Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 828 20247 114340 107720 2026-10-08T16:34:17Z Grufo 3655 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 114340 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local main_frame = child_frame:getParent() return { frame = main_frame, opipe = child_frame.args, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local keyw local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {} local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) end if argc < varsarg0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache, len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else len, cache = 0, {} for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tmp local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end elseif ctx.subset == 1 then if ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end tmp = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end tbl = tmp end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = marker end end if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end return end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_seq) return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype < 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end return end local tseq = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local tmp local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = nil end end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do if val ~= true then fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter -- name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to library.pinned_until = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr local sntl, idx = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2 if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0 ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end while opts[idx] ~= nil do tmp = opts[idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if tmp == sntl then if idx == 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2 return context_iterate(ctx, idx + 1) end if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1 end error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end local insn = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl if insn == nil or insn < 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp1 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp1] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local val = tbl[src] if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, 3 else argc = 4 end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) if do_sort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else len, cache = 0, {} for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = ctx.pipe[1] if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]| -- [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local tmp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]] -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]| -- [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]| -- [named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname, fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]| -- [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) jd4jhydnyce3tw9c50qwx3yd53quopx 0 30692 114326 2026-10-08T13:35:56Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501299|Colchicine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114327 114326 2026-10-08T13:46:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colchicine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Colbenemid''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to prevent den treat [[gout]],<ref>{{cite web |title= FDA-Approved Drugs |url= https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131625/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131643/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> to treat [[familial Mediterranean fever]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022352 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> den [[Behçet's disease]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Schachner LA, Hansen RC |title=Pediatric Dermatology E-Book |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-3665-2 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177}}</ref> den to reduce de risk of [[myocardial infarction]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=215727 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> De [[American College of Rheumatology]] dey recommend colchicine, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) anaa [[corticosteroids|steroids]] insyd de treatment of gout.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1431–1446 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024028 | pmc = 3683400 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21772}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1447–1461 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024029 | pmc = 3662546 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21773}}</ref> Oda uses for colchicine dey include de management of [[pericarditis]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchison SJ |title=Pericardial Diseases: Clinical Diagnostic Imaging Atlas with DVD |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4160-5274-6 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 87ly0kiheds8hjht8wuqt39bc2ho4bt 114328 114327 2026-10-08T13:48:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colchicine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Colbenemid''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to prevent den treat [[gout]],<ref>{{cite web |title= FDA-Approved Drugs |url= https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131625/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131643/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> to treat [[familial Mediterranean fever]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022352 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> den [[Behçet's disease]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Schachner LA, Hansen RC |title=Pediatric Dermatology E-Book |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-3665-2 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177}}</ref> den to reduce de risk of [[myocardial infarction]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=215727 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> De [[American College of Rheumatology]] dey recommend colchicine, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) anaa [[corticosteroids|steroids]] insyd de treatment of gout.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1431–1446 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024028 | pmc = 3683400 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21772}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1447–1461 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024029 | pmc = 3662546 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21773}}</ref> Oda uses for colchicine dey include de management of [[pericarditis]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchison SJ |title=Pericardial Diseases: Clinical Diagnostic Imaging Atlas with DVD |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4160-5274-6 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58}}</ref> Dem dey take colchicine [[by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Colchicine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> De injectable route of administration for colchicine fi be [[Toxicity|toxic]]. Insyd 2008, de US [[Food and Drug Administration]] remove all injectable colchicine from de US market.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Enforcement Against Injectable Colchicine |url=https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-enforcement-against-injectable-colchicine/|date=May 2008 |work= the-rheumatologist.org |publisher=The Rheumatologist |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Products Containing Colchicine for Injection; Enforcement Action Dates | website= [[Federal Register]] | date=8 February 2008 | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/02/08/08-564/drug-products-containing-colchicine-for-injection-enforcement-action-dates | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fi9wco600e6dzbhg3mjwtp3q9iw1vbm 114329 114328 2026-10-08T13:51:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colchicine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Colbenemid''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to prevent den treat [[gout]],<ref>{{cite web |title= FDA-Approved Drugs |url= https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131625/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131643/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> to treat [[familial Mediterranean fever]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022352 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> den [[Behçet's disease]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Schachner LA, Hansen RC |title=Pediatric Dermatology E-Book |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-3665-2 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177}}</ref> den to reduce de risk of [[myocardial infarction]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=215727 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> De [[American College of Rheumatology]] dey recommend colchicine, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) anaa [[corticosteroids|steroids]] insyd de treatment of gout.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1431–1446 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024028 | pmc = 3683400 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21772}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1447–1461 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024029 | pmc = 3662546 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21773}}</ref> Oda uses for colchicine dey include de management of [[pericarditis]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchison SJ |title=Pericardial Diseases: Clinical Diagnostic Imaging Atlas with DVD |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4160-5274-6 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58}}</ref> Dem dey take colchicine [[by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Colchicine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> De injectable route of administration for colchicine fi be [[Toxicity|toxic]]. Insyd 2008, de US [[Food and Drug Administration]] remove all injectable colchicine from de US market.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Enforcement Against Injectable Colchicine |url=https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-enforcement-against-injectable-colchicine/|date=May 2008 |work= the-rheumatologist.org |publisher=The Rheumatologist |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Products Containing Colchicine for Injection; Enforcement Action Dates | website= [[Federal Register]] | date=8 February 2008 | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/02/08/08-564/drug-products-containing-colchicine-for-injection-enforcement-action-dates | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> Colchicine get a narrow [[therapeutic index]], so overdosing be a significant risk. Common side effects of colchicine dey include [[gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] upset, particularly at high doses.<ref name=NPS2010>{{cite web |publisher=National Prescribing Service| location= Australia |url= http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine |date=14 May 2010 |title=Colchicine for acute gout: updated information about dosing and drug interactions| website= nps.org.au |access-date=14 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630173701/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine |archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Severe side effects fi include [[pancytopenia]] (low blood cell counts) den [[rhabdomyolysis]] (damage to [[skeletal muscle]]), den de medication fi be deadly in overdose.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Whether colchicine be safe for use during [[pregnancy]] be unclear, buh ein use during [[breastfeeding]] dey appear to be safe.