. In regions frequently affected by drought, such technologies enhance food security and strengthen the resilience of farming communities.

Urban water utilities also use smart monitoring systems to prepare for climate-related disasters. Early warning systems can detect rising river levels, pipeline failures, or abnormal water demand during extreme weather events. Automated control systems allow operators to manage reservoirs, pumping stations, and drainage infrastructure more efficiently, reducing the impacts of flooding and water shortages.

Nature-based solutions are increasingly being integrated with smart water management. Digital monitoring supports the restoration of wetlands, watersheds, forests, and river ecosystems by tracking environmental conditions and evaluating conservation efforts. These approaches improve water quality, groundwater recharge, and biodiversity while strengthening resilience to climate change.

International organizations, research institutions, and development partners continue to support African countries through climate adaptation programmes that promote digital water technologies, capacity building, and sustainable infrastructure. However, widespread implementation remains constrained by limited financial resources, inadequate technical capacity, unreliable electricity, and unequal access to digital technologies.

===== Adaptation strategies =====
* Real-time monitoring of water resources.
* Smart irrigation based on weather and soil moisture data.
* Flood forecasting and early warning systems.
* Digital monitoring of reservoirs and groundwater.
* Integration of satellite data and GIS for water planning.
* Nature-based water management supported by environmental monitoring.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves resilience to droughts and floods.
* Enhances food security through efficient irrigation.
* Supports sustainable water resource management.
* Reduces disaster risks through early warning systems.
* Improves long-term planning under changing climate conditions.

==== Water governance and policy ====

Effective water governance is essential for the successful implementation of smart water systems in Africa. Water governance refers to the processes, institutions, laws, and policies used to manage water resources and provide reliable water services. Smart water technologies support better governance by improving data collection, transparency, accountability, and decision-making.

Traditional water management systems in many African countries often face challenges such as limited access to accurate data, weak monitoring systems, ageing infrastructure, and difficulties in coordinating between different institutions. Smart water systems address these challenges by providing real-time information about water availability, consumption patterns, infrastructure performance, and service delivery.

Digital platforms allow water authorities to collect and analyse large amounts of data from sensors, meters, satellites, and customer systems. This information helps policymakers develop evidence-based strategies for water allocation, conservation, and infrastructure development. Open data initiatives can also improve public participation by allowing communities, researchers, and organizations to access water-related information.

Smart water technologies contribute to improved accountability among water service providers. Automated metering systems reduce billing errors, detect illegal connections, and improve revenue collection. Leak detection technologies help utilities reduce non-revenue water, which is a major challenge affecting many African water providers.

Government policies and regulatory frameworks play a key role in encouraging smart water adoption. Countries that establish clear standards for digital infrastructure, data protection, water quality monitoring, and public-private partnerships are better positioned to benefit from smart water innovations.

Regional organizations such as the African Union and various water management institutions have emphasized the importance of digital transformation and integrated water resource management. Collaboration between governments, technology companies, research institutions, and local communities is necessary to ensure that smart water systems are inclusive and sustainable.

Despite these opportunities, challenges remain, including limited funding, weak institutional capacity, poor coordination between agencies, and concerns about data ownership and cybersecurity. Addressing these issues is important for creating effective and equitable smart water governance systems across Africa.

===== Governance applications =====
* Digital water information management platforms.
* Real-time monitoring of water supply networks.
* Automated billing and smart metering systems.
* Data-driven water policy development.
* Public access to water information.
* Improved coordination among water institutions.

===== Policy requirements =====
* Development of national smart water strategies.
* Investment in digital infrastructure and skills development.
* Strong regulations for data protection and cybersecurity.
* Support for research and innovation.
* Promotion of partnerships between government and private sectors.

==== Artificial intelligence and machine learning in smart water systems ====

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are emerging technologies that are transforming smart water systems in Africa. These technologies allow water authorities and utilities to analyse large amounts of data collected from sensors, satellites, smart meters, and monitoring devices to improve water management decisions.

AI-powered systems can identify patterns in water consumption, predict equipment failures, detect leaks, and optimize water distribution networks. By analysing historical and real-time data, machine learning algorithms can forecast water demand, helping utilities manage limited water resources more efficiently.

One major application of AI in smart water management is predictive maintenance. Traditional water infrastructure maintenance often depends on scheduled inspections or responses after failures occur. AI systems can analyse pressure changes, flow rates, and equipment performance to predict possible pipe failures before they happen. This reduces repair costs and prevents service interruptions.

AI technologies are also being used to improve water quality monitoring. Machine learning models can analyse data from water sensors to detect unusual changes in chemical composition, pollution levels, and microbial risks. Early detection allows authorities to take corrective measures before contaminated water reaches consumers.

In agriculture, AI-based smart irrigation systems combine weather data, satellite imagery, and soil information to determine the exact amount of water required by crops. This helps farmers increase productivity while reducing unnecessary water use.

African cities are increasingly exploring AI applications as part of smart city development. Water utilities can integrate artificial intelligence with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, geographic information systems (GIS), and cloud computing platforms to create more responsive and efficient water networks.

However, the adoption of AI in African water systems faces several challenges. These include limited access to high-quality datasets, inadequate digital infrastructure, high technology costs, shortage of AI specialists, and concerns about data privacy. Addressing these barriers requires investment in education, research, digital infrastructure, and collaboration between governments, universities, and technology companies.

===== Applications of AI in smart water systems =====
* Predicting water demand and consumption patterns.
* Detecting leaks and abnormal water usage.
* Predictive maintenance of pipelines and equipment.
* Automated water quality monitoring.
* Optimizing irrigation systems.
* Supporting climate change forecasting and planning.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves efficiency of water management.
* Reduces operational and maintenance costs.
* Enables faster responses to water problems.
* Supports evidence-based decision-making.
* Enhances conservation of water resources.

===== Challenges =====
* Limited availability of reliable water datasets.
* High cost of AI infrastructure.
* Shortage of technical expertise.
* Cybersecurity and data privacy concerns.
* Unequal access to digital technologies.

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{{Short description|Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health}}
{{Distinguish|Ecological health|Ecosystem health|Environmental medicine}}
{{For|the academic journal |Environmental Health (journal)}}
{{Public health sidebar}}

[[File:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350px|Conceptual map wey dey show how nature, ecosystem services, environmental ethics, environmental justice, and public health connect together.]]

[[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective (26170609558).jpg|thumb|350px|Environmental health indicator (2016). E get three main categories: health impacts, air quality, and water plus sanitation. The health impacts category include the environmental risk exposure indicator.]]

'''Environmental health''' na branch of public health wey dey focus on all the things for the natural environment and built environment wey fit affect human health. The study dey help identify wetin be the requirements for healthy environment, so that people fit control the factors wey dey affect health in an effective way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dovjak |first1=Mateja |chapter=Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments |year=2019 |title=Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings |pages=43–82 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-19411-6 |s2cid=190160283 |last2=Kukec |first2=Andreja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main sub-disciplines for environmental health be environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental medicine, and occupational medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Timothy |date=2008-07-21 |title=The ecology of environmental health |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1177/117863020800200001 |issn=1178-6302 |pmc=3091335 |pmid=21572828|bibcode=2008EnvHI...200200K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitions ==
=== WHO definitions ===

World Health Organization (WHO) define environmental health for one document wey dem publish for 1989 as:

:'''Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is environmental health? |url=https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/overview/what-is-environmental-health/#:~:text=Environmental%20health%20refers%20to%20aspects,psychosocial%20factors%20in%20the%20environment |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=ehinz.ac.nz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem still describe am as the theory plus practice of assessing and controlling the factors for the environment wey fit affect people's health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=von Schirnding |first=Yasmin E.R. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585 |title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health |date=February 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966175-6 |editor-last=Detels |editor-first=Roger |edition=6 |pages=1523–1541 |chapter=11.5 Environmental health practice |doi=10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0240 |access-date=2024-08-12 |editor-last2=Gulliford |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Karim |editor-first3=Quarraisha Abdool |editor-last4=Tan |editor-first4=Chorh Chuan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585/chapter-abstract/306374236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2016}}, the WHO website about environmental health talk say:

:'''Environmental health dey cover all the physical, chemical, and biological factors outside a person, plus all the related factors wey fit affect human behaviour. E include the assessment and control of those environmental factors wey fit affect health. The main aim be to prevent diseases and create environments wey support good health. This definition no include behaviours wey no relate to the environment, behaviours wey relate to the social and cultural environment, or genetics.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ |access-date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Gerding |first2=Justin A. |last3=Landeen |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradley |first4=Eric |last5=Callahan |first5=Timothy |last6=Cushing |first6=Stephanie |last7=Hailu |first7=Fikru |last8=Hall |first8=Nancy |last9=Hatch |first9=Timothy |last10=Jurries |first10=Sherise |last11=Kalis |first11=Martin A. |last12=Kelly |first12=Kaitlyn R. |last13=Laco |first13=Joseph P. |last14=Lemin |first14=Niki |last15=McInnes |first15=Carol |year=2019 |title=Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=125001 |doi=10.1289/EHP5161 |issn=1552-9924 |pmc=6957286 |pmid=31799881 |last16=Olsen |first16=Greg |last17=Stratman |first17=Robert |last18=White |first18=Carolyn |last19=Wille |first19=Steven |last20=Sarisky |first20=John|bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l5001B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i386&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=MacArthur |first1=I. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=X. |year=1997 |title=Environmental health services in Europe. 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s |journal=WHO Regional Publications. European Series |volume=76 |pages=vii–xii, 1–177 |issn=0378-2255 |pmid=9557583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Environmental health still dey check how exposure to things like air pollution, contaminated water, and chemicals fit affect people's health as time dey go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-05-09 |title=Environmental Hazards and Risks |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/index.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Yellow Book |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Other considerations ===

People fit also see the term '''environmental medicine''' as one medical specialty, or as one branch under the broader field of environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=AAMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Brian S. |last2=Rischitelli |first2=Gary |last3=Hu |first3=Howard |date=September 2005 |title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=A574–A576 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1280414 |pmid=16140601}}&lt;/ref&gt; People never fully agree on the terminology, and for plenty European countries, dem dey use both terms to mean the same thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine |access-date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other terms wey people dey use for, or wey closely relate to, environmental health include '''environmental public health''' and '''health protection'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jennings |first=Bruce |chapter=Environmental and Occupational Public Health |year=2016 |title=Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe |volume=3 |pages=177–202 |editor-last2=H. Barrett |editor-first2=Drue |editor-last=W. Ortmann |editor-first=Leonard |editor-last3=Dawson |editor-first3=Angus |editor-last4=Saenz |editor-first4=Carla |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435781/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |series=Public Health Ethics Analysis |place=Cham (CH) |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_6 |isbn=978-3-319-23846-3 |pmid=28590693 |s2cid=168480156|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disciplines ==

Five main disciplines dey normally contribute to the field of environmental health, though some of dem dey overlap:

* '''Environmental epidemiology''' dey study the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, and others) and human health. Observational studies, wey simply observe exposures wey people don already experience, be very common for environmental epidemiology because e no dey ethical to deliberately expose human beings to agents wey people know or suspect say e fit cause disease. Even though researchers no fit use experimental study designs be one limitation, this discipline dey observe the effects directly on human health instead of estimating the effects from animal studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Epidemiology |first1=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/ |title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context |last2=Sciences |first2=National Research Council (US) Commission on Life |date=1997 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Environmental epidemiology na the study of how physical, biological, and chemical factors for the external environment dey affect human health. E still dey examine specific populations or communities wey different environmental conditions expose to understand the relationship between physical, biological, or chemical factors and human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology |title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 |date=1991-01-01 |isbn=978-0-309-04496-7 |doi=10.17226/1802 |pmid=25121252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Toxicology''' dey study how exposure to things for the environment fit lead to specific health problems, mostly by using animals so researchers fit understand the possible effects on human health. Toxicology get advantage because researchers fit carry out randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies with animal subjects. But plenty differences still dey between animal biology and human biology, so people need to take care when dem dey interpret results from animal studies for human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toxicology |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Exposure science''' dey study how human beings dey come into contact with environmental contaminants by identifying and measuring the level of exposure. Exposure science fit support environmental epidemiology by giving a clearer description of environmental exposures wey fit lead to a particular health outcome. E fit also identify common exposures wey toxicology studies fit investigate further, or support risk assessments to determine whether current exposure levels pass the recommended limits. One major advantage of exposure science be say e fit measure exposure to specific chemicals very accurately. However, e no provide direct information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exposure Science |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental engineering''' dey apply scientific and engineering principles to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental factors, protect the environment from the harmful effects of both natural and human activities, and improve the overall quality of the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental law''' include the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common laws, and customary laws wey address the effects of human activities on the natural environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – Folorunso and Co. |url=https://folorunsoandco.com/international-environmental-law-and-basic-principles-of-environmental-law/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science fit combine together to carry out '''risk assessment''' for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other risk factors, so researchers fit determine whether a particular exposure dey pose serious risk to human health (meaning the exposure fit likely cause pollution-related diseases). The results fit help develop and implement environmental health policies, for example, policies wey regulate chemical emissions or set standards for proper sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&amp;q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-56776-0 |edition=2 |location=San Francisco |pages=XXX-LIII |chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engineering and legal intervention strategies fit also work together to monitor and manage exposure risks, with the main aim of protecting human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=C |last2=Obasi |first2=IC |last3=Akinwande |first3=DV |last4=Ile |first4=C |title=The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. |journal=Heliyon |date=15 January 2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23604 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604 |doi-access=free |pmid=38173504 |pmc=10761781 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023604B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Pediatric environmental health ===

'''Children's environmental health''' na academic discipline wey dey study how environmental exposures for early life—including chemical, biological, nutritional, and social exposures—dey affect children's health and development, and even their health throughout the whole human life span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Landrigan PL and Etzel RA. |title=Textbook of Children's Environmental Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-992957-3 |location=New York |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pediatric environmental health base on the understanding say children no be &quot;small adults.&quot; Babies and children get their own unique ways of exposure and special vulnerabilities. The environmental risks wey babies and children face differ from those of adults both in quality and quantity. Pediatric environmental health be highly interdisciplinary. E dey bring together general pediatrics, many pediatric subspecialties, epidemiology, occupational medicine, environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science.

== Concerns ==

[[File:Health effects of pollution.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Overview of the main health effects of some common types of pollution on human beings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Resources Institute: August 2008 Monthly Update: Air Pollution's Causes, Consequences and Solutions |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501181320/http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of Waterborne Disease Trends |url=http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155251/http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Potential Health Effects of Pesticides |url=http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811175133/http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:FEMA - 16491 - Photograph by John Fleck taken on 09-30-2005 in Mississippi.jpg|thumb|FEMA/EPA Hazardous Materials Team dey remove hazardous materials wey Hurricane Katrina leave behind for 2005.]]

[[File:How is our sick planet making us sick.webm|thumb|Lecture by Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) about environmental health.]]

Environmental health concerns include:

* Biosafety.
* Disaster preparedness and response.
* Food safety, including agriculture, transportation, food processing, wholesale, and retail distribution and sales.
* Housing, including the control of substandard housing and inspection of jails and prisons.
* Prevention of childhood lead poisoning.
* Land use planning, including smart growth.
* Disposal of liquid waste, including municipal wastewater treatment plants and on-site wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and chemical toilets.
* Management and disposal of medical waste.
* Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
* Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes.
* Prevention of recreational water illnesses from swimming pools, spas, oceans, rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bathing places.
* Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities, composting, and solid waste transfer stations.
* Exposure to toxic chemicals from consumer products, homes, workplaces, air, water, or soil.
* Toxins from molds and algal blooms.
* Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches, and other animals wey fit spread pathogens.

According to recent estimates for Europe, about 5% to 10% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) wey people lose dey happen because of environmental causes. The biggest contributor by far be fine particulate matter pollution for urban air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National and regional story (Netherlands) - Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the EBoDE project — European Environment Agency |date=17 November 2011 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2010/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1 |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, researchers estimate say environmental exposures contribute to 4.9&amp;nbsp;million (8.7%) deaths and 86 million (5.7%) DALYs globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;y052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prüss-Ustün |first1=Annette |last2=Vickers |first2=Carolyn |last3=Haefliger |first3=Pascal |last4=Bertollini |first4=Roberto |year=2011 |title=Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review |journal=Environmental Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-9 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3037292 |pmid=21255392 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011EnvHe..10....9P }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the United States, Superfund sites wey different companies create don prove say dem dey dangerous to both human health and the environment for nearby communities. Na this perceived threat—especially the fear of miscarriages, mutations, birth defects, and cancers—wey make the public worry pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schleicher |first=D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC |title=But is it True?: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues |date=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08923-5 |editor-last=Wildavsky |editor-first=Aaron B |pages=153–184 |chapter=Superfund's abandoned hazardous waste sites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Air quality ===

Air quality include both outdoor (ambient) air quality and indoor air quality. Some of the biggest concerns about air quality include environmental tobacco smoke, air pollution from different kinds of chemical waste, and other forms of air pollution wey fit affect human health.

==== Outdoor air quality ====

Air pollution dey cause more than 6.5&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide every year, {{as of|2022}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;h352&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |year=2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmid=35594895 |doi-access=free |last16=Hunter |first16=David |last17=Janata |first17=Gloria |last18=Kupka |first18=Rachael |last19=Lanphear |first19=Bruce |last20=Lichtveld |first20=Maureen |last21=Martin |first21=Keith |last22=Mustapha |first22=Adetoun |last23=Sanchez-Triana |first23=Ernesto |last24=Sandilya |first24=Karti |last25=Schaefli |first25=Laura |last26=Shaw |first26=Joseph |last27=Seddon |first27=Jessica |last28=Suk |first28=William |last29=Téllez-Rojo |first29=Martha María |last30=Yan |first30=Chonghuai|pmc=11995256 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air pollution be major risk factor for diseases like lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, heart disease, and many other respiratory illnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When air pollution reduce, adult mortality too dey reduce, which means improving air quality fit save plenty lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;c579&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Joaquim |last2=Domingo |first2=José L. |last3=Schuhmacher |first3=Marta |author-link3=Marta Schuhmacher |year=2020 |title=Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=703 |article-number=135538 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135538 |pmid=31759725 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70335538R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Air pollution amid blue skies, the day after reopening from lockdown near Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Factory for Mumbai dey release air pollution.]]

Some of the common sources of emissions include road traffic, energy production, household fuel burning, aviation, motor vehicles, and other pollution sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204585 |title=Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks |last1=Prüss-Üstün |first1=Annette |last2=Wolf |first2=J. |year=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |last3=Corvalán |first3=Carlos F. |last4=Bos |first4=R. |last5=Neira |first5=Maria Purificación |isbn=978-92-4-156519-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-09-10 |title=Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation |url=https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/overview-air-pollution-transportation |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These activities involve burning fuel, which dey release harmful particles into the air. Humans and other living organisms fit breathe in or swallow these particles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Pollution and Your Health |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air pollution dey linked with serious health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and even death.&lt;ref name=&quot;p599&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abdo |first1=Nour |last2=Khader |first2=Yousef S. |last3=Abdelrahman |first3=Mostafa |last4=Graboski-Bauer |first4=Ashley |last5=Malkawi |first5=Mazen |last6=Al-Sharif |first6=Munjed |last7=Elbetieha |first7=Ahmad M. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1515/reveh-2015-0076 |pmid=27101544 |bibcode=2016RvEH...31.0076A |issn=2191-0308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The risk wey air pollution pose depend on how dangerous the pollutant be and how much exposure the person get.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vallero |first=Daniel |title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-401733-7 |publication-place=Amsterdam Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, one child wey dey play sports outside every day get higher chance of exposure to outdoor air pollution than one adult wey spend most of the time inside office or house.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Environmental health officials dey work to identify people wey get high risk of exposure to air pollution, identify the risk factors wey dey communities, and help reduce the overall exposure of the whole community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Manisalidis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stavropoulou |first2=Elisavet |last3=Stavropoulos |first3=Agathangelos |last4=Bezirtzoglou |first4=Eugenia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=8 |article-number=14 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 |doi-access=free |pmid=32154200 |pmc=7044178 |bibcode=2020FrPH....8...14M |issn=2296-2565}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Indoor air quality ====

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect of smart water systems in Africa because water supply and treatment facilities can influence the quality of air inside buildings. Poorly maintained water systems may promote the growth of mould, bacteria, and other microorganisms, which can release pollutants into indoor environments. Smart water technologies help monitor water quality, humidity, leaks, and ventilation conditions, reducing health risks associated with contaminated indoor air.

Smart sensors installed in buildings can detect leaks, excessive moisture, and water stagnation, allowing facility managers to respond quickly before mould develops. In hospitals, schools, offices, and residential buildings, these systems contribute to healthier indoor environments by preventing water-related air pollution.

Water treatment facilities also use digital monitoring systems to ensure that chemicals such as chlorine are applied at safe levels. Automated ventilation systems integrated with smart building technologies help remove airborne contaminants generated during water treatment processes.

Several African countries are adopting smart building management systems that combine water monitoring with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls. These integrated systems improve energy efficiency while maintaining healthy indoor conditions.

Although adoption remains limited due to infrastructure and financial constraints, growing investments in smart cities and green buildings are increasing the use of intelligent water and environmental monitoring systems across Africa.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces mould growth caused by water leaks and dampness.
* Improves occupant health by maintaining cleaner indoor air.
* Enables early detection of plumbing failures and water contamination.
* Supports energy-efficient building management.
* Reduces maintenance costs through predictive monitoring.

===== Challenges =====
* High installation and maintenance costs.
* Limited technical expertise in integrated building management systems.
* Inadequate digital infrastructure in many regions.
* Lack of standards for smart indoor environmental monitoring.
* Limited awareness among building owners and facility managers.

==== Climate change adaptation ====

Smart water systems play an increasingly important role in helping African countries adapt to the effects of climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods, and increasing water scarcity have placed significant pressure on water resources across the continent. Digital technologies enable water managers to monitor these changes in real time and respond more effectively.

Remote sensors, satellite imagery, weather forecasting, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to monitor rainfall, river flows, groundwater levels, reservoir storage, and soil moisture. These data help governments, utilities, and farmers make informed decisions about water allocation, irrigation scheduling, and emergency response during droughts and floods.

Smart irrigation systems reduce water consumption by applying water only when crops require it. Combined with weather forecasts and soil moisture sensors, these systems improve agricultural productivity while conserving limited water resources. In regions frequently affected by drought, such technologies enhance food security and strengthen the resilience of farming communities.

Urban water utilities also use smart monitoring systems to prepare for climate-related disasters. Early warning systems can detect rising river levels, pipeline failures, or abnormal water demand during extreme weather events. Automated control systems allow operators to manage reservoirs, pumping stations, and drainage infrastructure more efficiently, reducing the impacts of flooding and water shortages.

Nature-based solutions are increasingly being integrated with smart water management. Digital monitoring supports the restoration of wetlands, watersheds, forests, and river ecosystems by tracking environmental conditions and evaluating conservation efforts. These approaches improve water quality, groundwater recharge, and biodiversity while strengthening resilience to climate change.

International organizations, research institutions, and development partners continue to support African countries through climate adaptation programmes that promote digital water technologies, capacity building, and sustainable infrastructure. However, widespread implementation remains constrained by limited financial resources, inadequate technical capacity, unreliable electricity, and unequal access to digital technologies.

===== Adaptation strategies =====
* Real-time monitoring of water resources.
* Smart irrigation based on weather and soil moisture data.
* Flood forecasting and early warning systems.
* Digital monitoring of reservoirs and groundwater.
* Integration of satellite data and GIS for water planning.
* Nature-based water management supported by environmental monitoring.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves resilience to droughts and floods.
* Enhances food security through efficient irrigation.
* Supports sustainable water resource management.
* Reduces disaster risks through early warning systems.
* Improves long-term planning under changing climate conditions.

==== Water governance and policy ====

Effective water governance is essential for the successful implementation of smart water systems in Africa. Water governance refers to the processes, institutions, laws, and policies used to manage water resources and provide reliable water services. Smart water technologies support better governance by improving data collection, transparency, accountability, and decision-making.

Traditional water management systems in many African countries often face challenges such as limited access to accurate data, weak monitoring systems, ageing infrastructure, and difficulties in coordinating between different institutions. Smart water systems address these challenges by providing real-time information about water availability, consumption patterns, infrastructure performance, and service delivery.

Digital platforms allow water authorities to collect and analyse large amounts of data from sensors, meters, satellites, and customer systems. This information helps policymakers develop evidence-based strategies for water allocation, conservation, and infrastructure development. Open data initiatives can also improve public participation by allowing communities, researchers, and organizations to access water-related information.

Smart water technologies contribute to improved accountability among water service providers. Automated metering systems reduce billing errors, detect illegal connections, and improve revenue collection. Leak detection technologies help utilities reduce non-revenue water, which is a major challenge affecting many African water providers.

Government policies and regulatory frameworks play a key role in encouraging smart water adoption. Countries that establish clear standards for digital infrastructure, data protection, water quality monitoring, and public-private partnerships are better positioned to benefit from smart water innovations.

Regional organizations such as the African Union and various water management institutions have emphasized the importance of digital transformation and integrated water resource management. Collaboration between governments, technology companies, research institutions, and local communities is necessary to ensure that smart water systems are inclusive and sustainable.

Despite these opportunities, challenges remain, including limited funding, weak institutional capacity, poor coordination between agencies, and concerns about data ownership and cybersecurity. Addressing these issues is important for creating effective and equitable smart water governance systems across Africa.

===== Governance applications =====
* Digital water information management platforms.
* Real-time monitoring of water supply networks.
* Automated billing and smart metering systems.
* Data-driven water policy development.
* Public access to water information.
* Improved coordination among water institutions.

===== Policy requirements =====
* Development of national smart water strategies.
* Investment in digital infrastructure and skills development.
* Strong regulations for data protection and cybersecurity.
* Support for research and innovation.
* Promotion of partnerships between government and private sectors.

==== Artificial intelligence and machine learning in smart water systems ====

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are emerging technologies that are transforming smart water systems in Africa. These technologies allow water authorities and utilities to analyse large amounts of data collected from sensors, satellites, smart meters, and monitoring devices to improve water management decisions.

AI-powered systems can identify patterns in water consumption, predict equipment failures, detect leaks, and optimize water distribution networks. By analysing historical and real-time data, machine learning algorithms can forecast water demand, helping utilities manage limited water resources more efficiently.

One major application of AI in smart water management is predictive maintenance. Traditional water infrastructure maintenance often depends on scheduled inspections or responses after failures occur. AI systems can analyse pressure changes, flow rates, and equipment performance to predict possible pipe failures before they happen. This reduces repair costs and prevents service interruptions.

AI technologies are also being used to improve water quality monitoring. Machine learning models can analyse data from water sensors to detect unusual changes in chemical composition, pollution levels, and microbial risks. Early detection allows authorities to take corrective measures before contaminated water reaches consumers.

In agriculture, AI-based smart irrigation systems combine weather data, satellite imagery, and soil information to determine the exact amount of water required by crops. This helps farmers increase productivity while reducing unnecessary water use.

African cities are increasingly exploring AI applications as part of smart city development. Water utilities can integrate artificial intelligence with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, geographic information systems (GIS), and cloud computing platforms to create more responsive and efficient water networks.

However, the adoption of AI in African water systems faces several challenges. These include limited access to high-quality datasets, inadequate digital infrastructure, high technology costs, shortage of AI specialists, and concerns about data privacy. Addressing these barriers requires investment in education, research, digital infrastructure, and collaboration between governments, universities, and technology companies.

===== Applications of AI in smart water systems =====
* Predicting water demand and consumption patterns.
* Detecting leaks and abnormal water usage.
* Predictive maintenance of pipelines and equipment.
* Automated water quality monitoring.
* Optimizing irrigation systems.
* Supporting climate change forecasting and planning.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves efficiency of water management.
* Reduces operational and maintenance costs.
* Enables faster responses to water problems.
* Supports evidence-based decision-making.
* Enhances conservation of water resources.

===== Challenges =====
* Limited availability of reliable water datasets.
* High cost of AI infrastructure.
* Shortage of technical expertise.
* Cybersecurity and data privacy concerns.
* Unequal access to digital technologies.

==== Internet of Things (IoT) and smart water networks ====

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the key technologies supporting the development of smart water systems in Africa. IoT refers to networks of connected devices that collect, exchange, and analyse data through digital communication systems. In smart water management, IoT devices such as sensors, smart meters, controllers, and monitoring equipment help water providers track and manage water resources more effectively.

IoT-based smart water networks use sensors installed in pipelines, reservoirs, treatment plants, and distribution systems to collect real-time information on water flow, pressure, quality, and consumption. This information is transmitted through communication networks to centralized platforms where it can be analysed and used for decision-making.

One of the most important applications of IoT is leak detection. Water losses from damaged pipes and illegal connections are major challenges for many African water utilities. IoT sensors can identify unusual changes in pressure and flow, allowing maintenance teams to locate and repair leaks quickly. This reduces water waste and improves the reliability of water supply systems.

Smart meters connected through IoT networks provide households and businesses with accurate information about their water consumption. These systems encourage responsible water use by allowing users to monitor their usage patterns and identify unnecessary consumption. For utilities, smart meters improve billing accuracy, reduce operational costs, and increase revenue collection.

IoT technologies are also being used in rural water supply systems. Solar-powered monitoring devices can track the operation of boreholes, pumps, and community water facilities in remote areas. This enables organizations and governments to identify failures quickly and improve access to safe drinking water.

The integration of IoT with artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and geographic information systems creates advanced smart water networks capable of automatic decision-making. These integrated systems can optimize water distribution, predict future demand, and improve emergency responses during droughts or floods.

Despite its advantages, IoT adoption in Africa faces challenges such as limited internet connectivity, unreliable electricity supply, high equipment costs, and lack of technical skills for installation and maintenance. Expanding digital infrastructure and developing local expertise are important steps toward wider adoption of IoT-based water management solutions.

===== IoT applications in smart water systems =====
* Real-time monitoring of pipelines and water facilities.
* Smart water metering for households and industries.
* Automated leak detection.
* Remote monitoring of rural water systems.
* Water quality sensing and alerts.
* Intelligent control of pumps and treatment facilities.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces water losses and improves efficiency.
* Provides accurate and timely water data.
* Supports preventive maintenance.
* Improves service delivery in urban and rural areas.
* Enables better resource planning.

===== Challenges =====
* Limited network coverage in some regions.
* High costs of IoT devices and connectivity.
* Energy supply challenges in remote locations.
* Need for technical training and maintenance capacity.
* Cybersecurity risks affecting connected systems.

&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health}}
{{Distinguish|Ecological health|Ecosystem health|Environmental medicine}}
{{For|the academic journal |Environmental Health (journal)}}
{{Public health sidebar}}

[[File:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350px|Conceptual map wey dey show how nature, ecosystem services, environmental ethics, environmental justice, and public health connect together.]]

[[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective (26170609558).jpg|thumb|350px|Environmental health indicator (2016). E get three main categories: health impacts, air quality, and water plus sanitation. The health impacts category include the environmental risk exposure indicator.]]

