Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5968 107435 56223 2026-07-18T10:53:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 107435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Durban University of Technology''' (DUT) be multi-campus university wey dey situate insyd KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Dem form am insyd 2002 wey dey follow de merger of Technikon Natal den ML Sultan Technikon wey na dem initially know am as de Durban Institute of Technology. Eget five campuses insyd Durban, den anoda two insyd Pietermaritzburg. Insyd 2022, na dem approximately enroll 31,991 students make dem study for DUT. De university be one of five technical institutions for de African continent top make dem offer Doctoral Degrees. == History == De Durban University of Technology be result of de merger, insyd April 2002, of two technikons, ML Sultan den Technikon Natal. Na dem name am de Durban Institute of Technology wey later e cam turn de Durban University of Technology insyd 2007.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130430102814/http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Durban%20University%20of%20Technology "Durban University of Technology"]. Sarua.org. Retrieved 2012-08-03.</ref> KwaZulu-Natal ein Indian population begin dey arrive insyd de 1860s make dem primarily work as indentured labourers for de sugar plantations top. Insyd 1927, na dem threaten those plus no formal educational qualifications plus repatriation. Dis threat stimulate adult classes insyd literacy, as well as range of commercial subjects, dem hold insyd mission school den Hindu Institute, buh na e no be til after de Second World War, den thanks to substantial financial support from de public, wey ML Sultan College cam into being. E go be anoda decade, however, before de City Council, now dem preoccupy plus de structures of de first Group Areas Act of 1950, dem allocate suitable land for permanent campus.<ref name=":0" /> Na dem found Natal Technical College insyd 1907 wey immediately e begin dey provide tuition to more dan 350 part-time students. De structures of apartheid as na dem codify thru legislation weigh heavily for dis institution top as well. Insyd 1955 dem take over de college by national education authorities; den for 1967 insyd e cam turn exclusively white institution.<ref name=":0" /> == DUT Council == * Wiseman Madinane be de Chairperson of de University Council. * Brenda Ntombela be de Deputy Chairperson of de University Council. De DUT student body dey elect Student Representative Council annually. == DUT Campuses == * Brickfield Campus, Durban * City Campus, Durban * Indumiso Campus, Pietermaritzburg * ML Sultan Campus, Durban * Ritson Campus, Durban * Riverside Campus, Pietermaritzburg * Steve Biko Campus, Durban == Leadership & Operations == Nonkululeko Nyembezi be de Chancellor of de Durban University of Technology. She be currently de Executive Chairperson of Standard Bank Group wey na she be de former CEO of de Dutch mining group, IchorCoal N.V. De university dey employ 841 academic staff, 51 percent of dem be female den 48 percent dey hold masters den 43 percent doctoral degrees.<ref name=":0" /> Sam of de senior members of de leadership team dey include: * Thandwa Mthembu, Vice-Chancellor den Principal * Vuyo Mthethwa, Deputy-Vice Chancellor: People & Operations * Fulufhelo Nemavhola, Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Research, Innovation & Engagement * Azwitevhelwi Nevhutalu, Interim Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Teaching & Learning * Maditsane Nkonoane, Registrar * Nthanyiseni Dhumazi, Chief Financial Officer De six faculties dey include: * Faculty of Accounting & Informatics * Faculty of Applied Sciences * Faculty of Arts & Design * Faculty of Engineering & de Built Environment * Faculty of Health Sciences * Faculty of Management Sciences Dem dey lead each Faculty by Executive Dean. De academic ambit of DUT dey reside under de Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Teaching & Learning. === DUT Business School === De Durban University of Technology launch de DUT Business School insyd 2021. De Business School dey offer ein fresh Masters of Business Administration (MBA) programme, Postgraduate Diploma in Business Administration (PDBA) programmes, Higher Certificate programmes den variety of Executive Education den short learning programmes. De DUT Business School sanso design tailor-made, in-house programmes den dey collaborate plus corporate, public den non-profit organisations make dem develop den capacitate employees insyd various areas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240617211823/https://dbs.dut.ac.za/ "DUT Business School"]. ''DUT Business School''. Retrieved 2021-05-27.</ref> === Student enrolment === Whilst de Durban University of Technology dey offer contact learning, DUT sanso be member of COIL, wich be de Collaborative Online International Learning consortium. Insyd 2022, na der be 31,991 students dem register. Dis dey include under-graduates, Masters den Doctoral/PhD candidates. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Student Enrollment at Durban University of Technology (2018) !Ethnic Group !Percentage |- |African |85% |- |Indian |12% |- |White |2% |- |Coloured |1% |- |Total |100% |} == Rankings == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |University rankings |- ! colspan="2" |Global – Overall |- !''THE'' World<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "Durban University of Technology"]. ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings''. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</ref> |401-500 (2021) |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''DUT Times Higher Education Ranking 2016 to 2024''' |- !Year !World Rank |- |2024 |1001–1200 |- |2023 |501–600 |- |2022 |401–500 |- |2021 |401–500 |- | colspan="2" |<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2024 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 2024-10-20. Retrieved 2024-02-27.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2023 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 2023-10-20. Retrieved 2024-02-27.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2022 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2024-02-27.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2021 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2024-02-27.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2020 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2024-02-27.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2019 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 2019-10-20. Retrieved 2024-02-27.</ref> |} == Notable alumni == De university get large alumni body. Na Mr Alan Khan be de first Presido of de DUT Convocation insyd 2002. Miss Zama Mncube be de current Presido of de Convocation den Chairperson of de Convocation Executive. She sanso be de first women Presido of de DUT Convocation, after dem elect am to de position insyd 2022. Presidos of de DUT Convocation, for chronological order insyd, dey include: * Mr Alan Khan (2002) * Mr Wiseman Madinane (2008) * Mr Siyabonga Vezi (2016) * Ms Zama Mncube (2022) De university get list of famous alumni, wey dey include: * Gordon Murray - Engineer den designer, McLaren Automotive den Gordon Murray Automotive * Jeremy Maggs - TV news presenter * Alan Khan - radio presenter * Lance Klusener - cricketer * Nthati Moshesh - actress * Celeste Ntuli - comedienne den actress * Black Coffee (DJ) - DJ, record producer, singer den songwriter * Zakes Bantwini - multi-award-winning singer, record producer den businessman * Sarah Richards - sculptor * Schabir Shaik - businessman * Bongiwe Msomi - South Africa national netball team player * Candice Forword - field hockey forward for de South Africa women's national field hockey team * Billy Nair - politician, member of de National Assembly of South Africa, Anti-Apartheid Movement activist den political prisoner insyd Robben Island. * Berry Bickle - artist * Zwakele Mncwango - politician, Provincial Leader of KwaZulu-Natal Democratic Alliance (South Africa) (DA) * Babalo Madikizela - politician, Eastern Cape MEC for Public Works since May 2019 den Member of de Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature since November 2018, provincial treasurer of de African National Congress (ANC) since October 2017. * Mandisa Mashego - politician, member of de Economic Freedom Fighters, party ein provincial chairperson insyd Gauteng from 2018 to 2020, Member of de Gauteng Provincial Legislature from 2014 to 2020. == Honorary Doctorates == * Mrs P Naidoo, April 2008 * Professor E J da Silva (posthumous), April 2008 * Mr Andrew Verster, April 2009 * Dr M Hinoul, April 2009 * Mr J N Kollapen, April 2009 * Mr N Soobben, April 2010 * Dr Imtiaz Sooliman, September 2010 * Mr Gordon Murray, April 2011 * Mr B S Biko (posthumous), April 2011 * Mr M L Sultan (posthumous), April 2011 * Mr R H L Strachan, April 2011 * Professor L Nkosi (posthumous), April 2012 * Ms W Y N Luhabe, April 2012 * Vice-Admiral J R Mudimu, April 2012 * Professor N S Ndebele, April 2012 * Mr S Nxasana, September 2012 * Ms Ela Gandhi, September 2012 * Mr Brand Pretorius, April 2013 * Mr Jay Naidoo, September 2013 * Mrs L G Ngcobo, April 2014 * Mr Sven Peek, April 2014 * Mr Ronnie Govender, April 2014 * Mr Anant Singh, September 2014 * Mr D D B Mkhwanazi, September 2014 * Mr Joseph Shabalala, April 2015 * Mr Richard Maponya, April 2015 * Mr Desmond D’Sa, September 2015 * Mr Ahmed Kathrada, April 2016 * Mrs G T Serobe, September 2016 * Mr Kumi Naidoo, September 2017 * Judge Navanethem Pillay, September 2017 * Dr A M Mlangeni, April 2018 * Ms E N Mahlangu, September 2018 * Mr J Clegg, September 2018 * Mr S Mchunu, September 2018 * Mr W Nzimande, September 2018 * Mr B P Vundla, September 2019 * Professor Z K G Mda, June 2021 * Ms Thembi Mtshali-Jones, July 2022 * Professor Salim Abdool Karim, May 2023 * Ms Gcina Mhlophe, May 2024 == References == <references /> [[Category:Education insyd Durban]] [[Category:Public universities insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2002]] [[Category:2002 establishments insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2002]] 7pmen3jpx1efmkhsh9yxzlij6v6iksc 0 7597 107432 37850 2026-07-18T01:44:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 107432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexandra Luise Wubbels'''<ref>[http://people.utah.edu/uWho/basic.hml?eid=44797745 "Wubbels, Alexandra L"]. ''The University of Utah Campus Directory''. Retrieved December 24, 2017.</ref> (née '''Shaffer'''; born January 23, 1976) be American nurse den former Olympian. As alpine ski competitor, na she be de national champion insyd both de slalom den giant slalom insyd 1999, wey she compete insyd de 1998 den 2002 Winter Olympics as '''Alex Shaffer'''.<ref name=":0">Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417224908/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/alex-shaffer-1.html "Alex Shaffer"]. ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from [https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/alex-shaffer-1.html the original] on April 17, 2020.</ref> Insyd July 2017, na she be involved insyd incident during wich she prevent police from unlawfully obtaining blood from unconscious patient for ein care.<ref name=":1">Manson, Pamela (August 31, 2017). [https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/08/31/utah-nurse-arrested-after-complying-with-hospital-policy-that-bars-taking-blood-from-unconscious-victim/ "Video shows Utah nurse screaming, being handcuffed after refusing to take blood from unconscious victim"]. ''The Salt Lake Tribune''. Retrieved September 3, 2017.</ref> == Early life == Wubbels graduate from Salt Lake City ein non-profit, Rowland K-12 school insyd 1994, wey she participate insyd de Rowmark Ski Academy.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075502/https://www.rowlandhall.org/page.cfm?p=3696&newsid=1890 "Extraordinary Athletes: How Rowmark Ski Academy Develops Future Olympians"]. ''Fine Print''. Rowland Hall. Spring 2018. Archived from [https://www.rowlandhall.org/page.cfm?p=3696&newsid=1890 the original] on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</ref> She earn nursing degree from de University of Utah. == Career == === Olympic skier === She compete insyd de alpine skiing events for de 1998 Winter Olympics dem hold insyd Nagano, Japan. Alex Shaffer fini 9th insyd de women's combined wey she no fini insyd de women's giant slalom. She sanso compete insyd de Alpine skiing events for de 2002 Winter Olympics dem hold insyd Salt Lake City, Utah, wer na she fini 28th insyd de women's giant slalom.