<ref name= AHFS2019/><ref name="BNF762">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |pages=1085–1086}} {{cite web |date= |title=Colchicine |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/colchicine/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=British national formulary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)}} Available online in UK only</ref> Colchicine dey work by decreasing [[inflammation]] via multiple mechanisms.<ref name=Dal2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR | author-link1 = Nicola Dalbeth | title = Mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 36 | issue = 10 | pages = 1465–1479 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25151572 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] t3q7qgmp0gs9howval5eg9q3cwa41db 114330 114329 2026-10-08T13:56:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colchicine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Colbenemid''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to prevent den treat [[gout]],<ref>{{cite web |title= FDA-Approved Drugs |url= https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131625/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131643/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> to treat [[familial Mediterranean fever]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022352 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> den [[Behçet's disease]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Schachner LA, Hansen RC |title=Pediatric Dermatology E-Book |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-3665-2 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177}}</ref> den to reduce de risk of [[myocardial infarction]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=215727 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> De [[American College of Rheumatology]] dey recommend colchicine, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) anaa [[corticosteroids|steroids]] insyd de treatment of gout.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1431–1446 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024028 | pmc = 3683400 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21772}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1447–1461 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024029 | pmc = 3662546 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21773}}</ref> Oda uses for colchicine dey include de management of [[pericarditis]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchison SJ |title=Pericardial Diseases: Clinical Diagnostic Imaging Atlas with DVD |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4160-5274-6 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58}}</ref> Dem dey take colchicine [[by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Colchicine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> De injectable route of administration for colchicine fi be [[Toxicity|toxic]]. Insyd 2008, de US [[Food and Drug Administration]] remove all injectable colchicine from de US market.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Enforcement Against Injectable Colchicine |url=https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-enforcement-against-injectable-colchicine/|date=May 2008 |work= the-rheumatologist.org |publisher=The Rheumatologist |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Products Containing Colchicine for Injection; Enforcement Action Dates | website= [[Federal Register]] | date=8 February 2008 | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/02/08/08-564/drug-products-containing-colchicine-for-injection-enforcement-action-dates | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> Colchicine get a narrow [[therapeutic index]], so overdosing be a significant risk. Common side effects of colchicine dey include [[gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] upset, particularly at high doses.<ref name=NPS2010>{{cite web |publisher=National Prescribing Service| location= Australia |url= http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine |date=14 May 2010 |title=Colchicine for acute gout: updated information about dosing and drug interactions| website= nps.org.au |access-date=14 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630173701/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine |archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Severe side effects fi include [[pancytopenia]] (low blood cell counts) den [[rhabdomyolysis]] (damage to [[skeletal muscle]]), den de medication fi be deadly in overdose.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Whether colchicine be safe for use during [[pregnancy]] be unclear, buh ein use during [[breastfeeding]] dey appear to be safe.<ref name= AHFS2019/><ref name="BNF762">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |pages=1085–1086}} {{cite web |date= |title=Colchicine |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/colchicine/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=British national formulary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)}} Available online in UK only</ref> Colchicine dey work by decreasing [[inflammation]] via multiple mechanisms.<ref name=Dal2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR | author-link1 = Nicola Dalbeth | title = Mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 36 | issue = 10 | pages = 1465–1479 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25151572 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi}}</ref> Colchicine, insyd de form of [[Colchicum autumnale|autumn crocus]] (''Colchicum autumnale'') [[crude extract]], na e be used as early as 1500&nbsp;BC to treat joint swelling.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wall WJ |title=The Search for Human Chromosomes: A History of Discovery |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-26336-6 |page=88 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=u7IvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88}}</ref> Na e be approved for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1961.<ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=Colchicine capsule |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee1583ac-c308-4beb-b602-9ecac4977026 |website=DailyMed |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=1085–1086|edition=76}} {{cite web |title=Colchicine|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)|work=British national formulary |date= |access-date=26 January 2024 |url= https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/colchicine/}} Available online in UK only</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 215th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website= ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Colchicine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013–2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Colchicine | access-date = 20 August 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] d2r6bxrhuccpg0g3e1kyzmmyigdpmwy 114331 114330 2026-10-08T14:06:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colchicine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Colbenemid''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to prevent den treat [[gout]],<ref>{{cite web |title= FDA-Approved Drugs |url= https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131625/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131643/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> to treat [[familial Mediterranean fever]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022352 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> den [[Behçet's disease]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Schachner LA, Hansen RC |title=Pediatric Dermatology E-Book |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-3665-2 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177}}</ref> den to reduce de risk of [[myocardial infarction]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=215727 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> De [[American College of Rheumatology]] dey recommend colchicine, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) anaa [[corticosteroids|steroids]] insyd de treatment of gout.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1431–1446 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024028 | pmc = 3683400 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21772}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1447–1461 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024029 | pmc = 3662546 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21773}}</ref> Oda uses for colchicine dey include de management of [[pericarditis]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchison SJ |title=Pericardial Diseases: Clinical Diagnostic Imaging Atlas with DVD |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4160-5274-6 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58}}</ref> Dem dey take colchicine [[by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Colchicine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> De injectable route of administration for colchicine fi be [[Toxicity|toxic]]. Insyd 2008, de US [[Food and Drug Administration]] remove all injectable colchicine from de US market.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Enforcement Against Injectable Colchicine |url=https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-enforcement-against-injectable-colchicine/|date=May 2008 |work= the-rheumatologist.org |publisher=The Rheumatologist |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Products Containing Colchicine for Injection; Enforcement Action Dates | website= [[Federal Register]] | date=8 February 2008 | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/02/08/08-564/drug-products-containing-colchicine-for-injection-enforcement-action-dates | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> Colchicine get a narrow [[therapeutic index]], so overdosing be a significant risk. Common side effects of colchicine dey include [[gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] upset, particularly at high doses.<ref name=NPS2010>{{cite web |publisher=National Prescribing Service| location= Australia |url= http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine |date=14 May 2010 |title=Colchicine for acute gout: updated information about dosing and drug interactions| website= nps.org.au |access-date=14 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630173701/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine |archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Severe side effects fi include [[pancytopenia]] (low blood cell counts) den [[rhabdomyolysis]] (damage to [[skeletal muscle]]), den de medication fi be deadly in overdose.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Whether colchicine be safe for use during [[pregnancy]] be unclear, buh ein use during [[breastfeeding]] dey appear to be safe.<ref name= AHFS2019/><ref name="BNF762">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |pages=1085–1086}} {{cite web |date= |title=Colchicine |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/colchicine/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=British national formulary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)}} Available online in UK only</ref> Colchicine dey work by decreasing [[inflammation]] via multiple mechanisms.<ref name=Dal2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR | author-link1 = Nicola Dalbeth | title = Mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 36 | issue = 10 | pages = 1465–1479 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25151572 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi}}</ref> Colchicine, insyd de form of [[Colchicum autumnale|autumn crocus]] (''Colchicum autumnale'') [[crude extract]], na e be used as early as 1500&nbsp;BC to treat joint swelling.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wall WJ |title=The Search for Human Chromosomes: A History of Discovery |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-26336-6 |page=88 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=u7IvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88}}</ref> Na e be approved for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1961.<ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=Colchicine capsule |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee1583ac-c308-4beb-b602-9ecac4977026 |website=DailyMed |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name="BNF762" /> Insyd 2023, na e be de 215th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website= ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Colchicine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013–2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Colchicine | access-date = 20 August 2025}}</ref> Colchicine be used insyd [[plant breeding]] to induce [[polyploidy]], insyd wich de number of [[chromosome]]s insyd plant cells be doubled. Dis dey help produce larger, hardier, faster-growing, den in general, more desirable plants dan de normally [[diploid]] parents.<ref name="Griffiths2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Griffiths AJ, Gelbart WM, Miller JH |date=1999 |title=Modern Genetic Analysis: Changes in Chromosome Number |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21229/ |journal=Modern Genetic Analysis |publisher=W. H. Freeman, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123232413/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21229/ |archive-date=23 January 2019}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s1n2mxrihhj3vf5x1qxk7hi8txpadtp 114332 114331 2026-10-08T14:14:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Colchicine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Colbenemid''' among odas, be a [[medication]] dem use to prevent den treat [[gout]],<ref>{{cite web |title= FDA-Approved Drugs |url= https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131625/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022351 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211131643/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022353 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> to treat [[familial Mediterranean fever]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022352 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> den [[Behçet's disease]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Schachner LA, Hansen RC |title=Pediatric Dermatology E-Book |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-3665-2 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAlGLYplkacC&pg=PA177}}</ref> den to reduce de risk of [[myocardial infarction]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=215727 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> De [[American College of Rheumatology]] dey recommend colchicine, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) anaa [[corticosteroids|steroids]] insyd de treatment of gout.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1431–1446 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024028 | pmc = 3683400 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21772}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, Singh MK, Bae S, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Lioté F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, Robbins M, Wenger N, Terkeltaub R | title = 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis | journal = Arthritis Care & Research | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1447–1461 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23024029 | pmc = 3662546 | doi = 10.1002/acr.21773}}</ref> Oda uses for colchicine dey include de management of [[pericarditis]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hutchison SJ |title=Pericardial Diseases: Clinical Diagnostic Imaging Atlas with DVD |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4160-5274-6 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mZS5PS97X4C&pg=PA58}}</ref> Dem dey take colchicine [[by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Colchicine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/colchicine.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> De injectable route of administration for colchicine fi be [[Toxicity|toxic]]. Insyd 2008, de US [[Food and Drug Administration]] remove all injectable colchicine from de US market.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Enforcement Against Injectable Colchicine |url=https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-enforcement-against-injectable-colchicine/|date=May 2008 |work= the-rheumatologist.org |publisher=The Rheumatologist |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Products Containing Colchicine for Injection; Enforcement Action Dates | website= [[Federal Register]] | date=8 February 2008 | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/02/08/08-564/drug-products-containing-colchicine-for-injection-enforcement-action-dates | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> Colchicine get a narrow [[therapeutic index]], so overdosing be a significant risk. Common side effects of colchicine dey include [[gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] upset, particularly at high doses.<ref name=NPS2010>{{cite web |publisher=National Prescribing Service| location= Australia |url= http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine |date=14 May 2010 |title=Colchicine for acute gout: updated information about dosing and drug interactions| website= nps.org.au |access-date=14 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630173701/http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_radar/2010/may_2010/brief_item_colchicine |archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Severe side effects fi include [[pancytopenia]] (low blood cell counts) den [[rhabdomyolysis]] (damage to [[skeletal muscle]]), den de medication fi be deadly in overdose.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Whether colchicine be safe for use during [[pregnancy]] be unclear, buh ein use during [[breastfeeding]] dey appear to be safe.<ref name= AHFS2019/><ref name="BNF762">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |pages=1085–1086}} {{cite web |date= |title=Colchicine |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/colchicine/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=British national formulary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)}} Available online in UK only</ref> Colchicine dey work by decreasing [[inflammation]] via multiple mechanisms.<ref name=Dal2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR | author-link1 = Nicola Dalbeth | title = Mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 36 | issue = 10 | pages = 1465–1479 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25151572 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi}}</ref> Colchicine, insyd de form of [[Colchicum autumnale|autumn crocus]] (''Colchicum autumnale'') [[crude extract]], na e be used as early as 1500&nbsp;BC to treat joint swelling.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wall WJ |title=The Search for Human Chromosomes: A History of Discovery |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-26336-6 |page=88 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=u7IvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88}}</ref> Na e be approved for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1961.<ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=Colchicine capsule |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee1583ac-c308-4beb-b602-9ecac4977026 |website=DailyMed |access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name="BNF762" /> Insyd 2023, na e be de 215th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website= ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Colchicine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013–2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Colchicine | access-date = 20 August 2025}}</ref> Colchicine be used insyd [[plant breeding]] to induce [[polyploidy]], insyd wich de number of [[chromosome]]s insyd plant cells be doubled. Dis dey help produce larger, hardier, faster-growing, den in general, more desirable plants dan de normally [[diploid]] parents.<ref name="Griffiths2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Griffiths AJ, Gelbart WM, Miller JH |date=1999 |title=Modern Genetic Analysis: Changes in Chromosome Number |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21229/ |journal=Modern Genetic Analysis |publisher=W. H. Freeman, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123232413/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21229/ |archive-date=23 January 2019}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons category}} * {{cite web | title=Colchicine: Biotoxin | website=Emergency Response Safety and Health Database | date=8 November 2017 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750016.html}} [[Category:5-HT3 receptor negative allosteric modulators]] [[Category:5-HT3 receptor positive allosteric modulators]] [[Category:Acetamides]] [[Category:Alkaloids]] [[Category:Antigout agents]] [[Category:Benzodihydroheptalenes]] [[Category:Drugs wey Takeda Pharmaceutical Company develop]] [[Category:Glycine receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Methoxy compounds]] [[Category:Microtubule inhibitors]] [[Category:Orphan drugs]] [[Category:Peripherally selective drugs]] [[Category:Plant toxins]] [[Category:Pyrogallol ethers]] [[Category:Tropones]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0tmcz64if9d1sx2e3zr2yfl8a1dsnjt 14 30693 114333 2026-10-08T16:30:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114333 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30694 114334 2026-10-08T16:30:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114334 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30695 114335 2026-10-08T16:30:54Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114335 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30696 114336 2026-10-08T16:31:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114336 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30697 114337 2026-10-08T16:32:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114337 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30698 114338 2026-10-08T16:32:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114338 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30699 114339 2026-10-08T16:32:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114339 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 30700 114341 2026-10-08T16:35:40Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513588|Chikungunya]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114341 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114342 114341 2026-10-08T16:42:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chikungunya''' be an [[infection]] wey de [[#Virology|chikungunya virus]] cause.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Chikungunya Fact Sheet (2025)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> De most common symptoms be [[fever]] den [[arthralgia|joint pain]],<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=15 May 2024 |title=Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) }}</ref> typically dey occur four to eight days after de bite of an infected mosquito.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref name="ECDC-factsheet-20242">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024<!-- from page source --> |title=Chikungunya – Fact sheet |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/facts/factsheet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030113/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/chikungunya_fever/basic_facts/pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)}}</ref> De pain be described as "excruciating"; however sam people fi be infected widout showing any symptoms. Oda symptoms fi include [[headache]], [[muscle pain]], [[joint swelling]], den a [[rash]].<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> Symptoms usually dey improve within a week; however, occasionally de joint pain fi last for months anaa years.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /><ref name="van Aalst-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=van Aalst |first1=Mariëlle |last2=Nelen |first2=Charlotte Marieke |last3=Goorhuis |first3=Abraham |last4=Stijnis |first4=Cornelis |last5=Grobusch |first5=Martin Peter |date=1 January 2017 |title=Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893917300042 |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=15 |pages=8–22 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004 |pmid=28163198 |issn=1477-8939}}</ref> De very young, old, den those plus oda health problems be at risk of more severe disease.