'''Environmental health''' na branch of public health wey dey focus on all the things for the natural environment and built environment wey fit affect human health. The study dey help identify wetin be the requirements for healthy environment, so that people fit control the factors wey dey affect health in an effective way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dovjak |first1=Mateja |chapter=Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments |year=2019 |title=Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings |pages=43–82 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-19411-6 |s2cid=190160283 |last2=Kukec |first2=Andreja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main sub-disciplines for environmental health be environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental medicine, and occupational medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Timothy |date=2008-07-21 |title=The ecology of environmental health |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1177/117863020800200001 |issn=1178-6302 |pmc=3091335 |pmid=21572828|bibcode=2008EnvHI...200200K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitions ==
=== WHO definitions ===

World Health Organization (WHO) define environmental health for one document wey dem publish for 1989 as:

:'''Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is environmental health? |url=https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/overview/what-is-environmental-health/#:~:text=Environmental%20health%20refers%20to%20aspects,psychosocial%20factors%20in%20the%20environment |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=ehinz.ac.nz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem still describe am as the theory plus practice of assessing and controlling the factors for the environment wey fit affect people's health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=von Schirnding |first=Yasmin E.R. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585 |title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health |date=February 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966175-6 |editor-last=Detels |editor-first=Roger |edition=6 |pages=1523–1541 |chapter=11.5 Environmental health practice |doi=10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0240 |access-date=2024-08-12 |editor-last2=Gulliford |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Karim |editor-first3=Quarraisha Abdool |editor-last4=Tan |editor-first4=Chorh Chuan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585/chapter-abstract/306374236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2016}}, the WHO website about environmental health talk say:

:'''Environmental health dey cover all the physical, chemical, and biological factors outside a person, plus all the related factors wey fit affect human behaviour. E include the assessment and control of those environmental factors wey fit affect health. The main aim be to prevent diseases and create environments wey support good health. This definition no include behaviours wey no relate to the environment, behaviours wey relate to the social and cultural environment, or genetics.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ |access-date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Gerding |first2=Justin A. |last3=Landeen |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradley |first4=Eric |last5=Callahan |first5=Timothy |last6=Cushing |first6=Stephanie |last7=Hailu |first7=Fikru |last8=Hall |first8=Nancy |last9=Hatch |first9=Timothy |last10=Jurries |first10=Sherise |last11=Kalis |first11=Martin A. |last12=Kelly |first12=Kaitlyn R. |last13=Laco |first13=Joseph P. |last14=Lemin |first14=Niki |last15=McInnes |first15=Carol |year=2019 |title=Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=125001 |doi=10.1289/EHP5161 |issn=1552-9924 |pmc=6957286 |pmid=31799881 |last16=Olsen |first16=Greg |last17=Stratman |first17=Robert |last18=White |first18=Carolyn |last19=Wille |first19=Steven |last20=Sarisky |first20=John|bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l5001B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i386&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=MacArthur |first1=I. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=X. |year=1997 |title=Environmental health services in Europe. 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s |journal=WHO Regional Publications. European Series |volume=76 |pages=vii–xii, 1–177 |issn=0378-2255 |pmid=9557583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Environmental health still dey check how exposure to things like air pollution, contaminated water, and chemicals fit affect people's health as time dey go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-05-09 |title=Environmental Hazards and Risks |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/index.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Yellow Book |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Other considerations ===

People fit also see the term '''environmental medicine''' as one medical specialty, or as one branch under the broader field of environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=AAMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Brian S. |last2=Rischitelli |first2=Gary |last3=Hu |first3=Howard |date=September 2005 |title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=A574–A576 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1280414 |pmid=16140601}}&lt;/ref&gt; People never fully agree on the terminology, and for plenty European countries, dem dey use both terms to mean the same thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine |access-date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other terms wey people dey use for, or wey closely relate to, environmental health include '''environmental public health''' and '''health protection'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jennings |first=Bruce |chapter=Environmental and Occupational Public Health |year=2016 |title=Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe |volume=3 |pages=177–202 |editor-last2=H. Barrett |editor-first2=Drue |editor-last=W. Ortmann |editor-first=Leonard |editor-last3=Dawson |editor-first3=Angus |editor-last4=Saenz |editor-first4=Carla |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435781/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |series=Public Health Ethics Analysis |place=Cham (CH) |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_6 |isbn=978-3-319-23846-3 |pmid=28590693 |s2cid=168480156|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disciplines ==

Five main disciplines dey normally contribute to the field of environmental health, though some of dem dey overlap:

* '''Environmental epidemiology''' dey study the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, and others) and human health. Observational studies, wey simply observe exposures wey people don already experience, be very common for environmental epidemiology because e no dey ethical to deliberately expose human beings to agents wey people know or suspect say e fit cause disease. Even though researchers no fit use experimental study designs be one limitation, this discipline dey observe the effects directly on human health instead of estimating the effects from animal studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Epidemiology |first1=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/ |title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context |last2=Sciences |first2=National Research Council (US) Commission on Life |date=1997 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Environmental epidemiology na the study of how physical, biological, and chemical factors for the external environment dey affect human health. E still dey examine specific populations or communities wey different environmental conditions expose to understand the relationship between physical, biological, or chemical factors and human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology |title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 |date=1991-01-01 |isbn=978-0-309-04496-7 |doi=10.17226/1802 |pmid=25121252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Toxicology''' dey study how exposure to things for the environment fit lead to specific health problems, mostly by using animals so researchers fit understand the possible effects on human health. Toxicology get advantage because researchers fit carry out randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies with animal subjects. But plenty differences still dey between animal biology and human biology, so people need to take care when dem dey interpret results from animal studies for human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toxicology |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Exposure science''' dey study how human beings dey come into contact with environmental contaminants by identifying and measuring the level of exposure. Exposure science fit support environmental epidemiology by giving a clearer description of environmental exposures wey fit lead to a particular health outcome. E fit also identify common exposures wey toxicology studies fit investigate further, or support risk assessments to determine whether current exposure levels pass the recommended limits. One major advantage of exposure science be say e fit measure exposure to specific chemicals very accurately. However, e no provide direct information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exposure Science |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental engineering''' dey apply scientific and engineering principles to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental factors, protect the environment from the harmful effects of both natural and human activities, and improve the overall quality of the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental law''' include the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common laws, and customary laws wey address the effects of human activities on the natural environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – Folorunso and Co. |url=https://folorunsoandco.com/international-environmental-law-and-basic-principles-of-environmental-law/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science fit combine together to carry out '''risk assessment''' for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other risk factors, so researchers fit determine whether a particular exposure dey pose serious risk to human health (meaning the exposure fit likely cause pollution-related diseases). The results fit help develop and implement environmental health policies, for example, policies wey regulate chemical emissions or set standards for proper sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&amp;q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-56776-0 |edition=2 |location=San Francisco |pages=XXX-LIII |chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engineering and legal intervention strategies fit also work together to monitor and manage exposure risks, with the main aim of protecting human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=C |last2=Obasi |first2=IC |last3=Akinwande |first3=DV |last4=Ile |first4=C |title=The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. |journal=Heliyon |date=15 January 2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23604 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604 |doi-access=free |pmid=38173504 |pmc=10761781 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023604B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Pediatric environmental health ===

'''Children's environmental health''' na academic discipline wey dey study how environmental exposures for early life—including chemical, biological, nutritional, and social exposures—dey affect children's health and development, and even their health throughout the whole human life span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Landrigan PL and Etzel RA. |title=Textbook of Children's Environmental Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-992957-3 |location=New York |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pediatric environmental health base on the understanding say children no be &quot;small adults.&quot; Babies and children get their own unique ways of exposure and special vulnerabilities. The environmental risks wey babies and children face differ from those of adults both in quality and quantity. Pediatric environmental health be highly interdisciplinary. E dey bring together general pediatrics, many pediatric subspecialties, epidemiology, occupational medicine, environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science.

== Concerns ==

[[File:Health effects of pollution.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Overview of the main health effects of some common types of pollution on human beings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Resources Institute: August 2008 Monthly Update: Air Pollution's Causes, Consequences and Solutions |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501181320/http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of Waterborne Disease Trends |url=http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155251/http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Potential Health Effects of Pesticides |url=http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811175133/http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:FEMA - 16491 - Photograph by John Fleck taken on 09-30-2005 in Mississippi.jpg|thumb|FEMA/EPA Hazardous Materials Team dey remove hazardous materials wey Hurricane Katrina leave behind for 2005.]]

[[File:How is our sick planet making us sick.webm|thumb|Lecture by Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) about environmental health.]]

Environmental health concerns include:

* Biosafety.
* Disaster preparedness and response.
* Food safety, including agriculture, transportation, food processing, wholesale, and retail distribution and sales.
* Housing, including the control of substandard housing and inspection of jails and prisons.
* Prevention of childhood lead poisoning.
* Land use planning, including smart growth.
* Disposal of liquid waste, including municipal wastewater treatment plants and on-site wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and chemical toilets.
* Management and disposal of medical waste.
* Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
* Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes.
* Prevention of recreational water illnesses from swimming pools, spas, oceans, rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bathing places.
* Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities, composting, and solid waste transfer stations.
* Exposure to toxic chemicals from consumer products, homes, workplaces, air, water, or soil.
* Toxins from molds and algal blooms.
* Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches, and other animals wey fit spread pathogens.

According to recent estimates for Europe, about 5% to 10% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) wey people lose dey happen because of environmental causes. The biggest contributor by far be fine particulate matter pollution for urban air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National and regional story (Netherlands) - Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the EBoDE project — European Environment Agency |date=17 November 2011 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2010/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1 |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, researchers estimate say environmental exposures contribute to 4.9&amp;nbsp;million (8.7%) deaths and 86 million (5.7%) DALYs globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;y052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prüss-Ustün |first1=Annette |last2=Vickers |first2=Carolyn |last3=Haefliger |first3=Pascal |last4=Bertollini |first4=Roberto |year=2011 |title=Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review |journal=Environmental Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-9 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3037292 |pmid=21255392 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011EnvHe..10....9P }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the United States, Superfund sites wey different companies create don prove say dem dey dangerous to both human health and the environment for nearby communities. Na this perceived threat—especially the fear of miscarriages, mutations, birth defects, and cancers—wey make the public worry pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schleicher |first=D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC |title=But is it True?: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues |date=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08923-5 |editor-last=Wildavsky |editor-first=Aaron B |pages=153–184 |chapter=Superfund's abandoned hazardous waste sites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Air quality ===

Air quality include both outdoor (ambient) air quality and indoor air quality. Some of the biggest concerns about air quality include environmental tobacco smoke, air pollution from different kinds of chemical waste, and other forms of air pollution wey fit affect human health.

==== Outdoor air quality ====

Air pollution dey cause more than 6.5&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide every year, {{as of|2022}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;h352&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |year=2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmid=35594895 |doi-access=free |last16=Hunter |first16=David |last17=Janata |first17=Gloria |last18=Kupka |first18=Rachael |last19=Lanphear |first19=Bruce |last20=Lichtveld |first20=Maureen |last21=Martin |first21=Keith |last22=Mustapha |first22=Adetoun |last23=Sanchez-Triana |first23=Ernesto |last24=Sandilya |first24=Karti |last25=Schaefli |first25=Laura |last26=Shaw |first26=Joseph |last27=Seddon |first27=Jessica |last28=Suk |first28=William |last29=Téllez-Rojo |first29=Martha María |last30=Yan |first30=Chonghuai|pmc=11995256 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air pollution be major risk factor for diseases like lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, heart disease, and many other respiratory illnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When air pollution reduce, adult mortality too dey reduce, which means improving air quality fit save plenty lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;c579&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Joaquim |last2=Domingo |first2=José L. |last3=Schuhmacher |first3=Marta |author-link3=Marta Schuhmacher |year=2020 |title=Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=703 |article-number=135538 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135538 |pmid=31759725 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70335538R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Air pollution amid blue skies, the day after reopening from lockdown near Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Factory for Mumbai dey release air pollution.]]

Some of the common sources of emissions include road traffic, energy production, household fuel burning, aviation, motor vehicles, and other pollution sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204585 |title=Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks |last1=Prüss-Üstün |first1=Annette |last2=Wolf |first2=J. |year=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |last3=Corvalán |first3=Carlos F. |last4=Bos |first4=R. |last5=Neira |first5=Maria Purificación |isbn=978-92-4-156519-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-09-10 |title=Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation |url=https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/overview-air-pollution-transportation |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These activities involve burning fuel, which dey release harmful particles into the air. Humans and other living organisms fit breathe in or swallow these particles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Pollution and Your Health |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air pollution dey linked with serious health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and even death.&lt;ref name=&quot;p599&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abdo |first1=Nour |last2=Khader |first2=Yousef S. |last3=Abdelrahman |first3=Mostafa |last4=Graboski-Bauer |first4=Ashley |last5=Malkawi |first5=Mazen |last6=Al-Sharif |first6=Munjed |last7=Elbetieha |first7=Ahmad M. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1515/reveh-2015-0076 |pmid=27101544 |bibcode=2016RvEH...31.0076A |issn=2191-0308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The risk wey air pollution pose depend on how dangerous the pollutant be and how much exposure the person get.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vallero |first=Daniel |title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-401733-7 |publication-place=Amsterdam Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, one child wey dey play sports outside every day get higher chance of exposure to outdoor air pollution than one adult wey spend most of the time inside office or house.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Environmental health officials dey work to identify people wey get high risk of exposure to air pollution, identify the risk factors wey dey communities, and help reduce the overall exposure of the whole community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Manisalidis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stavropoulou |first2=Elisavet |last3=Stavropoulos |first3=Agathangelos |last4=Bezirtzoglou |first4=Eugenia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=8 |article-number=14 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 |doi-access=free |pmid=32154200 |pmc=7044178 |bibcode=2020FrPH....8...14M |issn=2296-2565}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Indoor air quality ====

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect of smart water systems in Africa because water supply and treatment facilities can influence the quality of air inside buildings. Poorly maintained water systems may promote the growth of mould, bacteria, and other microorganisms, which can release pollutants into indoor environments. Smart water technologies help monitor water quality, humidity, leaks, and ventilation conditions, reducing health risks associated with contaminated indoor air.

Smart sensors installed in buildings can detect leaks, excessive moisture, and water stagnation, allowing facility managers to respond quickly before mould develops. In hospitals, schools, offices, and residential buildings, these systems contribute to healthier indoor environments by preventing water-related air pollution.

Water treatment facilities also use digital monitoring systems to ensure that chemicals such as chlorine are applied at safe levels. Automated ventilation systems integrated with smart building technologies help remove airborne contaminants generated during water treatment processes.

Several African countries are adopting smart building management systems that combine water monitoring with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls. These integrated systems improve energy efficiency while maintaining healthy indoor conditions.

Although adoption remains limited due to infrastructure and financial constraints, growing investments in smart cities and green buildings are increasing the use of intelligent water and environmental monitoring systems across Africa.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces mould growth caused by water leaks and dampness.
* Improves occupant health by maintaining cleaner indoor air.
* Enables early detection of plumbing failures and water contamination.
* Supports energy-efficient building management.
* Reduces maintenance costs through predictive monitoring.

===== Challenges =====
* High installation and maintenance costs.
* Limited technical expertise in integrated building management systems.
* Inadequate digital infrastructure in many regions.
* Lack of standards for smart indoor environmental monitoring.
* Limited awareness among building owners and facility managers.

==== Climate change adaptation ====

Smart water systems play an increasingly important role in helping African countries adapt to the effects of climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods, and increasing water scarcity have placed significant pressure on water resources across the continent. Digital technologies enable water managers to monitor these changes in real time and respond more effectively.

Remote sensors, satellite imagery, weather forecasting, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to monitor rainfall, river flows, groundwater levels, reservoir storage, and soil moisture. These data help governments, utilities, and farmers make informed decisions about water allocation, irrigation scheduling, and emergency response during droughts and floods.

Smart irrigation systems reduce water consumption by applying water only when crops require it. Combined with weather forecasts and soil moisture sensors, these systems improve agricultural productivity while conserving limited water resources. In regions frequently affected by drought, such technologies enhance food security and strengthen the resilience of farming communities.

Urban water utilities also use smart monitoring systems to prepare for climate-related disasters. Early warning systems can detect rising river levels, pipeline failures, or abnormal water demand during extreme weather events. Automated control systems allow operators to manage reservoirs, pumping stations, and drainage infrastructure more efficiently, reducing the impacts of flooding and water shortages.

Nature-based solutions are increasingly being integrated with smart water management. Digital monitoring supports the restoration of wetlands, watersheds, forests, and river ecosystems by tracking environmental conditions and evaluating conservation efforts. These approaches improve water quality, groundwater recharge, and biodiversity while strengthening resilience to climate change.

International organizations, research institutions, and development partners continue to support African countries through climate adaptation programmes that promote digital water technologies, capacity building, and sustainable infrastructure. However, widespread implementation remains constrained by limited financial resources, inadequate technical capacity, unreliable electricity, and unequal access to digital technologies.

===== Adaptation strategies =====
* Real-time monitoring of water resources.
* Smart irrigation based on weather and soil moisture data.
* Flood forecasting and early warning systems.
* Digital monitoring of reservoirs and groundwater.
* Integration of satellite data and GIS for water planning.
* Nature-based water management supported by environmental monitoring.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves resilience to droughts and floods.
* Enhances food security through efficient irrigation.
* Supports sustainable water resource management.
* Reduces disaster risks through early warning systems.
* Improves long-term planning under changing climate conditions.

==== Water governance and policy ====

Effective water governance is essential for the successful implementation of smart water systems in Africa. Water governance refers to the processes, institutions, laws, and policies used to manage water resources and provide reliable water services. Smart water technologies support better governance by improving data collection, transparency, accountability, and decision-making.

Traditional water management systems in many African countries often face challenges such as limited access to accurate data, weak monitoring systems, ageing infrastructure, and difficulties in coordinating between different institutions. Smart water systems address these challenges by providing real-time information about water availability, consumption patterns, infrastructure performance, and service delivery.

Digital platforms allow water authorities to collect and analyse large amounts of data from sensors, meters, satellites, and customer systems. This information helps policymakers develop evidence-based strategies for water allocation, conservation, and infrastructure development. Open data initiatives can also improve public participation by allowing communities, researchers, and organizations to access water-related information.

Smart water technologies contribute to improved accountability among water service providers. Automated metering systems reduce billing errors, detect illegal connections, and improve revenue collection. Leak detection technologies help utilities reduce non-revenue water, which is a major challenge affecting many African water providers.

Government policies and regulatory frameworks play a key role in encouraging smart water adoption. Countries that establish clear standards for digital infrastructure, data protection, water quality monitoring, and public-private partnerships are better positioned to benefit from smart water innovations.

Regional organizations such as the African Union and various water management institutions have emphasized the importance of digital transformation and integrated water resource management. Collaboration between governments, technology companies, research institutions, and local communities is necessary to ensure that smart water systems are inclusive and sustainable.

Despite these opportunities, challenges remain, including limited funding, weak institutional capacity, poor coordination between agencies, and concerns about data ownership and cybersecurity. Addressing these issues is important for creating effective and equitable smart water governance systems across Africa.

===== Governance applications =====
* Digital water information management platforms.
* Real-time monitoring of water supply networks.
* Automated billing and smart metering systems.
* Data-driven water policy development.
* Public access to water information.
* Improved coordination among water institutions.

===== Policy requirements =====
* Development of national smart water strategies.
* Investment in digital infrastructure and skills development.
* Strong regulations for data protection and cybersecurity.
* Support for research and innovation.
* Promotion of partnerships between government and private sectors.

==== Artificial intelligence and machine learning in smart water systems ====

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are emerging technologies that are transforming smart water systems in Africa. These technologies allow water authorities and utilities to analyse large amounts of data collected from sensors, satellites, smart meters, and monitoring devices to improve water management decisions.

AI-powered systems can identify patterns in water consumption, predict equipment failures, detect leaks, and optimize water distribution networks. By analysing historical and real-time data, machine learning algorithms can forecast water demand, helping utilities manage limited water resources more efficiently.

One major application of AI in smart water management is predictive maintenance. Traditional water infrastructure maintenance often depends on scheduled inspections or responses after failures occur. AI systems can analyse pressure changes, flow rates, and equipment performance to predict possible pipe failures before they happen. This reduces repair costs and prevents service interruptions.

AI technologies are also being used to improve water quality monitoring. Machine learning models can analyse data from water sensors to detect unusual changes in chemical composition, pollution levels, and microbial risks. Early detection allows authorities to take corrective measures before contaminated water reaches consumers.

In agriculture, AI-based smart irrigation systems combine weather data, satellite imagery, and soil information to determine the exact amount of water required by crops. This helps farmers increase productivity while reducing unnecessary water use.

African cities are increasingly exploring AI applications as part of smart city development. Water utilities can integrate artificial intelligence with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, geographic information systems (GIS), and cloud computing platforms to create more responsive and efficient water networks.

However, the adoption of AI in African water systems faces several challenges. These include limited access to high-quality datasets, inadequate digital infrastructure, high technology costs, shortage of AI specialists, and concerns about data privacy. Addressing these barriers requires investment in education, research, digital infrastructure, and collaboration between governments, universities, and technology companies.

===== Applications of AI in smart water systems =====
* Predicting water demand and consumption patterns.
* Detecting leaks and abnormal water usage.
* Predictive maintenance of pipelines and equipment.
* Automated water quality monitoring.
* Optimizing irrigation systems.
* Supporting climate change forecasting and planning.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves efficiency of water management.
* Reduces operational and maintenance costs.
* Enables faster responses to water problems.
* Supports evidence-based decision-making.
* Enhances conservation of water resources.

===== Challenges =====
* Limited availability of reliable water datasets.
* High cost of AI infrastructure.
* Shortage of technical expertise.
* Cybersecurity and data privacy concerns.
* Unequal access to digital technologies.

==== Internet of Things (IoT) and smart water networks ====

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the key technologies supporting the development of smart water systems in Africa. IoT refers to networks of connected devices that collect, exchange, and analyse data through digital communication systems. In smart water management, IoT devices such as sensors, smart meters, controllers, and monitoring equipment help water providers track and manage water resources more effectively.

IoT-based smart water networks use sensors installed in pipelines, reservoirs, treatment plants, and distribution systems to collect real-time information on water flow, pressure, quality, and consumption. This information is transmitted through communication networks to centralized platforms where it can be analysed and used for decision-making.

One of the most important applications of IoT is leak detection. Water losses from damaged pipes and illegal connections are major challenges for many African water utilities. IoT sensors can identify unusual changes in pressure and flow, allowing maintenance teams to locate and repair leaks quickly. This reduces water waste and improves the reliability of water supply systems.

Smart meters connected through IoT networks provide households and businesses with accurate information about their water consumption. These systems encourage responsible water use by allowing users to monitor their usage patterns and identify unnecessary consumption. For utilities, smart meters improve billing accuracy, reduce operational costs, and increase revenue collection.

IoT technologies are also being used in rural water supply systems. Solar-powered monitoring devices can track the operation of boreholes, pumps, and community water facilities in remote areas. This enables organizations and governments to identify failures quickly and improve access to safe drinking water.

The integration of IoT with artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and geographic information systems creates advanced smart water networks capable of automatic decision-making. These integrated systems can optimize water distribution, predict future demand, and improve emergency responses during droughts or floods.

Despite its advantages, IoT adoption in Africa faces challenges such as limited internet connectivity, unreliable electricity supply, high equipment costs, and lack of technical skills for installation and maintenance. Expanding digital infrastructure and developing local expertise are important steps toward wider adoption of IoT-based water management solutions.

===== IoT applications in smart water systems =====
* Real-time monitoring of pipelines and water facilities.
* Smart water metering for households and industries.
* Automated leak detection.
* Remote monitoring of rural water systems.
* Water quality sensing and alerts.
* Intelligent control of pumps and treatment facilities.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces water losses and improves efficiency.
* Provides accurate and timely water data.
* Supports preventive maintenance.
* Improves service delivery in urban and rural areas.
* Enables better resource planning.

===== Challenges =====
* Limited network coverage in some regions.
* High costs of IoT devices and connectivity.
* Energy supply challenges in remote locations.
* Need for technical training and maintenance capacity.
* Cybersecurity risks affecting connected systems.

==== Big data analytics and cloud computing ====

Big data analytics and cloud computing are important components of modern smart water systems in Africa. These technologies enable water organizations to collect, store, process, and analyse large volumes of information generated from smart meters, sensors, satellites, weather stations, and customer management platforms.

Traditional water management systems often rely on manual data collection and delayed reporting, making it difficult for authorities to respond quickly to water challenges. Big data analytics improves this process by transforming large datasets into useful information that supports planning, monitoring, and decision-making.

Water utilities can use big data analytics to understand consumption patterns, identify areas with high water demand, predict future requirements, and optimize distribution networks. By analysing historical and real-time data, utilities can reduce water losses, improve service reliability, and allocate resources more effectively.

Cloud computing provides digital storage and processing capabilities that allow water institutions to manage large datasets without requiring expensive physical infrastructure. Cloud-based platforms enable remote access to water information, allowing engineers, policymakers, and researchers to collaborate and make decisions from different locations.

In urban areas, cloud-based smart water platforms can integrate information from multiple sources, including water treatment plants, pipelines, weather systems, and customer meters. This creates a comprehensive view of the entire water supply network and helps operators detect problems early.

Big data analytics also supports climate change adaptation by analysing environmental information such as rainfall trends, drought conditions, groundwater levels, and river flows. These insights help governments develop strategies for water conservation and emergency response.

In agriculture, farmers and irrigation managers use data analytics to improve water efficiency. Combining information from soil sensors, satellite images, and weather forecasts allows farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time, reducing waste and improving crop productivity.

However, the use of big data and cloud computing in Africa faces challenges including limited internet connectivity, high costs of digital services, shortage of data science expertise, and concerns about data security and ownership. Strengthening digital infrastructure and developing technical skills are necessary to maximize the benefits of these technologies.

===== Applications of big data analytics =====
* Monitoring water consumption trends.
* Predicting water demand.
* Identifying leaks and infrastructure failures.
* Analysing climate and environmental data.
* Supporting water policy and planning.
* Improving agricultural water management.

===== Applications of cloud computing =====
* Centralized storage of water data.
* Remote access to monitoring platforms.
* Data sharing between institutions.
* Integration of multiple smart water technologies.
* Supporting artificial intelligence and machine learning systems.

===== Benefits =====
* Faster and more accurate decision-making.
* Improved water resource planning.
* Reduced operational costs.
* Better coordination among stakeholders.
* Enhanced ability to respond to climate challenges.

===== Challenges =====
* Poor internet infrastructure in some areas.
* Data privacy and cybersecurity risks.
* Limited technical expertise.
* High costs of digital transformation.
* Unequal access to advanced technologies.

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{{Short description|Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health}}
{{Distinguish|Ecological health|Ecosystem health|Environmental medicine}}
{{For|the academic journal |Environmental Health (journal)}}
{{Public health sidebar}}

[[File:Conceptual-map-illustrating-the-connections-among-nonhuman-nature-ecosystem-services-environmental-ethics-environmental.jpg|thumb|350px|Conceptual map wey dey show how nature, ecosystem services, environmental ethics, environmental justice, and public health connect together.]]

[[File:2016 EPI Environmental Health Objective (26170609558).jpg|thumb|350px|Environmental health indicator (2016). E get three main categories: health impacts, air quality, and water plus sanitation. The health impacts category include the environmental risk exposure indicator.]]

'''Environmental health''' na branch of public health wey dey focus on all the things for the natural environment and built environment wey fit affect human health. The study dey help identify wetin be the requirements for healthy environment, so that people fit control the factors wey dey affect health in an effective way.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dovjak |first1=Mateja |chapter=Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments |year=2019 |title=Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings |pages=43–82 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-19411-6 |s2cid=190160283 |last2=Kukec |first2=Andreja |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main sub-disciplines for environmental health be environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental medicine, and occupational medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Timothy |date=2008-07-21 |title=The ecology of environmental health |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1177/117863020800200001 |issn=1178-6302 |pmc=3091335 |pmid=21572828|bibcode=2008EnvHI...200200K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definitions ==
=== WHO definitions ===

World Health Organization (WHO) define environmental health for one document wey dem publish for 1989 as:

:'''Those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is environmental health? |url=https://www.ehinz.ac.nz/indicators/overview/what-is-environmental-health/#:~:text=Environmental%20health%20refers%20to%20aspects,psychosocial%20factors%20in%20the%20environment |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=ehinz.ac.nz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem still describe am as the theory plus practice of assessing and controlling the factors for the environment wey fit affect people's health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=von Schirnding |first=Yasmin E.R. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585 |title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health |date=February 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966175-6 |editor-last=Detels |editor-first=Roger |edition=6 |pages=1523–1541 |chapter=11.5 Environmental health practice |doi=10.1093/med/9780199661756.003.0240 |access-date=2024-08-12 |editor-last2=Gulliford |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last3=Karim |editor-first3=Quarraisha Abdool |editor-last4=Tan |editor-first4=Chorh Chuan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35585/chapter-abstract/306374236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2016}}, the WHO website about environmental health talk say:

:'''Environmental health dey cover all the physical, chemical, and biological factors outside a person, plus all the related factors wey fit affect human behaviour. E include the assessment and control of those environmental factors wey fit affect health. The main aim be to prevent diseases and create environments wey support good health. This definition no include behaviours wey no relate to the environment, behaviours wey relate to the social and cultural environment, or genetics.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health topics: Environmental health |url=https://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/ |access-date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Gerding |first2=Justin A. |last3=Landeen |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradley |first4=Eric |last5=Callahan |first5=Timothy |last6=Cushing |first6=Stephanie |last7=Hailu |first7=Fikru |last8=Hall |first8=Nancy |last9=Hatch |first9=Timothy |last10=Jurries |first10=Sherise |last11=Kalis |first11=Martin A. |last12=Kelly |first12=Kaitlyn R. |last13=Laco |first13=Joseph P. |last14=Lemin |first14=Niki |last15=McInnes |first15=Carol |year=2019 |title=Environmental Health Practice Challenges and Research Needs for U.S. Health Departments |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=127 |issue=12 |page=125001 |doi=10.1289/EHP5161 |issn=1552-9924 |pmc=6957286 |pmid=31799881 |last16=Olsen |first16=Greg |last17=Stratman |first17=Robert |last18=White |first18=Carolyn |last19=Wille |first19=Steven |last20=Sarisky |first20=John|bibcode=2019EnvHP.127l5001B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i386&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=MacArthur |first1=I. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=X. |year=1997 |title=Environmental health services in Europe. 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s |journal=WHO Regional Publications. European Series |volume=76 |pages=vii–xii, 1–177 |issn=0378-2255 |pmid=9557583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Environmental health still dey check how exposure to things like air pollution, contaminated water, and chemicals fit affect people's health as time dey go.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-05-09 |title=Environmental Hazards and Risks |url=https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/index.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Yellow Book |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Other considerations ===

People fit also see the term '''environmental medicine''' as one medical specialty, or as one branch under the broader field of environmental health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/experts-see-growing-importance-adding-environmental-health-content-medical-school-curricula |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=AAMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Brian S. |last2=Rischitelli |first2=Gary |last3=Hu |first3=Howard |date=September 2005 |title=Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed? |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=A574–A576 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-1280414 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1280414 |pmid=16140601}}&lt;/ref&gt; People never fully agree on the terminology, and for plenty European countries, dem dey use both terms to mean the same thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=environmental medicine — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/environmental-medicine |access-date=2021-08-02 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other terms wey people dey use for, or wey closely relate to, environmental health include '''environmental public health''' and '''health protection'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jennings |first=Bruce |chapter=Environmental and Occupational Public Health |year=2016 |title=Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe |volume=3 |pages=177–202 |editor-last2=H. Barrett |editor-first2=Drue |editor-last=W. Ortmann |editor-first=Leonard |editor-last3=Dawson |editor-first3=Angus |editor-last4=Saenz |editor-first4=Carla |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435781/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |series=Public Health Ethics Analysis |place=Cham (CH) |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_6 |isbn=978-3-319-23846-3 |pmid=28590693 |s2cid=168480156|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disciplines ==

Five main disciplines dey normally contribute to the field of environmental health, though some of dem dey overlap:

* '''Environmental epidemiology''' dey study the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, and others) and human health. Observational studies, wey simply observe exposures wey people don already experience, be very common for environmental epidemiology because e no dey ethical to deliberately expose human beings to agents wey people know or suspect say e fit cause disease. Even though researchers no fit use experimental study designs be one limitation, this discipline dey observe the effects directly on human health instead of estimating the effects from animal studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Epidemiology |first1=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233640/ |title=Environmental Epidemiology: The Context |last2=Sciences |first2=National Research Council (US) Commission on Life |date=1997 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Environmental epidemiology na the study of how physical, biological, and chemical factors for the external environment dey affect human health. E still dey examine specific populations or communities wey different environmental conditions expose to understand the relationship between physical, biological, or chemical factors and human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology |title=Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1 |date=1991-01-01 |isbn=978-0-309-04496-7 |doi=10.17226/1802 |pmid=25121252}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Toxicology''' dey study how exposure to things for the environment fit lead to specific health problems, mostly by using animals so researchers fit understand the possible effects on human health. Toxicology get advantage because researchers fit carry out randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies with animal subjects. But plenty differences still dey between animal biology and human biology, so people need to take care when dem dey interpret results from animal studies for human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toxicology |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/toxicology |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Exposure science''' dey study how human beings dey come into contact with environmental contaminants by identifying and measuring the level of exposure. Exposure science fit support environmental epidemiology by giving a clearer description of environmental exposures wey fit lead to a particular health outcome. E fit also identify common exposures wey toxicology studies fit investigate further, or support risk assessments to determine whether current exposure levels pass the recommended limits. One major advantage of exposure science be say e fit measure exposure to specific chemicals very accurately. However, e no provide direct information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exposure Science |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/exposure |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental engineering''' dey apply scientific and engineering principles to protect people from the harmful effects of environmental factors, protect the environment from the harmful effects of both natural and human activities, and improve the overall quality of the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/environmental-engineers.htm#tab-2 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=bls.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Environmental law''' include the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common laws, and customary laws wey address the effects of human activities on the natural environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Environmental law |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-law |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW – Folorunso and Co. |url=https://folorunsoandco.com/international-environmental-law-and-basic-principles-of-environmental-law/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Information from epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science fit combine together to carry out '''risk assessment''' for specific chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other risk factors, so researchers fit determine whether a particular exposure dey pose serious risk to human health (meaning the exposure fit likely cause pollution-related diseases). The results fit help develop and implement environmental health policies, for example, policies wey regulate chemical emissions or set standards for proper sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTgSBW8jE8QC&amp;q=environmental+health+from+global+to+local+by+howard+frumkin&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Environmental Health: from Global to Local |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-56776-0 |edition=2 |location=San Francisco |pages=XXX-LIII |chapter=Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engineering and legal intervention strategies fit also work together to monitor and manage exposure risks, with the main aim of protecting human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=C |last2=Obasi |first2=IC |last3=Akinwande |first3=DV |last4=Ile |first4=C |title=The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry. |journal=Heliyon |date=15 January 2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23604 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604 |doi-access=free |pmid=38173504 |pmc=10761781 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023604B }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Pediatric environmental health ===

'''Children's environmental health''' na academic discipline wey dey study how environmental exposures for early life—including chemical, biological, nutritional, and social exposures—dey affect children's health and development, and even their health throughout the whole human life span.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Landrigan PL and Etzel RA. |title=Textbook of Children's Environmental Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-992957-3 |location=New York |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pediatric environmental health base on the understanding say children no be &quot;small adults.&quot; Babies and children get their own unique ways of exposure and special vulnerabilities. The environmental risks wey babies and children face differ from those of adults both in quality and quantity. Pediatric environmental health be highly interdisciplinary. E dey bring together general pediatrics, many pediatric subspecialties, epidemiology, occupational medicine, environmental medicine, medical toxicology, industrial hygiene, and exposure science.

== Concerns ==

[[File:Health effects of pollution.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Overview of the main health effects of some common types of pollution on human beings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Resources Institute: August 2008 Monthly Update: Air Pollution's Causes, Consequences and Solutions |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501181320/http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/325 |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overview of Waterborne Disease Trends |url=http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155251/http://www.waterhealthconnection.org/chapter3.asp |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Potential Health Effects of Pesticides |url=http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811175133/http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uo198.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[File:FEMA - 16491 - Photograph by John Fleck taken on 09-30-2005 in Mississippi.jpg|thumb|FEMA/EPA Hazardous Materials Team dey remove hazardous materials wey Hurricane Katrina leave behind for 2005.]]

[[File:How is our sick planet making us sick.webm|thumb|Lecture by Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) about environmental health.]]