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Alex Wubbels ! colspan="3" |Medal record |- ! colspan="3" |Women's alpine skiing |- ! colspan="3" |United States Alpine Championship |- | |1999 Park City |Giant slalom |- | |1999 Park City |Slalom |} === Nurse === According to Wubbels, sports psychologist encourage am make she go into nursing after dem match ein personality plus de profession.<ref>Wubbels, Alex (May 2018). [https://www.aacn.org/journalassets/Bold%20Voices/10/5/BV%205_18.pdf#page=18 "Standing Her Ground: A Strong Voice for Patient and Nurse Safety"] (PDF). ''AACN Bold Voices''. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</ref> Wubbels begin dey job as nurse for de University of Utah Hospital insyd Salt Lake City insyd 2009.<ref>Ortiz, Erik; Siemaszko, Corky (September 1, 2017). [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/utah-nurse-arrested-refusing-give-patient-s-blood-police-n798021 "Videos show nurse who refused to give patients' blood to police get arrested"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</ref> For July 26, 2017, na dem unlawfully arrest am for "obstructing justice" while for duty as nurse for de University of Utah Hospital insyd Salt Lake City. Na dem later make de incident public via de officers dema body cameras. De officer wey dey arrest, detective Jeff Payne of de Salt Lake City Police Department, demand say make dem draw blood from unconscious patient, buh Wubbels state say if dem do dat go be violation of hospital policy, wich require say de patient be under arrest, anaa dem give consent, anaa say na de police be in possession of warrant (either printed copy anaa electronic one). Na de patient be de victim insyd car crash wey e no be under arrest, buh na ebe unconscious den der for unable make e consent, den de police no obtain warrant.<ref>Sterling, Joe (September 4, 2017). [http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/04/health/utah-nurse-police-encounter/index.html "'Scared to death' nurse in Utah video: 'I stood my ground'"]. CNN. Retrieved September 4, 2017.</ref> She follow hospital policy wey she refuse make she allow de officer make he draw blood, wey de arresting officers proceed make dem forcibly put am for handcuffs insyd den into de front passenger seat of dema cruiser.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Hawkins, Derek (September 2, 2017). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/09/01/this-is-crazy-sobs-utah-hospital-nurse-as-cop-roughs-her-up-arrests-her-for-doing-her-job/ "'This is crazy,' sobs Utah hospital nurse as cop roughs her up, arrests her for doing her job"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved September 3, 2017.</ref> De year-old hospital policy wey relate to blood draws dey reflect de legal position insyd de Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as well as de Supreme Court of de United States' dey rule insyd ''Birchfield v. North Dakota'' wey na de police department agree. Na dem later release Wubbels widout charge.<ref>Gray, Melissa (September 1, 2017). [http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/01/health/utah-nurse-arrest-police-video/index.html "'I've done nothing wrong': Utah nurse's arrest prompts police apology"]. CNN. Retrieved September 3, 2017.</ref> Na dem fire de arresting officer for October 10, weu na dem demote ein supervisor two ranks from Lieutenant to Officer.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171001121719/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/police-union-blasts-handling-utah-nurse-arrest-probe-50089189 "Police union blasts handling of Utah nurse arrest probe"]. ''ABC News''. Associated Press. September 25, 2017. Archived from [https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/police-union-blasts-handling-utah-nurse-arrest-probe-50089189 the original] on October 1, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017.</ref><ref>Allen, Karma (October 11, 2017). [https://abcnews.go.com/US/utah-officer-fired-handcuffing-dragging-screaming-nurse-hospital/story?id=50407897 "Officer fired for dragging screaming nurse out of hospital"]. ''ABC News''. Retrieved October 12, 2017.</ref><ref>Cummings, William (October 10, 2017). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/10/10/utah-cop-fired-after-arresting-nurse/752541001/ "Utah cop fired after arresting nurse who wouldn't draw blood"]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved October 11, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171011013108/http://abc7chicago.com/utah-police-officer-who-handcuffed-dragged-nurse-in-video-fired/2517160/ "Utah police officer who handcuffed, dragged nurse in video fired"]. ''ABC7 Chicago''. Associated Press. October 10, 2017. Archived from [http://abc7chicago.com/utah-police-officer-who-handcuffed-dragged-nurse-in-video-fired/2517160/ the original] on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.</ref> For October 31, 2017, Wubbels den ein attorney announce say Salt Lake City den de University of Utah agree make dem settle de incident for $500,000. She say part of ein settlement go go toward efforts gear to make dem make body cam footage more accessible to de public.<ref>Francis, Simone (November 1, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240225224621/https://www.abc4.com/news/local-news/utah-nurse-at-center-of-controversial-arrest-announces-500k-settlement/ "Utah nurse at center of controversial arrest announces $500K settlement"]. ''ABC 4 News''. Retrieved June 4, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-41827040 "US nurse gets $500,000 in blood arrest row"]. ''BBC News''. November 1, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</ref> Na de incident be one of de reasons Medscape put Wubbels for ein list of de best physicians top insyd 2017.<ref>Knowles, Megan (December 21, 2017). [https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-physician-relationships/13-best-physicians-of-2017-as-named-by-medscape.html "13 best physicians of 2017, as named by Medscape"]. ''Becker's Hospital Review''. Retrieved December 23, 2017.</ref> == Ein life matter == Insyd June 2014 Shaffer marry fellow skier Cory Wubbels. He be former All-American Nordic skier wey compete give Northern Michigan University wey he be guitar player, carpenter den master ski technician.<ref name=":2">Farrell, Paul (September 1, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240811221900/https://heavy.com/news/2017/09/alex-wubbels-shaffer-nurse-skier-video/ "Alex Wubbels: 5 Fast Facts You Need To Know"]. ''Heavy''. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</ref> Na dem get dema first kiddie insyd December 2014.<ref name=":2" /> == References == [[Category:Living people]] <references /> [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:American female alpine skiers]] [[Category:Olympic alpine skiers for de United States]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 1998 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 2002 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:American women nurses]] [[Category:American nurses]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Aspen, Colorado]] [[Category:People wey komot Salt Lake City]] [[Category:21st-century American sportswomen]] [[Category:University of Utah alumni]] 7guweythmpgy47dv7324ugcevm36i7i 0 12940 107430 96295 2026-07-18T00:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 107430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adowarim Lugu Zuri''' be [[Ghanaian]] entrepreneur wey dey coconut selling insyd, wey be completely male dominated field insyd Ghana. She be de founder den Manager for Wazuri Ghana Limited, wey be company wey produce den sell coconut for large scale insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220103/https://www.myjoyonline.com/opinion/2015/January-29th/the-adowarim-theory-message-from-the-morning-man.php "The Adowarim Theory: Message from the Morning Man - MyJoyOnline.com"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 2019-09-05.</ref><ref>Africa, Rising (2018-03-15). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190323111117/http://www.risingafrica.org/success-stories/ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts/ "Ghanaian entrepreneur finds success by growing and selling coconuts"]. ''RisingAfrica.org''. Retrieved 2019-09-10</ref><ref>SolutionsTeam. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190630172754/http://solutions4africa.com/index.php/ghana-publisher/1636-ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts "Ghanaian entrepreneur finds success by growing and selling coconuts"]. ''www.solutions4africa.com''. Retrieved 2019-09-10.</ref> Na she dey part for de list as one of WomanRising's 100 Most Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs insyd Ghana insyd 2016.<ref>WomanRising. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190904210133/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/11/2016-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-in-ghana/ "2016 – 100 Most Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs In Ghana – WomanRising"]. Archived from [https://womanrising.org/2018/08/11/2016-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-in-ghana/ the original] on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-05.</ref> == Ein early life den education == Dem born Zuri for Paga insyd [[Upper East Region]] of [[Ghana]] den echeck like she later move to [[Accra]] plus ein family. Na she rep ein senior high education for Archbishop Porter Girls Secondary School insyd [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Takoradi]]. Na she graduate from de [[University of Ghana]] for 2016 insyd wey she dey hold bachelor's degree for Consumer Science.<ref>Akpah, Prince. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220104/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94 "Africa Rising Profiles: Meet Ms. Adowarim Lugu-Zuri From Ghana"]. ''The African Exponent''. Retrieved 2019-09-05.</ref><ref>Tetteh, Kennedy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200526053949/https://thebftonline.com/2018/business/companies/adowarim-lugu-zuri-the-lady-who-brought-pride-to-coconut-selling/ "Adowarim Lugu-Zuri …the lady who brought pride to coconut selling | Business & Financial Times Online"]. Retrieved 2019-09-05.</ref> == Ein career == At de time wey she dey insyd ein first year insyd tertiary school, na Zuri be 18, she combine ein studies plus de business of selling sachet water. Na she later expand ein business activities make she include de selling of clothes to students insyd ein school. Na she dey encounter sam coconut seller wey dey work around ein poppie ein office, inspire am to move insyd coconut selling wey she find am to be lucrative. Zuri later dey found Wazuri Enterprise before she turn 20. Ein company, Wazuri Enterprise as edey like dis, dey provide employment for more dan twenty Ghanaian youths.<ref>Akpah, Prince. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220104/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94 "Africa Rising Profiles: Meet Ms. Adowarim Lugu-Zuri From Ghana"]. ''The African Exponent''. Retrieved 2019-09-05.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian businesswomen]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian businesspeople]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Archbishop Porter Girls' Senior High School alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Upper East Region]] mrkb76c15psrjnw47rgl4wohvdw3ggd 0 27886 107431 106329 2026-07-18T00:11:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 107431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} De '''Afram River''' be a {{convert|100|km|mi|adj=on}} river insyd [[Ghana]]. Prior to de construction of de [[Akosombo Dam]] insyd de 1960s, de Afram be a principal tributary of de [[Volta River]] den today e be an equally important tributary of [[Lake Volta]]. De river dey run roughly insyd a southwesterly direction. E dey collect all de drainage of de Kwahu Plateau.