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == h0cfja42rv0gy1tj13vc71qn2jl7y2u 114343 114342 2026-10-08T16:48:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chikungunya''' be an [[infection]] wey de [[#Virology|chikungunya virus]] cause.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Chikungunya Fact Sheet (2025)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> De most common symptoms be [[fever]] den [[arthralgia|joint pain]],<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=15 May 2024 |title=Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) }}</ref> typically dey occur four to eight days after de bite of an infected mosquito.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref name="ECDC-factsheet-20242">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024<!-- from page source --> |title=Chikungunya – Fact sheet |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/facts/factsheet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030113/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/chikungunya_fever/basic_facts/pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)}}</ref> De pain be described as "excruciating"; however sam people fi be infected widout showing any symptoms. Oda symptoms fi include [[headache]], [[muscle pain]], [[joint swelling]], den a [[rash]].<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> Symptoms usually dey improve within a week; however, occasionally de joint pain fi last for months anaa years.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /><ref name="van Aalst-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=van Aalst |first1=Mariëlle |last2=Nelen |first2=Charlotte Marieke |last3=Goorhuis |first3=Abraham |last4=Stijnis |first4=Cornelis |last5=Grobusch |first5=Martin Peter |date=1 January 2017 |title=Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893917300042 |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=15 |pages=8–22 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004 |pmid=28163198 |issn=1477-8939}}</ref> De very young, old, den those plus oda health problems be at risk of more severe disease.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De [[virus]] be spread between people by two species of [[mosquito]] insyd de genus ''[[Aedes]]'': ''[[Aedes albopictus]]'' den ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'',<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> wich mainly bite during de day,<ref name="Paixao-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Paixão |first1=Enny S. |last2=Teixeira |first2=Maria Gloria |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Laura C. |date=2018 |title=Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=3 |issue=Suppl 1 |article-number=e000530 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000530 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=5759716 |pmid=29435366 |bibcode=2018BMJGH...300530P }}</ref><ref name="CDC-Prevent-2016">{{cite web|title=Preventing Chikungunya |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=26 September 2016|date=26 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915205122/http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> particularly around dawn den insyd de late afternoon.<ref name="AFP-2025">{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=23 July 2025 |title=Outbreak of Chikungunya Virus Poses Global Risk, Warns WHO |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/outbreak-of-chikungunya-virus-poses-global-risk-warns-who |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=ScienceAlert }}</ref> De [[Natural reservoir|virus fi circulate within a number of animals]], wey dey include birds den [[rodent]]s.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> Diagnosis be done by testing de blood for either viral [[RNA]] anaa [[antibodies]] to de virus.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> De symptoms fi be mistaken for those of [[dengue fever]] den [[Zika fever]], wich be spread by de same mosquitoes.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> E be believed most people cam be [[immune]] after a single infection.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] oxmu1dm8ugfv98v67bp2s6yuc0l0b80 114344 114343 2026-10-08T16:51:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chikungunya''' be an [[infection]] wey de [[#Virology|chikungunya virus]] cause.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Chikungunya Fact Sheet (2025)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> De most common symptoms be [[fever]] den [[arthralgia|joint pain]],<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=15 May 2024 |title=Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) }}</ref> typically dey occur four to eight days after de bite of an infected mosquito.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref name="ECDC-factsheet-20242">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024<!-- from page source --> |title=Chikungunya – Fact sheet |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/facts/factsheet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030113/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/chikungunya_fever/basic_facts/pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)}}</ref> De pain be described as "excruciating"; however sam people fi be infected widout showing any symptoms. Oda symptoms fi include [[headache]], [[muscle pain]], [[joint swelling]], den a [[rash]].<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> Symptoms usually dey improve within a week; however, occasionally de joint pain fi last for months anaa years.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /><ref name="van Aalst-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=van Aalst |first1=Mariëlle |last2=Nelen |first2=Charlotte Marieke |last3=Goorhuis |first3=Abraham |last4=Stijnis |first4=Cornelis |last5=Grobusch |first5=Martin Peter |date=1 January 2017 |title=Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893917300042 |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=15 |pages=8–22 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004 |pmid=28163198 |issn=1477-8939}}</ref> De very young, old, den those plus oda health problems be at risk of more severe disease.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De [[virus]] be spread between people by two species of [[mosquito]] insyd de genus ''[[Aedes]]'': ''[[Aedes albopictus]]'' den ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'',<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> wich mainly bite during de day,<ref name="Paixao-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Paixão |first1=Enny S. |last2=Teixeira |first2=Maria Gloria |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Laura C. |date=2018 |title=Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=3 |issue=Suppl 1 |article-number=e000530 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000530 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=5759716 |pmid=29435366 |bibcode=2018BMJGH...300530P }}</ref><ref name="CDC-Prevent-2016">{{cite web|title=Preventing Chikungunya |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=26 September 2016|date=26 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915205122/http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> particularly around dawn den insyd de late afternoon.<ref name="AFP-2025">{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=23 July 2025 |title=Outbreak of Chikungunya Virus Poses Global Risk, Warns WHO |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/outbreak-of-chikungunya-virus-poses-global-risk-warns-who |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=ScienceAlert }}</ref> De [[Natural reservoir|virus fi circulate within a number of animals]], wey dey include birds den [[rodent]]s.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> Diagnosis be done by testing de blood for either viral [[RNA]] anaa [[antibodies]] to de virus.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> De symptoms fi be mistaken for those of [[dengue fever]] den [[Zika fever]], wich be spread by de same mosquitoes.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> E be believed most people cam be [[immune]] after a single infection.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De best means of prevention be overall [[mosquito control]] den de avoidance of bites insyd areas wer de disease be common.<ref name="Caglioti-2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caglioti C, Lalle E, Castilletti C, Carletti F, Capobianchi MR, Bordi L |date=July 2013 |title=Chikungunya virus infection: an overview |journal=The New Microbiologica |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=211–27 |pmid=23912863}}</ref> Dis fi be partly achieved by decreasing mosquitoes dema access to water, as well as de use of [[insect repellent]] den [[mosquito nets]]. [[Chikungunya vaccine]]s be approved for use insyd de United States den insyd de European Union.<ref name="ECDC-Ixchiq-2024">{{cite web | title=Ixchiq EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] | date=30 May 2024 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ixchiq | access-date=1 June 2024 | archive-date=1 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601040318/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ixchiq | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EMA-Vimkunya-2025a">{{cite web | title=Vimkunya EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] | date=30 January 2025 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vimkunya | access-date=16 February 2025}}></ref><ref name="FDA Approval-2023">{{cite press release |title=FDA Approval |date=9 November 2023 |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-prevent-disease-caused-chikungunya-virus |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111030959/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-prevent-disease-caused-chikungunya-virus |archive-date=11 November 2023 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> No specific treatment for chikungunya be available.<ref name="Caglioti-2013" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2t73ctt5r5vc3nncwmazsyh73j0601a 114345 114344 2026-10-08T16:55:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chikungunya''' be an [[infection]] wey de [[#Virology|chikungunya virus]] cause.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Chikungunya Fact Sheet (2025)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> De most common symptoms be [[fever]] den [[arthralgia|joint pain]],<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=15 May 2024 |title=Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) }}</ref> typically dey occur four to eight days after de bite of an infected mosquito.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref name="ECDC-factsheet-20242">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024<!-- from page source --> |title=Chikungunya – Fact sheet |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/facts/factsheet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030113/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/chikungunya_fever/basic_facts/pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)}}</ref> De pain be described as "excruciating"; however sam people fi be infected widout showing any symptoms. Oda symptoms fi include [[headache]], [[muscle pain]], [[joint swelling]], den a [[rash]].<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> Symptoms usually dey improve within a week; however, occasionally de joint pain fi last for months anaa years.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /><ref name="van Aalst-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=van Aalst |first1=Mariëlle |last2=Nelen |first2=Charlotte Marieke |last3=Goorhuis |first3=Abraham |last4=Stijnis |first4=Cornelis |last5=Grobusch |first5=Martin Peter |date=1 January 2017 |title=Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893917300042 |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=15 |pages=8–22 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004 |pmid=28163198 |issn=1477-8939}}</ref> De very young, old, den those plus oda health problems be at risk of more severe disease.