Environmental health concerns include:

* Biosafety.
* Disaster preparedness and response.
* Food safety, including agriculture, transportation, food processing, wholesale, and retail distribution and sales.
* Housing, including the control of substandard housing and inspection of jails and prisons.
* Prevention of childhood lead poisoning.
* Land use planning, including smart growth.
* Disposal of liquid waste, including municipal wastewater treatment plants and on-site wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and chemical toilets.
* Management and disposal of medical waste.
* Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
* Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or radioactive isotopes.
* Prevention of recreational water illnesses from swimming pools, spas, oceans, rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bathing places.
* Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities, composting, and solid waste transfer stations.
* Exposure to toxic chemicals from consumer products, homes, workplaces, air, water, or soil.
* Toxins from molds and algal blooms.
* Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies, cockroaches, and other animals wey fit spread pathogens.

According to recent estimates for Europe, about 5% to 10% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) wey people lose dey happen because of environmental causes. The biggest contributor by far be fine particulate matter pollution for urban air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National and regional story (Netherlands) - Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the EBoDE project — European Environment Agency |date=17 November 2011 |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2010/countries/nl/national-and-regional-story-netherlands-1 |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, researchers estimate say environmental exposures contribute to 4.9&amp;nbsp;million (8.7%) deaths and 86 million (5.7%) DALYs globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;y052&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prüss-Ustün |first1=Annette |last2=Vickers |first2=Carolyn |last3=Haefliger |first3=Pascal |last4=Bertollini |first4=Roberto |year=2011 |title=Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review |journal=Environmental Health |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-9 |issn=1476-069X |pmc=3037292 |pmid=21255392 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011EnvHe..10....9P }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the United States, Superfund sites wey different companies create don prove say dem dey dangerous to both human health and the environment for nearby communities. Na this perceived threat—especially the fear of miscarriages, mutations, birth defects, and cancers—wey make the public worry pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schleicher |first=D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC |title=But is it True?: A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues |date=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08923-5 |editor-last=Wildavsky |editor-first=Aaron B |pages=153–184 |chapter=Superfund's abandoned hazardous waste sites |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg2f9CyXwscC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Air quality ===

Air quality include both outdoor (ambient) air quality and indoor air quality. Some of the biggest concerns about air quality include environmental tobacco smoke, air pollution from different kinds of chemical waste, and other forms of air pollution wey fit affect human health.

==== Outdoor air quality ====

Air pollution dey cause more than 6.5&amp;nbsp;million deaths worldwide every year, {{as of|2022}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;h352&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Richard |last2=Landrigan |first2=Philip J |last3=Balakrishnan |first3=Kalpana |author-link3=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last4=Bathan |first4=Glynda |last5=Bose-O'Reilly |first5=Stephan |last6=Brauer |first6=Michael |last7=Caravanos |first7=Jack |last8=Chiles |first8=Tom |last9=Cohen |first9=Aaron |last10=Corra |first10=Lilian |last11=Cropper |first11=Maureen |last12=Ferraro |first12=Greg |last13=Hanna |first13=Jill |last14=Hanrahan |first14=David |last15=Hu |first15=Howard |year=2022 |title=Pollution and health: a progress update |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=e535–e547 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 |pmid=35594895 |doi-access=free |last16=Hunter |first16=David |last17=Janata |first17=Gloria |last18=Kupka |first18=Rachael |last19=Lanphear |first19=Bruce |last20=Lichtveld |first20=Maureen |last21=Martin |first21=Keith |last22=Mustapha |first22=Adetoun |last23=Sanchez-Triana |first23=Ernesto |last24=Sandilya |first24=Karti |last25=Schaefli |first25=Laura |last26=Shaw |first26=Joseph |last27=Seddon |first27=Jessica |last28=Suk |first28=William |last29=Téllez-Rojo |first29=Martha María |last30=Yan |first30=Chonghuai|pmc=11995256 |bibcode=2022LanPH...6.e535F }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Air pollution be major risk factor for diseases like lung cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, heart disease, and many other respiratory illnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When air pollution reduce, adult mortality too dey reduce, which means improving air quality fit save plenty lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;c579&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Joaquim |last2=Domingo |first2=José L. |last3=Schuhmacher |first3=Marta |author-link3=Marta Schuhmacher |year=2020 |title=Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=703 |article-number=135538 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135538 |pmid=31759725 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70335538R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Air pollution amid blue skies, the day after reopening from lockdown near Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Factory for Mumbai dey release air pollution.]]

Some of the common sources of emissions include road traffic, energy production, household fuel burning, aviation, motor vehicles, and other pollution sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204585 |title=Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks |last1=Prüss-Üstün |first1=Annette |last2=Wolf |first2=J. |year=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |last3=Corvalán |first3=Carlos F. |last4=Bos |first4=R. |last5=Neira |first5=Maria Purificación |isbn=978-92-4-156519-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-09-10 |title=Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation |url=https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change/overview-air-pollution-transportation |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These activities involve burning fuel, which dey release harmful particles into the air. Humans and other living organisms fit breathe in or swallow these particles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Pollution and Your Health |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Air pollution dey linked with serious health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and even death.&lt;ref name=&quot;p599&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abdo |first1=Nour |last2=Khader |first2=Yousef S. |last3=Abdelrahman |first3=Mostafa |last4=Graboski-Bauer |first4=Ashley |last5=Malkawi |first5=Mazen |last6=Al-Sharif |first6=Munjed |last7=Elbetieha |first7=Ahmad M. |date=2016-06-01 |title=Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review |journal=Reviews on Environmental Health |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1515/reveh-2015-0076 |pmid=27101544 |bibcode=2016RvEH...31.0076A |issn=2191-0308}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The risk wey air pollution pose depend on how dangerous the pollutant be and how much exposure the person get.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vallero |first=Daniel |title=Fundamentals of Air Pollution |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-401733-7 |publication-place=Amsterdam Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, one child wey dey play sports outside every day get higher chance of exposure to outdoor air pollution than one adult wey spend most of the time inside office or house.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Environmental health officials dey work to identify people wey get high risk of exposure to air pollution, identify the risk factors wey dey communities, and help reduce the overall exposure of the whole community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Manisalidis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stavropoulou |first2=Elisavet |last3=Stavropoulos |first3=Agathangelos |last4=Bezirtzoglou |first4=Eugenia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |language=English |volume=8 |article-number=14 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 |doi-access=free |pmid=32154200 |pmc=7044178 |bibcode=2020FrPH....8...14M |issn=2296-2565}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Indoor air quality ====

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect of smart water systems in Africa because water supply and treatment facilities can influence the quality of air inside buildings. Poorly maintained water systems may promote the growth of mould, bacteria, and other microorganisms, which can release pollutants into indoor environments. Smart water technologies help monitor water quality, humidity, leaks, and ventilation conditions, reducing health risks associated with contaminated indoor air.

Smart sensors installed in buildings can detect leaks, excessive moisture, and water stagnation, allowing facility managers to respond quickly before mould develops. In hospitals, schools, offices, and residential buildings, these systems contribute to healthier indoor environments by preventing water-related air pollution.

Water treatment facilities also use digital monitoring systems to ensure that chemicals such as chlorine are applied at safe levels. Automated ventilation systems integrated with smart building technologies help remove airborne contaminants generated during water treatment processes.

Several African countries are adopting smart building management systems that combine water monitoring with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls. These integrated systems improve energy efficiency while maintaining healthy indoor conditions.

Although adoption remains limited due to infrastructure and financial constraints, growing investments in smart cities and green buildings are increasing the use of intelligent water and environmental monitoring systems across Africa.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces mould growth caused by water leaks and dampness.
* Improves occupant health by maintaining cleaner indoor air.
* Enables early detection of plumbing failures and water contamination.
* Supports energy-efficient building management.
* Reduces maintenance costs through predictive monitoring.

===== Challenges =====
* High installation and maintenance costs.
* Limited technical expertise in integrated building management systems.
* Inadequate digital infrastructure in many regions.
* Lack of standards for smart indoor environmental monitoring.
* Limited awareness among building owners and facility managers.

==== Climate change adaptation ====

Smart water systems play an increasingly important role in helping African countries adapt to the effects of climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods, and increasing water scarcity have placed significant pressure on water resources across the continent. Digital technologies enable water managers to monitor these changes in real time and respond more effectively.

Remote sensors, satellite imagery, weather forecasting, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to monitor rainfall, river flows, groundwater levels, reservoir storage, and soil moisture. These data help governments, utilities, and farmers make informed decisions about water allocation, irrigation scheduling, and emergency response during droughts and floods.

Smart irrigation systems reduce water consumption by applying water only when crops require it. Combined with weather forecasts and soil moisture sensors, these systems improve agricultural productivity while conserving limited water resources. In regions frequently affected by drought, such technologies enhance food security and strengthen the resilience of farming communities.

Urban water utilities also use smart monitoring systems to prepare for climate-related disasters. Early warning systems can detect rising river levels, pipeline failures, or abnormal water demand during extreme weather events. Automated control systems allow operators to manage reservoirs, pumping stations, and drainage infrastructure more efficiently, reducing the impacts of flooding and water shortages.

Nature-based solutions are increasingly being integrated with smart water management. Digital monitoring supports the restoration of wetlands, watersheds, forests, and river ecosystems by tracking environmental conditions and evaluating conservation efforts. These approaches improve water quality, groundwater recharge, and biodiversity while strengthening resilience to climate change.

International organizations, research institutions, and development partners continue to support African countries through climate adaptation programmes that promote digital water technologies, capacity building, and sustainable infrastructure. However, widespread implementation remains constrained by limited financial resources, inadequate technical capacity, unreliable electricity, and unequal access to digital technologies.

===== Adaptation strategies =====
* Real-time monitoring of water resources.
* Smart irrigation based on weather and soil moisture data.
* Flood forecasting and early warning systems.
* Digital monitoring of reservoirs and groundwater.
* Integration of satellite data and GIS for water planning.
* Nature-based water management supported by environmental monitoring.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves resilience to droughts and floods.
* Enhances food security through efficient irrigation.
* Supports sustainable water resource management.
* Reduces disaster risks through early warning systems.
* Improves long-term planning under changing climate conditions.

==== Water governance and policy ====

Effective water governance is essential for the successful implementation of smart water systems in Africa. Water governance refers to the processes, institutions, laws, and policies used to manage water resources and provide reliable water services. Smart water technologies support better governance by improving data collection, transparency, accountability, and decision-making.

Traditional water management systems in many African countries often face challenges such as limited access to accurate data, weak monitoring systems, ageing infrastructure, and difficulties in coordinating between different institutions. Smart water systems address these challenges by providing real-time information about water availability, consumption patterns, infrastructure performance, and service delivery.

Digital platforms allow water authorities to collect and analyse large amounts of data from sensors, meters, satellites, and customer systems. This information helps policymakers develop evidence-based strategies for water allocation, conservation, and infrastructure development. Open data initiatives can also improve public participation by allowing communities, researchers, and organizations to access water-related information.

Smart water technologies contribute to improved accountability among water service providers. Automated metering systems reduce billing errors, detect illegal connections, and improve revenue collection. Leak detection technologies help utilities reduce non-revenue water, which is a major challenge affecting many African water providers.

Government policies and regulatory frameworks play a key role in encouraging smart water adoption. Countries that establish clear standards for digital infrastructure, data protection, water quality monitoring, and public-private partnerships are better positioned to benefit from smart water innovations.

Regional organizations such as the African Union and various water management institutions have emphasized the importance of digital transformation and integrated water resource management. Collaboration between governments, technology companies, research institutions, and local communities is necessary to ensure that smart water systems are inclusive and sustainable.

Despite these opportunities, challenges remain, including limited funding, weak institutional capacity, poor coordination between agencies, and concerns about data ownership and cybersecurity. Addressing these issues is important for creating effective and equitable smart water governance systems across Africa.

===== Governance applications =====
* Digital water information management platforms.
* Real-time monitoring of water supply networks.
* Automated billing and smart metering systems.
* Data-driven water policy development.
* Public access to water information.
* Improved coordination among water institutions.

===== Policy requirements =====
* Development of national smart water strategies.
* Investment in digital infrastructure and skills development.
* Strong regulations for data protection and cybersecurity.
* Support for research and innovation.
* Promotion of partnerships between government and private sectors.

==== Artificial intelligence and machine learning in smart water systems ====

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are emerging technologies that are transforming smart water systems in Africa. These technologies allow water authorities and utilities to analyse large amounts of data collected from sensors, satellites, smart meters, and monitoring devices to improve water management decisions.

AI-powered systems can identify patterns in water consumption, predict equipment failures, detect leaks, and optimize water distribution networks. By analysing historical and real-time data, machine learning algorithms can forecast water demand, helping utilities manage limited water resources more efficiently.

One major application of AI in smart water management is predictive maintenance. Traditional water infrastructure maintenance often depends on scheduled inspections or responses after failures occur. AI systems can analyse pressure changes, flow rates, and equipment performance to predict possible pipe failures before they happen. This reduces repair costs and prevents service interruptions.

AI technologies are also being used to improve water quality monitoring. Machine learning models can analyse data from water sensors to detect unusual changes in chemical composition, pollution levels, and microbial risks. Early detection allows authorities to take corrective measures before contaminated water reaches consumers.

In agriculture, AI-based smart irrigation systems combine weather data, satellite imagery, and soil information to determine the exact amount of water required by crops. This helps farmers increase productivity while reducing unnecessary water use.

African cities are increasingly exploring AI applications as part of smart city development. Water utilities can integrate artificial intelligence with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, geographic information systems (GIS), and cloud computing platforms to create more responsive and efficient water networks.

However, the adoption of AI in African water systems faces several challenges. These include limited access to high-quality datasets, inadequate digital infrastructure, high technology costs, shortage of AI specialists, and concerns about data privacy. Addressing these barriers requires investment in education, research, digital infrastructure, and collaboration between governments, universities, and technology companies.

===== Applications of AI in smart water systems =====
* Predicting water demand and consumption patterns.
* Detecting leaks and abnormal water usage.
* Predictive maintenance of pipelines and equipment.
* Automated water quality monitoring.
* Optimizing irrigation systems.
* Supporting climate change forecasting and planning.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves efficiency of water management.
* Reduces operational and maintenance costs.
* Enables faster responses to water problems.
* Supports evidence-based decision-making.
* Enhances conservation of water resources.

===== Challenges =====
* Limited availability of reliable water datasets.
* High cost of AI infrastructure.
* Shortage of technical expertise.
* Cybersecurity and data privacy concerns.
* Unequal access to digital technologies.

==== Internet of Things (IoT) and smart water networks ====

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the key technologies supporting the development of smart water systems in Africa. IoT refers to networks of connected devices that collect, exchange, and analyse data through digital communication systems. In smart water management, IoT devices such as sensors, smart meters, controllers, and monitoring equipment help water providers track and manage water resources more effectively.

IoT-based smart water networks use sensors installed in pipelines, reservoirs, treatment plants, and distribution systems to collect real-time information on water flow, pressure, quality, and consumption. This information is transmitted through communication networks to centralized platforms where it can be analysed and used for decision-making.

One of the most important applications of IoT is leak detection. Water losses from damaged pipes and illegal connections are major challenges for many African water utilities. IoT sensors can identify unusual changes in pressure and flow, allowing maintenance teams to locate and repair leaks quickly. This reduces water waste and improves the reliability of water supply systems.

Smart meters connected through IoT networks provide households and businesses with accurate information about their water consumption. These systems encourage responsible water use by allowing users to monitor their usage patterns and identify unnecessary consumption. For utilities, smart meters improve billing accuracy, reduce operational costs, and increase revenue collection.

IoT technologies are also being used in rural water supply systems. Solar-powered monitoring devices can track the operation of boreholes, pumps, and community water facilities in remote areas. This enables organizations and governments to identify failures quickly and improve access to safe drinking water.

The integration of IoT with artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and geographic information systems creates advanced smart water networks capable of automatic decision-making. These integrated systems can optimize water distribution, predict future demand, and improve emergency responses during droughts or floods.

Despite its advantages, IoT adoption in Africa faces challenges such as limited internet connectivity, unreliable electricity supply, high equipment costs, and lack of technical skills for installation and maintenance. Expanding digital infrastructure and developing local expertise are important steps toward wider adoption of IoT-based water management solutions.

===== IoT applications in smart water systems =====
* Real-time monitoring of pipelines and water facilities.
* Smart water metering for households and industries.
* Automated leak detection.
* Remote monitoring of rural water systems.
* Water quality sensing and alerts.
* Intelligent control of pumps and treatment facilities.

===== Benefits =====
* Reduces water losses and improves efficiency.
* Provides accurate and timely water data.
* Supports preventive maintenance.
* Improves service delivery in urban and rural areas.
* Enables better resource planning.

===== Challenges =====
* Limited network coverage in some regions.
* High costs of IoT devices and connectivity.
* Energy supply challenges in remote locations.
* Need for technical training and maintenance capacity.
* Cybersecurity risks affecting connected systems.

==== Big data analytics and cloud computing ====

Big data analytics and cloud computing are important components of modern smart water systems in Africa. These technologies enable water organizations to collect, store, process, and analyse large volumes of information generated from smart meters, sensors, satellites, weather stations, and customer management platforms.

Traditional water management systems often rely on manual data collection and delayed reporting, making it difficult for authorities to respond quickly to water challenges. Big data analytics improves this process by transforming large datasets into useful information that supports planning, monitoring, and decision-making.

Water utilities can use big data analytics to understand consumption patterns, identify areas with high water demand, predict future requirements, and optimize distribution networks. By analysing historical and real-time data, utilities can reduce water losses, improve service reliability, and allocate resources more effectively.

Cloud computing provides digital storage and processing capabilities that allow water institutions to manage large datasets without requiring expensive physical infrastructure. Cloud-based platforms enable remote access to water information, allowing engineers, policymakers, and researchers to collaborate and make decisions from different locations.

In urban areas, cloud-based smart water platforms can integrate information from multiple sources, including water treatment plants, pipelines, weather systems, and customer meters. This creates a comprehensive view of the entire water supply network and helps operators detect problems early.

Big data analytics also supports climate change adaptation by analysing environmental information such as rainfall trends, drought conditions, groundwater levels, and river flows. These insights help governments develop strategies for water conservation and emergency response.

In agriculture, farmers and irrigation managers use data analytics to improve water efficiency. Combining information from soil sensors, satellite images, and weather forecasts allows farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time, reducing waste and improving crop productivity.

However, the use of big data and cloud computing in Africa faces challenges including limited internet connectivity, high costs of digital services, shortage of data science expertise, and concerns about data security and ownership. Strengthening digital infrastructure and developing technical skills are necessary to maximize the benefits of these technologies.

===== Applications of big data analytics =====
* Monitoring water consumption trends.
* Predicting water demand.
* Identifying leaks and infrastructure failures.
* Analysing climate and environmental data.
* Supporting water policy and planning.
* Improving agricultural water management.

===== Applications of cloud computing =====
* Centralized storage of water data.
* Remote access to monitoring platforms.
* Data sharing between institutions.
* Integration of multiple smart water technologies.
* Supporting artificial intelligence and machine learning systems.

===== Benefits =====
* Faster and more accurate decision-making.
* Improved water resource planning.
* Reduced operational costs.
* Better coordination among stakeholders.
* Enhanced ability to respond to climate challenges.

===== Challenges =====
* Poor internet infrastructure in some areas.
* Data privacy and cybersecurity risks.
* Limited technical expertise.
* High costs of digital transformation.
* Unequal access to advanced technologies.

==== Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing ====

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing are important technologies used in smart water systems across Africa. These technologies allow water managers to collect, analyse, visualize, and interpret information about water resources and infrastructure based on geographic locations.

GIS combines digital maps with data from different sources, including water networks, population information, land use patterns, rainfall records, and environmental conditions. In smart water management, GIS helps authorities understand the location and condition of water infrastructure such as pipelines, boreholes, reservoirs, treatment plants, and distribution networks.

Water utilities use GIS to improve infrastructure planning and maintenance. By mapping pipelines and monitoring their performance, utilities can identify areas with frequent breakdowns, prioritize repairs, and plan future expansion. This is particularly useful in rapidly growing African cities where demand for water services continues to increase.

Remote sensing uses satellite images and aerial observations to monitor water resources over large areas. Satellites can provide information about surface water bodies, groundwater conditions, rainfall patterns, vegetation changes, and drought impacts. This makes remote sensing valuable for managing water resources in regions where ground-based monitoring is limited.

In agriculture, GIS and remote sensing support precision irrigation by helping farmers identify crop conditions, soil moisture levels, and areas affected by water stress. These technologies reduce unnecessary water use and improve agricultural productivity.

GIS-based systems are also used for disaster management. During floods, satellite data and geographic analysis help authorities identify vulnerable communities, monitor flood extent, and coordinate emergency responses. During droughts, these tools support the assessment of water availability and the planning of conservation measures.

The combination of GIS, remote sensing, IoT sensors, and artificial intelligence creates powerful decision-support systems for smart water management. These integrated platforms allow governments and organizations to monitor water resources more accurately and develop sustainable solutions.

Despite their benefits, the adoption of GIS and remote sensing technologies in Africa faces challenges such as limited access to high-resolution data, shortage of trained specialists, high costs of equipment and software, and inadequate institutional capacity. Investments in training, open data systems, and affordable digital tools are important for expanding their use.

===== Applications of GIS in smart water systems =====
* Mapping water supply infrastructure.
* Planning water distribution networks.
* Monitoring pipeline conditions.
* Supporting urban water planning.
* Identifying areas with poor water access.
* Managing water-related emergencies.

===== Applications of remote sensing =====
* Monitoring rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
* Measuring drought and flood impacts.
* Estimating rainfall and soil moisture.
* Supporting groundwater assessment.
* Monitoring agricultural water needs.
* Tracking environmental changes.

===== Benefits =====
* Improves water resource mapping and planning.
* Supports evidence-based decision-making.
* Enables monitoring of large and remote areas.
* Reduces costs of field surveys.
* Strengthens climate change adaptation.

===== Challenges =====
* Limited technical expertise.
* Cost of specialized equipment and software.
* Poor availability of local datasets.
* Limited institutional capacity.
* Difficulties integrating different data sources.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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'''Dyshidrosis''' be a type of dermatitis wey be characterized by itchy blisters on de palms of de hands den bottoms of de feet.&lt;ref name=Goldman2020&gt;{{cite book |last=Lim |first=Henry W. |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Lee |editor2-last=Schafer |editor2-first=Andrew I. |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-53266-2 |page=2612 |edition=26th |volume=2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2612 |language=en |chapter=409. Eczemas, photodermatoses, papulomatoses, papulosquamous (including fungal) diseases, and figurate erythema: Eczema, dyshidrosis |access-date=2023-04-28 |archive-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428130743/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2612 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2014What&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Atopic Dermatitis? Fast Facts|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/atopic_dermatitis/atopic_dermatitis_ff.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=11 August 2016|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727232838/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/atopic_dermatitis_ff.asp|archive-date=27 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blisters generally be one to two millimeters in size den heal over three weeks.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; However, dem often recur.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Redness no be usually present.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Repeated attacks fi result in fissures den skin thickening.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;
De cause be unknown.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Triggers fi include allergens, physical anaa mental [[Stress (biology)|stress]], frequent hand washing, anaa metals.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Diagnosis typically be based on wat e dey look like den de symptoms.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Allergy testing den culture fi be done to rule out oda problems.&lt;ref name=Ja2011&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Colomb-Lippa|first1=D|last2=Klingler|first2=AM|title=Dyshidrosis |journal= Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants|date=July 2011|volume=24|issue=7|pages=54|pmid=21748961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda conditions wey produce similar symptoms include pustular psoriasis den [[scabies]].&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;

Avoiding triggers fi be useful as fi a barrier cream.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Treatment generally be plus steroid cream.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; High strength steroid creams fi be required for de first week anaa two.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Antihistamines fi be used to help plus de itch.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; If dis no be effective steroid pills, tacrolimus, anaa psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) fi be tried.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt;

About 1 insyd 2,000 people be affected insyd [[Sweden]].&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Males den females appear to be affected equally.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; E dey explain about one insyd five cases of hand dermatitis.&lt;ref name=Fits2016/&gt; De first description be insyd 1873.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; De name dey cam from de word &quot;dyshidrotic&quot;, wey dey mean &quot;difficult sweating&quot;, as problems plus sweating once be believed to be de cause.&lt;ref name=Lof2006&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lofgren|first1=SM|last2=Warshaw|first2=EM|title=Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy.|journal=Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug|date=December 2006|volume=17|issue=4|pages=165–81|pmid=17150166|doi=10.2310/6620.2006.05021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;250px&quot; heights=&quot;250px&quot;&gt; 
File:DyshidroticDermatitisOnHandsLateStage.jpg|Advanced stage of dyshidrosis on the fingers
File:Dyshidrosis.JPG|Palmar dyshidrosis
File:Palmar dyshidrosis peeling stage.JPG|Advanced stage of palmar dyshidrosis on the palm showing cracked and peeling skin
File:Dyshidrosis late stage.jpg|Advanced stage of dyshidrosis on the foot.
File:Rim of scale on plantar surface of thumb.jpg|Rim of scale on the palmar surface of the thumb from a resolving dyshidrotic flare
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Treatment ==
Der be chaw treatments available give dyshidrosis. However, few of dem be developed anaa tested specifically on de condition.
* Barriers to moisture den irritants, wey dey include barrier creams den gloves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Perry|first=Adam D.|last2=Trafeli|first2=John P.|date=2009-05-01|title=Hand Dermatitis: Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=325–330|doi=10.3122/jabfm.2009.03.080118|issn=1557-2625|pmid=19429739|df=|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Topical steroids&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1867.htm |title=eMedicine – Dyshidrotic Eczema : Article by Camila K Janniger |access-date=2007-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015519/http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1867.htm |archive-date=2007-07-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Potassium permanganate dilute solution soaks&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14127384&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=BIRT AR |title=Drugs for Eczema of Children |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=693–4 |date=March 1964 |pmid=14127384 |pmc=1922428 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1476027&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stalder JF |title=Comparative effects of two topical antiseptics (chlorhexidine vs KMn04) on bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis |journal=Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) |volume=176 |issue= |pages=132–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1476027 |doi= |url=  |author2=Fleury M |author3=Sourisse M |display-authors=3 |last4=Allavoine |first4=T |last5=Chalamet |first5=C |last6=Brosset |first6=P |last7=Litoux |first7=P}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12538301&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Baron S, Moss C |title=Caustic burn caused by potassium permanganate |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=96 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12538301 |doi= 10.1136/adc.88.2.96|pmc=1719457}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dapsone (diamino-diphenyl sulfone)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |title=Vesicular hand dermatitis |access-date=2010-04-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330150735/http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |archive-date=2010-03-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Antihistamines: [[Fexofenadine]] up to 180&amp;nbsp;mg per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Diepgen|first=Thomas L.|last2=Agner|first2=Tove|last3=Aberer|first3=Werner|last4=Berth-Jones|first4=John|last5=Cambazard|first5=Frédéric|last6=Elsner|first6=Peter|last7=McFadden|first7=John|last8=Coenraads|first8=Pieter Jan|date=2007-10-01|title=Management of chronic hand eczema|journal=Contact Dermatitis|language=en|volume=57|issue=4|pages=203–210|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01179.x|pmid=17868211|issn=1600-0536|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid)&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzicka-alitretinoin&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, Diepgen T, Berth-Jones J, Coenraads PJ, Kaszuba A, Bissonnette R, Varjonen E, Holló P, Cambazard F, Lahfa M, Elsner P, Nyberg F, Svensson A, Brown TC, Harsch M, Maares J | display-authors = 6 | title = Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial | journal = Br. J. Dermatol. | volume = 158 | issue = 4 | pages = 808–17 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18294310 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08487.x | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6715954/Ruzicka_2008_Br_J_Dermatol.pdf | access-date = 2019-02-05 | archive-date = 2019-02-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190218111529/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6715954/Ruzicka_2008_Br_J_Dermatol.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10640839&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bollag W, Ott F | title = Successful treatment of chronic hand eczema with oral 9-cis-retinoic acid | journal = Dermatology (Basel) | volume = 199 | issue = 4 | pages = 308–12 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10640839 | doi = 10.1159/000018280 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15611422&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzicka T, Larsen FG, Galewicz D, Horváth A, Coenraads PJ, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Ortonne JP, Zouboulis CC, Harsch M, Brown TC, Zultak M | title = Oral alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial | journal = Arch Dermatol | volume = 140 | issue = 12 | pages = 1453–9 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15611422 | doi = 10.1001/archderm.140.12.1453 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Systemic steroids&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Epidemiology ==
About 1 insyd 2,000 people be affected insyd Sweden. Males den females appear to be affected equally.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;

==Synonyms==
Dyshidrosis sanso be known as pompholyx, a term wey dey originate from de Greek word give &quot;bubble&quot;.&lt;ref name=Fits2016&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dermatology Secrets Plus|last=Fitzpatrick|first=James|publisher=Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-0-323-31029-1|location=|pages=70–81|chapter=8|chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ReqeCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR76|access-date=2017-11-27|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035635/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ReqeCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR76|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
*[http://www.skinsight.com/adult/dyshidroticDermatitis.htm Images of dyshidrotic eczema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117095045/http://www.skinsight.com/adult/dyshidroticDermatitis.htm |date=2016-11-17 }} at Skinsight
*[http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/pompholyx.html Pompholyx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731104848/http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |date=2016-07-31 }} at DermNet NZ (New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated)</text>
      <sha1>5xay80vyoa9hw2ffovev411822kiyoi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>107288</id>
      <parentid>107287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T23:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>107288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9877" sha1="ib2jud6rmp3tn7w0ioa56h3s7ix9pyi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Dyshidrosis''' be a type of dermatitis wey be characterized by itchy blisters on de palms of de hands den bottoms of de feet.&lt;ref name=Goldman2020&gt;{{cite book |last=Lim |first=Henry W. |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Lee |editor2-last=Schafer |editor2-first=Andrew I. |title=Goldman-Cecil Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-53266-2 |page=2612 |edition=26th |volume=2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2612 |language=en |chapter=409. Eczemas, photodermatoses, papulomatoses, papulosquamous (including fungal) diseases, and figurate erythema: Eczema, dyshidrosis |access-date=2023-04-28 |archive-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428130743/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pKqDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2612 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NIH2014What&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is Atopic Dermatitis? Fast Facts|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/atopic_dermatitis/atopic_dermatitis_ff.asp|website=NIAMS|access-date=11 August 2016|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727232838/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/atopic_dermatitis_ff.asp|archive-date=27 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blisters generally be one to two millimeters in size den heal over three weeks.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; However, dem often recur.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Redness no be usually present.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Repeated attacks fi result in fissures den skin thickening.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;
De cause be unknown.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Triggers fi include allergens, physical anaa mental [[Stress (biology)|stress]], frequent hand washing, anaa metals.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Diagnosis typically be based on wat e dey look like den de symptoms.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; Allergy testing den culture fi be done to rule out oda problems.&lt;ref name=Ja2011&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Colomb-Lippa|first1=D|last2=Klingler|first2=AM|title=Dyshidrosis |journal= Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants|date=July 2011|volume=24|issue=7|pages=54|pmid=21748961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda conditions wey produce similar symptoms include pustular psoriasis den [[scabies]].&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;

Avoiding triggers fi be useful as fi a barrier cream.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Treatment generally be plus steroid cream.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; High strength steroid creams fi be required for de first week anaa two.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Antihistamines fi be used to help plus de itch.&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt; If dis no be effective steroid pills, tacrolimus, anaa psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) fi be tried.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ja2011/&gt;

About 1 insyd 2,000 people be affected insyd [[Sweden]].&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; Males den females appear to be affected equally.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; E dey explain about one insyd five cases of hand dermatitis.&lt;ref name=Fits2016/&gt; De first description be insyd 1873.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt; De name dey cam from de word &quot;dyshidrotic&quot;, wey dey mean &quot;difficult sweating&quot;, as problems plus sweating once be believed to be de cause.&lt;ref name=Lof2006&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lofgren|first1=SM|last2=Warshaw|first2=EM|title=Dyshidrosis: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy.|journal=Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug|date=December 2006|volume=17|issue=4|pages=165–81|pmid=17150166|doi=10.2310/6620.2006.05021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;250px&quot; heights=&quot;250px&quot;&gt; 
File:DyshidroticDermatitisOnHandsLateStage.jpg|Advanced stage of dyshidrosis on the fingers
File:Dyshidrosis.JPG|Palmar dyshidrosis
File:Palmar dyshidrosis peeling stage.JPG|Advanced stage of palmar dyshidrosis on the palm showing cracked and peeling skin
File:Dyshidrosis late stage.jpg|Advanced stage of dyshidrosis on the foot.
File:Rim of scale on plantar surface of thumb.jpg|Rim of scale on the palmar surface of the thumb from a resolving dyshidrotic flare
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Treatment ==
Der be chaw treatments available give dyshidrosis. However, few of dem be developed anaa tested specifically on de condition.
* Barriers to moisture den irritants, wey dey include barrier creams den gloves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Perry|first=Adam D.|last2=Trafeli|first2=John P.|date=2009-05-01|title=Hand Dermatitis: Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=325–330|doi=10.3122/jabfm.2009.03.080118|issn=1557-2625|pmid=19429739|df=|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Topical steroids&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1867.htm |title=eMedicine – Dyshidrotic Eczema : Article by Camila K Janniger |access-date=2007-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707015519/http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1867.htm |archive-date=2007-07-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Potassium permanganate dilute solution soaks&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14127384&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=BIRT AR |title=Drugs for Eczema of Children |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=693–4 |date=March 1964 |pmid=14127384 |pmc=1922428 |doi= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1476027&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stalder JF |title=Comparative effects of two topical antiseptics (chlorhexidine vs KMn04) on bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis |journal=Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) |volume=176 |issue= |pages=132–4 |year=1992 |pmid=1476027 |doi= |url=  |author2=Fleury M |author3=Sourisse M |display-authors=3 |last4=Allavoine |first4=T |last5=Chalamet |first5=C |last6=Brosset |first6=P |last7=Litoux |first7=P}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12538301&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Baron S, Moss C |title=Caustic burn caused by potassium permanganate |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=96 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12538301 |doi= 10.1136/adc.88.2.96|pmc=1719457}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dapsone (diamino-diphenyl sulfone)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |title=Vesicular hand dermatitis |access-date=2010-04-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330150735/http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |archive-date=2010-03-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Antihistamines: [[Fexofenadine]] up to 180&amp;nbsp;mg per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Diepgen|first=Thomas L.|last2=Agner|first2=Tove|last3=Aberer|first3=Werner|last4=Berth-Jones|first4=John|last5=Cambazard|first5=Frédéric|last6=Elsner|first6=Peter|last7=McFadden|first7=John|last8=Coenraads|first8=Pieter Jan|date=2007-10-01|title=Management of chronic hand eczema|journal=Contact Dermatitis|language=en|volume=57|issue=4|pages=203–210|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01179.x|pmid=17868211|issn=1600-0536|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid)&lt;ref name=&quot;ruzicka-alitretinoin&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, Diepgen T, Berth-Jones J, Coenraads PJ, Kaszuba A, Bissonnette R, Varjonen E, Holló P, Cambazard F, Lahfa M, Elsner P, Nyberg F, Svensson A, Brown TC, Harsch M, Maares J | display-authors = 6 | title = Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9-cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial | journal = Br. J. Dermatol. | volume = 158 | issue = 4 | pages = 808–17 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18294310 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08487.x | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6715954/Ruzicka_2008_Br_J_Dermatol.pdf | access-date = 2019-02-05 | archive-date = 2019-02-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190218111529/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6715954/Ruzicka_2008_Br_J_Dermatol.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10640839&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bollag W, Ott F | title = Successful treatment of chronic hand eczema with oral 9-cis-retinoic acid | journal = Dermatology (Basel) | volume = 199 | issue = 4 | pages = 308–12 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10640839 | doi = 10.1159/000018280 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15611422&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzicka T, Larsen FG, Galewicz D, Horváth A, Coenraads PJ, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Ortonne JP, Zouboulis CC, Harsch M, Brown TC, Zultak M | title = Oral alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial | journal = Arch Dermatol | volume = 140 | issue = 12 | pages = 1453–9 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15611422 | doi = 10.1001/archderm.140.12.1453 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Systemic steroids&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Epidemiology ==
About 1 insyd 2,000 people be affected insyd Sweden. Males den females appear to be affected equally.&lt;ref name=Lof2006/&gt;