<ref name="Afram Kwawu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220910195417/http://www.scn.org/rdi/kw-fram.htm Afram Kwawu]. Accessed August 3, 2012.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Volta River]] [[Category:Lake Volta]] 5sfxagrcfpl5gyqj7luckt4ionvnq7z 0 27964 107433 106636 2026-07-18T06:04:36Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 107433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' be one of de highest commercial bungy jumping sites for de world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape den Western Cape, insyd Tsitsikamma area for [[South Africa]] Garden Route. Face Adrenalin dey run de site for commercial purpose since 1997.<ref>[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&sn=Detail&pid=90676&Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> == History == For 1990, Bloukrans River Bridge cam be de first bridge for Africa wey people start dey do bungee jumping from. Face Adrenalin, wey Devan tuohey found, dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy since 1997 widout any accident.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120701121316/http://www.mydestination.com/gardenroute/things-to-do/110216/bungee-jumping-at-the-bloukrans-bridge My Destination Website], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> == World records == Mohr Keet set Guinness World Record<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180219172035/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-429989 CNN], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> as de oldest person wey ever do bungy jump wen he jump from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at de age of 96.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/97-year-old-mohr-keet-to-make-4th-bungy-jump/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/oldest_bungee_jumper_world_record_set_by_Mohr_Keet_101633.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> Scott Huntly break de world record for de most bungee jumps wey one person do for one day when he jump from Bloukrans Bridge 107 times insyd nine hours on 11 May 2011. Scott finish de project make he raise money support local communities.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_a_day_Scott_Huntly_sets_world_record_112244.html World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> De world record for de most bungy jumps insyd 24 hours dey plus South African Bill Boshoff, wey do 101 bungy jumps insyd 14 hours den 23 minutes for Bloukrans on 10 May 2002. De record stand till 16 August 2008, wen Mike Heard break am plus 103 bungy jumps insyd 24 hours from Auckland Harbour Bridge.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_24_hours-world_record_set_by_Mike_Heard_80354.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Veronica Dean-Boshoff set world record after she do 19 jumps insyd one hour on 9 May 2002. == Responsible tourism == De people wey dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy, Face Adrenalin, employ 60 people from nearby communities like Coldstream, Thornham, Storms River, Covie den The Crags as part of de Bloukrans Bridge Bungy operation.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> Since 1998, dem pay big percentage of dema turnover give de local community trust.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> ==References== <references /> ==External links== * [http://www.FaceAdrenalin.com Face Adrenalin website] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd de Eastern Cape]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd de Western Cape]] [[Category:Entertainment companies of South Africa]] [[Category:Bungee jumping sites]] [[Category:1990 establishments insyd South Africa]] klyzza1crqvgej7kou5kwwsccqvvmk8 0 28631 107434 107246 2026-07-18T09:58:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 107434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dibamba''' be town den commune wey dey [[Cameroon]]. ==References== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090608041115/http://www.spm.gov.cm/elections/minicipales2002/maires2002_adamaoua.htm Site de la primature - Élections municipales 2002] (in French) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110601052711/http://www.cidegef.refer.org/douala/DONATIEN_AVELE.doc Contrôle de gestion et performance des services publics communaux des villes camerounaises ]- Thèse de Donation Avele, Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV (in French) * Charles Nanga, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160130191024/http://www.ena.fr/index.php?module=doc&action=getFile&id=408 La réforme de l’administration territoriale au Cameroun à la lumière de la loi constitutionnelle n° 96/06 du 18 janvier 1996]'', Mémoire ENA. (in French) {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Populated places insyd Littoral Region (Cameroon)]] [[Category:Communes of Cameroon]] pjhpid529cmu4sohpm1w5ffhgkq6fne 0 28696 107401 2026-07-17T13:26:41Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1482102|Gastrointestinal perforation]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 107401 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 107402 107401 2026-07-17T13:58:11Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastrointestinal perforation''', dem sanso know as '''gastrointestinal rupture''',<ref name="Dom2013">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1086 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817172052/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> be a hole insyd de wall of de gastrointestinal tract. De gastrointestinal tract be composed of hollow digestive organs wey dey lead from de mouth to de anus.<ref name="Lang20082">{{cite journal |last1=Langell |first1=JT |last2=Mulvihill |first2=SJ |date=May 2008 |title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=599–625, viii–ix |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004 |pmid=18387378}}</ref> Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly dey include severe abdominal pain, nausea, den [[vomiting]].<ref name="Lang20083">{{cite journal |last1=Langell |first1=JT |last2=Mulvihill |first2=SJ |date=May 2008 |title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=599–625, viii–ix |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004 |pmid=18387378}}</ref> Complications dey include a painful [[Peritonitis|inflammation of de inner lining of de abdominal wall]] den [[sepsis]]. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == c5flii5yq6k7fcyz9pogvb5zb9rvdk6 107403 107402 2026-07-17T14:01:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastrointestinal perforation''', dem sanso know as '''gastrointestinal rupture''',<ref name="Dom2013">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1086 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817172052/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> be a hole insyd de wall of de gastrointestinal tract. De gastrointestinal tract be composed of hollow digestive organs wey dey lead from de mouth to de anus.<ref name="Lang20082">{{cite journal |last1=Langell |first1=JT |last2=Mulvihill |first2=SJ |date=May 2008 |title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=599–625, viii–ix |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004 |pmid=18387378}}</ref> Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly dey include severe abdominal pain, nausea, den [[vomiting]].<ref name="Lang20083">{{cite journal |last1=Langell |first1=JT |last2=Mulvihill |first2=SJ |date=May 2008 |title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=599–625, viii–ix |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004 |pmid=18387378}}</ref> Complications dey include a painful [[Peritonitis|inflammation of de inner lining of de abdominal wall]] den [[sepsis]]. Perforation fi be caused by trauma, bowel obstruction, [[diverticulitis]], stomach ulcers, cancer, anaa infection.<ref name="Lang20083" /> A CT scan be de preferred method of diagnosis; however, free air from a perforation often fi be seen on plain X-ray.<ref name="Lang20083" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 23dbqidykv6esjg3hc08vrvnt8f1ff5 107404 107403 2026-07-17T14:05:13Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastrointestinal perforation''', dem sanso know as '''gastrointestinal rupture''',<ref name="Dom2013">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1086 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817172052/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> be a hole insyd de wall of de gastrointestinal tract. De gastrointestinal tract be composed of hollow digestive organs wey dey lead from de mouth to de anus.<ref name="Lang20082">{{cite journal |last1=Langell |first1=JT |last2=Mulvihill |first2=SJ |date=May 2008 |title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=599–625, viii–ix |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004 |pmid=18387378}}</ref> Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly dey include severe abdominal pain, nausea, den [[vomiting]].<ref name="Lang20083">{{cite journal |last1=Langell |first1=JT |last2=Mulvihill |first2=SJ |date=May 2008 |title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=599–625, viii–ix |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004 |pmid=18387378}}</ref> Complications dey include a painful [[Peritonitis|inflammation of de inner lining of de abdominal wall]] den [[sepsis]]. Perforation fi be caused by trauma, bowel obstruction, [[diverticulitis]], stomach ulcers, cancer, anaa infection.<ref name="Lang20083" /> A CT scan be de preferred method of diagnosis; however, free air from a perforation often fi be seen on plain X-ray.<ref name="Lang20083" /> Perforation anywhere along de gastrointestinal tract typically dey require emergency surgery insyd de form of an exploratory laparotomy.<ref name=Lang2008/> Dis usually be carried out along plus intravenous fluids den antibiotics.<ref name=Lang2008/> Occasionally de hole fi be sewn closed while oda times a bowel resection be required.<ref name=Lang2008/> Even plus maximum treatment de risk of death fi be as high as 50%.<ref name=Lang2008>{{cite journal|last1=Langell|first1=JT|last2=Mulvihill|first2=SJ|title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen.|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|date=May 2008|volume=92|issue=3|pages=599–625, viii–ix|pmid=18387378|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004}}</ref> A hole from a stomach ulcer dey occur insyd about 1 per 10,000 people per year, while one from diverticulitis dey occur insyd about 0.4 per 10,000 people per year.<ref name=Dom2013/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTE-h2D1SNEC&pg=PA701|title=Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract|last2=McFadden|first2=David W.|last3=Pemberton|first3=John H.|last4=Peters|first4=Jeffrey H.|last5=Matthews|first5=Jeffrey B.|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-3807-6|edition=7|page=701|language=en|last1=Yeo|first1=Charles J.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135449/https://books.google.ca/books?id=VTE-h2D1SNEC&pg=PA701|archive-date=2016-08-17}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5va8v9rsrvzgzbgxdl1fi57nxy6t7oe 107405 107404 2026-07-17T14:11:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gastrointestinal perforation''', dem sanso know as '''gastrointestinal rupture''',<ref name="Dom2013">{{cite book |last1=Domino |first1=Frank J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086 |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |last2=Baldor |first2=Robert A. |date=2013 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |page=1086 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817172052/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> be a hole insyd de wall of de gastrointestinal tract. De gastrointestinal tract be composed of hollow digestive organs wey dey lead from de mouth to de anus.<ref name="Lang20082">{{cite journal |last1=Langell |first1=JT |last2=Mulvihill |first2=SJ |date=May 2008 |title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=599–625, viii–ix |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004 |pmid=18387378}}</ref> Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly dey include severe abdominal pain, nausea, den [[vomiting]].