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De [[virus]] be spread between people by two species of [[mosquito]] insyd de genus ''[[Aedes]]'': ''[[Aedes albopictus]]'' den ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'',<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> wich mainly bite during de day,<ref name="Paixao-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Paixão |first1=Enny S. |last2=Teixeira |first2=Maria Gloria |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Laura C. |date=2018 |title=Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=3 |issue=Suppl 1 |article-number=e000530 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000530 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=5759716 |pmid=29435366 |bibcode=2018BMJGH...300530P }}</ref><ref name="CDC-Prevent-2016">{{cite web|title=Preventing Chikungunya |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=26 September 2016|date=26 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915205122/http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> particularly around dawn den insyd de late afternoon.<ref name="AFP-2025">{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=23 July 2025 |title=Outbreak of Chikungunya Virus Poses Global Risk, Warns WHO |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/outbreak-of-chikungunya-virus-poses-global-risk-warns-who |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=ScienceAlert }}</ref> De [[Natural reservoir|virus fi circulate within a number of animals]], wey dey include birds den [[rodent]]s.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> Diagnosis be done by testing de blood for either viral [[RNA]] anaa [[antibodies]] to de virus.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> De symptoms fi be mistaken for those of [[dengue fever]] den [[Zika fever]], wich be spread by de same mosquitoes.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> E be believed most people cam be [[immune]] after a single infection.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De best means of prevention be overall [[mosquito control]] den de avoidance of bites insyd areas wer de disease be common.<ref name="Caglioti-2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caglioti C, Lalle E, Castilletti C, Carletti F, Capobianchi MR, Bordi L |date=July 2013 |title=Chikungunya virus infection: an overview |journal=The New Microbiologica |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=211–27 |pmid=23912863}}</ref> Dis fi be partly achieved by decreasing mosquitoes dema access to water, as well as de use of [[insect repellent]] den [[mosquito nets]]. [[Chikungunya vaccine]]s be approved for use insyd de United States den insyd de European Union.<ref name="ECDC-Ixchiq-2024">{{cite web | title=Ixchiq EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] | date=30 May 2024 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ixchiq | access-date=1 June 2024 | archive-date=1 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601040318/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ixchiq | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EMA-Vimkunya-2025a">{{cite web | title=Vimkunya EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] | date=30 January 2025 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vimkunya | access-date=16 February 2025}}></ref><ref name="FDA Approval-2023">{{cite press release |title=FDA Approval |date=9 November 2023 |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-prevent-disease-caused-chikungunya-virus |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111030959/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-prevent-disease-caused-chikungunya-virus |archive-date=11 November 2023 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> No specific treatment for chikungunya be available.<ref name="Caglioti-2013" /> De chikungunya virus be widespread insyd tropical den subtropical regions wer warm climates den abundant populations of ein mosquito vectors (''A. aegypti'' den ''A. albopictus'') facilitate ein transmission.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> Na de disease first be identified insyd 1952 insyd [[Tanzania]] wey dem name am based on de [[Makonde language|Makonde]] words for "to become contorted".<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> De disease spread widely since de 2000s wey dem report [[outbreak]]s insyd chaw tropical den sam temperate areas. E be considered to be [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] insyd chaw parts of de world,<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2017 |title=Information for travellers to areas with chikungunya transmission |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/threats-and-outbreaks/information-travellers |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control }}</ref> wey dey affect millions of people every year. Chikungunya cam be a global health concern secof ein rapid geographic expansion, recurrent outbreaks, de lack of effective antiviral treatments, den potential to cause severe symptoms den death.<ref name="Moizeis-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Moizéis |first1=Raíza Nara Cunha |last2=Fernandes |first2=Thales Allyrio Araújo de Medeiros |last3=Guedes |first3=Paulo Marcos da Matta |last4=Pereira |first4=Hannaly Wana Bezerra |last5=Lanza |first5=Daniel Carlos Ferreira |last6=Azevedo |first6=Judson Welber Veríssimo de |last7=Galvão |first7=Josélio Maria de Araújo |last8=Fernandes |first8=José Veríssimo |date=19 May 2018 |title=Chikungunya fever: a threat to global public health |journal=Pathogens and Global Health |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=182–94 |doi=10.1080/20477724.2018.1478777 |issn=2047-7724 |pmc=6147074 |pmid=29806537}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6k5w1vck39kbu6yxqs2qd49i3fvf2z6 114346 114345 2026-10-08T16:56:17Z DaSupremo 9 Add references 114346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chikungunya''' be an [[infection]] wey de [[#Virology|chikungunya virus]] cause.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Chikungunya Fact Sheet (2025)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> De most common symptoms be [[fever]] den [[arthralgia|joint pain]],<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=15 May 2024 |title=Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) }}</ref> typically dey occur four to eight days after de bite of an infected mosquito.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref name="ECDC-factsheet-20242">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024<!-- from page source --> |title=Chikungunya – Fact sheet |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/facts/factsheet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030113/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/chikungunya_fever/basic_facts/pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)}}</ref> De pain be described as "excruciating"; however sam people fi be infected widout showing any symptoms. Oda symptoms fi include [[headache]], [[muscle pain]], [[joint swelling]], den a [[rash]].<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> Symptoms usually dey improve within a week; however, occasionally de joint pain fi last for months anaa years.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /><ref name="van Aalst-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=van Aalst |first1=Mariëlle |last2=Nelen |first2=Charlotte Marieke |last3=Goorhuis |first3=Abraham |last4=Stijnis |first4=Cornelis |last5=Grobusch |first5=Martin Peter |date=1 January 2017 |title=Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893917300042 |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=15 |pages=8–22 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004 |pmid=28163198 |issn=1477-8939}}</ref> De very young, old, den those plus oda health problems be at risk of more severe disease.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De [[virus]] be spread between people by two species of [[mosquito]] insyd de genus ''[[Aedes]]'': ''[[Aedes albopictus]]'' den ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'',<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> wich mainly bite during de day,<ref name="Paixao-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Paixão |first1=Enny S. |last2=Teixeira |first2=Maria Gloria |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Laura C. |date=2018 |title=Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=3 |issue=Suppl 1 |article-number=e000530 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000530 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=5759716 |pmid=29435366 |bibcode=2018BMJGH...300530P }}</ref><ref name="CDC-Prevent-2016">{{cite web|title=Preventing Chikungunya |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=26 September 2016|date=26 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915205122/http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> particularly around dawn den insyd de late afternoon.<ref name="AFP-2025">{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=23 July 2025 |title=Outbreak of Chikungunya Virus Poses Global Risk, Warns WHO |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/outbreak-of-chikungunya-virus-poses-global-risk-warns-who |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=ScienceAlert }}</ref> De [[Natural reservoir|virus fi circulate within a number of animals]], wey dey include birds den [[rodent]]s.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> Diagnosis be done by testing de blood for either viral [[RNA]] anaa [[antibodies]] to de virus.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> De symptoms fi be mistaken for those of [[dengue fever]] den [[Zika fever]], wich be spread by de same mosquitoes.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> E be believed most people cam be [[immune]] after a single infection.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De best means of prevention be overall [[mosquito control]] den de avoidance of bites insyd areas wer de disease be common.<ref name="Caglioti-2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caglioti C, Lalle E, Castilletti C, Carletti F, Capobianchi MR, Bordi L |date=July 2013 |title=Chikungunya virus infection: an overview |journal=The New Microbiologica |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=211–27 |pmid=23912863}}</ref> Dis fi be partly achieved by decreasing mosquitoes dema access to water, as well as de use of [[insect repellent]] den [[mosquito nets]]. [[Chikungunya vaccine]]s be approved for use insyd de United States den insyd de European Union.<ref name="ECDC-Ixchiq-2024">{{cite web | title=Ixchiq EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] | date=30 May 2024 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ixchiq | access-date=1 June 2024 | archive-date=1 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601040318/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ixchiq | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EMA-Vimkunya-2025a">{{cite web | title=Vimkunya EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] | date=30 January 2025 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vimkunya | access-date=16 February 2025}}></ref><ref name="FDA Approval-2023">{{cite press release |title=FDA Approval |date=9 November 2023 |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-prevent-disease-caused-chikungunya-virus |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111030959/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-prevent-disease-caused-chikungunya-virus |archive-date=11 November 2023 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> No specific treatment for chikungunya be available.<ref name="Caglioti-2013" /> De chikungunya virus be widespread insyd tropical den subtropical regions wer warm climates den abundant populations of ein mosquito vectors (''A. aegypti'' den ''A. albopictus'') facilitate ein transmission.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> Na de disease first be identified insyd 1952 insyd [[Tanzania]] wey dem name am based on de [[Makonde language|Makonde]] words for "to become contorted".