==Synonyms==
Dyshidrosis sanso be known as pompholyx, a term wey dey originate from de Greek word give &quot;bubble&quot;.&lt;ref name=Fits2016&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dermatology Secrets Plus|last=Fitzpatrick|first=James|publisher=Elsevier|year=2016|isbn=978-0-323-31029-1|location=|pages=70–81|chapter=8|chapter-url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ReqeCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR76|access-date=2017-11-27|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035635/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ReqeCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR76|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.skinsight.com/adult/dyshidroticDermatitis.htm Images of dyshidrotic eczema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117095045/http://www.skinsight.com/adult/dyshidroticDermatitis.htm |date=2016-11-17 }} at Skinsight
*[http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/pompholyx.html Pompholyx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731104848/http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/pompholyx.html |date=2016-07-31 }} at DermNet NZ (New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated)
[[Category:Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Eczema]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ib2jud6rmp3tn7w0ioa56h3s7ix9pyi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Environmental health</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>28644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>107286</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T23:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nigerian Pidgin */ new section</comment>
      <origin>107286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="299" sha1="kfewhl6eoe2v4wkh30n8yws571fxse5" xml:space="preserve">== Nigerian Pidgin ==

Hello @[[User:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]]. Thanks for the translate. The article looks more like Nigerian Pidgin than Ghanaian Pidgin. Kindly make the necessary corrections. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 21:04, 15 July 2026 (GMT)</text>
      <sha1>kfewhl6eoe2v4wkh30n8yws571fxse5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>28645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>107289</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T23:33:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>DaSupremo</username>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>Category:Eczema</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>28646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>107290</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T23:34:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>How Climate Change Dey Affect People's Health</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-16T08:09:46Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>I don start an article</comment>
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[[File:Heat stroke treatment, Baton Rouge, 2016 Louisiana floods.jpg|thumb|Heat stroke treatment for Baton Rouge during di 2016 Louisiana floods. Climate change dey make heat waves dey become more serious, wey dey increase di risk of heat stroke.]]
{{Climate change and health}}

Climate change dey affect human health for plenty ways. E dey increase heat-related sicknesses and deaths, e dey make air quality worse, e dey help infectious diseases spread, and e dey increase health risks wey dey come from extreme weather like floods and storms. As global temperatures dey rise and weather patterns dey change, heat waves and extreme weather events dey become more severe. These events too dey get direct and indirect effects on human health. For example, if people stay inside high temperatures for long time, dem fit suffer heat illness or even die because of heat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=6 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |s2cid=239046862 |hdl-access=free |last16=Chambers |first16=Jonathan |last17=Chu |first17=Lingzhi |last18=Ciampi |first18=Luisa |last19=Dalin |first19=Carole |last20=Dasandi |first20=Niheer |last21=Dasgupta |first21=Shouro |last22=Davies |first22=Michael |last23=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Paula |last24=Dubrow |first24=Robert |last25=Ebi |first25=Kristie L |last26=Eckelman |first26=Matthew |last27=Ekins |first27=Paul |last28=Escobar |first28=Luis E |last29=Georgeson |first29=Lucien |last30=Grace |first30=Delia |last31=Graham |first31=Hilary |last32=Gunther |first32=Samuel H |last33=Hartinger |first33=Stella |last34=He |first34=Kehan |last35=Heaviside |first35=Clare |last36=Hess |first36=Jeremy |last37=Hsu |first37=Shih-Che |last38=Jankin |first38=Slava |last39=Jimenez |first39=Marcia P |last40=Kelman |first40=Ilan |last41=Kiesewetter |first41=Gregor |last42=Kinney |first42=Patrick L |last43=Kjellstrom |first43=Tord |last44=Kniveton |first44=Dominic |last45=Lee |first45=Jason K W |last46=Lemke |first46=Bruno |last47=Liu |first47=Yang |last48=Liu |first48=Zhao |last49=Lott |first49=Melissa |last50=Lowe |first50=Rachel |last51=Martinez-Urtaza |first51=Jaime |last52=Maslin |first52=Mark |last53=McAllister |first53=Lucy |last54=McMichael |first54=Celia |last55=Mi |first55=Zhifu |last56=Milner |first56=James |last57=Minor |first57=Kelton |last58=Mohajeri |first58=Nahid |last59=Moradi-Lakeh |first59=Maziar |last60=Morrissey |first60=Karyn |last61=Munzert |first61=Simon |last62=Murray |first62=Kris A |last63=Neville |first63=Tara |last64=Nilsson |first64=Maria |last65=Obradovich |first65=Nick |last66=Sewe |first66=Maquins Odhiambo |last67=Oreszczyn |first67=Tadj |last68=Otto |first68=Matthias |last69=Owfi |first69=Fereidoon |last70=Pearman |first70=Olivia |last71=Pencheon |first71=David |last72=Rabbaniha |first72=Mahnaz |last73=Robinson |first73=Elizabeth |last74=Rocklöv |first74=Joacim |last75=Salas |first75=Renee N |last76=Semenza |first76=Jan C |last77=Sherman |first77=Jodi |last78=Shi |first78=Liuhua |last79=Springmann |first79=Marco |last80=Tabatabaei |first80=Meisam |last81=Taylor |first81=Jonathon |last82=Trinanes |first82=Joaquin |last83=Shumake-Guillemot |first83=Joy |last84=Vu |first84=Bryan |last85=Wagner |first85=Fabian |last86=Wilkinson |first86=Paul |last87=Winning |first87=Matthew |last88=Yglesias |first88=Marisol |last89=Zhang |first89=Shihui |last90=Gong |first90=Peng |last91=Montgomery |first91=Hugh |last92=Costello |first92=Anthony |last93=Hamilton |first93=Ian |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apart from di direct effects, climate change plus extreme weather events too dey cause changes for biomes. Some diseases wey living hosts like mosquitoes and ticks dey carry and spread (dem dey call dem vectors) fit become more common for some regions. Some of these diseases be dengue fever and malaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; People too go get higher chance to catch waterborne diseases like diarrhoeal disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy32&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Karen |last2=Smith |first2=Shanon M. |last3=Carlton |first3=Elizabeth J. |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2018CEHR....5..272L |doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=6119235 |pmid=29721700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Changes for climate fit reduce crop yields for some places, wey go make food prices rise, food become scarce, and undernutrition increase. Climate change too fit reduce access to clean and safe water. Extreme weather and di health problems wey e dey bring fit threaten people's livelihoods and economic stability. All these things fit increase poverty, human migration, violent conflict, and mental health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Amann |first2=Markus |last3=Arnell |first3=Nigel |last4=Ayeb-Karlsson |first4=Sonja |last5=Belesova |first5=Kristine |last6=Boykoff |first6=Maxwell |last7=Byass |first7=Peter |last8=Cai |first8=Wenjia |last9=Campbell-Lendrum |first9=Diarmid |last10=Capstick |first10=Stuart |last11=Chambers |first11=Jonathan |display-authors=6 |date=16 November 2019 |title=The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/88053/4/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_tjk30_Documents_The%202019%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20-%20revised.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10211 |pages=1836–1878 |bibcode=2019Lanc..394.1836W |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6 |pmid=31733928 |pmc=7616843 |hdl=10044/1/75356 |s2cid=207976337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;

Climate change dey affect human health for every age—from babies, teenagers, adults, reach old people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Things like age, gender and socioeconomic status dey determine how much these effects go affect people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Adger |first2=W Neil |last3=Agnolucci |first3=Paolo |last4=Blackstock |first4=Jason |last5=Byass |first5=Peter |last6=Cai |first6=Wenjia |last7=Chaytor |first7=Sarah |last8=Colbourn |first8=Tim |last9=Collins |first9=Mat |last10=Cooper |first10=Adam |last11=Cox |first11=Peter M. |display-authors=6 |date=2015 |title=Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1479102/ |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=386 |issue=10006 |pages=1861–1914 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6 |pmid=26111439 |s2cid=205979317 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/17695}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1867}} Some groups dey more vulnerable to the health effects of climate change pass others. These include children, old people, outdoor workers and disadvantaged people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|15}}{{TOC level|3}}
== Overview of health effects and pathways ==

Di effects wey climate change dey get on human health fit divide into direct effects and indirect effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1867}} Extreme weather, wey include stronger storms, floods, droughts, heat waves and wildfires, fit directly cause injury, sickness or death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Plenty studies too show say these effects no dey affect everybody equally. Vulnerable people and vulnerable regions dey suffer pass.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; Di indirect effects of climate change dey happen through changes for di environment wey dey affect Earth's natural systems on a very large scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel S. |last2=Bernstein |first2=Aaron |date=2011-02-01 |title=The coming health crisis: indirect health effects of global climate change |journal=F1000 Biology Reports |volume=3 |page=3 |doi=10.3410/B3-3 |doi-access=free |pmc=3042309 |pmid=21399764}}&lt;/ref&gt; These include worsening water quality, air pollution, less food availability, and faster spread of insects wey dey carry diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Di Napoli |first1=Claudia |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Romanello |first3=Marina |last4=Ayeb-Karlsson |first4=Sonja |last5=Cai |first5=Wenjia |last6=Chambers |first6=Jonathan |last7=Dasgupta |first7=Shouro |last8=Escobar |first8=Luis E. |last9=Kelman |first9=Ilan |last10=Kjellstrom |first10=Tord |last11=Kniveton |first11=Dominic |last12=Liu |first12=Yang |last13=Liu |first13=Zhao |last14=Lowe |first14=Rachel |last15=Martinez-Urtaza |first15=Jaime |date=2022-04-06 |title=Tracking the impacts of climate change on human health via indicators: lessons from the Lancet Countdown |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=663 |doi=10.1186/s12889-022-13055-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=8985369 |pmid=35387618}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Recent{{When|date=June 2026}} research dey show say these direct and indirect health effects dey connect more and more because climate change dey make food insecurity, water insecurity, undernutrition and infectious diseases all increase together among different groups of people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parums |first=Dinah V. |date=2024-07-11 |title=A Review of the Increasing Global Impact of Climate Change on Human Health and Approaches to Medical Preparedness |url=https://www.medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/945763 |journal=Medical Science Monitor |language=en |volume=30 |article-number=e945763 |doi=10.12659/MSM.945763 |pmid=38988000 |issn=1643-3750|pmc=11302257 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (2023). *The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms.* The Lancet, 402(10410), 2185–2220. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01859-7/fulltext](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2823%2901859-7/fulltext)&lt;/ref&gt; Di World Health Organization too report say climate change already dey contribute to more undernutrition, vector-borne diseases and heat-related deaths, and e dey affect vulnerable people pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate change |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Both direct and indirect health effects dey differ from one part of di world to another and among different groups of people according to age, gender, mobility and other factors. For example, differences for health service provision or economic development fit cause different health risks and outcomes, with less developed countries facing greater health risks. For many places, lower socioeconomic status plus gender roles dey increase di health risks wey women and girls face because of climate change compared to men and boys, although for some situations di opposite fit happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Different health problems wey relate to climate change include cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, undernutrition, mental illness, allergies, injuries and poisoning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Figure 2}}

Climate-induced events like flooding fit also damage health care services because health systems and infrastructure fit collapse or spoil. Because of this, building climate-resilient health systems be one of di top priorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Operational framework for building climate resilient health systems |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241565073 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|15}} Di World Health Organisation don describe climate change as di biggest global health threat for di 21st century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=WHO calls for urgent action to protect health from climate change – Sign the call |url=https://www.who.int/globalchange/global-campaign/cop21/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008113710/http://www.who.int/globalchange/global-campaign/cop21/en/ |archive-date=October 8, 2015 |access-date=2020-04-19 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Atwoli |first1=Lukoye |last2=Baqui |first2=Abdullah H |last3=Benfield |first3=Thomas |last4=Bosurgi |first4=Raffaella |last5=Godlee |first5=Fiona |last6=Hancocks |first6=Stephen |last7=Horton |first7=Richard |last8=Laybourn-Langton |first8=Laurie |last9=Monteiro |first9=Carlos Augusto |last10=Norman |first10=Ian |last11=Patrick |first11=Kirsten |last12=Praities |first12=Nigel |last13=Olde Rikkert |first13=Marcel G M |last14=Rubin |first14=Eric J |last15=Sahni |first15=Peush |date=2021-09-04 |title=Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=398 |issue=10304 |pages=939–941 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01915-2 |pmc=8428481 |pmid=34496267}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <id>64</id>
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      <comment>Added more content</comment>
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[[File:Heat stroke treatment, Baton Rouge, 2016 Louisiana floods.jpg|thumb|Heat stroke treatment for Baton Rouge during di 2016 Louisiana floods. Climate change dey make heat waves dey become more serious, wey dey increase di risk of heat stroke.]]
{{Climate change and health}}

Climate change dey affect human health for plenty ways. E dey increase heat-related sicknesses and deaths, e dey make air quality worse, e dey help infectious diseases spread, and e dey increase health risks wey dey come from extreme weather like floods and storms. As global temperatures dey rise and weather patterns dey change, heat waves and extreme weather events dey become more severe. These events too dey get direct and indirect effects on human health. For example, if people stay inside high temperatures for long time, dem fit suffer heat illness or even die because of heat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=6 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |s2cid=239046862 |hdl-access=free |last16=Chambers |first16=Jonathan |last17=Chu |first17=Lingzhi |last18=Ciampi |first18=Luisa |last19=Dalin |first19=Carole |last20=Dasandi |first20=Niheer |last21=Dasgupta |first21=Shouro |last22=Davies |first22=Michael |last23=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Paula |last24=Dubrow |first24=Robert |last25=Ebi |first25=Kristie L |last26=Eckelman |first26=Matthew |last27=Ekins |first27=Paul |last28=Escobar |first28=Luis E |last29=Georgeson |first29=Lucien |last30=Grace |first30=Delia |last31=Graham |first31=Hilary |last32=Gunther |first32=Samuel H |last33=Hartinger |first33=Stella |last34=He |first34=Kehan |last35=Heaviside |first35=Clare |last36=Hess |first36=Jeremy |last37=Hsu |first37=Shih-Che |last38=Jankin |first38=Slava |last39=Jimenez |first39=Marcia P |last40=Kelman |first40=Ilan |last41=Kiesewetter |first41=Gregor |last42=Kinney |first42=Patrick L |last43=Kjellstrom |first43=Tord |last44=Kniveton |first44=Dominic |last45=Lee |first45=Jason K W |last46=Lemke |first46=Bruno |last47=Liu |first47=Yang |last48=Liu |first48=Zhao |last49=Lott |first49=Melissa |last50=Lowe |first50=Rachel |last51=Martinez-Urtaza |first51=Jaime |last52=Maslin |first52=Mark |last53=McAllister |first53=Lucy |last54=McMichael |first54=Celia |last55=Mi |first55=Zhifu |last56=Milner |first56=James |last57=Minor |first57=Kelton |last58=Mohajeri |first58=Nahid |last59=Moradi-Lakeh |first59=Maziar |last60=Morrissey |first60=Karyn |last61=Munzert |first61=Simon |last62=Murray |first62=Kris A |last63=Neville |first63=Tara |last64=Nilsson |first64=Maria |last65=Obradovich |first65=Nick |last66=Sewe |first66=Maquins Odhiambo |last67=Oreszczyn |first67=Tadj |last68=Otto |first68=Matthias |last69=Owfi |first69=Fereidoon |last70=Pearman |first70=Olivia |last71=Pencheon |first71=David |last72=Rabbaniha |first72=Mahnaz |last73=Robinson |first73=Elizabeth |last74=Rocklöv |first74=Joacim |last75=Salas |first75=Renee N |last76=Semenza |first76=Jan C |last77=Sherman |first77=Jodi |last78=Shi |first78=Liuhua |last79=Springmann |first79=Marco |last80=Tabatabaei |first80=Meisam |last81=Taylor |first81=Jonathon |last82=Trinanes |first82=Joaquin |last83=Shumake-Guillemot |first83=Joy |last84=Vu |first84=Bryan |last85=Wagner |first85=Fabian |last86=Wilkinson |first86=Paul |last87=Winning |first87=Matthew |last88=Yglesias |first88=Marisol |last89=Zhang |first89=Shihui |last90=Gong |first90=Peng |last91=Montgomery |first91=Hugh |last92=Costello |first92=Anthony |last93=Hamilton |first93=Ian |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apart from di direct effects, climate change plus extreme weather events too dey cause changes for biomes. Some diseases wey living hosts like mosquitoes and ticks dey carry and spread (dem dey call dem vectors) fit become more common for some regions. Some of these diseases be dengue fever and malaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; People too go get higher chance to catch waterborne diseases like diarrhoeal disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy32&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Karen |last2=Smith |first2=Shanon M. |last3=Carlton |first3=Elizabeth J. |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2018CEHR....5..272L |doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=6119235 |pmid=29721700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Changes for climate fit reduce crop yields for some places, wey go make food prices rise, food become scarce, and undernutrition increase. Climate change too fit reduce access to clean and safe water. Extreme weather and di health problems wey e dey bring fit threaten people's livelihoods and economic stability. All these things fit increase poverty, human migration, violent conflict, and mental health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Amann |first2=Markus |last3=Arnell |first3=Nigel |last4=Ayeb-Karlsson |first4=Sonja |last5=Belesova |first5=Kristine |last6=Boykoff |first6=Maxwell |last7=Byass |first7=Peter |last8=Cai |first8=Wenjia |last9=Campbell-Lendrum |first9=Diarmid |last10=Capstick |first10=Stuart |last11=Chambers |first11=Jonathan |display-authors=6 |date=16 November 2019 |title=The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/88053/4/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_tjk30_Documents_The%202019%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20-%20revised.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10211 |pages=1836–1878 |bibcode=2019Lanc..394.1836W |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6 |pmid=31733928 |pmc=7616843 |hdl=10044/1/75356 |s2cid=207976337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;

Climate change dey affect human health for every age—from babies, teenagers, adults, reach old people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Things like age, gender and socioeconomic status dey determine how much these effects go affect people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Adger |first2=W Neil |last3=Agnolucci |first3=Paolo |last4=Blackstock |first4=Jason |last5=Byass |first5=Peter |last6=Cai |first6=Wenjia |last7=Chaytor |first7=Sarah |last8=Colbourn |first8=Tim |last9=Collins |first9=Mat |last10=Cooper |first10=Adam |last11=Cox |first11=Peter M. |display-authors=6 |date=2015 |title=Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1479102/ |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=386 |issue=10006 |pages=1861–1914 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6 |pmid=26111439 |s2cid=205979317 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/17695}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1867}} Some groups dey more vulnerable to the health effects of climate change pass others. These include children, old people, outdoor workers and disadvantaged people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|15}}{{TOC level|3}}
== Overview of health effects and pathways ==

Di effects wey climate change dey get on human health fit divide into direct effects and indirect effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1867}} Extreme weather, wey include stronger storms, floods, droughts, heat waves and wildfires, fit directly cause injury, sickness or death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Plenty studies too show say these effects no dey affect everybody equally. Vulnerable people and vulnerable regions dey suffer pass.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; Di indirect effects of climate change dey happen through changes for di environment wey dey affect Earth's natural systems on a very large scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel S. |last2=Bernstein |first2=Aaron |date=2011-02-01 |title=The coming health crisis: indirect health effects of global climate change |journal=F1000 Biology Reports |volume=3 |page=3 |doi=10.3410/B3-3 |doi-access=free |pmc=3042309 |pmid=21399764}}&lt;/ref&gt; These include worsening water quality, air pollution, less food availability, and faster spread of insects wey dey carry diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Di Napoli |first1=Claudia |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Romanello |first3=Marina |last4=Ayeb-Karlsson |first4=Sonja |last5=Cai |first5=Wenjia |last6=Chambers |first6=Jonathan |last7=Dasgupta |first7=Shouro |last8=Escobar |first8=Luis E. |last9=Kelman |first9=Ilan |last10=Kjellstrom |first10=Tord |last11=Kniveton |first11=Dominic |last12=Liu |first12=Yang |last13=Liu |first13=Zhao |last14=Lowe |first14=Rachel |last15=Martinez-Urtaza |first15=Jaime |date=2022-04-06 |title=Tracking the impacts of climate change on human health via indicators: lessons from the Lancet Countdown |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=663 |doi=10.1186/s12889-022-13055-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=8985369 |pmid=35387618}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Recent{{When|date=June 2026}} research dey show say these direct and indirect health effects dey connect more and more because climate change dey make food insecurity, water insecurity, undernutrition and infectious diseases all increase together among different groups of people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parums |first=Dinah V. |date=2024-07-11 |title=A Review of the Increasing Global Impact of Climate Change on Human Health and Approaches to Medical Preparedness |url=https://www.medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/945763 |journal=Medical Science Monitor |language=en |volume=30 |article-number=e945763 |doi=10.12659/MSM.945763 |pmid=38988000 |issn=1643-3750|pmc=11302257 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (2023). *The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms.* The Lancet, 402(10410), 2185–2220. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01859-7/fulltext](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2823%2901859-7/fulltext)&lt;/ref&gt; Di World Health Organization too report say climate change already dey contribute to more undernutrition, vector-borne diseases and heat-related deaths, and e dey affect vulnerable people pass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate change |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Both direct and indirect health effects dey differ from one part of di world to another and among different groups of people according to age, gender, mobility and other factors. For example, differences for health service provision or economic development fit cause different health risks and outcomes, with less developed countries facing greater health risks. For many places, lower socioeconomic status plus gender roles dey increase di health risks wey women and girls face because of climate change compared to men and boys, although for some situations di opposite fit happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Different health problems wey relate to climate change include cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, undernutrition, mental illness, allergies, injuries and poisoning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Figure 2}}

Climate-induced events like flooding fit also damage health care services because health systems and infrastructure fit collapse or spoil. Because of this, building climate-resilient health systems be one of di top priorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Operational framework for building climate resilient health systems |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241565073 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|15}} Di World Health Organisation don describe climate change as di biggest global health threat for di 21st century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=WHO calls for urgent action to protect health from climate change – Sign the call |url=https://www.who.int/globalchange/global-campaign/cop21/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008113710/http://www.who.int/globalchange/global-campaign/cop21/en/ |archive-date=October 8, 2015 |access-date=2020-04-19 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Atwoli |first1=Lukoye |last2=Baqui |first2=Abdullah H |last3=Benfield |first3=Thomas |last4=Bosurgi |first4=Raffaella |last5=Godlee |first5=Fiona |last6=Hancocks |first6=Stephen |last7=Horton |first7=Richard |last8=Laybourn-Langton |first8=Laurie |last9=Monteiro |first9=Carlos Augusto |last10=Norman |first10=Ian |last11=Patrick |first11=Kirsten |last12=Praities |first12=Nigel |last13=Olde Rikkert |first13=Marcel G M |last14=Rubin |first14=Eric J |last15=Sahni |first15=Peush |date=2021-09-04 |title=Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=398 |issue=10304 |pages=939–941 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01915-2 |pmc=8428481 |pmid=34496267}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Health risks from extreme weather and climate events ==
Climate change dey make some extreme weather events happen more often and dem dey become more serious too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Seneviratne |first1=Sonia I. |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate |last2=Zhang |first2=Xuebin |last3=Adnan |first3=M. |last4=Badi |first4=W. |last5=Dereczynski |first5=Claudine |last6=Di Luca |first6=Alejandro |last7=Ghosh |first7=S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |page=1517 |chapter=Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate |display-authors=4 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_11.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Extreme heat and extreme cold na di weather events wey scientists expect say e go increase pass. Heavy rain, heavy snow and strong droughts too go happen more often and dem go dey more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |place=Washington, DC |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Extreme weather events like floods, hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts and wildfires fit cause injuries, death and make infectious diseases spread fast.&lt;ref name=&quot;x284&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=McMichael | first=Anthony J | title=Extreme weather events and infectious disease outbreaks | journal=Virulence | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=6 | issue=6 | date=2015-07-13 | issn=2150-5594 | doi=10.4161/21505594.2014.975022 | doi-access=free | pages=543–547 | pmid=26168924 | pmc=4720230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;r610&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Liang | first1=Stephen Y. | last2=Messenger | first2=Nicole | title=Infectious Diseases After Hydrologic Disasters | journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=36 | issue=4 | year=2018 | issn=0733-8627 | doi=10.1016/j.emc.2018.07.002 | doi-access=free | pages=835–851 | pmid=30297008 | pmc=6195322 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;h005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Uwishema | first1=Olivier | last2=Masunga | first2=Daniel S. | last3=Naisikye | first3=Korduni M. | last4=Bhanji | first4=Fatemazehra G. | last5=Rapheal | first5=Ashley J. | last6=Mbwana | first6=Rukia | last7=Nazir | first7=Abubakar | last8=Wellington | first8=Jack | title=Impacts of environmental and climatic changes on future infectious diseases | journal=International Journal of Surgery (London, England) | volume=109 | issue=2 | date=2023-02-01 | issn=1743-9159 | pmid=36799840 | pmc=10389506 | doi=10.1097/JS9.0000000000000160 | doi-access=free | pages=167–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t034&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Mahendran | first1=Rahini | last2=Ju | first2=Ke | last3=Yang | first3=Zhengyu | last4=Gao | first4=Yuan | last5=Huang | first5=Wenzhong | last6=Yu | first6=Wenhua | last7=Liu | first7=Yanming | last8=Hundessa | first8=Samuel | last9=Yu | first9=Pei | last10=Xu | first10=Rongbin | last11=Zhang | first11=Lei | last12=Li | first12=Shanshan | last13=Guo | first13=Yuming | title=Wildfire-Related Air Pollution and Infectious Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | journal=ACS Environmental Au | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=5 | issue=3 | date=2025-04-14 | issn=2694-2518 | doi=10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00087 | doi-access=free | pages=253–266| pmid=40416841 | pmc=12100546 | bibcode=2025ACSEA...5..253M }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, local disease outbreaks fit happen because hospitals and sanitation services spoil or stop work after disasters. Climate change too fit create better weather conditions for organisms wey dey carry diseases make dem spread pass before.

=== Heat ===
From the 1970s come reach now, di temperature for Earth surface don dey rise every decade. Dis warming happen faster pass any oda 50-year period for at least di last 2,000 years. If we compare am to di second half of di 19th century, di average temperature for di 21st century don increase by about 1.09&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC |title=The Physical Science Basis |year=2021 |isbn=978-92-9169-158-6 |series=Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |page=40 |chapter=Summary for Policymakers |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021}} |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Extreme heat be direct danger to human health, especially people wey pass 65 years, children, people wey dey live for cities and people wey already get health conditions. Di increase for global temperatures dey affect people's health and wellbeing for plenty ways. For di last few decades, people all over di world don become more vulnerable to heat and dem don experience more life-threatening heatwaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Extreme heat no dey affect only body health; e dey affect mental health too, and e fit increase hospital admissions because of mental health problems and even suicide risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;

Heat alone no always dey cause health problems, but when e combine with oda factors, e fit seriously affect somebody ein health. How heat go affect person depend on temperature, humidity, exercise, enough water for body, age, existing health conditions, work type, clothing, behaviour, independence, vulnerability and sense of responsibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Colin D. |date=2018-10-16 |title=Climate Change, Health and Existential Risks to Civilization: A Comprehensive Review (1989–2013) |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=15 |issue=10 |page=2266 |doi=10.3390/ijerph15102266 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6210172 |pmid=30332777 |bibcode=2018IJERP..15.2266B }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Physical exercise dey good because e dey reduce plenty sicknesses and e dey improve mental health too. But di number of hours every day wey temperature dey too high for safe outdoor exercise don increase. Di rising heat too dey reduce di time people fit safely work outside, like construction work, farming and similar jobs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;

Scientists estimate say between 1960 and 1990, climate change push more than 600 million people (about 9% of di world population) outside di normal human climate niche, wey be di average temperature range where humans don survive and prosper for about 6,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lenton |first1=Timothy M. |last2=Xu |first2=Chi |last3=Abrams |first3=Jesse F. |last4=Ghadiali |first4=Ashish |last5=Loriani |first5=Sina |last6=Sakschewski |first6=Boris |last7=Zimm |first7=Caroline |last8=Ebi |first8=Kristie L. |last9=Dunn |first9=Robert R. |last10=Svenning |first10=Jens-Christian |last11=Scheffer |first11=Marten |display-authors=6 |date=2023-05-22 |title=Quantifying the human cost of global warming |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01132-6 |journal=Nature Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=10 |language=en |pages=1237–1247 |doi=10.1038/s41893-023-01132-6 |bibcode=2023NatSu...6.1237L |issn=2398-9629|hdl=10871/132650 |s2cid=249613346 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; If greenhouse gas emissions no reduce, places where about one-third of di world's population dey live fit become as hot as di hottest parts of di Sahara within 50 years. Di expected annual average temperature above 29&amp;nbsp;°C for dose regions go pass di temperature range wey fit support normal human life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=5 May 2020 |title=Climate change: More than 3bn could live in extreme heat by 2070 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52543589 |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505153614/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52543589 |archive-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Chi |last2=Kohler |first2=Timothy A. |last3=Lenton |first3=Timothy M. |last4=Svenning |first4=Jens-Christian |last5=Scheffer |first5=Marten |date=26 May 2020 |title=Future of the human climate niche – Supplementary Materials |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=117 |issue=
Climate change dey increase how often heatwaves dey happen and how strong dem dey become, so e dey increase heat stress for people too. One global study wey come out for 2022 show say deaths wey happen because of heat increase well-well between 2000 and 2019, especially for tropical countries and low-income countries. Dis one show say rising temperatures dey put bigger burden on public health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zhao2022&quot;&gt;Zhao, Q., Guo, Y., Ye, T., Gasparrini, A., Tong, S., &amp; Wang, C. (2022). Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study. ''The Lancet Planetary Health'', '''6'''(6), e491–e500. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00091-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00091-0]&lt;/ref&gt;