<ref name="Lang20083">{{cite journal |last1=Langell |first1=JT |last2=Mulvihill |first2=SJ |date=May 2008 |title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen. |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=599–625, viii–ix |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004 |pmid=18387378}}</ref> Complications dey include a painful [[Peritonitis|inflammation of de inner lining of de abdominal wall]] den [[sepsis]]. Perforation fi be caused by trauma, bowel obstruction, [[diverticulitis]], stomach ulcers, cancer, anaa infection.<ref name="Lang20083" /> A CT scan be de preferred method of diagnosis; however, free air from a perforation often fi be seen on plain X-ray.<ref name="Lang20083" /> Perforation anywhere along de gastrointestinal tract typically dey require emergency surgery insyd de form of an exploratory laparotomy.<ref name=Lang2008/> Dis usually be carried out along plus intravenous fluids den antibiotics.<ref name=Lang2008/> Occasionally de hole fi be sewn closed while oda times a bowel resection be required.<ref name=Lang2008/> Even plus maximum treatment de risk of death fi be as high as 50%.<ref name=Lang2008>{{cite journal|last1=Langell|first1=JT|last2=Mulvihill|first2=SJ|title=Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen.|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|date=May 2008|volume=92|issue=3|pages=599–625, viii–ix|pmid=18387378|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004}}</ref> A hole from a stomach ulcer dey occur insyd about 1 per 10,000 people per year, while one from diverticulitis dey occur insyd about 0.4 per 10,000 people per year.<ref name=Dom2013/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTE-h2D1SNEC&pg=PA701|title=Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract|last2=McFadden|first2=David W.|last3=Pemberton|first3=John H.|last4=Peters|first4=Jeffrey H.|last5=Matthews|first5=Jeffrey B.|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-3807-6|edition=7|page=701|language=en|last1=Yeo|first1=Charles J.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135449/https://books.google.ca/books?id=VTE-h2D1SNEC&pg=PA701|archive-date=2016-08-17}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000235.htm Gastrointestinal perforation]—MedlinePlus {{Authority control}} [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Diseases of intestines]] [[Category:Injuries of abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine den pelvis]] [[Category:Acute pain]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hqxfm90oy92vg54sdips0aoo3xxrcus 14 28697 107406 2026-07-17T14:11:52Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 107406 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 28698 107407 2026-07-17T14:12:52Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458650|DaxibotulinumtoxinA]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 107407 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 107408 107407 2026-07-17T14:22:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botulinum toxin''', '''botulinum neurotoxin''', anaa '''botox''' be a neurotoxic protein wey de bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' den related species produce, wey e be considered de deadliest known natural substance ever recorded insyd chemical literature.<ref name="Montecucco2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montecucco C, Molgó J | title = Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–279 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15907915 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum-like toxin | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 593 | issue = 12 | pages = 1403–1410 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31111466 | doi = 10.1002/1873-3468.13446 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhaked RK, Singh MK, Singh P, Gupta P | title = Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–503 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21149997 | pmc = 3028942 | doi = 10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C | title = Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 535–549 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24975322 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3295 }}</ref> E dey prevent de release of de neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at de neuromuscular junction, thus dey cause flaccid paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Figgitt DP, Noble S | title = Botulinum toxin B: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of cervical dystonia | journal = Drugs | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 705–722 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11893235 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262040-00011 | s2cid = 46981635 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] m24f0y832uimsmiyqokf3vo9ss60xjb 107409 107408 2026-07-17T14:30:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botulinum toxin''', '''botulinum neurotoxin''', anaa '''botox''' be a neurotoxic protein wey de bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' den related species produce, wey e be considered de deadliest known natural substance ever recorded insyd chemical literature.<ref name="Montecucco2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montecucco C, Molgó J | title = Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–279 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15907915 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum-like toxin | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 593 | issue = 12 | pages = 1403–1410 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31111466 | doi = 10.1002/1873-3468.13446 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhaked RK, Singh MK, Singh P, Gupta P | title = Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–503 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21149997 | pmc = 3028942 | doi = 10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C | title = Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 535–549 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24975322 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3295 }}</ref> E dey prevent de release of de neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at de neuromuscular junction, thus dey cause flaccid paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Figgitt DP, Noble S | title = Botulinum toxin B: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of cervical dystonia | journal = Drugs | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 705–722 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11893235 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262040-00011 | s2cid = 46981635 }}</ref> De toxin dey cause de disease [[botulism]].<ref name="Shukla2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla HD, Sharma SK |year=2005 |title=Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1080/10408410590912952 |pmid=15839401 |s2cid=2855356}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be an acetylcholine release inhibitor den a neuromuscular blocking agent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - LETYBO- letibotulinumtoxina-wlbg injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=910e5d0e-4d0b-4de8-8e2d-97879a044181 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - DAXXIFY- botulinum toxin type a injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3aaa6e14-a3f7-4fb2-b9f9-d3a9c3ae1f74 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be developed as a biological agent by de Soviet, United States, den Iraqi biological weapons programs. Insyd strongly diluted form, de toxin sanso be used for medical den cosmetic purposes.<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M |date=April 2021 |title=Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=644e–657e |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 |pmid=33776040 |s2cid=232408799}}</ref><ref name="Al-Ghamdi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al-Ghamdi AS, Alghanemy N, Joharji H, Al-Qahtani D, Alghamdi H |date=January 2015 |title=Botulinum toxin: Non cosmetic and off-label dermatological uses |journal=Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.jdds.2014.06.002 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 8jqo42jizoxd8pmybcvskt334sw156r 107410 107409 2026-07-17T14:41:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botulinum toxin''', '''botulinum neurotoxin''', anaa '''botox''' be a neurotoxic protein wey de bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' den related species produce, wey e be considered de deadliest known natural substance ever recorded insyd chemical literature.<ref name="Montecucco2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montecucco C, Molgó J | title = Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–279 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15907915 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum-like toxin | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 593 | issue = 12 | pages = 1403–1410 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31111466 | doi = 10.1002/1873-3468.13446 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhaked RK, Singh MK, Singh P, Gupta P | title = Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–503 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21149997 | pmc = 3028942 | doi = 10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C | title = Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 535–549 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24975322 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3295 }}</ref> E dey prevent de release of de neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at de neuromuscular junction, thus dey cause flaccid paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Figgitt DP, Noble S | title = Botulinum toxin B: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of cervical dystonia | journal = Drugs | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 705–722 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11893235 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262040-00011 | s2cid = 46981635 }}</ref> De toxin dey cause de disease [[botulism]].<ref name="Shukla2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla HD, Sharma SK |year=2005 |title=Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1080/10408410590912952 |pmid=15839401 |s2cid=2855356}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be an acetylcholine release inhibitor den a neuromuscular blocking agent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - LETYBO- letibotulinumtoxina-wlbg injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=910e5d0e-4d0b-4de8-8e2d-97879a044181 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - DAXXIFY- botulinum toxin type a injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3aaa6e14-a3f7-4fb2-b9f9-d3a9c3ae1f74 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be developed as a biological agent by de Soviet, United States, den Iraqi biological weapons programs. Insyd strongly diluted form, de toxin sanso be used for medical den cosmetic purposes.<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M |date=April 2021 |title=Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=644e–657e |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 |pmid=33776040 |s2cid=232408799}}</ref><ref name="Al-Ghamdi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al-Ghamdi AS, Alghanemy N, Joharji H, Al-Qahtani D, Alghamdi H |date=January 2015 |title=Botulinum toxin: Non cosmetic and off-label dermatological uses |journal=Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.jdds.2014.06.002 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> De seven main types of botulinum toxin dem name be types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M | title = Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 147 | issue = 4 | pages = 644e–657e | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33776040 | doi = 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 | s2cid = 232408799 }}</ref><ref name="Rosales_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosales RL, Bigalke H, Dressler D | title = Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations | journal = European Journal of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 2–10 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16417591 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01438.x | s2cid = 32387953 }}</ref> New types occasionally be found.