<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> De disease spread widely since de 2000s wey dem report [[outbreak]]s insyd chaw tropical den sam temperate areas. E be considered to be [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] insyd chaw parts of de world,<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2017 |title=Information for travellers to areas with chikungunya transmission |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/threats-and-outbreaks/information-travellers |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control }}</ref> wey dey affect millions of people every year.<ref name="Hyolim-2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Hyolim |last2=Lim |first2=Ahyoung |last3=Auzenbergs |first3=Megan |last4=Clark |first4=Andrew |last5=Colón-González |first5=Felipe J |last6=Salje |first6=Henrik |last7=Clapham |first7=Hannah |last8=Carrera |first8=Jean Paul |last9=Kim |first9=Jong-Hoon |last10=Malarski |first10=Maya |last11=López-Vergès |first11=Sandra |last12=Cucunubá |first12=Zulma M |last13=Cerqueira-Silva |first13=Thiago |last14=Edmunds |first14=William John |last15=Sahastrabuddhe |first15=Sushant |date=October 2025 |title=Global, regional and national burden of chikungunya: force of infection mapping and spatial modelling study |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=10 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2024-018598 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=12506043 |pmid=41033690 |article-number=e018598}}</ref><ref name="Ribeiro dos Santos-2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeiro dos Santos |first1=Gabriel |last2=Jawed |first2=Fariha |last3=Mukandavire |first3=Christinah |last4=Deol |first4=Arminder |last5=Scarponi |first5=Danny |last6=Mboera |first6=Leonard E. G. |last7=Seruyange |first7=Eric |last8=Poirier |first8=Mathieu J. P. |last9=Bosomprah |first9=Samuel |last10=Udeze |first10=Augustine O. |last11=Dellagi |first11=Koussay |last12=Hozé |first12=Nathanael |last13=Chilongola |first13=Jaffu |last14=Nasrallah |first14=Gheyath K. |last15=Cauchemez |first15=Simon |date=July 2025 |title=Global burden of chikungunya virus infections and the potential benefit of vaccination campaigns |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=2342–2349 |doi=10.1038/s41591-025-03703-w |issn=1546-170X |pmc=12283390 |pmid=40495015}}</ref> Chikungunya cam be a global health concern secof ein rapid geographic expansion, recurrent outbreaks, de lack of effective antiviral treatments, den potential to cause severe symptoms den death.<ref name="Moizeis-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Moizéis |first1=Raíza Nara Cunha |last2=Fernandes |first2=Thales Allyrio Araújo de Medeiros |last3=Guedes |first3=Paulo Marcos da Matta |last4=Pereira |first4=Hannaly Wana Bezerra |last5=Lanza |first5=Daniel Carlos Ferreira |last6=Azevedo |first6=Judson Welber Veríssimo de |last7=Galvão |first7=Josélio Maria de Araújo |last8=Fernandes |first8=José Veríssimo |date=19 May 2018 |title=Chikungunya fever: a threat to global public health |journal=Pathogens and Global Health |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=182–94 |doi=10.1080/20477724.2018.1478777 |issn=2047-7724 |pmc=6147074 |pmid=29806537}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] bqy4ammddi4tbrz2v0r3s028j8z1uhn 114347 114346 2026-10-08T16:59:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chikungunya''' be an [[infection]] wey de [[#Virology|chikungunya virus]] cause.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Chikungunya Fact Sheet (2025)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) }}</ref> De most common symptoms be [[fever]] den [[arthralgia|joint pain]],<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=15 May 2024 |title=Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) }}</ref> typically dey occur four to eight days after de bite of an infected mosquito.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref name="ECDC-factsheet-20242">{{cite web |date=24 June 2024<!-- from page source --> |title=Chikungunya – Fact sheet |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/facts/factsheet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030113/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/chikungunya_fever/basic_facts/pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx |archive-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)}}</ref> De pain be described as "excruciating"; however sam people fi be infected widout showing any symptoms. Oda symptoms fi include [[headache]], [[muscle pain]], [[joint swelling]], den a [[rash]].<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> Symptoms usually dey improve within a week; however, occasionally de joint pain fi last for months anaa years.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /><ref name="van Aalst-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=van Aalst |first1=Mariëlle |last2=Nelen |first2=Charlotte Marieke |last3=Goorhuis |first3=Abraham |last4=Stijnis |first4=Cornelis |last5=Grobusch |first5=Martin Peter |date=1 January 2017 |title=Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893917300042 |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |volume=15 |pages=8–22 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004 |pmid=28163198 |issn=1477-8939}}</ref> De very young, old, den those plus oda health problems be at risk of more severe disease.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De [[virus]] be spread between people by two species of [[mosquito]] insyd de genus ''[[Aedes]]'': ''[[Aedes albopictus]]'' den ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'',<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> wich mainly bite during de day,<ref name="Paixao-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Paixão |first1=Enny S. |last2=Teixeira |first2=Maria Gloria |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Laura C. |date=2018 |title=Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=3 |issue=Suppl 1 |article-number=e000530 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000530 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=5759716 |pmid=29435366 |bibcode=2018BMJGH...300530P }}</ref><ref name="CDC-Prevent-2016">{{cite web|title=Preventing Chikungunya |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=26 September 2016|date=26 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915205122/http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> particularly around dawn den insyd de late afternoon.<ref name="AFP-2025">{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=23 July 2025 |title=Outbreak of Chikungunya Virus Poses Global Risk, Warns WHO |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/outbreak-of-chikungunya-virus-poses-global-risk-warns-who |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=ScienceAlert }}</ref> De [[Natural reservoir|virus fi circulate within a number of animals]], wey dey include birds den [[rodent]]s.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> Diagnosis be done by testing de blood for either viral [[RNA]] anaa [[antibodies]] to de virus.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> De symptoms fi be mistaken for those of [[dengue fever]] den [[Zika fever]], wich be spread by de same mosquitoes.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> E be believed most people cam be [[immune]] after a single infection.<ref name="CDC_2024_Symptoms" /> De best means of prevention be overall [[mosquito control]] den de avoidance of bites insyd areas wer de disease be common.<ref name="Caglioti-2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caglioti C, Lalle E, Castilletti C, Carletti F, Capobianchi MR, Bordi L |date=July 2013 |title=Chikungunya virus infection: an overview |journal=The New Microbiologica |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=211–27 |pmid=23912863}}</ref> Dis fi be partly achieved by decreasing mosquitoes dema access to water, as well as de use of [[insect repellent]] den [[mosquito nets]]. [[Chikungunya vaccine]]s be approved for use insyd de United States den insyd de European Union.<ref name="ECDC-Ixchiq-2024">{{cite web | title=Ixchiq EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] | date=30 May 2024 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ixchiq | access-date=1 June 2024 | archive-date=1 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601040318/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ixchiq | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EMA-Vimkunya-2025a">{{cite web | title=Vimkunya EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] | date=30 January 2025 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vimkunya | access-date=16 February 2025}}></ref><ref name="FDA Approval-2023">{{cite press release |title=FDA Approval |date=9 November 2023 |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-prevent-disease-caused-chikungunya-virus |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111030959/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-vaccine-prevent-disease-caused-chikungunya-virus |archive-date=11 November 2023 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> No specific treatment for chikungunya be available.<ref name="Caglioti-2013" /> De chikungunya virus be widespread insyd tropical den subtropical regions wer warm climates den abundant populations of ein mosquito vectors (''A. aegypti'' den ''A. albopictus'') facilitate ein transmission.<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> Na de disease first be identified insyd 1952 insyd [[Tanzania]] wey dem name am based on de [[Makonde language|Makonde]] words for "to become contorted".<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /> De disease spread widely since de 2000s wey dem report [[outbreak]]s insyd chaw tropical den sam temperate areas. E be considered to be [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] insyd chaw parts of de world,<ref name="WHO_FactSheet_2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2017 |title=Information for travellers to areas with chikungunya transmission |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya/threats-and-outbreaks/information-travellers |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control }}</ref> wey dey affect millions of people every year.<ref name="Hyolim-2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Hyolim |last2=Lim |first2=Ahyoung |last3=Auzenbergs |first3=Megan |last4=Clark |first4=Andrew |last5=Colón-González |first5=Felipe J |last6=Salje |first6=Henrik |last7=Clapham |first7=Hannah |last8=Carrera |first8=Jean Paul |last9=Kim |first9=Jong-Hoon |last10=Malarski |first10=Maya |last11=López-Vergès |first11=Sandra |last12=Cucunubá |first12=Zulma M |last13=Cerqueira-Silva |first13=Thiago |last14=Edmunds |first14=William John |last15=Sahastrabuddhe |first15=Sushant |date=October 2025 |title=Global, regional and national burden of chikungunya: force of infection mapping and spatial modelling study |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=10 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2024-018598 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=12506043 |pmid=41033690 |article-number=e018598}}</ref><ref name="Ribeiro dos Santos-2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeiro dos Santos |first1=Gabriel |last2=Jawed |first2=Fariha |last3=Mukandavire |first3=Christinah |last4=Deol |first4=Arminder |last5=Scarponi |first5=Danny |last6=Mboera |first6=Leonard E. G. |last7=Seruyange |first7=Eric |last8=Poirier |first8=Mathieu J. P. |last9=Bosomprah |first9=Samuel |last10=Udeze |first10=Augustine O. |last11=Dellagi |first11=Koussay |last12=Hozé |first12=Nathanael |last13=Chilongola |first13=Jaffu |last14=Nasrallah |first14=Gheyath K. |last15=Cauchemez |first15=Simon |date=July 2025 |title=Global burden of chikungunya virus infections and the potential benefit of vaccination campaigns |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=2342–2349 |doi=10.1038/s41591-025-03703-w |issn=1546-170X |pmc=12283390 |pmid=40495015}}</ref> Chikungunya cam be a global health concern secof ein rapid geographic expansion, recurrent outbreaks, de lack of effective antiviral treatments, den potential to cause severe symptoms den death.