How human body fit react to heat stress include heat stroke and overheating (hyperthermia). Extreme heat too dey linked to acute kidney injury, poor sleep,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hajat |first1=Shakoor |last2=Casula |first2=Anna |last3=Murage |first3=Peninah |last4=Omoyeni |first4=Daniel |last5=Gray |first5=Tom |last6=Plummer |first6=Zoe |last7=Steenkamp |first7=Retha |last8=Nitsch |first8=Dorothea |date=1 March 2024 |title=Ambient heat and acute kidney injury: case-crossover analysis of 1 354 675 automated e-alert episodes linked to high-resolution climate data |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e156–e162 |doi=10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00008-1 |issn=2542-5196|doi-access=free |pmid=38453381 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=13 August 2024 |title=Hot weather increases the risk of acute kidney injury |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/hot-weather-increases-the-risk-of-acute-kidney-injury/ |journal=NIHR Evidence|doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_63987 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and problems during pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1051}} Besides dat, e fit make existing cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases become worse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1624}} High temperatures during pregnancy fit lead to outcomes like low birth weight and pre-term birth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1051}} Heatwaves too don cause outbreaks of chronic kidney disease (CKD).&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Long exposure to heat, hard physical work and dehydration fit be enough to cause CKD.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Glaser |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: the Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy |journal=Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=1472–83 |doi=10.2215/CJN.13841215 |pmc=4974898 |pmid=27151892}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shih |first=Gerry |date=2023-01-06 |title=The world's torrid future is etched in the crippled kidneys of Nepali workers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/06/climate-change-heat-kidney-disease/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Human body need sweat make e evaporate so body go cool down and prevent overheating, even if person no dey do plenty activity. If heat and humidity too much, human body no go fit cool the skin properly again.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Oliver |last=Milman |date=8 March 2021 |title=Global heating pushes tropical regions towards limits of human livability |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/mar/08/global-heating-tropical-regions-human-livability |access-date=24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Denise |date=2022-05-07 |title=Deadly 'wet-bulb temperatures' are being stoked by climate change and heat waves |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/wet-bulb-temperature-weather-average-climate-human-heat-wave-rcna27478 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists dey regard wet-bulb temperature of 35&amp;nbsp;°C as the highest limit wey human body fit survive safely (dem dey call am the &quot;physiological threshold for human adaptability&quot; to heat and humidity).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=R. |first2=Y. |last2=Luo |first3=T. S. |last3=Cheong |first4=S. Abdul |last4=Halim |first5=S. |last5=Chaturvedi |first6=M. |last6=Hashizume |first7=G. E. |last7=Insarov |first8=Y. |last8=Ishikawa |first9=M. |last9=Jafari |first10=A. |last10=Kitoh |first11=J. |last11=Pulhin |first12=C. |last12=Singh |first13=K. |last13=Vasant |first14=Z. |last14=Zhang |display-authors=6 |year=2022 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter10.pdf |chapter=Asia |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor-first1=H.-O. |editor-last1=Pörtner |editor-first2=D. C. |editor-last2=Roberts |editor-first3=M. |editor-last3=Tignor |editor-first4=E. S. |editor-last4=Poloczanska |editor-first5=K. |editor-last5=Mintenbeck |editor-first6=A. |editor-last6=Alegría |editor-first7=M. |editor-last7=Craig |editor-first8=S. |editor-last8=Langsdorf |editor-first9=S. |editor-last9=Löschke |editor-first10=V. |editor-last10=Möller |editor-first11=A. |editor-last11=Okem |editor-first12=B. |editor-last12=Rama |display-editors=6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge and New York |pages=1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012|isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1498}} Up to 2020, only two weather stations for the world record 35&amp;nbsp;°C wet-bulb temperature, and even then e no last long. But scientists expect say as climate change continue, these events go happen more often and go last longer.&lt;ref name=&quot;pnas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sherwood |first1=S. C. |last2=Huber |first2=M. |date=25 May 2010 |title=An adaptability limit to climate change due to heat stress |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA |volume=107 |issue=21 |pages=9552–5 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.9552S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0913352107 |pmc=2906879 |pmid=20439769 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madge |first=Grahame |date=2021-11-09 |title=One billion face heat-stress risk from 2°C rise |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2021/2c-rise-to-put-one-in-eight-of-global-population-at-heat-stress-risk |access-date=2021-11-10 |website=Met Office |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toohot2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Colin |last1=Raymond |first2=Tom |last2=Matthews |first3=Radley M. |last3=Horton |year=2020 |title=The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=19 |article-number=eaaw1838 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.1838R |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1838 |pmc=7209987 |pmid=32494693 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Global warming wey pass 1.5 degrees fit make some parts of the tropics no fit support human life again because wet-bulb temperature fit pass the safe limit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wet-bulb temperature of 31 degrees already be dangerous, even for young and healthy people. This limit no be the same for everybody because e depend on many things like environment, age and the kind activity person dey do. If global temperature rise by 3 degrees (wey be the most likely situation if people no reduce fossil fuel use), many places for Pakistan, India, China, sub-Saharan Africa, United States, Australia and South America go experience temperatures wey pass this dangerous limit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=Climate driven extreme heat threatens human habitation on earth |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/climate-driven-extreme-heat-threatens-human-habitation-on-earth/168186/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Open Access Government |publisher=Penn State College of Health and Human Development, Purdue University College of Sciences, Purdue Institute for a Sustainable Future}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey get cognitive health conditions like depression, dementia and Parkinson's disease dey face higher risk when temperatures high, so dem need take extra care.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kovats |first1=R. Sari |last2=Hajat |first2=Shakoor |date=April 2008 |title=Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=41–55 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843 |pmid=18031221 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research show say heat fit reduce cognitive performance in different ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cognitive Performance&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hancock |first1=P. A. |last2=Vasmatzidis |first2=I. |year=2003 |title=Effects of heat stress on cognitive performance: the current state of knowledge |journal=International Journal of Hyperthermia |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=355–372 |citeseerx=10.1.1.464.7830 |doi=10.1080/0265673021000054630 |pmid=12745975 |s2cid=13960829}}&lt;/ref&gt;

People wey get diabetes, overweight, sleep deprivation or cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases too suppose avoid too much heat exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Review1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koppe |first1=Christina |first2=Sari |last2=Kovats |first3=Gerd |last3=Jendritzky |first4=Bettina |last4=Menne |year=2004 |title=Heat-waves: risks and responses |url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/heat-waves-risks-and-responses |journal=Health and Global Environmental Change Series |volume=2 |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322220743/https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/heat-waves-risks-and-responses }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists estimate say the risk of dying from chronic lung disease during heatwaves dey increase by about 1.8–8.2% compared to normal summer temperatures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Witt |first1=Christian |last2=Schubert |first2=André Jean |last3=Jehn |first3=Melissa |last4=Holzgreve |first4=Alfred |last5=Liebers |first5=Uta |last6=Endlicher |first6=Wilfried |last7=Scherer |first7=Dieter |date=2015-12-21 |title=The Effects of Climate Change on Patients With Chronic Lung Disease. A Systematic Literature Review |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=112 |issue=51–52 |pages=878–883 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2015.0878 |issn=1866-0452 |pmc=4736555 |pmid=26900154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers too estimate say hospital admissions for people wey get chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) fit increase by 8% for every 1&amp;nbsp;°C increase in temperature above 29&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
==== In urban areas ====
{{Further|Urban heat island}}

[[File:Atlanta thermal.jpg|thumb|Increasing heatwaves be one of the effects of climate change wey dey affect human health: Illustration of urban heat exposure through temperature distribution map: red show warm areas and white show very hot areas.]]

The effects of heatwaves dey usually worse for urban areas because cities dey hotter pass the nearby rural areas due to the urban heat island effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot;&gt;{{cite book |year=2022 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Annex-II.pdf |chapter=Annex II: Glossary |last1=Möller |first1=V. |first2=R. |last2=van Diemen |first3=J. B. R. |last3=Matthews |first4=C. |last4=Méndez |first5=S. |last5=Semenov |first6=J. S. |last6=Fuglestvedt |first7=A. |last7=Reisinger |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor-first1=H.-O. |editor-last1=Pörtner |editor-first2=D. C. |editor-last2=Roberts |editor-first3=M. |editor-last3=Tignor |editor-first4=E. S. |editor-last4=Poloczanska |editor-first5=K. |editor-last5=Mintenbeck |editor-first6=A. |editor-last6=Alegría |editor-first7=M. |editor-last7=Craig |editor-first8=S. |editor-last8=Langsdorf |editor-first9=S. |editor-last9=Löschke |editor-first10=V. |editor-last10=Möller |editor-first11=A. |editor-last11=Okem |editor-first12=B. |editor-last12=Rama |display-editors=6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge and New York |pages=2897–2930 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.029}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2926}} Dis one happen because of the way many cities dey build. For example, many cities get plenty asphalt roads, small green spaces, and plenty tall buildings wey dey keep heat. These buildings too dey block cool breeze and ventilation wey for cool the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lack of water bodies like lakes, ponds and fountains too dey contribute to the problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:43&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2926}}

Between 1983 and 2016, the number of people wey dey expose to extreme heat for cities wey get wet bulb globe temperature above 30&amp;nbsp;°C triple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tuholske |first1=Cascade |last2=Caylor |first2=Kelly |last3=Funk |first3=Chris |last4=Verdin |first4=Andrew |last5=Sweeney |first5=Stuart |last6=Grace |first6=Kathryn |last7=Peterson |first7=Pete |last8=Evans |first8=Tom |date=2021-10-12 |title=Global urban population exposure to extreme heat |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=41 |article-number=e2024792118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2024792118 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=8521713 |pmid=34607944 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11824792T |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Even if dem no count population growth for these cities, exposure to extreme heat still increase by about 50%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Cities dey among the first places wey climate change dey hit because dem get plenty people packed together, the urban heat island effect, dem often dey close to coastlines and waterways, and dem depend on old physical infrastructure networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018wakeup&quot; /&gt;

==== Heat-related mortality ====

Health experts warn say &quot;exposure to extreme heat dey increase the risk of death from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory conditions, plus all-cause mortality. Heat-related deaths among people wey pass 65 years reach record high of about 345,000 deaths for 2019.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|9}} More than 70,000 people for Europe die because of the 2003 European heat wave.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18241810&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Robine |first1=Jean-Marie |last2=Cheung |first2=Siu Lan K |last3=Le Roy |first3=Sophie |last4=Van Oyen |first4=Herman |last5=Griffiths |first5=Clare |last6=Michel |first6=Jean-Pierre |last7=Herrmann |first7=François Richard |year=2008 |title=Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003 |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=331 |issue=2 |pages=171–8 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001 |pmid=18241810|url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001/ |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; For June 2015 too, more than 2,000 people die for Karachi, Pakistan because of one severe heatwave wey temperatures reach {{convert|49|C}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Haider |first1=Kamran |last2=Anis |first2=Khurrum |date=24 June 2015 |title=Heat Wave Death Toll Rises to 2,000 in Pakistan's Financial Hub |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-24/heat-wave-death-toll-rises-to-2-000-in-pakistan-s-financial-hub |access-date=3 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sindh1332&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Mansoor |first=Hasan |date=30 June 2015 |title=Heatstroke leaves another 26 dead in Sindh |newspaper=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1191234/heatstroke-leaves-another-26-dead-in-sindh |access-date=9 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of climate change, temperatures for Europe rise and deaths wey happen because of heat increase too. Between 2003–2012 and 2013–2022 alone, heat-related mortality increase by 17 deaths per 100,000 people. Women too dey more vulnerable to heat than men.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Carissa |title=How climate change is hitting Europe: three graphics reveal health impacts |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02006-3 |journal=Nature |date=2024 |volume=630 |issue=8018 |pages=800–801 |publisher=Lancet Public Health |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-02006-3 |pmid=38890517 |bibcode=2024Natur.630..800W |access-date=27 June 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Making more people get access to indoor cooling like air conditioning fit help reduce deaths wey happen because of heat. But the current air conditioning technology no dey sustainable because e too dey contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, high electricity demand and the urban heat island effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|17}}

Deaths from heatwaves fit reduce if buildings design better to control indoor temperature, or if people learn more about the dangers of heat so dem fit take action on time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Coley |first1=D. |last2=Kershaw |first2=T. J. |last3=Eames |first3=M. |year=2012 |title=A comparison of structural and behavioural adaptations to future proofing buildings against higher temperatures |url=http://opus.bath.ac.uk/28878/1/Coley_Building%2DEnvironment_2012_i.pdf |journal=Building and Environment |volume=55 |pages=159–166 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.12.011 |bibcode=2012BuEnv..55..159C |s2cid=55303235 |hdl=10871/13936}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Coley |first1=D. |last2=Kershaw |first2=T. J. |year=2010 |title=Changes in internal temperatures within the built environment as a response to a changing climate |url=http://opus.bath.ac.uk/25101/1/Pre_print.pdf |journal=Building and Environment |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.05.009|bibcode=2010BuEnv..45...89C }}&lt;/ref&gt; Heatwave early warning systems and quick response systems be important parts of heat action plans.

==== Reduced labour capacity ====

Heat exposure fit affect people's ability to work.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|8}} The annual Countdown Report by ''The Lancet'' study changes in labour capacity as one indicator. The report find say for 2021, high temperatures reduce the world's potential working hours by 470 billion hours. Dis be 37% more than the average annual labour hours wey the world lose during the 1990s. Heat exposure for work affect agricultural workers for developing countries pass anybody. For those countries, about 87% of all the labour hours wey dem lose happen inside the agricultural sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Marina |last1=Romanello |first2=Claudia |last2=Di Napoli |first3=Paul |last3=Drummond |first4=Carole |last4=Green |first5=Harry |last5=Kennard |first6=Pete |last6=Lampard |first7=Daniel |last7=Scamman |first8=Nigel |last8=Arnell |first9=Sonja |last9=Ayeb-Karlsson |first10=Lea |last10=Berrang Ford |first11=Kristine |last11=Belesova |first12=Kathryn |last12=Bowen |first13=Wenjia |last13=Cai |first14=Max |last14=Callaghan |first15=Diarmid |last15=Campbell-Lendrum |first16=Jonathan |last16=Chambers |first17=Kim R. |last17=van Daalen |first18=Carole |last18=Dalin |first19=Niheer |last19=Dasandi |first20=Shouro |last20=Dasgupta |first21=Michael |last21=Davies |first22=Paula |last22=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Robert |last23=Dubrow |first24=Kristie L. |last24=Ebi |first25=Matthew |last25=Eckelman |first26=Paul |last26=Ekins |first27=Luis E. |last27=Escobar |first28=Lucien |last28=Georgeson |first29=Hilary |last29=Graham |first30=Samuel H. |last30=Gunther |first31=Ian |last31=Hamilton |first32=Yun |last32=Hang |first33=Risto |last33=Hänninen |first34=Stella |last34=Hartinger |first35=Kehan |last35=He |first36=Jeremy J. |last36=Hess |first37=Shih-Che |last37=Hsu |first38=Slava |last38=Jankin |first39=Louis |last39=Jamart |display-authors=6|url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2822%2901540-9 |title=The 2022 report of the ''Lancet'' Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels |journal=The Lancet |volume=400 |date=November 5, 2022 |issue=10363 |pages=1619–1654 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01540-9|pmid=36306815 |pmc=7616806 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1625}}

Working under extreme heat fit reduce labour productivity and people's participation in work because heat-related health problems like dehydration, tiredness, dizziness and confusion fit make workers weaker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Xingcai |date=February 2020 |title=Reductions in Labor Capacity from Intensified Heat Stress in China under Future Climate Change |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=4 |page=1278 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17041278 |pmc=7068449 |pmid=32079330 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020IJERP..17.1278L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1073–1074}}
==== Sports and outdoor exercise ====

With regards to sports activities, researchers don observe say &quot;hot weather dey reduce the chance say people go do exercise.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1625}} Besides dat, if person do sports under extreme heat, e fit lead to injury or even death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{cite report |last1=Cissé |first1=G. |first2=R. |last2=McLeman |first3=H. |last3=Adams |first4=P. |last4=Aldunce |first5=K. |last5=Bowen |first6=D. |last6=Campbell-Lendrum |first7=S. |last7=Clayton |first8=K. L. |last8=Ebi |first9=J. |last9=Hess |first10=C. |last10=Huang |first11=Q. |last11=Liu |first12=G. |last12=McGregor |first13=J. |last13=Semenza |first14=M. C. |last14=Tirado |display-authors=6 |year=2022 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf |chapter=Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor-first1=H.-O. |editor-last1=Pörtner |editor-first2=D. C. |editor-last2=Roberts |editor-first3=M. |editor-last3=Tignor |editor-first4=E. S. |editor-last4=Poloczanska |editor-first5=K. |editor-last5=Mintenbeck |editor-first6=A. |editor-last6=Alegría |editor-first7=M. |editor-last7=Craig |editor-first8=S. |editor-last8=Langsdorf |editor-first9=S. |editor-last9=Löschke |editor-first10=V. |editor-last10=Möller |editor-first11=A. |editor-last11=Okem |editor-first12=B. |editor-last12=Rama |display-editors=6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge and New York |pages=1041–1170 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.009}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1073–1074}} Scientists don already prove say regular physical activity dey very good for human health, including mental health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1625}} Because of dat, as climate change dey increase the number of very hot days, e fit indirectly affect people's health because many people no go fit exercise as often again.

=== Droughts ===
{{Further|Drought#Social and health impacts}}

Climate change dey affect plenty things wey relate to droughts, like how much rain go fall and how fast the rain water go evaporate again. As the land dey become hotter, the severity and frequency of droughts dey increase for many parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Benjamin I. |last2=Mankin |first2=Justin S. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=Kevin J. |date=2018-05-12 |title=Climate Change and Drought: From Past to Future |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2 |journal=Current Climate Change Reports |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=164–179 |bibcode=2018CCCR....4..164C |doi=10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2 |issn=2198-6061 |s2cid=53624756|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WG 1 chapter 8&quot;&gt;Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D.  Jiang, A.  Khan, W.  Pokam Mba, D.  Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O.  Zolina, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I  to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1057}} Plenty of the consequences wey droughts dey bring dey affect human health directly and indirectly.

=== Floods ===
{{Further|Flood#Health impacts}}

Because heavy rainfall events dey increase, scientists expect say floods go become more severe for future anytime dem happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;WG 1 chapter 8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1155}} However, the relationship between rainfall and flooding no be straightforward. For some regions, floods fit even become less common. Dis one depend on different factors like changes in rainfall, snowmelt and soil moisture.&lt;ref name=&quot;WG 1 chapter 8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1156}} Floods get both short-term and long-term bad effects on people's health and wellbeing. The short-term effects include deaths, injuries and diseases, while the long-term effects include non-communicable diseases and psychosocial health problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;alderman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alderman |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Turner |first2=Lyle R. |last3=Tong |first3=Shilu |date=June 2012 |title=Floods and human health: A systematic review |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:346602/UQ346602_OA.pdf |journal=Environment International |volume=47 |pages=37–47 |bibcode=2012EnInt..47...37A |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003 |pmid=22750033}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the middle term too, floods fit seriously damage infrastructure, and dis one fit interrupt emergency services and people's access to hospitals and other medical facilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;wassmer2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 | last1 = Wassmer
 | first1 = J.
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 | title  = Resilience of transportation infrastructure networks to road failures
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 | date   = January 2024
| issue = 1
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 | bibcode = 2024Chaos..34a3124W
 }}
&lt;/ref&gt; Dis disruption fit even affect hospitals wey dey far from where the extreme event happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;wassmer2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
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 | first1 = J.
 | last2 = Bryant
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 | last3 = Schimansky
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 | last5 = Pregnolato
 | first5 = M.
 | last6 = Kurths
 | first6 = J.
 | last7 = Marwan
 | first7 = N.
 | last8 = Merz
 | first8 = B.
 | title  = Unveiling hidden risks in healthcare from flood-induced transportation disruption in Germany
 | journal= Communications Earth &amp; Environment
 | volume = 6
 | article-number  = 676
 | doi    = 10.1038/s43247-025-02645-y
 | date   = August 2025
| issue = 1
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 | bibcode = 2025ComEE...6..676W
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, the 2022 Pakistan floods (wey scientists believe say climate change make am more severe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Zhong |first1=Raymond |date=15 September 2022 |title=In a First Study of Pakistan's Floods, Scientists See Climate Change at Work |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/15/climate/pakistan-floods-global-warming.html |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Likely Worsened Pakistan's Devastating Floods |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-change-likely-worsened-pakistans-devastating-floods/ |website=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt;) affect people's health both directly and indirectly. Disease outbreaks like malaria, dengue fever and different skin diseases happen after the floods.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2022 |title=Public health risks increasing in flood-affected Pakistan, warns WHO |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/11/1130082}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=UN Warns Deadly Diseases Spreading Fast in Flood-Ravaged Pakistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-warns-deadly-diseases-spreading-fast-in-flood-ravaged-pakistan/6773539.html#:~:text=9%2C%202022.&amp;text=A%20senior%20U.N.,scabies%20and%20other%20skin%20diseases.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Wildfire near Cedar Fort, Utah.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Flat expanse of brown grasses and some green trees with black and some gray smoke and visible flames in the distance.|Air pollution from one surface wildfire for western desert of Utah. Wildfires dey happen more often and dem dey become more intense because of climate change.]]
=== Wildfires ===
{{Further|Wildfire#Health effects}}

Climate change dey increase the chance and frequency of wildfires.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Liu |first=Y. |author2=Stanturf, J. |author3=Goodrick, S. |date=February 2010 |title=Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=259 |issue=4 |pages=685–697 |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.002|bibcode=2010ForEM.259..685L }}&lt;/ref&gt; Climate change dey make ground temperature rise, and e dey cause earlier snowmelt, vegetation wey dry pass normal, more days wey fire fit start, more summer droughts, and longer dry seasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;westerling&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Westerling, A. |author2=Hidalgo, H. |author3=Cayan, D. |author4=Swetnam, T. |date=August 2006 |title=Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5789 |pages=940–943 |bibcode=2006Sci...313..940W |doi=10.1126/science.1128834 |pmid=16825536 |doi-access=free|hdl=10669/29855 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wood smoke wey come from wildfires dey produce particulate matter wey dey seriously harm human health.&lt;ref name=&quot;naeher&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Naeher |first1=Luke P. |last2=Brauer |first2=Mmichael |last3=Lipsett |first3=Michael |last4=Zelikoff |first4=Judith T. |last5=Simpson |first5=Christopher D. |last6=Koenig |first6=Jane Q. |last7=Smith |first7=Kirk R. |display-authors=3 |date=January 2007 |title=Woodsmoke health effects: A review |journal=Inhalation Toxicology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=67–106 |bibcode=2007InhTx..19...67N |citeseerx=10.1.1.511.1424 |doi=10.1080/08958370600985875 |pmid=17127644 |s2cid=7394043}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smoke from wildfires fit make respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder become worse or even develop. E fit also increase the risk of lung cancer, mesothelioma and tuberculosis, increase airway hyper-responsiveness, change inflammatory mediators and coagulation factors for the body, and also increase respiratory tract infections.&lt;ref name=&quot;naeher&quot; /&gt;

=== Storms ===
{{Further|Effects of climate change#Extreme storms|Tropical cyclones and climate change}}

As climate change dey happen, storms dey carry more rain. Dis one include tropical cyclones and extratropical cyclones. Both the maximum and average rainfall rates dey increase. For some regions, thunderstorms too dey produce more extreme rainfall.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6WG1CH11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Seneviratne |first1=Sonia I. |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate |last2=Zhang |first2=Xuebin |last3=Adnan |first3=M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |page=1519 |chapter=Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate |display-authors=etal |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Besides dat, tropical cyclones and storm tracks dey gradually shift go the poles. Because of dis, some regions go experience big changes for maximum wind speeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6WG1CH11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Knutson |first1=Thomas |last2=Camargo |first2=Suzana J. |last3=Chan |first3=Johnny C. L. |last4=Emanuel |first4=Kerry |last5=Ho |first5=Chang-Hoi |last6=Kossin |first6=James |last7=Mohapatra |first7=Mrutyunjay |last8=Satoh |first8=Masaki |last9=Sugi |first9=Masato |last10=Walsh |first10=Kevin |last11=Wu |first11=Liguang |date=August 6, 2019 |title=Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II. Projected Response to Anthropogenic Warming |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=BAMS–D–18–0194.1 |bibcode=2020BAMS..101E.303K |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0194.1 |doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/124705 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists expect say the total number of tropical cyclones go reduce, but the storms wey go happen go become stronger and more powerful.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Decentralised clinical trial</title>
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{{Short description|Operational model for clinical trials}}

'''Decentralised clinical trial''' (DCT) na one way dem dey run clinical trial wey make participant no need go clinic or hospital every time. Instead, di trial fit happen for any place wey easy give di participant. Dem dey do dis one through digital health technology, home nursing visits, wearable devices, blood sample collection for house, plus oda technology and operational innovations.

== Hybrid and full DCT approaches ==

For full decentralised clinical trial, participant no dey go any trial site physically at all. Instead, all communication plus di investigation team dey happen remotely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2024 |title=CDER Conversation with Leonard Sacks |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/cder-conversations/evolving-role-decentralized-clinical-trials-and-digital-health-technologies |website=Food and Drug Administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty clinical trials too dey use only some decentralised clinical trial (DCT) methods without making di whole trial fully decentralised. Some of these methods include:

* Digital ways to recruit participants (for example, social media or digital advertising)
* Prescreening and screening online
* Telehealth visits plus healthcare provider
* Electronic consent or sending informed consent form through mail
* Sending di medicine under investigation through post
* Helping patient administer di medicine where e be necessary
* Monitoring whether participant dey follow di treatment well
* Home health nursing
* Electronic patient diaries to report events (Electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePRO))
* Collecting samples for house
* Wearable technology or smart devices to collect vital signs and oda data

Hybrid DCT na any clinical trial wey combine one or more of these decentralised methods together with trial activities wey still dey happen for di trial site.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KORE &amp;#124; A Breakdown of Clinical Trials: Fully Decentralized or Hybrid |url=https://www.korewireless.com/blog/a-breakdown-of-clinical-trials-fully-decentralized-or-hybrid/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Frequency of DCT approaches in randomised clinical trials ==

Although full DCTs no too common, decentralised ways of collecting data don already become normal thing for plenty clinical trials, many times together with data collection wey dey happen for trial site. One systematic review show say strategies like telemedicine visits, patient-reported outcomes, wearable devices, and home health visits appear for more than two-thirds of clinical trial protocols from 2019 to 2020. But make person know say dis review happen during di COVID-19 lockdowns. Because of social distancing rules during dat period, di percentage fit be higher than normal. Decentralised trial activities apart from data collection appear for less than 25.6% of di 254 protocols wey dem review.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De Jong |first1=Amos J. |last2=Grupstra |first2=Renske J. |last3=Santa-Ana-Tellez |first3=Yared |last4=Zuidgeest |first4=Mira G P. |last5=De Boer |first5=Anthonius |last6=Gardarsdottir |first6=Helga |author7=Trials@Home Consortium |title=Which decentralised trial activities are reported in clinical trial protocols of drug trials initiated in 2019–2020? A cross-sectional study in ClinicalTrials.gov |journal=BMJ Open |date=2022 |volume=12 |issue=8 |article-number=e063236 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063236 |doi-access=free |pmid=36038171 |pmc=9438113 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Possible advantages and disadvantages ==

Randomised controlled clinical trials dey very important for checking whether new medical treatments safe and whether dem dey work well. Since di first half of di 20th century, dis kind trials don become one important part of medical innovation, especially after governments around di world begin require drug manufacturers make dem prove say dia products safe before doctors fit prescribe medicines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhatt |first=Arun |date=January 25, 2010 |title=Evolution of clinical research: a history before and beyond james lind |journal=Perspectives in Clinical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.4103/2229-3485.71839 |pmc=3149409 |pmid=21829774 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Regulatory agencies too require say di benefit of any research wey involve human beings suppose pass any possible harm to participants. Before any research start, ethics committee must assess am to make sure say e meet dis requirement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans |url=https://cioms.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WEB-CIOMS-EthicalGuidelines.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206010651/https://cioms.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WEB-CIOMS-EthicalGuidelines.pdf |archive-date=2026-02-06 |website=Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For site-based clinical trials, participants need go clinic or hospital for blood sample collection, physical examinations, vital sign checks, and oda medical procedures. Sometimes participant go need travel long distance because di trial site fit no dey near where dem dey stay. Some researchers find say participants wey dey live for low-income communities or rural areas usually travel farther to take part for clinical trials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Borno |first1=Hala T. |last2=Zhang |first2=Li |last3=Siegel |first3=Adam |last4=Chang |first4=Emily |last5=Ryan |first5=Charles J. |title=At What Cost to Clinical Trial Enrollment? A Retrospective Study of Patient Travel Burden in Cancer Clinical Trials |journal=The Oncologist |date=2018 |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=1242–1249 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0628 |pmid=29700209 |pmc=6263122 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Masison |first1=Joseph |last2=Beltrami |first2=Eric J. |last3=Gronbeck |first3=Christian |last4=Feng |first4=Hao |title=Differential patient travel burden to pediatric atopic dermatitis clinical trial sites |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |date=2025 |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=596–598 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2024.10.061 |pmid=39522730 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In fact, where person dey stay geographically be one of di biggest reasons why some people no fit join clinical trials, especially people wey dey medically underserved communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alarcón Garavito |first1=Germán Andrés |last2=Gilchrist |first2=Katie |last3=Ciurtin |first3=Coziana |last4=Khanna |first4=Sanjay |last5=Chambers |first5=Pinkie |last6=McNally |first6=Nick |last7=Merivale |first7=Edward |last8=Carr |first8=Edi |last9=Yu |first9=Rosamund |last10=Vindrola-Padros |first10=Cecilia |title=Enablers and barriers of clinical trial participation in adult patients from minority ethnic groups: A systematic review |journal=Trials |date=2025 |volume=26 |issue=1 |article-number=65 |doi=10.1186/s13063-025-08769-y |doi-access=free |pmid=39984940 |pmc=11846389 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mudaranthakam |first1=Dinesh Pal |last2=Gajewski |first2=Byron |last3=Krebill |first3=Hope |last4=Coulter |first4=James |last5=Springer |first5=Michelle |last6=Calhoun |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Hughes |first7=Dorothy |last8=Mayo |first8=Matthew |last9=Doolittle |first9=Gary |title=Barriers to Clinical Trial Participation: Comparative Study Between Rural and Urban Participants |journal=JMIR Cancer |date=2022 |volume=8 |issue=2 |article-number=e33240 |doi=10.2196/33240 |doi-access=free |pmid=35451964 |pmc=9073606 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moving some trial activities closer to di participant, like for dia house or nearby environment, fit reduce di burden wey dey come from always travelling go clinic. Dis fit also help improve participant recruitment and make more people continue till di end of di trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Petrini |first1=Carlo |last2=Mannelli |first2=Chiara |last3=Riva |first3=Luciana |last4=Gainotti |first4=Sabina |last5=Gussoni |first5=Gualberto |title=Decentralized clinical trials (DCTS): A few ethical considerations |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |date=2022 |volume=10 |article-number=1081150 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.1081150 |doi-access=free |pmid=36590004 |pmc=9797802 |bibcode=2022FrPH...1081150P }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Di use of technology no spread equally across different age groups, education levels, socio-economic backgrounds, and regions. People dey call dis situation di digital divide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lythreatis |first1=Sophie |last2=Singh |first2=Sanjay Kumar |last3=El-Kassar |first3=Abdul-Nasser |title=The digital divide: A review and future research agenda |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |date=2022 |volume=175 |article-number=121359 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121359 |bibcode=2022TFSC..17521359L }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although DCTs get di chance to recruit more different kinds of people because participants no need travel, anybody wey wan take part still need get some basic digital literacy. Because of dat, DCTs or some DCT methods fit still leave some people outside if dem no sabi use digital technology well, and dat fit reduce diversity for some ways.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Digital Literacy in DCTs. What is asked of trial participants? - Trials@Home |url=https://trialsathome.com/digital-literacy-in-dcts-what-is-asked-of-trial-participants/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus, some important activities wey be part of di DCT approach fit move extra responsibility give di participant. For traditional clinical trials, na other people normally dey handle some of these tasks instead of di participant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De Jong |first1=Amos J. |last2=Van Rijssel |first2=Tessa I. |last3=Zuidgeest |first3=Mira G. P. |last4=Van Thiel |first4=Ghislaine J. M. W. |last5=Askin |first5=Scott |last6=Fons-Martínez |first6=Jaime |last7=De Smedt |first7=Tim |last8=De Boer |first8=Anthonius |last9=Santa-Ana-Tellez |first9=Yared |last10=Gardarsdottir |first10=Helga |title=Opportunities and Challenges for Decentralized Clinical Trials: European Regulators' Perspective |journal=Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics |date=2022 |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=344–352 |doi=10.1002/cpt.2628 |pmid=35488483 |pmc=9540149 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

People too dey worry say participants no go dey meet healthcare providers face-to-face. Meeting healthcare provider in person dey important because e dey help build and maintain good relationship between patient and healthcare provider. Even though digital communication and phone calls fit still help build dat relationship, e no dey strong like face-to-face interaction, especially for people wey no dey used to communicating only through digital or telephone means.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Van Rijssel |first1=Tessa I. |last2=De Jong |first2=Amos J. |last3=Santa-Ana-Tellez |first3=Yared |last4=Boeckhout |first4=Martin |last5=Zuidgeest |first5=Mira G.P. |last6=Van Thiel |first6=Ghislaine J.M.W. |last7=Trials@Home |first7=Consortium |title=Ethics review of decentralized clinical trials (DCTS): Results of a mock ethics review |journal=Drug Discovery Today |date=2022 |volume=27 |issue=10 |article-number=103326 |doi=10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.011 |pmid=35870693 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

For 1988, researchers from University of Oxford conduct di first randomised clinical trial wey no involve any face-to-face interaction. Di whole study happen through postal mail. Di aim of di study be to test whether taking 500 mg aspirin every day fit help prevent death from cardiovascular disease. Di researchers randomly assign participants to either take 500 mg aspirin every day or receive no treatment. Every six months, dem send participants short questionnaires through post to ask whether dem dey follow di treatment plan and whether dem get any signs or symptoms of cardiovascular disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Peto |first1=R. |last2=Gray |first2=R. |last3=Collins |first3=R. |last4=Wheatley |first4=K. |last5=Hennekens |first5=C. |last6=Jamrozik |first6=K. |last7=Warlow |first7=C. |last8=Hafner |first8=B. |last9=Thompson |first9=E. |last10=Norton |first10=S. |last11=Gilliland |first11=J. |last12=Doll |first12=R. |title=Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors |journal=BMJ |date=1988 |volume=296 |issue=6618 |pages=313–316 |doi=10.1136/bmj.296.6618.313 |pmid=3125882 |pmc=2544821 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Di first DCT wey use digital technology happen for 2003. Dem call am di International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST). Di aim of di study be to compare calcium antagonist treatment strategies plus non-calcium antagonist treatment strategies for managing hypertension.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pepine |first1=Carl J. |last2=Handberg |first2=Eileen M. |last3=Cooper-Dehoff |first3=Rhonda M. |last4=Marks |first4=Ronald G. |last5=Kowey |first5=Peter |last6=Messerli |first6=Franz H. |last7=Mancia |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Cangiano |first8=José L. |last9=Garcia-Barreto |first9=David |last10=Keltai |first10=Matyas |last11=Erdine |first11=Serap |last12=Bristol |first12=Heather A. |last13=Kolb |first13=H. Robert |last14=Bakris |first14=George L. |last15=Cohen |first15=Jerome D. |last16=Parmley |first16=William W. |last17=For The Invest Investigators |title=A Calcium Antagonist vs a Non–Calcium Antagonist Hypertension Treatment Strategy for Patients with Coronary Artery Disease |journal=JAMA |date=2003 |volume=290 |issue=21 |pages=2805–2816 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.21.2805 |pmid=14657064 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