<ref name="Zhang_2017">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang S, Masuyer G, Zhang J, Shen Y, Lundin D, Henriksson L, Miyashita SI, Martínez-Carranza M, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | date = 2017-08-03 | article-number = 14130 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14130 | pmid = 28770820 | pmc = 5543303 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814130Z | language = en | issn = 2041-1723 }}</ref><ref name="BotX">{{cite web | title = Botulism toxin X: Time to update the textbooks, thanks to genomic sequencing | date = 7 August 2017 | url = https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | publisher = Boston Children's Hospital | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914040619/https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BotH">{{cite web | title = Study: Novel botulinum toxin less dangerous than thought | date = 17 June 2015 | url = https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | work = Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (CIDRAP) | publisher = University of Minnesota | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028181916/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | url-status = live }}</ref> Types A den B be capable of causing disease insyd humans, wey sanso be used commercially den medically.<ref name="Farag_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK | title = Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = JBJS Reviews | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | article-number = e0119 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32224633 | pmc = 7161716 | doi = 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref name="Blumetti_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA | title = Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD001408 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31591703 | pmc = 6779591 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = ((American Society of Health-System Pharmacists)) | title = OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Monograph for Professionals | date = 27 October 2011 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | website = drugs.com | access-date = 4 March 2015 | archive-date = 6 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906194001/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Types C–G be less common. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0jjpj0caz7l1x3927feynhnul0xumk7 107411 107410 2026-07-17T14:44:56Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botulinum toxin''', '''botulinum neurotoxin''', anaa '''botox''' be a neurotoxic protein wey de bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' den related species produce, wey e be considered de deadliest known natural substance ever recorded insyd chemical literature.<ref name="Montecucco2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montecucco C, Molgó J | title = Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–279 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15907915 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum-like toxin | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 593 | issue = 12 | pages = 1403–1410 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31111466 | doi = 10.1002/1873-3468.13446 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhaked RK, Singh MK, Singh P, Gupta P | title = Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–503 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21149997 | pmc = 3028942 | doi = 10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C | title = Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 535–549 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24975322 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3295 }}</ref> E dey prevent de release of de neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at de neuromuscular junction, thus dey cause flaccid paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Figgitt DP, Noble S | title = Botulinum toxin B: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of cervical dystonia | journal = Drugs | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 705–722 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11893235 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262040-00011 | s2cid = 46981635 }}</ref> De toxin dey cause de disease [[botulism]].<ref name="Shukla2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla HD, Sharma SK |year=2005 |title=Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1080/10408410590912952 |pmid=15839401 |s2cid=2855356}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be an acetylcholine release inhibitor den a neuromuscular blocking agent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - LETYBO- letibotulinumtoxina-wlbg injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=910e5d0e-4d0b-4de8-8e2d-97879a044181 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - DAXXIFY- botulinum toxin type a injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3aaa6e14-a3f7-4fb2-b9f9-d3a9c3ae1f74 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be developed as a biological agent by de Soviet, United States, den Iraqi biological weapons programs. Insyd strongly diluted form, de toxin sanso be used for medical den cosmetic purposes.<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M |date=April 2021 |title=Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=644e–657e |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 |pmid=33776040 |s2cid=232408799}}</ref><ref name="Al-Ghamdi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al-Ghamdi AS, Alghanemy N, Joharji H, Al-Qahtani D, Alghamdi H |date=January 2015 |title=Botulinum toxin: Non cosmetic and off-label dermatological uses |journal=Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.jdds.2014.06.002 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> De seven main types of botulinum toxin dem name be types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M | title = Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 147 | issue = 4 | pages = 644e–657e | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33776040 | doi = 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 | s2cid = 232408799 }}</ref><ref name="Rosales_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosales RL, Bigalke H, Dressler D | title = Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations | journal = European Journal of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 2–10 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16417591 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01438.x | s2cid = 32387953 }}</ref> New types occasionally be found.<ref name="Zhang_2017">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang S, Masuyer G, Zhang J, Shen Y, Lundin D, Henriksson L, Miyashita SI, Martínez-Carranza M, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | date = 2017-08-03 | article-number = 14130 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14130 | pmid = 28770820 | pmc = 5543303 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814130Z | language = en | issn = 2041-1723 }}</ref><ref name="BotX">{{cite web | title = Botulism toxin X: Time to update the textbooks, thanks to genomic sequencing | date = 7 August 2017 | url = https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | publisher = Boston Children's Hospital | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914040619/https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BotH">{{cite web | title = Study: Novel botulinum toxin less dangerous than thought | date = 17 June 2015 | url = https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | work = Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (CIDRAP) | publisher = University of Minnesota | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028181916/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | url-status = live }}</ref> Types A den B be capable of causing disease insyd humans, wey sanso be used commercially den medically.<ref name="Farag_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK | title = Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = JBJS Reviews | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | article-number = e0119 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32224633 | pmc = 7161716 | doi = 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref name="Blumetti_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA | title = Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD001408 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31591703 | pmc = 6779591 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = ((American Society of Health-System Pharmacists)) | title = OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Monograph for Professionals | date = 27 October 2011 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | website = drugs.com | access-date = 4 March 2015 | archive-date = 6 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906194001/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Types C–G be less common. Insyd 2025, de structure of de complete 14 subunit botulinum neurotoxin complex (L-PTC) be solved.<ref name="Krc_2025">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Krč A, Košenina SP, Nowakowska MB, Masuyer G, Stenmark P | title = Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex reveals a unique anchoring through the narrow central pore of HA70 | journal = Science Advances | volume = 11 | issue = 35 | date = 2025-08-29 | article-number = eadx5058 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.adx5058 | pmid = 40864696 | pmc = 12383256 | bibcode = 2025SciA...11.5058K | language = en | issn = 2375-2548 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC).png|alt=Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC)|thumb|De toxin complex (L-PTC) plus ein 14 components. De toxin einself be colored pink den dey sit at de top of de complex. De structure dey consist of tens of thousands of atoms, den hie only de surface of de complex be shown.<ref name="Krc_2025" />]] == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hqh6hne3cv42vlt1fk143nuopqfns9b 107412 107411 2026-07-17T14:49:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botulinum toxin''', '''botulinum neurotoxin''', anaa '''botox''' be a neurotoxic protein wey de bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' den related species produce, wey e be considered de deadliest known natural substance ever recorded insyd chemical literature.<ref name="Montecucco2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montecucco C, Molgó J | title = Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–279 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15907915 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum-like toxin | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 593 | issue = 12 | pages = 1403–1410 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31111466 | doi = 10.1002/1873-3468.13446 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhaked RK, Singh MK, Singh P, Gupta P | title = Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–503 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21149997 | pmc = 3028942 | doi = 10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C | title = Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 535–549 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24975322 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3295 }}</ref> E dey prevent de release of de neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at de neuromuscular junction, thus dey cause flaccid paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Figgitt DP, Noble S | title = Botulinum toxin B: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of cervical dystonia | journal = Drugs | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 705–722 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11893235 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262040-00011 | s2cid = 46981635 }}</ref> De toxin dey cause de disease [[botulism]].