<ref name="Moizeis-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Moizéis |first1=Raíza Nara Cunha |last2=Fernandes |first2=Thales Allyrio Araújo de Medeiros |last3=Guedes |first3=Paulo Marcos da Matta |last4=Pereira |first4=Hannaly Wana Bezerra |last5=Lanza |first5=Daniel Carlos Ferreira |last6=Azevedo |first6=Judson Welber Veríssimo de |last7=Galvão |first7=Josélio Maria de Araújo |last8=Fernandes |first8=José Veríssimo |date=19 May 2018 |title=Chikungunya fever: a threat to global public health |journal=Pathogens and Global Health |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=182–94 |doi=10.1080/20477724.2018.1478777 |issn=2047-7724 |pmc=6147074 |pmid=29806537}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chikungunya-virus-disease Chikungunya virus disease] [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] [[Category:Chikungunya| ]] [[Category:Biological agents]] [[Category:Health disasters insyd India]] [[Category:Tropical diseases]] [[Category:Zoonotic viral diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 173nhtndsoozfavb784skwpwuaci6te 14 30701 114348 2026-10-08T16:59:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114348 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30702 114349 2026-10-08T16:59:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114349 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Forces.svg | link alias-military=Japan Self-Defense Forces | flag alias-marines=Flag of JSDF.svg | link alias-marines=Japanese Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade | flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of Japan.svg | link alias-navy = Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force | {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#ifeq:{{{altlink}}}|A national rugby union team|link alias-rugby union|empty}} = Junior Japan | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1870 | var2 = 1945 | var3 = 1947 | var4 = ryukyu | redir1 = JPN | related1 = Empire of Japan </noinclude> }} 4pswyrg21vowrs07sh605f73jbifxnl 10 30723 114370 2026-10-08T17:35:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 114370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Belarus | flag alias = Flag of Belarus.svg | flag alias-1991 = Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg | flag alias-1995 = Flag of Belarus (1995–2012).svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of Belarusian Air Force.svg | link alias-air force = Belarusian Air Force | flag alias-army = Flag of the Belarusian Ground Forces.png | link alias-army = Belarusian Ground Forces | flag alias-military = Flag of the Armed Forces of Belarus.png | link alias-military = Armed Forces of Belarus | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1991 | var2 = 1995 | redir1 = BLR | related1 = Byelorussian SSR | related2 = Belarusian People's Republic </noinclude> }} dic360i7886q0ju0bptg31n9rdwix4b 10 30724 114371 2026-10-08T17:37:20Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 114371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Tunisia | flag alias = Flag of Tunisia.svg | flag alias-1881 = Flag of the Beylik of Tunis (1831–1881) and Tunisia (1881–1959).svg | flag alias-1959 = Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg | flag alias-old = Tunisian flag till 1831.svg | border-old = | flag alias-bey = Flag of Tunis Bey-fr.svg | link alias-naval = Tunisian Armed Forces{{!}}Tunisian National Navy | link alias-army = Tunisian Army | link alias-air force= Tunisian Air Force | link alias-navy = Tunisian Armed Forces{{!}}Tunisian National Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1881 | var2 = 1959 | var3 = old | var4 = bey | redir1 = TUN | related1 = French protectorate of Tunisia </noinclude> }} ht92xkrpqkugfgmqz1h2euhf3rfz5h6 0 30725 114372 2026-10-08T18:28:18Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458179|Hypoparathyroidism]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114373 114372 2026-10-08T18:41:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypoparathyroidism''' be decreased function of de [[parathyroid gland]]s plus underproduction of [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH). Dis fi lead to [[hypocalcemia|low levels of calcium insyd de blood]], often dey cause [[cramp]]ing den twitching of muscles anaa [[Tetany (medical sign)|tetany]] (involuntary muscle contraction), den several oda symptoms. E be a very rare disease. De condition fi be inherited, buh e sanso be encountered after [[thyroidectomy|thyroid]] anaa [[parathyroidectomy|parathyroid gland surgery]], wey e fi be caused by [[autoimmunity|immune system-related damage]] as well as several rarer causes. De diagnosis be made plus [[blood test]]s, den oda investigations such as [[genetic testing]], wey dey depend on de results. De primary treatment of hypoparathyroidism be calcium den vitamin D supplementation. Calcium replacement anaa [[vitamin D]] fi ameliorate de symptoms buh fi increase de risk of [[kidney stone]]s den [[chronic kidney disease]]. Additionally, medications such as [[recombinant human parathyroid hormone]] anaa [[teriparatide]] fi be given by injection to replace de missing hormone. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lbeltnk1cnm993n0exhgsdip9sl8rna 114374 114373 2026-10-08T18:42:52Z DaSupremo 9 Add references 114374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypoparathyroidism''' be decreased function of de [[parathyroid gland]]s plus underproduction of [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH). Dis fi lead to [[hypocalcemia|low levels of calcium insyd de blood]], often dey cause [[cramp]]ing den twitching of muscles anaa [[Tetany (medical sign)|tetany]] (involuntary muscle contraction), den several oda symptoms. E be a very rare disease. De condition fi be inherited, buh e sanso be encountered after [[thyroidectomy|thyroid]] anaa [[parathyroidectomy|parathyroid gland surgery]], wey e fi be caused by [[autoimmunity|immune system-related damage]] as well as several rarer causes. De diagnosis be made plus [[blood test]]s, den oda investigations such as [[genetic testing]], wey dey depend on de results. De primary treatment of hypoparathyroidism be calcium den vitamin D supplementation. Calcium replacement anaa [[vitamin D]] fi ameliorate de symptoms buh fi increase de risk of [[kidney stone]]s den [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="Bilezikian">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bilezikian JP, Khan A, Potts JT, Brandi ML, Clarke BL, Shoback D, Jüppner H, D'Amour P, Fox J, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L, Rubin MR, Dempster D, Gafni R, Collins MT, Sliney J, Sanders J |date=October 2011 |title=Hypoparathyroidism in the adult: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, target-organ involvement, treatment, and challenges for future research |journal=Journal of Bone and Mineral Research |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2317–2337 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.483 |pmc=3405491 |pmid=21812031}}</ref> Additionally, medications such as [[recombinant human parathyroid hormone]] anaa [[teriparatide]] fi be given by injection to replace de missing hormone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannstadt |first1=Michael |last2=Clarke |first2=Bart L |last3=Bilezikian |first3=John P |last4=Bone |first4=Henry |last5=Denham |first5=Douglas |last6=Levine |first6=Michael A |last7=Peacock |first7=Munro |last8=Rothman |first8=Jeffrey |last9=Shoback |first9=Dolores M |last10=Warren |first10=Mark L |last11=Watts |first11=Nelson B |last12=Lee |first12=Hak-Myung |last13=Sherry |first13=Nicole |last14=Vokes |first14=Tamara J |date=1 November 2019 |title=Safety and Efficacy of 5 Years of Treatment With Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone in Adults With Hypoparathyroidism |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/11/5136/5540965 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=104 |issue=11 |pages=5136–5147 |doi=10.1210/jc.2019-01010 |hdl=1805/22077 |pmc=6760337 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 244xxslxvf4ixo71gjp0uyf1tnjguso 114375 114374 2026-10-08T18:45:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypoparathyroidism''' be decreased function of de [[parathyroid gland]]s plus underproduction of [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH). Dis fi lead to [[hypocalcemia|low levels of calcium insyd de blood]], often dey cause [[cramp]]ing den twitching of muscles anaa [[Tetany (medical sign)|tetany]] (involuntary muscle contraction), den several oda symptoms. E be a very rare disease. De condition fi be inherited, buh e sanso be encountered after [[thyroidectomy|thyroid]] anaa [[parathyroidectomy|parathyroid gland surgery]], wey e fi be caused by [[autoimmunity|immune system-related damage]] as well as several rarer causes. De diagnosis be made plus [[blood test]]s, den oda investigations such as [[genetic testing]], wey dey depend on de results. De primary treatment of hypoparathyroidism be calcium den vitamin D supplementation. Calcium replacement anaa [[vitamin D]] fi ameliorate de symptoms buh fi increase de risk of [[kidney stone]]s den [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="Bilezikian">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bilezikian JP, Khan A, Potts JT, Brandi ML, Clarke BL, Shoback D, Jüppner H, D'Amour P, Fox J, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L, Rubin MR, Dempster D, Gafni R, Collins MT, Sliney J, Sanders J |date=October 2011 |title=Hypoparathyroidism in the adult: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, target-organ involvement, treatment, and challenges for future research |journal=Journal of Bone and Mineral Research |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2317–2337 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.483 |pmc=3405491 |pmid=21812031}}</ref> Additionally, medications such as [[recombinant human parathyroid hormone]] anaa [[teriparatide]] fi be given by injection to replace de missing hormone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannstadt |first1=Michael |last2=Clarke |first2=Bart L |last3=Bilezikian |first3=John P |last4=Bone |first4=Henry |last5=Denham |first5=Douglas |last6=Levine |first6=Michael A |last7=Peacock |first7=Munro |last8=Rothman |first8=Jeffrey |last9=Shoback |first9=Dolores M |last10=Warren |first10=Mark L |last11=Watts |first11=Nelson B |last12=Lee |first12=Hak-Myung |last13=Sherry |first13=Nicole |last14=Vokes |first14=Tamara J |date=1 November 2019 |title=Safety and Efficacy of 5 Years of Treatment With Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone in Adults With Hypoparathyroidism |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/11/5136/5540965 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=104 |issue=11 |pages=5136–5147 |doi=10.1210/jc.2019-01010 |hdl=1805/22077 |pmc=6760337 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Related conditions === {| cellpadding="5" | class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" | Condition ! Appearance ! [[parathyroid hormone|PTH]] levels ! [[Calcitriol]] ! [[Calcium]] ! [[Phosphates]] ! [[Genomic imprinting|Imprinting]] |- | colspan="2" | Hypoparathyroidism | Normal | Low | Low | Low | High | No be applicable |- | rowspan="3" | [[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]] | align="center" | Type 1A | [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy|Skeletal defects]] | High | Low | Low | High | Gene defect from mommie ([[GNAS1]]) |- | align="center" | Type 1B | Normal | High | Low | Low | High | Gene defect from mommie ([[GNAS1]] den [[STX16]]) |- | align="center" | Type 2 | Normal | High | Low | Low | High | ? |- | colspan="2" | [[Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism]] | [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy|Skeletal defects]] | Normal | Normal | Normal<ref name="HussainLatif2010">{{cite book|author1=Shahid Hussain|author2=Sharif Aaron Latif|author3=Adrian Hall|title=Rapid Review of Radiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOliqVIROGcC&pg=PA262|access-date=30 October 2010|date=1 July 2010|publisher=Manson Publishing|isbn=978-1-84076-120-7|pages=262–}}</ref> | Normal | gene defect from poppie |} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rsg59jsqgmbp7n2lwepchrlgujnc466 114376 114375 2026-10-08T18:48:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hypoparathyroidism''' be