INVEST use one &quot;new electronic, paper-less system&quot; wey allow researchers enter data directly for screen, randomise participants, and distribute medicine from one mail pharmacy wey connect to di coordination centre through di Internet. Because of dis, plenty people consider am as di first internet-based clinical trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pepine |first1=Carl J. |last2=Handberg-Thurmond |first2=Eileen |last3=Marks |first3=Ronald G. |last4=Conlon |first4=Michael |last5=Cooper-Dehoff |first5=Rhonda |last6=Volkers |first6=Peter |last7=Zellig |first7=Peter |title=Rationale and design of the International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST): An Internet-based randomized trial in coronary artery disease patients with hypertension |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |date=1998 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1228–1237 |doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00423-9 |pmid=9809930 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Interest for DCTs continue to grow throughout di 21st century because technology dey improve and more people dey become digitally literate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Van Norman |first1=Gail A. |title=Decentralized Clinical Trials |journal=JACC: Basic to Translational Science |date=2021 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=384–387 |doi=10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.011 |pmid=33997523 |pmc=8093545 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During di COVID-19 lockdowns, social distancing rules force plenty clinical trials make dem use more DCT methods, and dis bring fresh interest in decentralised clinical trials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bagiella |first1=Emilia |last2=Bhatt |first2=Deepak L. |last3=Gaudino |first3=Mario |title=The Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Non-COVID-19 Clinical Trials |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |date=2020 |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=342–345 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.041 |pmid=32470514 |pmc=7250564 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one 2021 article wey talk about different strategies wey life sciences industry use during di lockdowns, one science writer list DCTs as one strategy wey go continue remain useful for long time. Di writer explain say Clinical Research Organisations (CROs) quickly adopt DCT methods because dem need reduce face-to-face interaction. Di writer also explain say clinical trial management software emerge to help organisations conduct these trials effectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ripton |first1=J. T. |title=Strategies that will help make 2021 a banner year for life sciences industries |url=https://medcitynews.com/2021/01/strategies-that-will-help-make-2021-a-banner-year-for-life-sciences-industries/ |work=MedCity News |date=26 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), wey be partnership between di European Union and di European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, launch one proposal call for 2018 to develop one &quot;centre of excellence&quot; for DCTs. Di project aim be to fully explore decentralised clinical trials and solve challenges wey involve recruiting participants and keeping dem throughout clinical trials.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-09 |title=IMI2 - 14th Call for proposals |url=https://www.ihi.europa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/apply-for-funding/call-documents/imi2/IMI2%20CALL%2014%20TOPICS%20TEXT_EN.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321005537/https://www.ihi.europa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/apply-for-funding/call-documents/imi2/IMI2%20CALL%2014%20TOPICS%20TEXT_EN.PDF |archive-date=2025-03-21 |website=Innovative Health Initiative}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Trials@Home consortium establish for 2019 as response to dis call.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2019 |title=About DCTs - Trials@Home |url=https://trialsathome.com/about-rdcts/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Besides studying di ethical, legal, and regulatory aspects of DCTs, di project start one pan-European proof-of-concept clinical trial to test whether data quality from one fully decentralised clinical trial go be di same as dat from one conventional clinical trial. Dem expect di results from di trial in 2025, together with one official recommendation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2025 |title=Recommendations for DCTs - Trials@Home |url=https://trialsathome.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2022, di European Commission, di Heads of Medicines Agencies, and di European Medicines Initiative release one joint paper wey dem title, &quot;Recommendation paper on decentralized elements in clinical trials.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Recommendation paper on decentralised elements in clinical trials - Public Health |url=https://health.ec.europa.eu/latest-updates/recommendation-paper-decentralised-elements-clinical-trials-2022-12-14_en |website=health.ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2024, di U.S. Food &amp; Drug Administration finalise guidelines for how people suppose conduct clinical trials wey dey use DCT methods. Di guideline be &quot;guidance for industry, investigators, and other interested parties.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Conducting Clinical Trials With Decentralized Elements |date=September 2024 |publisher=Center for Drug Evaluation and Research |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/167696/download }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dat same year, di World Health Organization release guidelines on best practices for clinical trials, and dem include one section about decentralised clinical trials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Guidance for best practices for clinical trials |url=https://www.who.int/our-work/science-division/research-for-health/implementation-of-the-resolution-on-clinical-trials/guidance-for-best-practices-for-clinical-trials |website=World Health Organization }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus, di International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) release Good Clinical Practice guidelines wey include considerations for decentralised clinical trials (DCTs).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=ICH Assembly Meeting, Montréal, Canada, November 2024 |url=https://www.ich.org/pressrelease/press-release-ich-assembly-meeting-montreal-canada-november-2024 |publisher=International Council for Harmonisation |date=13 November 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medical research]]
[[Category:Clinical research]]
[[Category:Telehealth]]
[[Category:Telemedicine]]

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    <title>Caloric restriction mimetic</title>
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      <comment>I don start an article</comment>
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{{Short description|Hypothetical anti-aging dietary supplement or drug candidate}}

'''Calorie restriction mimetics''' ('''CRM'''), wey dem dey call am '''energy restriction mimetics''' too, be hypothetical group of food supplements or drug candidates wey, for theory, fit copy di strong anti-aging effects wey calorie restriction (CR) dey get for plenty laboratory animals plus human beings. CR mean say person go reduce di amount of calories wey e dey chop by 20% (small CR) reach 50% (strong CR) without causing malnutrition or reducing essential nutrients.&lt;ref name=Rimbach2015/&gt; If effective CRM dey, e go change di main metabolic pathways wey dey involved for di effects of CR itself. Dis one go help preserve youthful health and make person fit live longer without needing to reduce food intake. Lane, Ingram, and Roth from National Institute on Aging coin di term for one important 1998 paper wey dem publish for ''Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine'', wey later become ''Rejuvenation Research''.&lt;ref name=Lane1998&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Lane MA |author2=Ingram DK |author3=Roth GS|title=2-Deoxy-D-glucose feeding in rats mimics physiologic effects of calorie restriction|journal=J Anti-Aging Med|date=Winter 1998|volume=1|issue=4|pages=327–37|doi=10.1089/rej.1.1998.1.327}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers don show say plenty genes and biological pathways dey involved for how CR dey work for model organisms, and dem be good targets for drug discovery plus developing CRM. But till today, nobody never identify any CRM wey really dey work.&lt;ref name=Rimbach2015&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FNRR%2FS0954422415000062a.pdf&amp;code=be4c8fe053e9278f589a28152cc6112a | first1=Sibylle | last1=Nikolai | first2=Kathrin | last2=Pallauf | first3=Patricia | last3=Huebbe | last4=Rimbach | first4=Gerald | title=Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics | journal=Nutrition Research Reviews | date=22 September 2015 | volume=28 | issue=2 | pages=100–120 | doi=10.1017/S0954422415000062 | pmid=26391585 | access-date=8 November 2015 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=de Magalhaes | first1=JP | last2=Wuttke | first2=D | last3=Wood | first3=SH | last4=Plank | first4=M | last5=Vora | first5=C | title=Genome-environment interactions that modulate aging: powerful targets for drug discovery |journal=Pharmacol Rev |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |year=2012 |pmid=22090473 |doi=10.1124/pr.110.004499 |pmc=3250080}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ingram&amp;Roth2011&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ingram | first1=DK | last2=Roth | first2=GS | title=Glycolytic inhibition as a strategy for developing calorie restriction mimetics|journal=Experimental Gerontology|date=Feb–Mar 2011|volume=46|issue=2–3|pages=148–54 | doi=10.1016/j.exger.2010.12.001 | pmid=21167272 | s2cid=5634847 }}&lt;/ref&gt;__TOC__

== Candidates ==

Some candidate compounds include:

* '''Resveratrol''' (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-''trans''-stilbene) na stilbenoid, one type of natural phenol and phytoalexin wey several plants dey produce naturally, including grapes, especially di roots of Japanese Knotweed, wey companies dey extract am commercially. Researchers first suggest say Resveratrol fit be CRM based on early reports wey show say e increase lifespan for yeasts, di worm ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', and fruit flies. Scientists wey join dose studies later establish Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, one company wey dey develop resveratrol analogs as proprietary drugs. Because of dis, many companies start produce and market resveratrol food supplements. However, later studies by independent scientists no fit reproduce di same results.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bass2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bass TM, Weinkove D, Houthoofd K, Gems D, Partridge L | title = Effects of resveratrol on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans | journal = Mech. Ageing Dev. | volume = 128 | issue = 10 | pages = 546–52 |date=October 2007 | pmid = 17875315 | doi = 10.1016/j.mad.2007.07.007 | s2cid = 1780784 | url = https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1553214 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Kaeberlein2005&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kaeberlein|first=Matt |author2=Thomas McDonagh |author3=Birgit Heltweg |author4=Jeffrey Hixon |author5=Eric A. Westman |author6=Seth D. Caldwell |author7=Andrew Napper |author8=Rory Curtis |author9=Peter S. DiStefano |author10=Stanley Fields |author11=Antonio Bedalov |author12=Brian K. Kennedy |title=Substrate specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=April 29, 2005|volume=280|issue=17|pages=17038–17045|doi=10.1074/jbc.M500655200|pmid=15684413|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Zou2009&gt;{{cite journal|last=Zou|first=S|author2=Carey JR |author3=Liedo P |author4=Ingram DK |author5=Müller HG |author6=Wang JL |author7=Yao F |author8=Yu B |author9=Zhou A |title=The prolongevity effect of resveratrol depends on dietary composition and calorie intake in a tephritid fruit fly|journal=Experimental Gerontology|date=Jun–Jul 2009|volume=44|issue=6–7|pages=472–6|doi=10.1016/j.exger.2009.02.011|pmid=19264118|pmc=3044489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides dat, for every experiment wey scientists don do till today, different doses of resveratrol never fit extend di lifespan of lean, genetically normal mice&lt;ref name=&quot;Pearson2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Pearson KJ, Baur JA, Lewis KN, Peshkin L, Price NL, Labinskyy N, Swindell WR, Kamara D, Minor RK, Perez E, Jamieson HA, Zhang Y, Dunn SR, Sharma K, Pleshko N, Woollett LA, Csiszar A, Ikeno Y, Le Couteur D, Elliott PJ, Becker KG, Navas P, Ingram DK, Wolf NS, Ungvari Z, Sinclair DA, de Cabo R | title = Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional aspects of dietary restriction without extending life span | journal = Cell Metab. | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–68 |date=August 2008 | pmid = 18599363 | pmc = 2538685 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.06.011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller RA, Harrison DE, Astle CM, Baur JA, Boyd AR, de Cabo R, Fernandez E, Flurkey K, Javors MA, Nelson JF, Orihuela CJ, Pletcher S, Sharp ZD, Sinclair D, Starnes JW, Wilkinson JE, Nadon NL, Strong R | title = Rapamycin, but not resveratrol or simvastatin, extends life span of genetically heterogeneous mice | journal = J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–201 |date=February 2011 | pmid = 20974732 | pmc = 3021372 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/glq178 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Strong2013&gt;{{cite journal|last=Strong|first=Randy |author2=Richard A. Miller |author3=Clinton M. Astle |author4=Joseph A. Baur |author5=Rafael de Cabo |author6=Elizabeth Fernandez |author7=Wen Guo |author8=Martin Javors |author9=James L. Kirkland |author10=James F. Nelson |author11=David A. Sinclair |author12=Bruce Teter |author13=David Williams |author14=Nurulain Zaveri |author15=Nancy L. Nadon |author16=David E. Harrison |title=Evaluation of Resveratrol, Green Tea Extract, Curcumin, Oxaloacetic Acid, and Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil on Life Span of Genetically Heterogeneous Mice|journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci|date=January 2013|volume=68|issue=1|pages=6–16|doi=10.1093/gerona/gls070|pmid=22451473|pmc=3598361}}&lt;/ref&gt; or rats.&lt;ref name=daLuz2112&gt;{{cite journal|last=da Luz|first=PL|author2=Tanaka L |author3=Brum PC |author4=Dourado PM |author5=Favarato D |author6=Krieger JE |author7=Laurindo FR |title=Red wine and equivalent oral pharmacological doses of Resveratrol delay vascular aging but do not extend life span in rats|journal=Atherosclerosis|date=September 2012|volume=224|issue=1|pages=136–42|doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.007|pmid=22818625}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Di anti-diabetes medicine '''metformin''' be suggested as possible CRM after researchers find out say mice wey receive di medicine show similar gene expression changes like mice wey dey under CR.&lt;ref name=Dhahbi2005&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dhahbi|first=JM|author2=Mote PL |author2=Fahy GM |author4=Spindler SR |title=Identification of potential caloric restriction mimetics by microarray profiling|journal=Physiol Genomics|date=Nov 17, 2005|volume=23|issue=3|pages=343–50|pmid=16189280|doi=10.1152/physiolgenomics.00069.2005|citeseerx=10.1.1.327.4892}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem don already approve am medically to treat diabetes, and doctors don dey use am for dis purpose for more than 40 years. Metformin dey make insulin receptors for muscle and fat cells respond better, and e dey activate genes wey reduce how liver dey produce glucose. Dis one help reduce risk of [[Glycation|non-enzymatic glycation]] and other damage wey dey come with ageing; these effects be similar to wetin happen during CR. Later, researchers report say metformin fit increase lifespan of some short-lived mouse strains or mice wey get genetic risk of cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Arkad'eva, A.V. |author2=Mamonov, A.A. |author3=Popovich, I.G. |author4=Anisimov, V.N. |author5=Mikhel'son, V.M. |author6=Spivak, I.M. |title=Metformin slows down ageing processes at the cellular level in SHR mice |journal=Tsitologiia |year=2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=166–74 |pmid=21516824 }}&lt;/ref&gt; But two different studies wey dem do on rats and mice wey get normal genetics and normal lifespan show say metformin no get any effect on maximum lifespan, and e only get very small effect on average lifespan.&lt;ref name=MartinMontalvo2013&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin-Montalvo A, Mercken EM, Mitchell SJ, Palacios HH, Mote PL, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Gomes AP, Ward TM, Minor RK, Blouin MJ, Schwab M, Pollak M, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Becker KG, Bohr VA, Ingram DK, Sinclair DA, Wolf NS, Spindler SR, Bernier M, de Cabo R |title=Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice|journal=Nature Communications|date=Jul 31, 2013|volume=4|article-number=2192|doi=10.1038/ncomms3192|pmid=23900241|bibcode = 2013NatCo...4.2192M|pmc=3736576}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith2010&gt;{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=DL Jr |author2=Elam CF Jr |author3=Mattison JA |author4=Lane MA |author5=Roth GS |author6=Ingram DK |author7=Allison DB|title=Metformin supplementation and life span in Fischer-344 rats|journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci|date=May 2010|volume=65|issue=5|pages=468–74|doi=10.1093/gerona/glq033|pmid=20304770 |pmc=2854888}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Oxaloacetate''' be one metabolic intermediate for di [[citric acid cycle]]. For short-lived roundworm ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', adding oxaloacetate for their food increase di ratio of reduced to oxidized [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide]] (NAD+:NADH), which activate [[AMPK]] and [[FOXO]] signalling pathways similar to wetin happen during calorie restriction.&lt;ref name=Williams2009&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Williams, D.S. |author2=Cash, A. |author3=Hamadani, L. |author4=Diemer, T. |title=Oxaloacetate supplementation increases lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans through an AMPK/FOXO-dependent pathway |journal=Aging Cell |year=2009 |volume=8 |issue=6  |pages=765–8 |pmid=19793063 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00527.x |pmc=2988682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di increase for NAD+/NADH ratio happen because oxaloacetate change to malate inside di cytoplasm through di enzyme [[malate dehydrogenase]]. For [[mitochondria]] wey scientists remove from cells and test inside medium wey get plenty oxaloacetate, dis increase fit become very large.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Haslam, J.M. |author2=Krebs, H.A. |title=The permeabiliity of mitochondria to oxaloacetate and malate |journal=Biochem J |year=1968 |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=659–67 |pmid=16742587 |doi=10.1042/bj1070659 |pmc=1198718}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reduction for NAD+/NADH ratio don be suggested as one carbohydrate metabolism-controlled mechanism wey dey control cellular senescence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Lee, S.m. |author2=Dho, S.H. |author3=Maeng, J.S. |author4=Kim, J.Y.  |author5=Kwon, K.S. |title=Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase regulates senescence in human fibroblasts |journal=Biogerontology |year=2012 |volume=13 |issue=5  |pages=525–36 |pmid=22971926 |doi=10.1007/s10522-012-9397-0|s2cid=14068141 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

:Because oxaloacetate dey affect these pathways in similar way, scientists suggest am as CR mimetic.&lt;ref name=Williams2009 /&gt; For short-lived roundworm ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', adding oxaloacetate to their medium increase average lifespan; but scientists no know whether e fit increase maximum lifespan.&lt;ref name=Williams2009 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Edwards, Clair B. |author2=Copes, Neil |author3=Brito, Andres G. |author4=Canfield, John |author5=Bradshaw, Patrick C. |title=Malate and Fumarate Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=3 |article-number=e58345 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058345 | pmc=3589421 |bibcode = 2013PLoSO...858345E |pmid=23472183|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; But when two independent groups of scientists test oxaloacetate supplements across four university laboratories, dem find out say e no affect lifespan of healthy laboratory mice.&lt;ref name=Strong2013 /&gt;

* '''Rimonabant''' (Acomplia) be anti-obesity medicine wey dem first approve for use inside European Union, but later dem withdraw am because of psychiatric side effects like anxiety and depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sam |first1=Amir H. |last2=Salem |first2=Victoria |last3=Ghatei |first3=Mohammad A. |date=2011 |title=Rimonabant: From RIO to Ban |journal=Journal of Obesity |volume=2011 |article-number=432607 |doi=10.1155/2011/432607 |issn=2090-0708 |pmc=3136184 |pmid=21773005|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; FDA never approve Rimonabant for use inside United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Moreira |first1=Fabrício A. |last2=Crippa |first2=José Alexandre S. |date=June 2009 |title=The psychiatric side-effects of rimonabant |journal=Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1590/S1516-44462009000200012 |pmid=19578688 |issn=1516-4446|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis medicine block endocannabinoid-1 receptor. Endocannabinoids be cannabis-like chemicals wey dey stimulate appetite and also control energy balance. Too much activation of endocannabinoid receptor inside [[hypothalamus]] dey increase appetite and encourage [[lipogenesis]]. E also block beneficial actions of [[adiponectin]]. Rimonabant block these effects, so e reduce appetite, balance energy, and increase adiponectin, wey reduce fat inside abdomen. E improve lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and waist measurement, making e similar in effect to calorie restriction (CR).
* '''Lipoic Acid''' (α-Lipoic Acid, Alpha Lipoic Acid, or ALA) no fit extend lifespan of normal mice or rats for many studies wey dem do, whether dem use am alone&lt;ref name=Lee2004&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Lee CK, Pugh TD, Klopp RG, Edwards J, Allison DB, Weindruch R, Prolla TA |title=The impact of alpha-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10 and caloric restriction on life span and gene expression patterns in mice|journal=Free Radic Biol Med|date=Apr 15, 2004|volume=36|issue=8|pages=1043–57|pmid=15059645|doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Merry2008&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Merry BJ, Kirk AJ, Goyns MH |title=Dietary lipoic acid supplementation can mimic or block the effect of dietary restriction on life span|journal=Mech Ageing Dev|date=June 2008|volume=129|issue=6|pages=341–8|pmid=18486188|doi=10.1016/j.mad.2008.04.004|s2cid=29497185}}&lt;/ref&gt; or as part of combination treatment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Spindler SR|author2=Mote PL|title=Screening candidate longevity therapeutics using gene-expression arrays|journal=Gerontology|year=2007|volume=53|issue=5|pages=306–21|pmid=17570924|doi=10.1159/000103924|s2cid=42831700}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Spindler2014&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Spindler SR|author2=Mote PL|author3=Flegal JM|title=Lifespan effects of simple and complex nutraceutical combinations fed isocalorically to mice|journal=Age (Dordr)|date=Dec 2013|volume=36|doi=10.1007/s11357-013-9609-9|pmid=24370781|issue=2|pages=705–718|pmc=4039264}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''2-deoxy-D-glucose''', or 2DG. 2-Deoxyglucose be di first compound wey researchers pursue as possible CRM.&lt;ref name=Lane1998 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Ingram&amp;Roth2011 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Minor2010&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Minor RK, Smith DL, Sossong AM, Kaushik S, Poosala S, Spangler EL, Roth GS, Lane M, Allison DB, de Cabo R, Ingram DK, Mattison JA |title=Chronic ingestion of 2-deoxy-D-glucose induces cardiac vacuolization and increases mortality in rats|journal=Toxicol Appl Pharmacol|date=Mar 15, 2010|volume=243|issue=3|pages=332–9|doi=10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.025|pmid=20026095|pmc=2830378 |bibcode=2010ToxAP.243..332M }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis compound dey block [[glycolysis]], and e fit copy some of di physical effects of CR, especially increase in insulin sensitivity, reduction in glucose levels, lower body temperature, and other biochemical changes.&lt;ref name=Lane1998 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Minor2010 /&gt; Researchers report say e increase lifespan of ''C. elegans'' worms;&lt;ref name = glucose_restriction&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Schulz TJ, Zarse K, Voigt A, Urban N, Birringer M, Ristow M |title=Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress |journal=Cell Metab. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=280–93 |year=2007 |pmid=17908557 |doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2007.08.011|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; but studies wey dem do with different types of rats show say 2DG no increase lifespan at different doses wey dem test, and e cause harmful effects.&lt;ref name=Minor2010 /&gt; &quot;Histopathological analysis of the hearts revealed increasing vacuolarization of cardiac myocytes with dose, and tissue staining revealed the vacuoles were free of both glycogen and lipid.&quot;&lt;ref name=Minor2010 /&gt;

* Scientists suggest say '''rapamycin''', one medicine wey blocks [[Mammalian target of rapamycin|mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin]] (mTOR) pathway, fit be CR mimetic.&lt;ref name=Ingram&amp;Roth2011 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Stanfel2009&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Stanfel MN|author2=Shamieh LS|author3=Kaeberlein M|author4=Kennedy BK|title=The TOR pathway comes of age|journal=Biochim Biophys Acta|date=Oct 2009|volume=1790|issue=10|pages=1067–74|doi=10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.007|pmid=19539012|pmc=3981532}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis idea come because [[mTORC1]] activity responds to nutrient availability; CR dey block mTOR activity; genetically reducing mTOR signalling dey increase [[maximum lifespan]] for invertebrate animals; and using rapamycin to block mTOR dey increase maximum lifespan for both invertebrates and mice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Stanfel2009 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Harrison2009&gt;{{cite journal
| vauthors = Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD
| date     =  8 July 2009
| pages    = 392–5
| issue    = 7253
| volume   = 460
| title    = Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice
| pmid     = 19587680
| journal  = Nature
| pmc      = 2786175
| doi      = 10.1038/nature08221
| bibcode  =  2009Natur.460..392H
|display-authors=etal}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Even though removing parts of mTOR pathway seems to stop rapamycin from increasing lifespan in invertebrate animals,&lt;ref name=Stanfel2009 /&gt; surprisingly, CR and rapamycin effects on metabolism and gene expression show big differences for mice,&lt;ref name=Miller2014&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Miller RA|author2=Harrison DE|author3=Astle CM|author4=Fernandez E|author5=Flurkey K|author6=Han M|author7=Javors MA|author8=Li X|author9=Nadon NL|author10=Nelson JF|author11=Pletcher S|author12=Salmon AB|author13=Sharp ZD|author14=Van Roekel S|author15=Winkleman L|author16=Strong R|title=Rapamycin-Mediated Lifespan Increase in Mice is Dose and Sex-Dependent and Appears Metabolically Distinct from Dietary Restriction|journal=Aging Cell|date=Jun 2014|volume=13|issue=3|pages=468–77|doi=10.1111/acel.12194|pmid=24341993|pmc=4032600}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Yu2014&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Yu Z|author2=Wang R|author3=Fok WC|author4=Coles A|author5=Salmon AB|author6=Pérez VI|title=Rapamycin and Dietary Restriction Induce Metabolically Distinctive Changes in Mouse Liver|journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci|date=April 2014|volume=70|issue=4|pages=410–20|doi=10.1093/gerona/glu053|pmid=24755936|pmc=4447794}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fok2014&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Fok WC|author2=Bokov A|author3=Gelfond J|author4=Yu Z|author5=Zhang Y|author6=Doderer M|author7=Chen Y|author8=Javors M|author9=Wood WH 3rd|author10=Zhang Y|author11=Becker KG|author12=Richardson A|author13=Pérez VI|title=Combined treatment of rapamycin and dietary restriction has a larger effect on the transcriptome and metabolome of liver|journal=Aging Cell|date=Apr 2014|volume=13|issue=2|pages=311–9|doi=10.1111/acel.12175|pmid=24304444|pmc=3989927}}&lt;/ref&gt; with evidence showing say di mechanisms behind these two anti-ageing treatments fit be mostly different and maybe dem fit work together.&lt;ref name=Yu2014 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Fok2014 /&gt;
Other candidate CRM be:

* [[Glucosamine]] or its derivative [[n-acetylglucosamine]] don help increase lifespan of both nematodes and mice.&lt;ref name=Denzel2014&gt;{{cite journal |journal=Cell |year=2014 |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1178 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.061 |pmid=24630720 |vauthors=Denzel MS, Storm NJ, Gutschmidt A, Baddi A, Hinze Y, Jarosch E, Sommer T, Hoppe T, Antebi A |title=Hexosamine pathway metabolites enhance protein quality control and prolong life|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=Nature Communications |year=2014 |volume=5 |article-number=3563 |doi=10.1038/ncomms4563 |pmid=24714520 |vauthors=Weimer S, Priebs J, Kuhlow D, Groth M, Priebe S, Mansfeld J, Merry TL, Dubuis S, Laube B, Pfeiffer AF, Schulz TJ, Guthke R, Platzer M, Zamboni N, Zarse K, Ristow M |title=D-Glucosamine supplementation extends life span of nematodes and of ageing mice |pmc=3988823|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3563W }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma]] inhibitors, like [[Rosiglitazone]] and Gugulipids, dey work as insulin sensitizers. Dem make fat cells respond better to insulin by connecting with their PPAR receptors.

* Agents wey dey control [[sirtuin]]s (dem dey call am STAC –[[sirtuin-activating compound]]s), for example, [[fisetin]].

* Exanadin ([[exenatide]]), one [[glucagon-like peptide-1]] (GLP-1) modulator (wey scientists first discover inside di poison of di [[Gila monster]]) belong to di group of incretin mimetics, and e dey help control glucose.

* [[Adiponectin]] (together with [[leptin]], e dey control how adipose tissue dey work. PPAR inhibitors like rosiglitazone dey activate am).

* [[Acipimox]]

* [[Hydroxycitrate]]

* [[Dipeptidyl peptidase 4]] (DPP-4) inhibitors

* [[Iodoacetate]]&lt;ref name=Ingram&amp;Roth2011 /&gt;

* [[Mannoheptulose]] (glycolytic inhibitor)&lt;ref name=Ingram&amp;Roth2011 /&gt;

* Modulators of [[neuropeptide Y]] (NPY)

* 4-Phenylbutyrate (PBA)

* Gymnemoside (e dey control glucose absorption)

* [[Spermidine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Eisenberg|first1=Tobias|last2=Abdellatif|first2=Mahmoud|last3=Schroeder|first3=Sabrina|last4=Primessnig|first4=Uwe|last5=Stekovic|first5=Slaven|last6=Pendl|first6=Tobias|last7=Harger|first7=Alexandra|last8=Schipke|first8=Julia|last9=Zimmermann|first9=Andreas|title=Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine|journal=Nature Medicine|doi=10.1038/nm.4222|volume=22|issue=12|pages=1428–1438|pmid=27841876|pmc=5806691|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060116071059/http://www.cron-web.org/cr-mimetics.html A List of Potential CR Mimetics]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caloric Restriction Mimetic}}

[[Category:Biogerontology]]</text>
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    <title>Fecal microbiota transplant</title>
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      <comment>I don start an article</comment>
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{{Short description|Process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a recipient}}
{{Redirect|Use of human faeces in medicine|its use in traditional medicine|Use of human faeces in traditional medicine}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2016}}
{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}}

'''Fecal microbiota transplant''' ('''FMT'''), wey dem also dey call am '''stool transplant''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |vauthors=Rowan K |url=https://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |title='Poop Transplants' May Combat Bacterial Infections |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |work=LiveScience |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192152/http://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; be the process where fecal bacteria and other small organisms (microbes) from a healthy person dey transfer go inside another person wey no dey healthy. FMT dey work well as treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood2013&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt;-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 207 | issue = 4 | pages = 166–172 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28814204 | doi = 10.5694/mja17.00295 | s2cid = 24780848 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, Kelsen J, Høyer KL, Rågård N, Eriksen LL, Støy S, Rubak T, Damsgaard EM, Mikkelsen S, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for first or second Clostridioides difficile infection (EarlyFMT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | journal = The Lancet. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 1083–1091 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36152636 | doi = 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00276-X | s2cid = 252483680 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For people wey CDI dey come back again, FMT dey work pass using vancomycin alone, and e fit help improve the result after the first infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood2013&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Lee MM, Eriksen MK, Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = eClinicalMedicine | volume = 29-30 | article-number = 100642 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33437951 | pmc = 7788438 | doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100642 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The side effects include risk of infections, so donors need to go through proper screening to check for harmful organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission |title=Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Alert - Risk of Serious Adverse Events Likely Due to Transmission of Pathogenic Organisms |date=March 12, 2020 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021174505/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission }}&lt;/ref&gt;

As CDI dey become more common, FMT dey get more attention. Some experts dey call for am to become the first treatment option for CDI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt&quot;/&gt; FMT dey also be used for research treatment of other diseases affecting the digestive system, including colitis, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and some conditions affecting the nervous system like multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;BorodyKhoruts2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Borody TJ, Paramsothy S, Agrawal G | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation: indications, methods, evidence, and future directions | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | article-number = 337 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23852569 | pmc = 3742951 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For United States, human feces have been treated as experimental drug since 2013. For United Kingdom, regulation of FMT dey under Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, Moore DJ, Colville A, Bhala N, Iqbal TH, Settle C, Kontkowski G, Hart AL, Hawkey PM, Goldenberg SD, Williams HR | title = The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory ''Clostridium difficile'' infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines | journal = Gut | volume = 67 | issue = 11 | pages = 1920–1941 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30154172 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316818 | hdl-access = free | doi-access = free | hdl = 10044/1/61310 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Medical uses ==

=== ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection ===

{{further|Clostridioides difficile infection}}

[[File:Clostridium difficile 01.jpg|thumb|Scanning electron micrograph of ''Clostridioides difficile'' bacteria from a stool sample]]

Fecal microbiota transplant dey about 85–90% effective for people wey get CDI and antibiotics no work for them or the disease come back after antibiotics.&lt;ref name=Burke2013&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Burke KE, Lamont JT | title = Fecal transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in older adults: a review | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 61 | issue = 8 | pages = 1394–1398 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23869970 | doi = 10.1111/jgs.12378 | s2cid = 34998497 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drekonja_2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Drekonja D, Reich J, Gezahegn S, Greer N, Shaukat A, MacDonald R, Rutks I, Wilt TJ | title = Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 9 | pages = 630–638 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25938992 | doi = 10.7326/m14-2693 | s2cid = 1307726 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many patients dey recover with only one FMT treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Brandt LJ, Borody TJ, Campbell J | title = Endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation: &quot;first-line&quot; treatment for severe clostridium difficile infection? | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 45 | issue = 8 | pages = 655–657 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21716124 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257d4f | s2cid = 2508836 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly CR, de Leon L, Jasutkar N | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection in 26 patients: methodology and results | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–149 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22157239 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318234570b | s2cid = 30849491 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a recipient}}
{{Redirect|Use of human faeces in medicine|its use in traditional medicine|Use of human faeces in traditional medicine}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2016}}
{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}}

'''Fecal microbiota transplant''' ('''FMT'''), wey dem also dey call am '''stool transplant''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |vauthors=Rowan K |url=https://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |title='Poop Transplants' May Combat Bacterial Infections |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |work=LiveScience |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192152/http://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; be the process where fecal bacteria and other small organisms (microbes) from a healthy person dey transfer go inside another person wey no dey healthy. FMT dey work well as treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood2013&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt;-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 207 | issue = 4 | pages = 166–172 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28814204 | doi = 10.5694/mja17.00295 | s2cid = 24780848 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, Kelsen J, Høyer KL, Rågård N, Eriksen LL, Støy S, Rubak T, Damsgaard EM, Mikkelsen S, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for first or second Clostridioides difficile infection (EarlyFMT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | journal = The Lancet. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 1083–1091 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36152636 | doi = 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00276-X | s2cid = 252483680 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For people wey CDI dey come back again, FMT dey work pass using vancomycin alone, and e fit help improve the result after the first infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood2013&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Lee MM, Eriksen MK, Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = eClinicalMedicine | volume = 29-30 | article-number = 100642 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33437951 | pmc = 7788438 | doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100642 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The side effects include risk of infections, so donors need to go through proper screening to check for harmful organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission |title=Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Alert - Risk of Serious Adverse Events Likely Due to Transmission of Pathogenic Organisms |date=March 12, 2020 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021174505/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission }}&lt;/ref&gt;