<ref name="Shukla2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla HD, Sharma SK |year=2005 |title=Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1080/10408410590912952 |pmid=15839401 |s2cid=2855356}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be an acetylcholine release inhibitor den a neuromuscular blocking agent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - LETYBO- letibotulinumtoxina-wlbg injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=910e5d0e-4d0b-4de8-8e2d-97879a044181 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - DAXXIFY- botulinum toxin type a injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3aaa6e14-a3f7-4fb2-b9f9-d3a9c3ae1f74 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be developed as a biological agent by de Soviet, United States, den Iraqi biological weapons programs. Insyd strongly diluted form, de toxin sanso be used for medical den cosmetic purposes.<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M |date=April 2021 |title=Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=644e–657e |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 |pmid=33776040 |s2cid=232408799}}</ref><ref name="Al-Ghamdi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al-Ghamdi AS, Alghanemy N, Joharji H, Al-Qahtani D, Alghamdi H |date=January 2015 |title=Botulinum toxin: Non cosmetic and off-label dermatological uses |journal=Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.jdds.2014.06.002 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> De seven main types of botulinum toxin dem name be types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M | title = Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 147 | issue = 4 | pages = 644e–657e | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33776040 | doi = 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 | s2cid = 232408799 }}</ref><ref name="Rosales_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosales RL, Bigalke H, Dressler D | title = Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations | journal = European Journal of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 2–10 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16417591 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01438.x | s2cid = 32387953 }}</ref> New types occasionally be found.<ref name="Zhang_2017">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang S, Masuyer G, Zhang J, Shen Y, Lundin D, Henriksson L, Miyashita SI, Martínez-Carranza M, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | date = 2017-08-03 | article-number = 14130 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14130 | pmid = 28770820 | pmc = 5543303 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814130Z | language = en | issn = 2041-1723 }}</ref><ref name="BotX">{{cite web | title = Botulism toxin X: Time to update the textbooks, thanks to genomic sequencing | date = 7 August 2017 | url = https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | publisher = Boston Children's Hospital | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914040619/https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BotH">{{cite web | title = Study: Novel botulinum toxin less dangerous than thought | date = 17 June 2015 | url = https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | work = Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (CIDRAP) | publisher = University of Minnesota | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028181916/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | url-status = live }}</ref> Types A den B be capable of causing disease insyd humans, wey sanso be used commercially den medically.<ref name="Farag_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK | title = Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = JBJS Reviews | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | article-number = e0119 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32224633 | pmc = 7161716 | doi = 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref name="Blumetti_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA | title = Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD001408 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31591703 | pmc = 6779591 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = ((American Society of Health-System Pharmacists)) | title = OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Monograph for Professionals | date = 27 October 2011 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | website = drugs.com | access-date = 4 March 2015 | archive-date = 6 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906194001/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Types C–G be less common. Insyd 2025, de structure of de complete 14 subunit botulinum neurotoxin complex (L-PTC) be solved.<ref name="Krc_2025">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Krč A, Košenina SP, Nowakowska MB, Masuyer G, Stenmark P | title = Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex reveals a unique anchoring through the narrow central pore of HA70 | journal = Science Advances | volume = 11 | issue = 35 | date = 2025-08-29 | article-number = eadx5058 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.adx5058 | pmid = 40864696 | pmc = 12383256 | bibcode = 2025SciA...11.5058K | language = en | issn = 2375-2548 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC).png|alt=Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC)|thumb|De toxin complex (L-PTC) plus ein 14 components. De toxin einself be colored pink den dey sit at de top of de complex. De structure dey consist of tens of thousands of atoms, den hie only de surface of de complex be shown.<ref name="Krc_2025" />]] Intoxication fi occur naturally as a result of either wound anaa intestinal infection anaa by ingesting formed toxin insyd chow. De estimated human median lethal dose of type A toxin be 1.3–2.1{{nbsp}}ng/kg intravenously anaa intramuscularly, 10–13{{nbsp}}ng/kg wen dem inhale, anaa 1{{nbsp}}μg/kg wen dem take by mouth.<ref name="Arnon">{{cite journal |vauthors = Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Fine AD, Hauer J, Layton M, Lillibridge S, Osterholm MT, O'Toole T, Parker G, Perl TM, Russell PK, Swerdlow DL, Tonat K |title = Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management |journal = JAMA |volume = 285 |issue = 8 |pages = 1059–1070 |date = February 2001 |pmid = 11209178 |doi = 10.1001/jama.285.8.1059 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lhmzli7ew4bz5nicg1ejzfkgza5l9mx 107413 107412 2026-07-17T14:57:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botulinum toxin''', '''botulinum neurotoxin''', anaa '''botox''' be a neurotoxic protein wey de bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' den related species produce, wey e be considered de deadliest known natural substance ever recorded insyd chemical literature.<ref name="Montecucco2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montecucco C, Molgó J | title = Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–279 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15907915 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum-like toxin | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 593 | issue = 12 | pages = 1403–1410 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31111466 | doi = 10.1002/1873-3468.13446 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhaked RK, Singh MK, Singh P, Gupta P | title = Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–503 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21149997 | pmc = 3028942 | doi = 10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C | title = Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 535–549 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24975322 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3295 }}</ref> E dey prevent de release of de neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at de neuromuscular junction, thus dey cause flaccid paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Figgitt DP, Noble S | title = Botulinum toxin B: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of cervical dystonia | journal = Drugs | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 705–722 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11893235 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262040-00011 | s2cid = 46981635 }}</ref> De toxin dey cause de disease [[botulism]].<ref name="Shukla2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla HD, Sharma SK |year=2005 |title=Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1080/10408410590912952 |pmid=15839401 |s2cid=2855356}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be an acetylcholine release inhibitor den a neuromuscular blocking agent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - LETYBO- letibotulinumtoxina-wlbg injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=910e5d0e-4d0b-4de8-8e2d-97879a044181 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - DAXXIFY- botulinum toxin type a injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3aaa6e14-a3f7-4fb2-b9f9-d3a9c3ae1f74 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be developed as a biological agent by de Soviet, United States, den Iraqi biological weapons programs. Insyd strongly diluted form, de toxin sanso be used for medical den cosmetic purposes.<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M |date=April 2021 |title=Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=644e–657e |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 |pmid=33776040 |s2cid=232408799}}</ref><ref name="Al-Ghamdi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al-Ghamdi AS, Alghanemy N, Joharji H, Al-Qahtani D, Alghamdi H |date=January 2015 |title=Botulinum toxin: Non cosmetic and off-label dermatological uses |journal=Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.jdds.2014.06.002 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> De seven main types of botulinum toxin dem name be types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M | title = Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 147 | issue = 4 | pages = 644e–657e | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33776040 | doi = 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 | s2cid = 232408799 }}</ref><ref name="Rosales_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosales RL, Bigalke H, Dressler D | title = Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations | journal = European Journal of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 2–10 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16417591 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01438.x | s2cid = 32387953 }}</ref> New types occasionally be found.<ref name="Zhang_2017">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang S, Masuyer G, Zhang J, Shen Y, Lundin D, Henriksson L, Miyashita SI, Martínez-Carranza M, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | date = 2017-08-03 | article-number = 14130 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14130 | pmid = 28770820 | pmc = 5543303 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814130Z | language = en | issn = 2041-1723 }}</ref><ref name="BotX">{{cite web | title = Botulism toxin X: Time to update the textbooks, thanks to genomic sequencing | date = 7 August 2017 | url = https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | publisher = Boston Children's Hospital | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914040619/https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BotH">{{cite web | title = Study: Novel botulinum toxin less dangerous than thought | date = 17 June 2015 | url = https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | work = Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (CIDRAP) | publisher = University of Minnesota | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028181916/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | url-status = live }}</ref> Types A den B be capable of causing disease insyd humans, wey sanso be used commercially den medically.