As CDI dey become more common, FMT dey get more attention. Some experts dey call for am to become the first treatment option for CDI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt&quot;/&gt; FMT dey also be used for research treatment of other diseases affecting the digestive system, including colitis, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and some conditions affecting the nervous system like multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;BorodyKhoruts2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Borody TJ, Paramsothy S, Agrawal G | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation: indications, methods, evidence, and future directions | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | article-number = 337 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23852569 | pmc = 3742951 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For United States, human feces have been treated as experimental drug since 2013. For United Kingdom, regulation of FMT dey under Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, Moore DJ, Colville A, Bhala N, Iqbal TH, Settle C, Kontkowski G, Hart AL, Hawkey PM, Goldenberg SD, Williams HR | title = The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory ''Clostridium difficile'' infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines | journal = Gut | volume = 67 | issue = 11 | pages = 1920–1941 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30154172 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316818 | hdl-access = free | doi-access = free | hdl = 10044/1/61310 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Medical uses ==

=== ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection ===

{{further|Clostridioides difficile infection}}

[[File:Clostridium difficile 01.jpg|thumb|Scanning electron micrograph of ''Clostridioides difficile'' bacteria from a stool sample]]

Fecal microbiota transplant dey about 85–90% effective for people wey get CDI and antibiotics no work for them or the disease come back after antibiotics.&lt;ref name=Burke2013&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Burke KE, Lamont JT | title = Fecal transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in older adults: a review | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 61 | issue = 8 | pages = 1394–1398 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23869970 | doi = 10.1111/jgs.12378 | s2cid = 34998497 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drekonja_2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Drekonja D, Reich J, Gezahegn S, Greer N, Shaukat A, MacDonald R, Rutks I, Wilt TJ | title = Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 9 | pages = 630–638 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25938992 | doi = 10.7326/m14-2693 | s2cid = 1307726 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many patients dey recover with only one FMT treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Brandt LJ, Borody TJ, Campbell J | title = Endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation: &quot;first-line&quot; treatment for severe clostridium difficile infection? | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 45 | issue = 8 | pages = 655–657 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21716124 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257d4f | s2cid = 2508836 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly CR, de Leon L, Jasutkar N | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection in 26 patients: methodology and results | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–149 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22157239 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318234570b | s2cid = 30849491 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
A study wey happen for 2009 show say FMT be effective and simple procedure, and e cost less compared to continuing antibiotic treatment. E also reduce how often antibiotic resistance dey happen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bakken JS | title = Fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection | journal = Anaerobe | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 285–289 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19778623 | doi = 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.09.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some medical professionals before dey see FMT as a &quot;last-resort therapy&quot; because the method be unusual and invasive compared to antibiotics. Dem also worry about possible infection transmission and the fact say Medicare no dey cover donor stool. But statements from infectious disease specialists and other professional groups&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt; have moved towards accepting FMT as standard therapy for CDI wey dey come back, and towards coverage by US Medicare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Floch MH | title = Fecal bacteriotherapy, fecal transplant, and the microbiome | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 44 | issue = 8 | pages = 529–530 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20601895 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181e1d6e2 | s2cid = 32439751 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has been recommended that endoscopic FMT should become first-line treatment for people wey disease dey get worse and those with severe CDI wey dey come back again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt&quot;/&gt;

For November 2022, FMT (Biomictra) get approval for medical use in Australia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Faecal microbiota&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BiomeBank PR&quot; /&gt; and fecal microbiota, live (Rebyota) get approval for medical use in United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferring PR&quot;&gt;{{cite press release | title=Ferring Receives U.S. FDA Approval for Rebyota (fecal microbiota, live-jslm) – A Novel First-in-Class Microbiota-Based Live Biotherapeutic | website=Ferring Pharmaceuticals USA | date=December 1, 2022 | url=https://ferringusa.com/?press=ferring-receives-u-s-fda-approval-for-rebyota-fecal-microbiota-live-jslm-a-novel-first-in-class-microbiota-based-live-biotherapeutic | access-date=December 1, 2022 | archive-date=December 1, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201050237/https://ferringusa.com/?press=ferring-receives-u-s-fda-approval-for-rebyota-fecal-microbiota-live-jslm-a-novel-first-in-class-microbiota-based-live-biotherapeutic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fecal microbiota spores, live (Vowst) get approval for medical use in United States in April 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR 20230427&quot;&gt;{{cite press release | title=FDA Approves First Orally Administered Fecal Microbiota Product for the Prevention of Recurrence of Clostridioides difficile Infection | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=April 26, 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-orally-administered-fecal-microbiota-product-prevention-recurrence-clostridioides | access-date=April 27, 2023 | archive-date=April 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426230158/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-orally-administered-fecal-microbiota-product-prevention-recurrence-clostridioides }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=Seres Therapeutics and Nestlé Health Science Announce FDA Approval of Vowst (fecal microbiota spores, live-brpk) for Prevention of Recurrence of C. difficile Infection in Adults Following Antibacterial Treatment for Recurrent CDI | publisher=Seres Therapeutics | via= Business Wire | date=April 26, 2023 | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230426006066/en/ | access-date=April 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This one be the first fecal microbiota product wey person fit take by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR 20230427&quot; /&gt;

=== Ulcerative colitis ===

For May 1988, Australian professor Thomas Borody treat the first ulcerative colitis patient using FMT, and the patient get long-term improvement from the symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Borody TJ, Campbell J | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation: current status and future directions | journal = Expert Review of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 653–655 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22017691 | doi = 10.1586/egh.11.71 | s2cid = 8968197 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

After that, Justin D. Bennet publish the first case report showing how FMT help reverse Bennet's own colitis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bennet JD, Brinkman M | title = Treatment of ulcerative colitis by implantation of normal colonic flora | journal = Lancet | volume = 1 | issue = 8630 | page = 164 | date = January 1989 | pmid = 2563083 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91183-5 | s2cid = 33842920 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though ''C. difficile'' fit clear with only one FMT treatment, this normally no be the same for ulcerative colitis. Studies about treating ulcerative colitis with FMT mostly show say several repeated treatments dey needed before long-lasting remission or cure fit happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sunkara T, Rawla P, Ofosu A, Gaduputi V | title = Fecal microbiota transplant - a new frontier in inflammatory bowel disease | journal = Journal of Inflammation Research | volume = 11 | pages = 321–328 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30214266 | pmc = 6124474 | doi = 10.2147/JIR.S176190 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fibromyalgia and IBS ===

A review wey happen in 2024 find out say fecal microbiota transplantation fit reduce pain intensity and improve tiredness and quality of life for patients with fibromyalgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386174088|title=Effectiveness of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Nociplastic Pain Management: A Systematic Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fang H, Hou Q, Zhang W, Su Z, Zhang J, Li J, Lin J, Wang Z, Yu X, Yang Y, Wang Q, Li X, Li Y, Hu L, Li S, Wang X, Liao L | title = Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Improves Clinical Symptoms of Fibromyalgia: An Open-Label, Randomized, Nonplacebo-Controlled Study | journal = The Journal of Pain | volume = 25 | issue = 9 | article-number = 104535 | date = September 2024 | pmid = 38663650 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104535 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Minerbi A, Khoutorsky A, Shir Y | title = Decoding the connection: unraveling the role of gut microbiome in fibromyalgia | journal = Pain Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | article-number = e1224 | date = February 2025 | pmid = 39726854 | doi = 10.1097/PR9.0000000000001224 | pmc = 11671092 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2023 review also show say fecal microbiota transplantation improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome compared to placebo treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jamshidi IBS 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jamshidi P, Farsi Y, Nariman Z, Hatamnejad MR, Mohammadzadeh B, Akbarialiabad H, Nasiri MJ, Sechi LA | title = Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 24 | issue = 19 | article-number = 14562 | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37834010 | doi = 10.3390/ijms241914562 | doi-access = free | pmc = 10573019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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{{Short description|Process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a recipient}}
{{Redirect|Use of human faeces in medicine|its use in traditional medicine|Use of human faeces in traditional medicine}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2016}}
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'''Fecal microbiota transplant''' ('''FMT'''), wey dem also dey call am '''stool transplant''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |vauthors=Rowan K |url=https://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |title='Poop Transplants' May Combat Bacterial Infections |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |work=LiveScience |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192152/http://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; be the process where fecal bacteria and other small organisms (microbes) from a healthy person dey transfer go inside another person wey no dey healthy. FMT dey work well as treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood2013&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt;-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 207 | issue = 4 | pages = 166–172 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28814204 | doi = 10.5694/mja17.00295 | s2cid = 24780848 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, Kelsen J, Høyer KL, Rågård N, Eriksen LL, Støy S, Rubak T, Damsgaard EM, Mikkelsen S, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for first or second Clostridioides difficile infection (EarlyFMT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | journal = The Lancet. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 1083–1091 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36152636 | doi = 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00276-X | s2cid = 252483680 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For people wey CDI dey come back again, FMT dey work pass using vancomycin alone, and e fit help improve the result after the first infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood2013&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Lee MM, Eriksen MK, Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = eClinicalMedicine | volume = 29-30 | article-number = 100642 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33437951 | pmc = 7788438 | doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100642 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The side effects include risk of infections, so donors need to go through proper screening to check for harmful organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission |title=Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Alert - Risk of Serious Adverse Events Likely Due to Transmission of Pathogenic Organisms |date=March 12, 2020 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021174505/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission }}&lt;/ref&gt;

As CDI dey become more common, FMT dey get more attention. Some experts dey call for am to become the first treatment option for CDI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt&quot;/&gt; FMT dey also be used for research treatment of other diseases affecting the digestive system, including colitis, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and some conditions affecting the nervous system like multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;BorodyKhoruts2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Borody TJ, Paramsothy S, Agrawal G | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation: indications, methods, evidence, and future directions | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | article-number = 337 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23852569 | pmc = 3742951 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For United States, human feces have been treated as experimental drug since 2013. For United Kingdom, regulation of FMT dey under Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, Moore DJ, Colville A, Bhala N, Iqbal TH, Settle C, Kontkowski G, Hart AL, Hawkey PM, Goldenberg SD, Williams HR | title = The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory ''Clostridium difficile'' infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines | journal = Gut | volume = 67 | issue = 11 | pages = 1920–1941 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30154172 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316818 | hdl-access = free | doi-access = free | hdl = 10044/1/61310 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Medical uses ==

=== ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection ===

{{further|Clostridioides difficile infection}}

[[File:Clostridium difficile 01.jpg|thumb|Scanning electron micrograph of ''Clostridioides difficile'' bacteria from a stool sample]]

Fecal microbiota transplant dey about 85–90% effective for people wey get CDI and antibiotics no work for them or the disease come back after antibiotics.&lt;ref name=Burke2013&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Burke KE, Lamont JT | title = Fecal transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in older adults: a review | journal = Journal of the American Geriatrics Society | volume = 61 | issue = 8 | pages = 1394–1398 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23869970 | doi = 10.1111/jgs.12378 | s2cid = 34998497 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drekonja_2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Drekonja D, Reich J, Gezahegn S, Greer N, Shaukat A, MacDonald R, Rutks I, Wilt TJ | title = Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 9 | pages = 630–638 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25938992 | doi = 10.7326/m14-2693 | s2cid = 1307726 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many patients dey recover with only one FMT treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Brandt LJ, Borody TJ, Campbell J | title = Endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation: &quot;first-line&quot; treatment for severe clostridium difficile infection? | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 45 | issue = 8 | pages = 655–657 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21716124 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257d4f | s2cid = 2508836 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly CR, de Leon L, Jasutkar N | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection in 26 patients: methodology and results | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–149 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22157239 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318234570b | s2cid = 30849491 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
A study wey happen for 2009 show say FMT be effective and simple procedure, and e cost less compared to continuing antibiotic treatment. E also reduce how often antibiotic resistance dey happen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bakken JS | title = Fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection | journal = Anaerobe | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 285–289 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19778623 | doi = 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.09.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some medical professionals before dey see FMT as a &quot;last-resort therapy&quot; because the method be unusual and invasive compared to antibiotics. Dem also worry about possible infection transmission and the fact say Medicare no dey cover donor stool. But statements from infectious disease specialists and other professional groups&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt; have moved towards accepting FMT as standard therapy for CDI wey dey come back, and towards coverage by US Medicare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Floch MH | title = Fecal bacteriotherapy, fecal transplant, and the microbiome | journal = Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | volume = 44 | issue = 8 | pages = 529–530 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20601895 | doi = 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181e1d6e2 | s2cid = 32439751 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has been recommended that endoscopic FMT should become first-line treatment for people wey disease dey get worse and those with severe CDI wey dey come back again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt&quot;/&gt;

For November 2022, FMT (Biomictra) get approval for medical use in Australia,&lt;ref name=&quot;Faecal microbiota&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BiomeBank PR&quot; /&gt; and fecal microbiota, live (Rebyota) get approval for medical use in United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferring PR&quot;&gt;{{cite press release | title=Ferring Receives U.S. FDA Approval for Rebyota (fecal microbiota, live-jslm) – A Novel First-in-Class Microbiota-Based Live Biotherapeutic | website=Ferring Pharmaceuticals USA | date=December 1, 2022 | url=https://ferringusa.com/?press=ferring-receives-u-s-fda-approval-for-rebyota-fecal-microbiota-live-jslm-a-novel-first-in-class-microbiota-based-live-biotherapeutic | access-date=December 1, 2022 | archive-date=December 1, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201050237/https://ferringusa.com/?press=ferring-receives-u-s-fda-approval-for-rebyota-fecal-microbiota-live-jslm-a-novel-first-in-class-microbiota-based-live-biotherapeutic | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fecal microbiota spores, live (Vowst) get approval for medical use in United States in April 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR 20230427&quot;&gt;{{cite press release | title=FDA Approves First Orally Administered Fecal Microbiota Product for the Prevention of Recurrence of Clostridioides difficile Infection | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=April 26, 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-orally-administered-fecal-microbiota-product-prevention-recurrence-clostridioides | access-date=April 27, 2023 | archive-date=April 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426230158/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-orally-administered-fecal-microbiota-product-prevention-recurrence-clostridioides }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=Seres Therapeutics and Nestlé Health Science Announce FDA Approval of Vowst (fecal microbiota spores, live-brpk) for Prevention of Recurrence of C. difficile Infection in Adults Following Antibacterial Treatment for Recurrent CDI | publisher=Seres Therapeutics | via= Business Wire | date=April 26, 2023 | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230426006066/en/ | access-date=April 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This one be the first fecal microbiota product wey person fit take by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA PR 20230427&quot; /&gt;

=== Ulcerative colitis ===

For May 1988, Australian professor Thomas Borody treat the first ulcerative colitis patient using FMT, and the patient get long-term improvement from the symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Borody TJ, Campbell J | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation: current status and future directions | journal = Expert Review of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 653–655 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22017691 | doi = 10.1586/egh.11.71 | s2cid = 8968197 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

After that, Justin D. Bennet publish the first case report showing how FMT help reverse Bennet's own colitis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bennet JD, Brinkman M | title = Treatment of ulcerative colitis by implantation of normal colonic flora | journal = Lancet | volume = 1 | issue = 8630 | page = 164 | date = January 1989 | pmid = 2563083 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91183-5 | s2cid = 33842920 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though ''C. difficile'' fit clear with only one FMT treatment, this normally no be the same for ulcerative colitis. Studies about treating ulcerative colitis with FMT mostly show say several repeated treatments dey needed before long-lasting remission or cure fit happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sunkara T, Rawla P, Ofosu A, Gaduputi V | title = Fecal microbiota transplant - a new frontier in inflammatory bowel disease | journal = Journal of Inflammation Research | volume = 11 | pages = 321–328 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30214266 | pmc = 6124474 | doi = 10.2147/JIR.S176190 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fibromyalgia and IBS ===

A review wey happen in 2024 find out say fecal microbiota transplantation fit reduce pain intensity and improve tiredness and quality of life for patients with fibromyalgia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386174088|title=Effectiveness of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Nociplastic Pain Management: A Systematic Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Fang H, Hou Q, Zhang W, Su Z, Zhang J, Li J, Lin J, Wang Z, Yu X, Yang Y, Wang Q, Li X, Li Y, Hu L, Li S, Wang X, Liao L | title = Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Improves Clinical Symptoms of Fibromyalgia: An Open-Label, Randomized, Nonplacebo-Controlled Study | journal = The Journal of Pain | volume = 25 | issue = 9 | article-number = 104535 | date = September 2024 | pmid = 38663650 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104535 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Minerbi A, Khoutorsky A, Shir Y | title = Decoding the connection: unraveling the role of gut microbiome in fibromyalgia | journal = Pain Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | article-number = e1224 | date = February 2025 | pmid = 39726854 | doi = 10.1097/PR9.0000000000001224 | pmc = 11671092 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2023 review also show say fecal microbiota transplantation improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome compared to placebo treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jamshidi IBS 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jamshidi P, Farsi Y, Nariman Z, Hatamnejad MR, Mohammadzadeh B, Akbarialiabad H, Nasiri MJ, Sechi LA | title = Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 24 | issue = 19 | article-number = 14562 | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37834010 | doi = 10.3390/ijms241914562 | doi-access = free | pmc = 10573019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Adverse effects ==

The side effects of FMT no too clear as of 2016.&lt;ref name=AdverseRev2016/&gt; Some of the effects wey dem record include bacterial infection inside blood, fever, SIRS-like syndrome, worsening of inflammatory bowel disease for people wey already get that condition, and small stomach problems (GI distress) wey normally go away shortly after the procedure.

These small problems include too much gas, diarrhea, irregular bowel movement, stomach swelling or bloating, stomach pain or tenderness, constipation, stomach cramps, and nausea.&lt;ref name=AdverseRev2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baxter M, Colville A | title = Adverse events in faecal microbiota transplant: a review of the literature | journal = The Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 92 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–127 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26803556 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.10.024 | url = https://rde.openrepository.com/rde/handle/11287/595264 | access-date = November 7, 2018 | url-status = live | hdl-access = free | type = Submitted manuscript | archive-date = April 28, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230428050554/https://rde.dspace-express.com/handle/11287/595264 | hdl = 11287/595264 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Goloshchapov OV, Olekhnovich EI, Sidorenko SV, Moiseev IS, Kucher MA, Fedorov DE, Pavlenko AV, Manolov AI, Gostev VV, Veselovsky VA, Klimina KM, Kostryukova ES, Bakin EA, Shvetcov AN, Gumbatova ED, Klementeva RV, Shcherbakov AA, Gorchakova MV, Egozcue JJ, Pawlowsky-Glahn V, Suvorova MA, Chukhlovin AB, Govorun VM, Ilina EN, Afanasyev BV | title = Long-term impact of fecal transplantation in healthy volunteers | journal = BMC Microbiology | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | article-number = 312 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31888470 | pmc = 6938016 | doi = 10.1186/s12866-019-1689-y | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

People also dey worry say FMT fit spread COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Office of the Commissioner |title=Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Alert - Regarding Additional Safety Protections Pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 |url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-regarding-additional-safety-protections-pertaining |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=March 25, 2020 |date=March 24, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414045959/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-regarding-additional-safety-protections-pertaining }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019, one person for United States die after receiving FMT wey contain bacteria resistant to drugs, and another person wey receive the same transplant also get infected.&lt;ref name=FDA2019/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/health/fecal-transplant-fda.html|title=Fecal Transplant Is Linked to a Patient's Death, the F.D.A. Warns|vauthors=Grady D|date=June 13, 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=June 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614064558/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/health/fecal-transplant-fda.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warn against possible life-threatening problems wey fit happen when materials from donors wey no get proper screening are used for transplant.&lt;ref name=FDA2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Communication- Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Transmission of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms |url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch-safety-alerts-human-medical-products/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-communication-risk-serious-adverse-reactions-due |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=June 18, 2019 |date=June 14, 2019 |archive-date=September 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904210827/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch-safety-alerts-human-medical-products/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-communication-risk-serious-adverse-reactions-due }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Technique ==

There are guidelines based on scientific evidence wey explain the best way to give FMT. These guidelines talk about how to prepare the material, how to select and screen donors, and how to administer FMT.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, Moore D, Colville A, Bhala N, Iqbal TH, Settle C, Kontkowski G, Hart AL, Hawkey PM, Williams HR, Goldenberg SD | title = The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines | journal = The Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 100 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S1–S31 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30173851 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.07.037 | hdl-access = free | doi-access = free | hdl = 10044/1/61310 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The gut microbiota means all microorganisms wey dey live inside the digestive tract. This include helpful organisms, organisms wey live together with humans, and harmful organisms.

FMT be the transfer of fecal material wey contain bacteria and natural antibacterial substances from a healthy person into somebody wey get disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bakken JS, Borody T, Brandt LJ, Brill JV, Demarco DC, Franzos MA, Kelly C, Khoruts A, Louie T, Martinelli LP, Moore TA, Russell G, Surawicz C | title = Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation | journal = Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 1044–1049 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21871249 | pmc = 3223289 | doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.08.014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Donor selection ===

Before the procedure, doctors need to carefully select and screen possible donors. Close relatives are often chosen because screening them can be easier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Tilg H, Rajilić-Stojanović M, Kump P, Satokari R, Sokol H, Arkkila P, Pintus C, Hart A, Segal J, Aloi M, Masucci L, Molinaro A, Scaldaferri F, Gasbarrini G, Lopez-Sanroman A, Link A, de Groot P, de Vos WM, Högenauer C, Malfertheiner P, Mattila E, Milosavljević T, Nieuwdorp M, Sanguinetti M, Simren M, Gasbarrini A | title = European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice | journal = Gut | volume = 66 | issue = 4 | pages = 569–580 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28087657 | pmc = 5529972 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
However, when treating active ''C. diff.'' infection, family members and close contacts fit be more likely to carry the bacteria themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt; The screening process include medical history questions, checking for different long-term diseases (for example irritable bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal cancer, and others),&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Woodworth MH, Carpentieri C, Sitchenko KL, Kraft CS | title = Challenges in fecal donor selection and screening for fecal microbiota transplantation: A review | journal = Gut Microbes | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 225–237 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28129018 | pmc = 5479407 | doi = 10.1080/19490976.2017.1286006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jørgensen SM, Hansen MM, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation: establishment of a clinical application framework | journal = European Journal of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 29 | issue = 11 | pages = e36–e45 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 28863010 | doi = 10.1097/meg.0000000000000958 | s2cid = 25600294 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Terveer EM, van Beurden YH, Goorhuis A, Seegers JF, Bauer MP, van Nood E, Dijkgraaf MG, Mulder CJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Verspaget HW, Keller JJ, Kuijper EJ | title = How to: Establish and run a stool bank | journal = Clinical Microbiology and Infection | volume = 23 | issue = 12 | pages = 924–930 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 28529025 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.05.015 | hdl-access = free | doi-access = free | hdl = 1887/117537 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and laboratory tests to check for harmful gut infections (for example CMV, ''C. diff.'', salmonella, Giardia, gut parasites, and others).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt;

=== Specimen preparation ===

There are no agreed laboratory standards for preparing FMT samples,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt; so recommendations differ about the amount of stool material needed. The amount can range from {{convert|30|to|100|g|abbr=off}} of fecal material for effective treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drekonja_2015&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Merenstein2015&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;/&gt;

Fresh stool dey be used because e helps bacteria inside the stool stay alive,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;/&gt; and samples are normally prepared within 6–8 hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;/&gt;

The sample is then mixed with 2.5–5 times its volume using either normal saline,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt; sterile water,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt; or 4% milk.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt;

Some places use mortar and pestle to mix the sample with the liquid,&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;/&gt; while others use blender.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;/&gt; There are concerns about using blender because air entering the mixture fit reduce effectiveness&lt;ref name=&quot;BorodyKhoruts2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Borody TJ, Khoruts A | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications | journal = Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 88–96 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22183182 | doi = 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.244 | s2cid = 16747221 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and also spread fecal particles into the air, contaminating the preparation area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;/&gt;

The mixture is then filtered and moved into a container for administration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;/&gt;

If the mixture will be used later, it can be frozen after adding 10% glycerol,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jorgensen2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Terveer2017&quot;/&gt; and studies show say the frozen sample can work almost the same way as fresh samples.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cammarota2017&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Merenstein2015&quot;/&gt;

The fecal transplant material is prepared and given inside a clinical environment so that safety measures can be followed.&lt;ref name=&quot;BorodyKhoruts2011&quot;/&gt;

=== Administration ===

After the fecal material become a suspension, doctors fit give am through nasogastric and nasoduodenal tubes, through a colonoscope, or as a retention enema.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken&quot;/&gt;

== Mechanism of action ==

One explanation for how fecal microbiota transplant works is based on bacterial interference. This means using harmless bacteria to remove harmful organisms by competing with them for space and resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Khoruts A, Sadowsky MJ | title = Understanding the mechanisms of faecal microbiota transplantation | journal = Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 508–516 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27329806 | pmc = 5909819 | doi = 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.98 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For CDI, the harmful ''C. difficile'' organism can be identified clearly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly CR, Kahn S, Kashyap P, Laine L, Rubin D, Atreja A, Moore T, Wu G | title = Update on Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms, and Outlook | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 149 | issue = 1 | pages = 223–237 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25982290 | pmc = 4755303 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Recently, one pilot study involving five patients show say sterile fecal filtrate get similar effectiveness like normal FMT when treating repeated CDI infections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ott SJ, Waetzig GH, Rehman A, Moltzau-Anderson J, Bharti R, Grasis JA, Cassidy L, Tholey A, Fickenscher H, Seegert D, Rosenstiel P, Schreiber S | title = Efficacy of Sterile Fecal Filtrate Transfer for Treating Patients With Clostridium difficile Infection | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 152 | issue = 4 | pages = 799–811.e7 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27866880 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.010 | hdl-access = free | doi-access = free | hdl = 21.11116/0000-0002-F84B-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The conclusion from this study be say soluble parts inside the filtered stool, such as bacteriophages, metabolites, and bacterial parts like enzymes, fit be the main things responsible for FMT effectiveness instead of complete living bacteria.

Researchers have now shown say the short-chain fatty acid valerate dey restored in human stool samples from CDI patients and in a laboratory model of repeated CDI after FMT, but this no happen through stopping antibiotics alone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McDonald JA, Mullish BH, Pechlivanis A, Liu Z, Brignardello J, Kao D, Holmes E, Li JV, Clarke TB, Thursz MR, Marchesi JR | title = Inhibiting Growth of Clostridioides difficile by Restoring Valerate, Produced by the Intestinal Microbiota | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 155 | issue = 5 | pages = 1495–1507.e15 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30025704 | pmc = 6347096 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this, valerate fit be one important factor behind how FMT works.

Other studies find out say there are quick but long-lasting changes in the gut bacteriophage community after successful FMT. This include the new patient receiving bacteriophages from the donor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zuo T, Wong SH, Lam K, Lui R, Cheung K, Tang W, Ching JY, Chan PK, Chan MC, Wu JC, Chan FK, Yu J, Sung JJ, Ng SC | title = Bacteriophage transfer during faecal microbiota transplantation in ''Clostridium difficile'' infection is associated with treatment outcome | journal = Gut | volume = 67 | issue = 4 | pages = 634–643 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 28539351 | pmc = 5868238 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313952 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Draper LA, Ryan FJ, Smith MK, Jalanka J, Mattila E, Arkkila PA, Ross RP, Satokari R, Hill C | title = Long-term colonisation with donor bacteriophages following successful faecal microbial transplantation | journal = Microbiome | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | article-number = 220 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30526683 | pmc = 6288847 | doi = 10.1186/s40168-018-0598-x | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

This area dey receive attention as another possible explanation for how FMT works.

But for other diseases like ulcerative colitis, researchers no find one specific cause or organism responsible yet.&lt;ref name=&quot;zhang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang YJ, Li S, Gan RY, Zhou T, Xu DP, Li HB | title = Impacts of gut bacteria on human health and diseases | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 7493–7519 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25849657 | pmc = 4425030 | doi = 10.3390/ijms16047493 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, studying changes in gut microbiome and metabolites after FMT treatment for ulcerative colitis has helped researchers identify some possible important factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Paramsothy S, Nielsen S, Kamm MA, Deshpande NP, Faith JJ, Clemente JC, Paramsothy R, Walsh AJ, van den Bogaerde J, Samuel D, Leong RW, Connor S, Ng W, Lin E, Borody TJ, Wilkins MR, Colombel JF, Mitchell HM, Kaakoush NO | title = Specific Bacteria and Metabolites Associated With Response to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 156 | issue = 5 | pages = 1440–1454.e2 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30529583 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.001 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1959.4/unsworks_64257 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

The first record of using donor feces as a treatment for food poisoning and diarrhea come from the ''Handbook of Emergency Medicine'' written by a Chinese man called Hong Ge during the 4th century.

About 1,200 years later, a Ming dynasty doctor called Li Shizhen used &quot;yellow soup&quot; (also called &quot;golden syrup&quot;), which contained fresh, dry, or fermented stool, to treat stomach and abdominal diseases.&lt;ref name=gerke&gt;{{cite web| vauthors = Gerke H |title=Whats the lowdown on 'fecal transplantation'?|url=http://medcom.uiowa.edu/health/fecal-transplantation/|website=Health at Iowa|publisher=U of Iowa|access-date=January 14, 2015|date=December 2014|archive-date=March 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314080738/http://medcom.uiowa.edu/health/fecal-transplantation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;yellow soup&quot; was made from fecal material mixed with water, and the patient drank it.&lt;ref name=JHC13&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/therapeutic_poop_hope_for_cure_of_childhood_diarrhea_comes_straight_from_the_gut|title=Therapeutic Poop: Hope for Cure of Childhood Diarrhea Comes Straight from the Gut|work=The Johns Hopkins Children's Center|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University|date=July 29, 2013|access-date=March 31, 2019|archive-date=March 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331170602/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/therapeutic_poop_hope_for_cure_of_childhood_diarrhea_comes_straight_from_the_gut|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inflammaging</title>
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        <username>Achiri Bitamsimli</username>
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      <comment>I don start an article</comment>
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{{short description|Chronic low-grade inflammation wey dey develop as people grow old}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Inflammaging Schematic Image.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Things wey dey involve for inflammaging: Ageing dey cause problems for how cells dey maintain balance, and this one dey lead to inflammaging wey dey make pro-inflammatory cytokines release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BioRender|url=https://biorender.com/|access-date=29 November 2021|website=BioRender|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Inflammaging''' (wey dem also dey call '''inflamm-aging''' or '''inflamm-ageing''') be chronic, sterile, low-grade [[inflammation]] wey dey happen when person grow old, without any clear infection, and e fit contribute to signs and effects of other diseases wey come with ageing. Scientists think say inflammaging dey happen because body lose proper control over general inflammation, and this one dey cause too much and continuous activation of the [[innate immune system]]. Inflammaging be one important risk factor wey fit increase [[mortality rate|death rate]] and [[morbidity]] (sickness and health problems) among old people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Alberro|first1=Ainhoa|last2=Iribarren-Lopez|first2=Andrea|last3=Sáenz-Cuesta|first3=Matías|last4=Matheu|first4=Ander|last5=Vergara|first5=Itziar|last6=Otaegui|first6=David|date=23 February 2021|title=Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4358|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-83991-7 |pmid=33623057| pmc=7902838|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.4358A|s2cid=232039252|issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid =  34536213 |pmc=8449217 | doi = 10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6 | volume=64 | title=Immunology of Aging: the Birth of Inflammaging | year=2023 | journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol | pages=109–122 | last1 = Fulop | first1 = T | last2 = Larbi | first2 = A | last3 = Pawelec | first3 = G | last4 = Khalil | first4 = A | last5 = Cohen | first5 = AA | last6 = Hirokawa | first6 = K | last7 = Witkowski | first7 = JM | last8 = Franceschi | first8 = C |issue=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dugan | first1 = B. | last2 = Conway | first2 = J. | last3 = Duggal | first3 = N. A. | year = 2023 | title = Inflammaging as a target for healthy ageing | url = | journal = Age and Ageing | volume =  52| issue = 2| article-number = afac328 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afac328 | pmid = 36735849 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inflammation be very important because e dey protect the body against viruses, bacteria, and other [[Noxious stimulus|harmful things]]. E also be part of the healing process, but when inflammation continue for long time, e fit cause problems. The way inflammation network dey work dey change as people grow old, and things like genes, lifestyle, and environment dey contribute to these changes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rea|first1=Irene Maeve|last2=Gibson|first2=David S.|last3=McGilligan|first3=Victoria|last4=McNerlan|first4=Susan E.|last5=Alexander|first5=H. Denis|last6=Ross|first6=Owen A.|date=9 April 2018|title=Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=9|article-number=586|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586|issn=1664-3224|pmc=5900450|pmid=29686666|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Current research about inflammaging dey focus on understanding how different molecular pathways wey control ageing and inflammation dey interact, and how dem dey change as chronological age increase.

== Characteristics ==

As person dey grow old, the body immune system response control and adjustment become weak and less accurate, just like other body systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; Scientists believe say changes for immune system among old people dey happen because body no fit control [[systemic inflammation]] well again. As age dey increase, the number of [[lymphocyte]]s wey body dey produce dey reduce, and the type and quality of mature lymphocytes dey change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Montecino-Rodriguez E, Berent-Maoz B, Dorshkind K|date=March 2013|title=Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=123|issue=3|pages=958–65|doi=10.1172/JCI64096|pmc=3582124|pmid=23454758}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though the effectiveness of [[adaptive immune system]] dey reduce, the natural immune mechanisms dey become too active and less accurate. This one dey cause increase in pro-inflammatory features wey contribute to &quot;inflammaging.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; The [[secretome]] of ageing [[Mesenchymal stem cell|mesenchymal stem and stromal cells (MSCs)]] get effects on immune control and e dey help drive diseases related to inflammaging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=B.C. |last2=Yu |first2=K.R. |date=2020 |title=Impact of mesenchymal stem cell senescence on inflammaging |journal=BMB Reports |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.5483/BMBRep.2020.53.2.291 |issn=1976-670X |pmc=7061209 |pmid=31964472}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lyamina |first1=S. |last2=Baranovskii |first2=D. |last3=Kozhevnikova |first3=E. |last4=Ivanova |first4=T. |last5=Kalish |first5=S. |last6=Sadekov |first6=T. |last7=Klabukov |first7=I. |last8=Maev |first8=I. |last9=Govorun |first9=V. |date=2023 |title=Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Driver of Inflammaging |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=6372 |doi=10.3390/ijms24076372 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=10094085 |pmid=37047346 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

All these things together dey make immune system response against germs become less effective and dey cause chronic inflammation throughout the body.
== Causes ==

Inflammaging be a complex problem wey affect the whole body, and e likely dey come from many different factors.

=== Inflammasome activation ===
[[File:3_Models_of_NLRP3_Inflammasome_Activation.png|thumb|376x376px|Inflammasome activation and assembly: Release of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to inflammasome assembly after DAMP / PAMP binding]]

Too much activation of the [[inflammasome]] be one way wey dey contribute to inflammaging. The inflammasome be a group of many proteins wey include a sensor, an adapter, and an effector. When e become active, e dey control [[caspase]]s wey dey cut cytokines and cause inflammatory signalling response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Latz|first1=Eicke|last2=Duewell|first2=Peter|date=1 December 2018|title=NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammaging|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104453231830068X|journal=Seminars in Immunology|language=en|volume=40|pages=61–73|doi=10.1016/j.smim.2018.09.001|pmid=30268598|s2cid=52890879|issn=1044-5323|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sebastian-Valverde|first1=Maria|last2=Pasinetti|first2=Giulio M.|date=June 2020|title=The NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Critical Actor in the Inflammaging Process|journal=Cells|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1552|doi=10.3390/cells9061552|pmid=32604771|pmc=7348816|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Receptors wey dey on the surface of cells dey work as sensors to detect damage and germs. When this system activate, e fit cause [[Pro-inflammatory cytokine|pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion]] and sometimes lead to cell death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Swanson|first1=Karen V.|last2=Deng|first2=Meng|last3=Ting|first3=Jenny P.-Y.|date=August 2019|title=The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics|journal=Nature Reviews Immunology|language=en|volume=19|issue=8|pages=477–489|doi=10.1038/s41577-019-0165-0|issn=1474-1733|pmc=7807242|pmid=31036962}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Ankit|last2=Kanneganti|first2=Thirumala-Devi|date=1 December 2017|title=Inflammasome activation and assembly at a glance|journal=Journal of Cell Science|volume=130|issue=23|pages=3955–3963|doi=10.1242/jcs.207365|issn=1477-9137|pmc=5769591|pmid=29196474}}&lt;/ref&gt; The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines be the final response wey happen after these signals.

Things wey fit encourage inflammasome assembly include [[pathogen-associated molecular pattern]]s (PAMPS), [[Damage-associated molecular pattern|damage associated molecular patterns]] (DAMPS), nutrients, and the [[microbiota]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid248335862&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Franceschi C, Campisi J|year=2014|title=Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases|url=https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/69/Suppl_1/S4/587037|journal=[[The Journals of Gerontology#Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences|Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences]]|volume=69|issue=Supp 1|pages=s4–s9|doi=10.1093/gerona/glu057|pmid=24833586|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These different self, non-self, and almost self molecules dey get recognition from [[Pattern recognition receptor|receptors of innate immune cells]]. Because these receptors fit respond to many different signals, dem fit easily cause activation and inflammation.

Examples of things wey act as PAMPS include viral and bacterial infections, such as [[cytomegalovirus]] and [[periodontitis]]. Examples of DAMPS include wrongly folded proteins, oxidized proteins, damaged cells, and the body's own nucleic acids.

=== Generation of reactive oxygen species ===

Apart from inflammasome activation, as people grow old, parts of cells dey collect [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS). These free radicals fit damage DNA, lipids, and proteins, and dem fit cause [[cellular senescence]]. This one dey happen together with reduction in the body's ability to repair [[DNA repair|DNA damage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Nimrat|last2=Walker|first2=Graham C.|date=June 2017|title=Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair and mutagenesis|journal=Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis|volume=58|issue=5|pages=235–263|doi=10.1002/em.22087|issn=0893-6692|pmc=5474181|pmid=28485537|bibcode=2017EnvMM..58..235C }}&lt;/ref&gt;

This process dey lead to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to low-level but long-lasting inflammation without the presence of infection or direct damage. Instead, the body dey respond to damaged molecules from itself, such as oxidized nucleotides.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Zuo|last2=Prather|last3=Stetskiv|last4=Garrison|last5=Meade|last6=Peace|last7=Zhou|date=10 September 2019|title=Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Treatments|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|language=en|volume=20|issue=18|pages=4472|doi=10.3390/ijms20184472|issn=1422-0067|pmc=6769561|pmid=31510091|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SASP phenotype ===

Groups of [[Cellular senescence|senescent cell]]s increase as people grow old and dey release a mixture of inflammatory chemicals. This condition be known as [[senescence-associated secretory phenotype]] (SASP).&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid248335862&quot; /&gt;

Cells with SASP dey stop dividing, dey release inflammatory substances, and get a special shape. These cells dey encourage tissue damage and fit spread to other areas through the inflammatory molecules wey dem release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gordleeva|first1=Susanna|last2=Kanakov|first2=Oleg|last3=Ivanchenko|first3=Mikhail|last4=Zaikin|first4=Alexey|last5=Franceschi|first5=Claudio|date=1 October 2020|title=Brain aging and garbage cleaning|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-020-00816-x|journal=Seminars in Immunopathology|language=en|volume=42|issue=5|pages=647–665|doi=10.1007/s00281-020-00816-x|pmid=33034735|s2cid=222235623|issn=1863-2300|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This contributes to inflammaging because these inflammatory substances activate the innate immune system and later weaken its proper function.
=== Functional decline in autophagy and mitophagy ===

Another thing wey contribute to inflammaging be the reduction in effective [[autophagy]] and [[mitophagy]] processes. These processes be very important for cleaning and maintaining cells because dem help prevent [[protein aggregation]] and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria wey dey produce plenty reactive oxygen species.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Salminen|first1=Antero|last2=Kaarniranta|first2=Kai|last3=Kauppinen|first3=Anu|date=March 2012|title=Inflammaging: disturbed interplay between autophagy and inflammasomes|journal=Aging|volume=4|issue=3|pages=166–175|doi=10.18632/aging.100444|issn=1945-4589|pmc=3348477|pmid=22411934}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When autophagy process no dey work well, damaged proteins dey gather inside cells. As inflammasome accuracy reduces with age, these collected materials, wey normally suppose be removed, fit be seen as germs by the body and trigger inflammatory response. This one contributes to inflammaging and also plays a role in many neurodegenerative diseases.

=== Other factors ===

Other possible things wey fit cause inflamm-aging include [[insufficient sleep]], [[overnutrition]], [[sensory overload]], [[physical inactivity]], changes in the [[gut microbiome]], weak intestinal epithelial barrier, and [[chronic stress]] wey can happen at any stage of a person's life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Parini P, Giuliani C, Santoro A|date=October 2018|title=Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases|journal=Nature Reviews. Endocrinology|volume=14|issue=10|pages=576–590|doi=10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4|pmid=30046148|hdl-access=free|hdl=11585/675065|s2cid=50785788}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Meier J, Sturm A|year=2009|title=The intestinal epithelial barrier: does it become impaired with age?|journal=Digestive Diseases|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=240–5|doi=10.1159/000228556|pmid=19786747|s2cid=40407420}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Preacher KJ, MacCallum RC, Atkinson C, Malarkey WB, Glaser R|date=July 2003|title=Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=100|issue=15|pages=9090–5|bibcode=2003PNAS..100.9090K|doi=10.1073/pnas.1531903100|pmc=166443|pmid=12840146|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fat tissue too fit release cytokines wey have inflammatory effects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Pedersen M, Bruunsgaard H, Weis N, Hendel HW, Andreassen BU, Eldrup E, Dela F, Pedersen BK|date=April 2003|title=Circulating levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6-relation to truncal fat mass and muscle mass in healthy elderly individuals and in patients with type-2 diabetes|journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development|volume=124|issue=4|pages=495–502|doi=10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00027-7|pmid=12714258|s2cid=20234017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biomarkers of inflammaging ==

[[File:TNF-Mediated_Death_and_Survival_Pathways.png|thumb|TNF mediated cell survival and death pathway: TNF binding to receptors induces apoptosis and necrosis through various signaling pathways.]]

[[Cytokine]]s dey serve as biomarkers for inflammaging because dem show signs of inflammation and play important roles in controlling pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses. Cytokines be small proteins wey different types of cells dey release, and dem be very important for studies about ageing and long life.

Research about ageing show say a good balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine release dey connect with healthy ageing. But when this balance spoil, e fit lead to inflammaging, unhealthy ageing patterns, and other diseases related to ageing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;/&gt;

Currently, levels of [[TNF]], [[Interleukin 6|IL-6]] and [[Interleukin-1 family|IL-1]] fit be used as inflammatory biomarkers to show frailty, changes in immune system, reduction in body function, and death risk connected with inflammaging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Fulop|first1=Tamas|chapter=Are There Reliable Biomarkers for Immunosenescence and Inflammaging?|year=2019|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24970-0_15|title=Biomarkers of Human Aging|pages=231–251|editor-last=Moskalev|editor-first=Alexey|series=Healthy Ageing and Longevity|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-24970-0_15|isbn=978-3-030-24970-0|access-date=27 November 2021|last2=Cohen|first2=Alan|last3=Wong|first3=Glenn|last4=Witkowski|first4=Jacek M.|last5=Larbi|first5=Anis|volume=10 |s2cid=203442315|chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Biomarkers of immune ageing also exist, and dem involve changes in T cells, [[CD4+/CD8+ ratio|CD4/CD8]] ratios, and the SASP phenotype. Together, these biomarkers may not always directly show clinical results. Finding more reliable biomarkers for inflammation and ageing continue to be an important area of research.

=== Interleukin 6 ===

IL-6 be a pro-inflammatory substance, and many cells of the immune system as well as non-immune cells like [[fibroblast]]s fit produce am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Brábek|first1=Jan|last2=Jakubek|first2=Milan|last3=Vellieux|first3=Fréderic|last4=Novotný|first4=Jiří|last5=Kolář|first5=Michal|last6=Lacina|first6=Lukáš|last7=Szabo|first7=Pavol|last8=Strnadová|first8=Karolína|last9=Rösel|first9=Daniel|last10=Dvořánková|first10=Barbora|last11=Smetana|first11=Karel|date=26 October 2020|title=Interleukin-6: Molecule in the Intersection of Cancer, Ageing and COVID-19|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=21|issue=21|pages=7937|doi=10.3390/ijms21217937|issn=1422-0067|pmc=7662856|pmid=33114676|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This cytokine dey appear in different body organs like lungs, fat tissue, muscles, and brain. For young adults, the amount of this cytokine normally low or no dey show, but as people grow old, the level dey increase and become very high among elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;/&gt;

High IL-6 levels also dey connect with disability and higher death risk among old people. Plenty IL-6 inside blood dey associate with problems like poor thinking ability, difficulty moving, and depression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;</text>
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{{short description|Chronic low-grade inflammation wey dey develop as people grow old}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Inflammaging Schematic Image.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Things wey dey involve for inflammaging: Ageing dey cause problems for how cells dey maintain balance, and this one dey lead to inflammaging wey dey make pro-inflammatory cytokines release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BioRender|url=https://biorender.com/|access-date=29 November 2021|website=BioRender|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Inflammaging''' (wey dem also dey call '''inflamm-aging''' or '''inflamm-ageing''') be chronic, sterile, low-grade [[inflammation]] wey dey happen when person grow old, without any clear infection, and e fit contribute to signs and effects of other diseases wey come with ageing. Scientists think say inflammaging dey happen because body lose proper control over general inflammation, and this one dey cause too much and continuous activation of the [[innate immune system]]. Inflammaging be one important risk factor wey fit increase [[mortality rate|death rate]] and [[morbidity]] (sickness and health problems) among old people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Alberro|first1=Ainhoa|last2=Iribarren-Lopez|first2=Andrea|last3=Sáenz-Cuesta|first3=Matías|last4=Matheu|first4=Ander|last5=Vergara|first5=Itziar|last6=Otaegui|first6=David|date=23 February 2021|title=Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4358|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-83991-7 |pmid=33623057| pmc=7902838|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.4358A|s2cid=232039252|issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid =  34536213 |pmc=8449217 | doi = 10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6 | volume=64 | title=Immunology of Aging: the Birth of Inflammaging | year=2023 | journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol | pages=109–122 | last1 = Fulop | first1 = T | last2 = Larbi | first2 = A | last3 = Pawelec | first3 = G | last4 = Khalil | first4 = A | last5 = Cohen | first5 = AA | last6 = Hirokawa | first6 = K | last7 = Witkowski | first7 = JM | last8 = Franceschi | first8 = C |issue=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dugan | first1 = B. | last2 = Conway | first2 = J. | last3 = Duggal | first3 = N. A. | year = 2023 | title = Inflammaging as a target for healthy ageing | url = | journal = Age and Ageing | volume =  52| issue = 2| article-number = afac328 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afac328 | pmid = 36735849 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inflammation be very important because e dey protect the body against viruses, bacteria, and other [[Noxious stimulus|harmful things]]. E also be part of the healing process, but when inflammation continue for long time, e fit cause problems. The way inflammation network dey work dey change as people grow old, and things like genes, lifestyle, and environment dey contribute to these changes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rea|first1=Irene Maeve|last2=Gibson|first2=David S.|last3=McGilligan|first3=Victoria|last4=McNerlan|first4=Susan E.|last5=Alexander|first5=H. Denis|last6=Ross|first6=Owen A.|date=9 April 2018|title=Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=9|article-number=586|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586|issn=1664-3224|pmc=5900450|pmid=29686666|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Current research about inflammaging dey focus on understanding how different molecular pathways wey control ageing and inflammation dey interact, and how dem dey change as chronological age increase.

== Characteristics ==

As person dey grow old, the body immune system response control and adjustment become weak and less accurate, just like other body systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; Scientists believe say changes for immune system among old people dey happen because body no fit control [[systemic inflammation]] well again. As age dey increase, the number of [[lymphocyte]]s wey body dey produce dey reduce, and the type and quality of mature lymphocytes dey change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Montecino-Rodriguez E, Berent-Maoz B, Dorshkind K|date=March 2013|title=Causes, consequences, and reversal of immune system aging|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=123|issue=3|pages=958–65|doi=10.1172/JCI64096|pmc=3582124|pmid=23454758}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even though the effectiveness of [[adaptive immune system]] dey reduce, the natural immune mechanisms dey become too active and less accurate. This one dey cause increase in pro-inflammatory features wey contribute to &quot;inflammaging.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; The [[secretome]] of ageing [[Mesenchymal stem cell|mesenchymal stem and stromal cells (MSCs)]] get effects on immune control and e dey help drive diseases related to inflammaging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=B.C. |last2=Yu |first2=K.R. |date=2020 |title=Impact of mesenchymal stem cell senescence on inflammaging |journal=BMB Reports |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.5483/BMBRep.2020.53.2.291 |issn=1976-670X |pmc=7061209 |pmid=31964472}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lyamina |first1=S. |last2=Baranovskii |first2=D. |last3=Kozhevnikova |first3=E. |last4=Ivanova |first4=T. |last5=Kalish |first5=S. |last6=Sadekov |first6=T. |last7=Klabukov |first7=I. |last8=Maev |first8=I. |last9=Govorun |first9=V. |date=2023 |title=Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Driver of Inflammaging |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=6372 |doi=10.3390/ijms24076372 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=10094085 |pmid=37047346 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

All these things together dey make immune system response against germs become less effective and dey cause chronic inflammation throughout the body.
== Causes ==

Inflammaging be a complex problem wey affect the whole body, and e likely dey come from many different factors.

=== Inflammasome activation ===
[[File:3_Models_of_NLRP3_Inflammasome_Activation.png|thumb|376x376px|Inflammasome activation and assembly: Release of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to inflammasome assembly after DAMP / PAMP binding]]

Too much activation of the [[inflammasome]] be one way wey dey contribute to inflammaging. The inflammasome be a group of many proteins wey include a sensor, an adapter, and an effector. When e become active, e dey control [[caspase]]s wey dey cut cytokines and cause inflammatory signalling response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Latz|first1=Eicke|last2=Duewell|first2=Peter|date=1 December 2018|title=NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammaging|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104453231830068X|journal=Seminars in Immunology|language=en|volume=40|pages=61–73|doi=10.1016/j.smim.2018.09.001|pmid=30268598|s2cid=52890879|issn=1044-5323|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sebastian-Valverde|first1=Maria|last2=Pasinetti|first2=Giulio M.|date=June 2020|title=The NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Critical Actor in the Inflammaging Process|journal=Cells|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=1552|doi=10.3390/cells9061552|pmid=32604771|pmc=7348816|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Receptors wey dey on the surface of cells dey work as sensors to detect damage and germs. When this system activate, e fit cause [[Pro-inflammatory cytokine|pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion]] and sometimes lead to cell death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Swanson|first1=Karen V.|last2=Deng|first2=Meng|last3=Ting|first3=Jenny P.-Y.|date=August 2019|title=The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics|journal=Nature Reviews Immunology|language=en|volume=19|issue=8|pages=477–489|doi=10.1038/s41577-019-0165-0|issn=1474-1733|pmc=7807242|pmid=31036962}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Ankit|last2=Kanneganti|first2=Thirumala-Devi|date=1 December 2017|title=Inflammasome activation and assembly at a glance|journal=Journal of Cell Science|volume=130|issue=23|pages=3955–3963|doi=10.1242/jcs.207365|issn=1477-9137|pmc=5769591|pmid=29196474}}&lt;/ref&gt; The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines be the final response wey happen after these signals.

Things wey fit encourage inflammasome assembly include [[pathogen-associated molecular pattern]]s (PAMPS), [[Damage-associated molecular pattern|damage associated molecular patterns]] (DAMPS), nutrients, and the [[microbiota]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid248335862&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Franceschi C, Campisi J|year=2014|title=Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases|url=https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/69/Suppl_1/S4/587037|journal=[[The Journals of Gerontology#Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences|Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences]]|volume=69|issue=Supp 1|pages=s4–s9|doi=10.1093/gerona/glu057|pmid=24833586|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These different self, non-self, and almost self molecules dey get recognition from [[Pattern recognition receptor|receptors of innate immune cells]]. Because these receptors fit respond to many different signals, dem fit easily cause activation and inflammation.

Examples of things wey act as PAMPS include viral and bacterial infections, such as [[cytomegalovirus]] and [[periodontitis]]. Examples of DAMPS include wrongly folded proteins, oxidized proteins, damaged cells, and the body's own nucleic acids.

=== Generation of reactive oxygen species ===

Apart from inflammasome activation, as people grow old, parts of cells dey collect [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS). These free radicals fit damage DNA, lipids, and proteins, and dem fit cause [[cellular senescence]]. This one dey happen together with reduction in the body's ability to repair [[DNA repair|DNA damage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Nimrat|last2=Walker|first2=Graham C.|date=June 2017|title=Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair and mutagenesis|journal=Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis|volume=58|issue=5|pages=235–263|doi=10.1002/em.22087|issn=0893-6692|pmc=5474181|pmid=28485537|bibcode=2017EnvMM..58..235C }}&lt;/ref&gt;

This process dey lead to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to low-level but long-lasting inflammation without the presence of infection or direct damage. Instead, the body dey respond to damaged molecules from itself, such as oxidized nucleotides.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Zuo|last2=Prather|last3=Stetskiv|last4=Garrison|last5=Meade|last6=Peace|last7=Zhou|date=10 September 2019|title=Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Treatments|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|language=en|volume=20|issue=18|pages=4472|doi=10.3390/ijms20184472|issn=1422-0067|pmc=6769561|pmid=31510091|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SASP phenotype ===

Groups of [[Cellular senescence|senescent cell]]s increase as people grow old and dey release a mixture of inflammatory chemicals. This condition be known as [[senescence-associated secretory phenotype]] (SASP).&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid248335862&quot; /&gt;

Cells with SASP dey stop dividing, dey release inflammatory substances, and get a special shape. These cells dey encourage tissue damage and fit spread to other areas through the inflammatory molecules wey dem release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gordleeva|first1=Susanna|last2=Kanakov|first2=Oleg|last3=Ivanchenko|first3=Mikhail|last4=Zaikin|first4=Alexey|last5=Franceschi|first5=Claudio|date=1 October 2020|title=Brain aging and garbage cleaning|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-020-00816-x|journal=Seminars in Immunopathology|language=en|volume=42|issue=5|pages=647–665|doi=10.1007/s00281-020-00816-x|pmid=33034735|s2cid=222235623|issn=1863-2300|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This contributes to inflammaging because these inflammatory substances activate the innate immune system and later weaken its proper function.
=== Functional decline in autophagy and mitophagy ===

Another thing wey contribute to inflammaging be the reduction in effective [[autophagy]] and [[mitophagy]] processes. These processes be very important for cleaning and maintaining cells because dem help prevent [[protein aggregation]] and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria wey dey produce plenty reactive oxygen species.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Salminen|first1=Antero|last2=Kaarniranta|first2=Kai|last3=Kauppinen|first3=Anu|date=March 2012|title=Inflammaging: disturbed interplay between autophagy and inflammasomes|journal=Aging|volume=4|issue=3|pages=166–175|doi=10.18632/aging.100444|issn=1945-4589|pmc=3348477|pmid=22411934}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When autophagy process no dey work well, damaged proteins dey gather inside cells. As inflammasome accuracy reduces with age, these collected materials, wey normally suppose be removed, fit be seen as germs by the body and trigger inflammatory response. This one contributes to inflammaging and also plays a role in many neurodegenerative diseases.

=== Other factors ===

Other possible things wey fit cause inflamm-aging include [[insufficient sleep]], [[overnutrition]], [[sensory overload]], [[physical inactivity]], changes in the [[gut microbiome]], weak intestinal epithelial barrier, and [[chronic stress]] wey can happen at any stage of a person's life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Parini P, Giuliani C, Santoro A|date=October 2018|title=Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases|journal=Nature Reviews. Endocrinology|volume=14|issue=10|pages=576–590|doi=10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4|pmid=30046148|hdl-access=free|hdl=11585/675065|s2cid=50785788}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Meier J, Sturm A|year=2009|title=The intestinal epithelial barrier: does it become impaired with age?|journal=Digestive Diseases|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=240–5|doi=10.1159/000228556|pmid=19786747|s2cid=40407420}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Preacher KJ, MacCallum RC, Atkinson C, Malarkey WB, Glaser R|date=July 2003|title=Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=100|issue=15|pages=9090–5|bibcode=2003PNAS..100.9090K|doi=10.1073/pnas.1531903100|pmc=166443|pmid=12840146|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fat tissue too fit release cytokines wey have inflammatory effects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Pedersen M, Bruunsgaard H, Weis N, Hendel HW, Andreassen BU, Eldrup E, Dela F, Pedersen BK|date=April 2003|title=Circulating levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6-relation to truncal fat mass and muscle mass in healthy elderly individuals and in patients with type-2 diabetes|journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development|volume=124|issue=4|pages=495–502|doi=10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00027-7|pmid=12714258|s2cid=20234017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biomarkers of inflammaging ==

[[File:TNF-Mediated_Death_and_Survival_Pathways.png|thumb|TNF mediated cell survival and death pathway: TNF binding to receptors induces apoptosis and necrosis through various signaling pathways.]]

[[Cytokine]]s dey serve as biomarkers for inflammaging because dem show signs of inflammation and play important roles in controlling pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses. Cytokines be small proteins wey different types of cells dey release, and dem be very important for studies about ageing and long life.

Research about ageing show say a good balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine release dey connect with healthy ageing. But when this balance spoil, e fit lead to inflammaging, unhealthy ageing patterns, and other diseases related to ageing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;/&gt;

Currently, levels of [[TNF]], [[Interleukin 6|IL-6]] and [[Interleukin-1 family|IL-1]] fit be used as inflammatory biomarkers to show frailty, changes in immune system, reduction in body function, and death risk connected with inflammaging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Fulop|first1=Tamas|chapter=Are There Reliable Biomarkers for Immunosenescence and Inflammaging?|year=2019|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24970-0_15|title=Biomarkers of Human Aging|pages=231–251|editor-last=Moskalev|editor-first=Alexey|series=Healthy Ageing and Longevity|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-24970-0_15|isbn=978-3-030-24970-0|access-date=27 November 2021|last2=Cohen|first2=Alan|last3=Wong|first3=Glenn|last4=Witkowski|first4=Jacek M.|last5=Larbi|first5=Anis|volume=10 |s2cid=203442315|chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Biomarkers of immune ageing also exist, and dem involve changes in T cells, [[CD4+/CD8+ ratio|CD4/CD8]] ratios, and the SASP phenotype. Together, these biomarkers may not always directly show clinical results. Finding more reliable biomarkers for inflammation and ageing continue to be an important area of research.

=== Interleukin 6 ===

IL-6 be a pro-inflammatory substance, and many cells of the immune system as well as non-immune cells like [[fibroblast]]s fit produce am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Brábek|first1=Jan|last2=Jakubek|first2=Milan|last3=Vellieux|first3=Fréderic|last4=Novotný|first4=Jiří|last5=Kolář|first5=Michal|last6=Lacina|first6=Lukáš|last7=Szabo|first7=Pavol|last8=Strnadová|first8=Karolína|last9=Rösel|first9=Daniel|last10=Dvořánková|first10=Barbora|last11=Smetana|first11=Karel|date=26 October 2020|title=Interleukin-6: Molecule in the Intersection of Cancer, Ageing and COVID-19|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=21|issue=21|pages=7937|doi=10.3390/ijms21217937|issn=1422-0067|pmc=7662856|pmid=33114676|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This cytokine dey appear in different body organs like lungs, fat tissue, muscles, and brain. For young adults, the amount of this cytokine normally low or no dey show, but as people grow old, the level dey increase and become very high among elderly people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;/&gt;

High IL-6 levels also dey connect with disability and higher death risk among old people. Plenty IL-6 inside blood dey associate with problems like poor thinking ability, difficulty moving, and depression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
[[File:TNFa_Crystal_Structure.rsh.png|thumb|Crystal protein structure of tumor necrosis factor.]]

=== Interleukin 1 ===

The interleukin 1 family contain both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory substances, and there be 9 genes wey dey produce different forms of interleukin 1, including [[Il-1a]] and [[IL-1B]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kornman|first=Kenneth S.|date=February 2006|title=Interleukin 1 genetics, inflammatory mechanisms, and nutrigenetic opportunities to modulate diseases of aging|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=83|issue=2|pages=475S–483S|doi=10.1093/ajcn/83.2.475S|issn=0002-9165|pmid=16470016|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IL-1B be one of the most important substances wey dey cause inflammation, and the body control its release carefully because e get strong effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Yazdi|first1=Amir S.|last2=Ghoreschi|first2=Kamran|title=Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in Immunity and Diseases |chapter=The Interleukin-1 Family |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |year=2016|chapter-url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27734407/|volume=941|pages=21–29|doi=10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_2|issn=0065-2598|pmid=27734407|isbn=978-94-024-0919-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IL-1B first dey remain in inactive form. The body activate am through [[Toll-like receptor|toll like receptors]] or [[TNF]], then e need another signal from the [[inflammasome]] before e fit change into the mature and active form.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Tumor necrosis factor ===

[[Tumor necrosis factor]] (TNF) be an inflammatory cytokine wey the body produce during sudden inflammation, and e be an important signalling molecule wey dey cause [[apoptosis]] or [[necrosis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Idriss|first1=H. T.|last2=Naismith|first2=J. H.|date=1 August 2000|title=TNF alpha and the TNF receptor superfamily: structure-function relationship(s)|journal=Microscopy Research and Technique|volume=50|issue=3|pages=184–195|doi=10.1002/1097-0029(20000801)50:3&lt;184::AID-JEMT2&gt;3.0.CO;2-H|issn=1059-910X|pmid=10891884|s2cid=3003943 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

TNF dey perform its functions by connecting to different membrane receptors wey belong to the TNF receptor family. As people grow old, TNF level inside blood dey negatively relate with T cell function.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Frasca|first1=Daniela|last2=Blomberg|first2=Bonnie B.|date=February 2016|title=Inflammaging decreases adaptive and innate immune responses in mice and humans|journal=Biogerontology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=7–19|doi=10.1007/s10522-015-9578-8|issn=1389-5729|pmc=4626429|pmid=25921609}}&lt;/ref&gt;

High TNF levels dey also connect with increased inflammation throughout the body and diseases like [[rheumatoid arthritis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; TNF signalling dey become more active during inflammaging, and e contributes to ageing of cells and weakening of immune system.

== Evolutionary consideration ==

Even though inflammation fit cause problems, evolutionary explanation show say inflammation also serve as protection for human beings. Scientists propose say immune, metabolic, and endocrine systems develop together over time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Franceschi|first1=Claudio|last2=Garagnani|first2=Paolo|last3=Parini|first3=Paolo|last4=Giuliani|first4=Cristina|last5=Santoro|first5=Aurelia|date=October 2018|title=Inflammaging: a new immune–metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-018-0059-4|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|language=en|volume=14|issue=10|pages=576–590|doi=10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4|pmid=30046148|hdl=11585/736269|s2cid=50785788|issn=1759-5037|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For ancient times, hunger and infection from germs be serious dangers to human survival. Inflammation may have helped humans survive when food and clean water no dey plenty and contamination be common.

This explain [[Post prandial|post prandial inflammation]], where the natural immune system activate after eating food. Also, during infection, [[Leptin|leptin synthesis]] dey change and food intake dey reduce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

This reduction help lower the chance of taking in another germ and help protect receptors wey the body need to detect harmful substances instead of reacting to nutrients. This may also explain why reducing calorie intake fit help in managing inflammaging.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Fimmu-11-01648-g002.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Cytokine storm wey SARS-CoV2 infection cause: Infection by SARS-COV 2 dey lead to COVID-19 infection and activate inflammatory features from cells inside the central nervous system and immune system network.]]

These same inflammatory processes fit become harmful for humans in today's world where [[Overnutrition|too much food intake]] dey common. Even though these inflammatory adaptations develop to help survival during food shortage, dem no appear to have developed for times where too much food dey available.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Franceschi|first1=C.|last2=Bonafè|first2=M.|last3=Valensin|first3=S.|last4=Olivieri|first4=F.|last5=De Luca|first5=M.|last6=Ottaviani|first6=E.|last7=De Benedictis|first7=G.|date=June 2000|title=Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=908|issue=1|pages=244–254|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x|issn=0077-8923|pmid=10911963|bibcode=2000NYASA.908..244F|s2cid=1843716}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In today's time, natural selection no longer strongly favors people wey avoid inflammaging because this condition normally happen after the age where reproduction usually occurs.
== Inflammaging and COVID-19 ==

[[Adaptive immune system|Adaptive immunity]], wey involve the body's ability to fight against germs, dey reduce as people grow old.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bartleson|first1=Juliet M.|last2=Radenkovic|first2=Dina|last3=Covarrubias|first3=Anthony J.|last4=Furman|first4=David|last5=Winer|first5=Daniel A.|last6=Verdin|first6=Eric|date=September 2021|title=SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system|journal=Nature Aging|language=en|volume=1|issue=9|pages=769–782|doi=10.1038/s43587-021-00114-7|pmid=34746804|pmc=8570568|issn=2662-8465}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chronic inflammation and [[immunosenescence]] (age-related weakening of the immune system), wey both increase as chronological age dey go up, dey make elderly people more likely to suffer serious and long-lasting effects from viral [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|infection by SARS-CoV2]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Domingues|first1=Renato|last2=Lippi|first2=Alice|last3=Setz|first3=Cristian|last4=Outeiro|first4=Tiago F.|last5=Krisko|first5=Anita|date=29 September 2020|title=SARS-CoV-2, immunosenescence and inflammaging: partners in the COVID-19 crime|journal=Aging (Albany NY)|volume=12|issue=18|pages=18778–18789|doi=10.18632/aging.103989|issn=1945-4589|pmc=7585069|pmid=32991323}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inflammaging itself dey contribute to [[Inflammatory cytokine|pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion]]. When this one join with SARS-CoV2 viral infection, e fit weaken immune system function and cause worse results when the body dey fight against [[COVID-19]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

[[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png|thumb|SARS-CoV2 virus: Coronavirus wey dey cause COVID-19]]

Evidence wey dey available show say SARS-CoV2 fit enter the [[central nervous system]] through the [[lymphatic system]]. The virus get confirmation say e dey present inside capillaries and nerve cells of the frontal lobe among COVID-19 patients.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Other evidence also show say SARS-CoV2 dey present inside [[Cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] of infected patients wey show serious neurological symptoms. Viral infection fit cause neuroinflammation through interactions between nerves and the immune system.

Even though ageing be the biggest risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases like [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimers]], [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], and [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], chronic low-level inflammation and immunosenescence fit become worse because of viral infection.

This worsening fit affect ageing patterns and contribute to development of neurodegenerative diseases. For example, neuroinflammation dey contribute greatly to how serious and how Parkinson's disease dey develop. Infection by the [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]] virus also show connection with development of Parkinson's disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Inflammaging together with COVID-19 infection fit lead to worse health outcomes and contribute to development of neurodegenerative diseases among old people.

== Cardiovascular diseases ==

Inflammaging get connection with higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and scientists increasingly recognize am as an important factor wey dey determine cardiovascular health outcomes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Puspitasari |first1=Yustina M. |last2=Ministrini |first2=Stefano |last3=Schwarz |first3=Lena |last4=Karch |first4=Caroline |last5=Liberale |first5=Luca |last6=Camici |first6=Giovanni G. |date=2022-05-18 |title=Modern Concepts in Cardiovascular Disease: Inflamm-Aging |journal=Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |volume=10 |article-number=882211 |doi=10.3389/fcell.2022.882211 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-634X |pmc=9158480 |pmid=35663390}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ageing]]
[[Category:Biogerontology]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Old age]]</text>
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