<ref name="Farag_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK | title = Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = JBJS Reviews | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | article-number = e0119 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32224633 | pmc = 7161716 | doi = 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref name="Blumetti_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA | title = Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD001408 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31591703 | pmc = 6779591 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = ((American Society of Health-System Pharmacists)) | title = OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Monograph for Professionals | date = 27 October 2011 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | website = drugs.com | access-date = 4 March 2015 | archive-date = 6 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906194001/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Types C–G be less common. Insyd 2025, de structure of de complete 14 subunit botulinum neurotoxin complex (L-PTC) be solved.<ref name="Krc_2025">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Krč A, Košenina SP, Nowakowska MB, Masuyer G, Stenmark P | title = Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex reveals a unique anchoring through the narrow central pore of HA70 | journal = Science Advances | volume = 11 | issue = 35 | date = 2025-08-29 | article-number = eadx5058 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.adx5058 | pmid = 40864696 | pmc = 12383256 | bibcode = 2025SciA...11.5058K | language = en | issn = 2375-2548 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC).png|alt=Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC)|thumb|De toxin complex (L-PTC) plus ein 14 components. De toxin einself be colored pink den dey sit at de top of de complex. De structure dey consist of tens of thousands of atoms, den hie only de surface of de complex be shown.<ref name="Krc_2025" />]] Intoxication fi occur naturally as a result of either wound anaa intestinal infection anaa by ingesting formed toxin insyd chow. De estimated human median lethal dose of type A toxin be 1.3–2.1{{nbsp}}ng/kg intravenously anaa intramuscularly, 10–13{{nbsp}}ng/kg wen dem inhale, anaa 1{{nbsp}}μg/kg wen dem take by mouth.<ref name="Arnon">{{cite journal |vauthors = Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Fine AD, Hauer J, Layton M, Lillibridge S, Osterholm MT, O'Toole T, Parker G, Perl TM, Russell PK, Swerdlow DL, Tonat K |title = Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management |journal = JAMA |volume = 285 |issue = 8 |pages = 1059–1070 |date = February 2001 |pmid = 11209178 |doi = 10.1001/jama.285.8.1059 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q114242090|c=Category:Botulinum neurotoxin|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * {{cite web |title=AbobotulinumtoxinA Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a609035.html}} * {{cite web |title=IncobotulinumtoxinA Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a611008.html}} * {{cite web |title=OnabotulinumtoxinA Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a608013.html}} * {{cite web |title=PrabotulinumtoxinA-xvfs Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a619021.html}} * {{cite web |title=RimabotulinumtoxinB Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a608014.html}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Botulinum Toxin}} [[Category:Drugs wey AbbVie develop]] [[Category:Acetylcholine release inhibitors]] [[Category:Bacterial toxins]] [[Category:Protein toxins]] [[Category:Botulism]] [[Category:EC 3.4.24]] [[Category:Muscle relaxants]] [[Category:Neurotoxins]] [[Category:Peripherally selective drugs]] [[Category:Plastic surgery]] [[Category:Protein domains]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s1a10qpdjtujeazm37oft592lnquv1a 107414 107413 2026-07-17T15:04:29Z DaSupremo 9 /* Read further */ Improve article 107414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botulinum toxin''', '''botulinum neurotoxin''', anaa '''botox''' be a neurotoxic protein wey de bacterium ''Clostridium botulinum'' den related species produce, wey e be considered de deadliest known natural substance ever recorded insyd chemical literature.<ref name="Montecucco2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montecucco C, Molgó J | title = Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer | journal = Current Opinion in Pharmacology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 274–279 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15907915 | doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum-like toxin | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 593 | issue = 12 | pages = 1403–1410 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31111466 | doi = 10.1002/1873-3468.13446 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhaked RK, Singh MK, Singh P, Gupta P | title = Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–503 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21149997 | pmc = 3028942 | doi = 10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C | title = Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 535–549 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24975322 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro3295 }}</ref> E dey prevent de release of de neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at de neuromuscular junction, thus dey cause flaccid paralysis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Figgitt DP, Noble S | title = Botulinum toxin B: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of cervical dystonia | journal = Drugs | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 705–722 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11893235 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262040-00011 | s2cid = 46981635 }}</ref> De toxin dey cause de disease [[botulism]].<ref name="Shukla2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shukla HD, Sharma SK |year=2005 |title=Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1080/10408410590912952 |pmid=15839401 |s2cid=2855356}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be an acetylcholine release inhibitor den a neuromuscular blocking agent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - LETYBO- letibotulinumtoxina-wlbg injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=910e5d0e-4d0b-4de8-8e2d-97879a044181 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - DAXXIFY- botulinum toxin type a injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3aaa6e14-a3f7-4fb2-b9f9-d3a9c3ae1f74 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Botulinum toxin be developed as a biological agent by de Soviet, United States, den Iraqi biological weapons programs. Insyd strongly diluted form, de toxin sanso be used for medical den cosmetic purposes.<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M |date=April 2021 |title=Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=644e–657e |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 |pmid=33776040 |s2cid=232408799}}</ref><ref name="Al-Ghamdi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al-Ghamdi AS, Alghanemy N, Joharji H, Al-Qahtani D, Alghamdi H |date=January 2015 |title=Botulinum toxin: Non cosmetic and off-label dermatological uses |journal=Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.jdds.2014.06.002 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> De seven main types of botulinum toxin dem name be types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).<ref name="Janes_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M | title = Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 147 | issue = 4 | pages = 644e–657e | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33776040 | doi = 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762 | s2cid = 232408799 }}</ref><ref name="Rosales_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosales RL, Bigalke H, Dressler D | title = Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations | journal = European Journal of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 2–10 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16417591 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01438.x | s2cid = 32387953 }}</ref> New types occasionally be found.<ref name="Zhang_2017">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang S, Masuyer G, Zhang J, Shen Y, Lundin D, Henriksson L, Miyashita SI, Martínez-Carranza M, Dong M, Stenmark P | title = Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | date = 2017-08-03 | article-number = 14130 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14130 | pmid = 28770820 | pmc = 5543303 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814130Z | language = en | issn = 2041-1723 }}</ref><ref name="BotX">{{cite web | title = Botulism toxin X: Time to update the textbooks, thanks to genomic sequencing | date = 7 August 2017 | url = https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | publisher = Boston Children's Hospital | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914040619/https://answers.childrenshospital.org/botulinum-toxin-x-discovered/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="BotH">{{cite web | title = Study: Novel botulinum toxin less dangerous than thought | date = 17 June 2015 | url = https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | work = Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (CIDRAP) | publisher = University of Minnesota | access-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028181916/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2015/06/study-novel-botulinum-toxin-less-dangerous-thought | url-status = live }}</ref> Types A den B be capable of causing disease insyd humans, wey sanso be used commercially den medically.<ref name="Farag_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK | title = Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = JBJS Reviews | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | article-number = e0119 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32224633 | pmc = 7161716 | doi = 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref name="Blumetti_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA | title = Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 10 | article-number = CD001408 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31591703 | pmc = 6779591 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = ((American Society of Health-System Pharmacists)) | title = OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Monograph for Professionals | date = 27 October 2011 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | website = drugs.com | access-date = 4 March 2015 | archive-date = 6 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906194001/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/onabotulinumtoxina.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Types C–G be less common. Insyd 2025, de structure of de complete 14 subunit botulinum neurotoxin complex (L-PTC) be solved.<ref name="Krc_2025">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Krč A, Košenina SP, Nowakowska MB, Masuyer G, Stenmark P | title = Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex reveals a unique anchoring through the narrow central pore of HA70 | journal = Science Advances | volume = 11 | issue = 35 | date = 2025-08-29 | article-number = eadx5058 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.adx5058 | pmid = 40864696 | pmc = 12383256 | bibcode = 2025SciA...11.5058K | language = en | issn = 2375-2548 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[File:Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC).png|alt=Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC)|thumb|De toxin complex (L-PTC) plus ein 14 components. De toxin einself be colored pink den dey sit at de top of de complex. De structure dey consist of tens of thousands of atoms, den hie only de surface of de complex be shown.<ref name="Krc_2025" />]] Intoxication fi occur naturally as a result of either wound anaa intestinal infection anaa by ingesting formed toxin insyd chow. De estimated human median lethal dose of type A toxin be 1.3–2.1{{nbsp}}ng/kg intravenously anaa intramuscularly, 10–13{{nbsp}}ng/kg wen dem inhale, anaa 1{{nbsp}}μg/kg wen dem take by mouth.<ref name="Arnon">{{cite journal |vauthors = Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Fine AD, Hauer J, Layton M, Lillibridge S, Osterholm MT, O'Toole T, Parker G, Perl TM, Russell PK, Swerdlow DL, Tonat K |title = Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management |journal = JAMA |volume = 285 |issue = 8 |pages = 1059–1070 |date = February 2001 |pmid = 11209178 |doi = 10.1001/jama.285.8.1059 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite journal |vauthors = Carruthers JD, Fagien S, Joseph JH, Humphrey SD, Biesman BS, Gallagher CJ, Liu Y, Rubio RG |title = DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection for the Treatment of Glabellar Lines: Results from Each of Two Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Studies (SAKURA 1 and SAKURA 2) |journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume = 145 |issue = 1 |pages = 45–58 |date = January 2020 |pmid = 31609882 |pmc = 6940025 |doi = 10.1097/PRS.0000000000006327 |doi-access = free |title-link = doi }} * {{cite journal |vauthors = Solish N, Carruthers J, Kaufman J, Rubio RG, Gross TM, Gallagher CJ |title = Overview of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection: A Novel Formulation of Botulinum Toxin Type A |journal = Drugs |volume = 81 |issue = 18 |pages = 2091–2101 |date = December 2021 |pmid = 34787840 |pmc = 8648634 |doi = 10.1007/s40265-021-01631-w |doi-access = free |title-link = doi }} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q114242090|c=Category:Botulinum neurotoxin|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * {{cite web |title=AbobotulinumtoxinA Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a609035.html}} * {{cite web |title=IncobotulinumtoxinA Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a611008.html}} * {{cite web |title=OnabotulinumtoxinA Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a608013.html}} * {{cite web |title=PrabotulinumtoxinA-xvfs Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a619021.html}} * {{cite web |title=RimabotulinumtoxinB Injection |website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a608014.html}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Botulinum Toxin}} [[Category:Drugs wey AbbVie develop]] [[Category:Acetylcholine release inhibitors]] [[Category:Bacterial toxins]] [[Category:Protein toxins]] [[Category:Botulism]] [[Category:EC 3.4.24]] [[Category:Muscle relaxants]] [[Category:Neurotoxins]] [[Category:Peripherally selective drugs]] [[Category:Plastic surgery]] [[Category:Protein domains]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] b93b4o35orvmvdkkit5onw7xy0bnf8i 14 28699 107415 2026-07-17T15:05:19Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 107415 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28700 107416 2026-07-17T15:05:32Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 107416 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28701 107417 2026-07-17T15:05:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 107417 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28702 107418 2026-07-17T15:06:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 107418 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28703 107419 2026-07-17T15:07:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 107419 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28704 107420 2026-07-17T15:08:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 107420 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 28705 107421 2026-07-17T19:03:46Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500507|Ataxia]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 107421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 107422 107421 2026-07-17T22:35:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ataxia''' (from Greek α- [a negative prefix] + -τάξις [order] = "lack of order") be a neurological sign wey dey consist of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements wey fi include gait abnormality, speech changes, den abnormalities insyd eye movements, wey dey indicate dysfunction of parts of de nervous system wey coordinate movement, such as de cerebellum. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0zas2sl5cyevfl45kxaur42leueme8x 107423 107422 2026-07-17T22:38:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ataxia''' (from Greek α- [a negative prefix] + -τάξις [order] = "lack of order") be a neurological sign wey dey consist of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements wey fi include gait abnormality, speech changes, den abnormalities insyd eye movements, wey dey indicate dysfunction of parts of de nervous system wey coordinate movement, such as de cerebellum. Dese nervous-system dysfunctions dey occur insyd several different patterns, plus different results den different possible causes. Ataxia fi be limited to one side of de body, wich be referred to as '''hemiataxia.''' Friedreich's ataxia get gait abnormality as de most commonly presented symptom. '''Dystaxia''' be a mild degree of ataxia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dystaxia Definition & Meaning |url =https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dystaxia |access-date =2023-09-13 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en }} </ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7th6ax127fqstpd4vkvhvaomq4nzfgz 107424 107423 2026-07-17T22:42:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ataxia''' (from Greek α- [a negative prefix] + -τάξις [order] = "lack of order") be a neurological sign wey dey consist of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements wey fi include gait abnormality, speech changes, den abnormalities insyd eye movements, wey dey indicate dysfunction of parts of de nervous system wey coordinate movement, such as de cerebellum. Dese nervous-system dysfunctions dey occur insyd several different patterns, plus different results den different possible causes. Ataxia fi be limited to one side of de body, wich be referred to as '''hemiataxia.''' Friedreich's ataxia get gait abnormality as de most commonly presented symptom. '''Dystaxia''' be a mild degree of ataxia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dystaxia Definition & Meaning |url =https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dystaxia |access-date =2023-09-13 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en }} </ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite book | vauthors = Perlman S | veditors = Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Stephens K, Adam MP, Bird TD | chapter = Hereditary Ataxia Overview (last revision 2012)| title = All GeneReview |year=1998 |pmid=20301317 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1138/|publisher=University of Washington, Seattle}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Manto M, Gruol D, Schmahmann J, Koibuchi N, Rossi F |title=Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders|year=2013 |url=https://www.springer.com/biomed/neuroscience/book/978-94-007-1332-1 |isbn=978-94-007-1332-1|publisher=Springer}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Esmail S|title=Cerebellar ataxia but normal neuroimaging: now what?|year=2018 |journal=Scivision|url=https://www.scivisionpub.com/journals/articleinpress-journal-of-medical-clinical-research-reviews}} ==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://www.ataxia.org National Ataxia Foundation (USA)] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Complications of stroke]] [[Category:Symptoms den signs: Nervous system]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] 1e3momowevqv8rruotts2j3gsdjd75q 14 28706 107425 2026-07-17T22:49:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 107425 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 28707 107426 2026-07-17T23:11:50Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364682009|Santeng]]" 107426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Santeng''' be a mining community insyd de Talensi District of de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-02 |title=The ‘unwanted’ fishpond: How a World Bank-funded project failed two Upper East communities - The Fourth Estate |url=https://thefourthestategh.com/2026/06/the-unwanted-fishpond-how-a-world-bank-funded-project-failed-two-upper-east-communities/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Only 3 doctors assume duty in Upper East - 26 were posted |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-only-3-doctors-assume-duty-in-upper-east-26-were-posted.html |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == References == 86w5pe160xjmccnrgpxf9s4rwxpnre4 107427 107426 2026-07-17T23:13:49Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Santeng''' be a mining community insyd de Talensi District of de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-02 |title=The ‘unwanted’ fishpond: How a World Bank-funded project failed two Upper East communities - The Fourth Estate |url=https://thefourthestategh.com/2026/06/the-unwanted-fishpond-how-a-world-bank-funded-project-failed-two-upper-east-communities/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Only 3 doctors assume duty in Upper East - 26 were posted |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-only-3-doctors-assume-duty-in-upper-east-26-were-posted.html |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Towns insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Towns insyd Upper East Region]] [[Category:Populated places for Upper East Region insyd]] 219xseo5utwdl7zs6blm187bynwe01r 0 28708 107428 2026-07-17T23:20:27Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364683136|Datuko]]" 107428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Datuko''' be a community insyd de Talensi District of de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UE: Earl International employs 80% of workforce from host communities – PRO |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1482704/ue-earl-international-employs-80-of-workforce.html |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2025-08-04 |title=CRS, LDS renovate 29 health facilities in Northern Ghana |url=https://gna.org.gh/2025/08/crs-lds-renovate-29-health-facilities-in-northern-ghana/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-17 |title=U/E: Mining pits kill 2 miners in Talensi District |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2020/03/u-e-mining-pits-kill-2-miners-in-talensi-district/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> As at 2026, de community get a population of 6,500. De Chief of de community be Naab Nubil Pelig Ku Sua Yebig.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-02 |title=The ‘unwanted’ fishpond: How a World Bank-funded project failed two Upper East communities - The Fourth Estate |url=https://thefourthestategh.com/2026/06/the-unwanted-fishpond-how-a-world-bank-funded-project-failed-two-upper-east-communities/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |language=en}}</ref> == References == 3h8xqbrlzxdpfpirgi10psnya06l382 107429 107428 2026-07-17T23:21:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 107429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Datuko''' be a community insyd de Talensi District of de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UE: Earl International employs 80% of workforce from host communities – PRO |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1482704/ue-earl-international-employs-80-of-workforce.html |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2025-08-04 |title=CRS, LDS renovate 29 health facilities in Northern Ghana |url=https://gna.org.gh/2025/08/crs-lds-renovate-29-health-facilities-in-northern-ghana/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-17 |title=U/E: Mining pits kill 2 miners in Talensi District |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2020/03/u-e-mining-pits-kill-2-miners-in-talensi-district/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> As at 2026, de community get a population of 6,500. De Chief of de community be Naab Nubil Pelig Ku Sua Yebig.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-02 |title=The ‘unwanted’ fishpond: How a World Bank-funded project failed two Upper East communities - The Fourth Estate |url=https://thefourthestategh.com/2026/06/the-unwanted-fishpond-how-a-world-bank-funded-project-failed-two-upper-east-communities/ |access-date=2026-07-17 |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Towns insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Towns insyd Upper East Region]] [[Category:Populated places for Upper East Region insyd]] cnwup0bxplz1s5chtfc4tn0gfsynb93