decreased function of de [[parathyroid gland]]s plus underproduction of [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH). Dis fi lead to [[hypocalcemia|low levels of calcium insyd de blood]], often dey cause [[cramp]]ing den twitching of muscles anaa [[Tetany (medical sign)|tetany]] (involuntary muscle contraction), den several oda symptoms. E be a very rare disease. De condition fi be inherited, buh e sanso be encountered after [[thyroidectomy|thyroid]] anaa [[parathyroidectomy|parathyroid gland surgery]], wey e fi be caused by [[autoimmunity|immune system-related damage]] as well as several rarer causes. De diagnosis be made plus [[blood test]]s, den oda investigations such as [[genetic testing]], wey dey depend on de results. De primary treatment of hypoparathyroidism be calcium den vitamin D supplementation. Calcium replacement anaa [[vitamin D]] fi ameliorate de symptoms buh fi increase de risk of [[kidney stone]]s den [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="Bilezikian">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bilezikian JP, Khan A, Potts JT, Brandi ML, Clarke BL, Shoback D, Jüppner H, D'Amour P, Fox J, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L, Rubin MR, Dempster D, Gafni R, Collins MT, Sliney J, Sanders J |date=October 2011 |title=Hypoparathyroidism in the adult: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, target-organ involvement, treatment, and challenges for future research |journal=Journal of Bone and Mineral Research |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2317–2337 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.483 |pmc=3405491 |pmid=21812031}}</ref> Additionally, medications such as [[recombinant human parathyroid hormone]] anaa [[teriparatide]] fi be given by injection to replace de missing hormone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannstadt |first1=Michael |last2=Clarke |first2=Bart L |last3=Bilezikian |first3=John P |last4=Bone |first4=Henry |last5=Denham |first5=Douglas |last6=Levine |first6=Michael A |last7=Peacock |first7=Munro |last8=Rothman |first8=Jeffrey |last9=Shoback |first9=Dolores M |last10=Warren |first10=Mark L |last11=Watts |first11=Nelson B |last12=Lee |first12=Hak-Myung |last13=Sherry |first13=Nicole |last14=Vokes |first14=Tamara J |date=1 November 2019 |title=Safety and Efficacy of 5 Years of Treatment With Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone in Adults With Hypoparathyroidism |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/11/5136/5540965 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=104 |issue=11 |pages=5136–5147 |doi=10.1210/jc.2019-01010 |hdl=1805/22077 |pmc=6760337 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Related conditions === {| cellpadding="5" | class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" | Condition ! Appearance ! [[parathyroid hormone|PTH]] levels ! [[Calcitriol]] ! [[Calcium]] ! [[Phosphates]] ! [[Genomic imprinting|Imprinting]] |- | colspan="2" | Hypoparathyroidism | Normal | Low | Low | Low | High | No be applicable |- | rowspan="3" | [[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]] | align="center" | Type 1A | [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy|Skeletal defects]] | High | Low | Low | High | Gene defect from mommie ([[GNAS1]]) |- | align="center" | Type 1B | Normal | High | Low | Low | High | Gene defect from mommie ([[GNAS1]] den [[STX16]]) |- | align="center" | Type 2 | Normal | High | Low | Low | High | ? |- | colspan="2" | [[Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism]] | [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy|Skeletal defects]] | Normal | Normal | Normal<ref name="HussainLatif2010">{{cite book|author1=Shahid Hussain|author2=Sharif Aaron Latif|author3=Adrian Hall|title=Rapid Review of Radiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOliqVIROGcC&pg=PA262|access-date=30 October 2010|date=1 July 2010|publisher=Manson Publishing|isbn=978-1-84076-120-7|pages=262–}}</ref> | Normal | gene defect from poppie |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Authority control}} [[Category:Parathyroid disorders]] [[Category:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] owvw7w1tg4jf9po887ud2246i357hau 14 30726 114377 2026-10-08T18:48:39Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114377 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 30727 114378 2026-10-08T18:59:09Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502478|Hidradenitis suppurativa]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114378 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114379 114378 2026-10-08T19:32:46Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hidradenitis suppurativa''' ('''HS'''), dem sam times know as '''acne inversa''' anaa '''Verneuil's disease''', be a long-term [[dermatological]] condition wey be characterized by de occurrence of inflamed den swollen [[lesions|lumps]].<ref name="NEJM2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jemec GB | title = Clinical practice. Hidradenitis suppurativa | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 366 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–64 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22236226 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1014163 }}</ref><ref name="GHR2013">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190522/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Dese be typically painful den break open, wey dey release fluid anaa [[pus]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De areas most commonly affected be de [[axilla|underarms]], [[inframammary fold|under de breasts]], [[perineum]], [[buttocks]], den de [[groin]].<ref name="NORD2012">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=26 October 2017|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219163032/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> [[Scar]] tissue dey remain after healing.<ref name="NORD2012" /> HS significantly fi limit chaw everyday activities, for instance, walking, hugging, moving, den sitting down. [[Sitting disability]] fi occur insyd patients plus lesions insyd de sacral, gluteal, perineal, femoral, groin anaa genital regions. Prolonged periods of sitting down sanso fi worsen de condition of de skin of dese patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2019/00000099/f0020001/art00024?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf|title=Intergluteal contour deformity in hidradenitis suppurativa |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Color Doppler as a tool for correlating vascularization and pain in hidradenitis suppurativa lesions|year=2019|doi=10.1111/srt.12729|last1=Nazzaro|first1=Gianluca|last2=Passoni|first2=Emanuela|last3=Calzari|first3=Paolo|last4=Barbareschi|first4=Mauro|last5=Muratori|first5=Simona|last6=Veraldi|first6=Stefano|last7=Marzano|first7=Angelo Valerio|journal=Skin Research and Technology|volume=25|issue=6|pages=830–834|doi-access=free |pmid=31140660|s2cid=169036038}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/501611|title=Undergarment and fabric selection in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa|year=2021|doi=10.1159/000501611|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Loh|first1=Tiffany Y.|last2=Hendricks|first2=Aleksi J.|last3=Hsiao|first3=Jennifer L.|last4=Shi|first4=Vivian Yan|journal=Dermatology|volume=237|issue=1|pages=119–124|pmid=31466052|s2cid=201672889|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa-characteristics and consequences|year=1996|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Jemec|first1=G.B.E.|last2=Heidenheim|first2=M.|last3=Nielsen|first3=N.H.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=21|issue=6|pages=419–423|pmid=9167336|s2cid=25491238|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychosocial impact of hidradenitis suppurativa: a qualitative study |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2011/00000091/00000003/art00014?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == mjo3g4pefze2el1r4rfdhmwbf6wxlx2 114380 114379 2026-10-08T19:57:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hidradenitis suppurativa''' ('''HS'''), dem sam times know as '''acne inversa''' anaa '''Verneuil's disease''', be a long-term [[dermatological]] condition wey be characterized by de occurrence of inflamed den swollen [[lesions|lumps]].<ref name="NEJM2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jemec GB | title = Clinical practice. Hidradenitis suppurativa | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 366 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–64 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22236226 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1014163 }}</ref><ref name="GHR2013">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190522/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Dese be typically painful den break open, wey dey release fluid anaa [[pus]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De areas most commonly affected be de [[axilla|underarms]], [[inframammary fold|under de breasts]], [[perineum]], [[buttocks]], den de [[groin]].<ref name="NORD2012">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=26 October 2017|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219163032/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> [[Scar]] tissue dey remain after healing.<ref name="NORD2012" /> HS significantly fi limit chaw everyday activities, for instance, walking, hugging, moving, den sitting down. [[Sitting disability]] fi occur insyd patients plus lesions insyd de sacral, gluteal, perineal, femoral, groin anaa genital regions. Prolonged periods of sitting down sanso fi worsen de condition of de skin of dese patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2019/00000099/f0020001/art00024?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf|title=Intergluteal contour deformity in hidradenitis suppurativa |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Color Doppler as a tool for correlating vascularization and pain in hidradenitis suppurativa lesions|year=2019|doi=10.1111/srt.12729|last1=Nazzaro|first1=Gianluca|last2=Passoni|first2=Emanuela|last3=Calzari|first3=Paolo|last4=Barbareschi|first4=Mauro|last5=Muratori|first5=Simona|last6=Veraldi|first6=Stefano|last7=Marzano|first7=Angelo Valerio|journal=Skin Research and Technology|volume=25|issue=6|pages=830–834|doi-access=free |pmid=31140660|s2cid=169036038}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/501611|title=Undergarment and fabric selection in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa|year=2021|doi=10.1159/000501611|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Loh|first1=Tiffany Y.|last2=Hendricks|first2=Aleksi J.|last3=Hsiao|first3=Jennifer L.|last4=Shi|first4=Vivian Yan|journal=Dermatology|volume=237|issue=1|pages=119–124|pmid=31466052|s2cid=201672889|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa-characteristics and consequences|year=1996|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Jemec|first1=G.B.E.|last2=Heidenheim|first2=M.|last3=Nielsen|first3=N.H.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=21|issue=6|pages=419–423|pmid=9167336|s2cid=25491238|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychosocial impact of hidradenitis suppurativa: a qualitative study |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2011/00000091/00000003/art00014?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> De exact cause usually be unclear buh dem believe e dey involve a combination of [[Genetics|genetic]] den environmental factors.<ref name="GHR2013" /> About a third of people plus de disease get an affected family member.<ref name="GHR2013" /> Oda risk factors dey include [[obesity]] den [[smoking]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De condition no be caused by an [[infection]], poor [[hygiene]], anaa de use of [[deodorant]].<ref name="GHR2013" /><ref name="GARD2017">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728010703/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Instead, e be believed to be caused by [[hair follicles]] wey be obstructed,{{refn|See section "Genetic Changes"<ref name=GHR2013 />}}<ref name="NORD2012" /> plus de nearby [[apocrine sweat glands]] be strongly implicated insyd dis obstruction.<ref name="NORD2012" /><ref name="2017-NCBI-SeminalSummary">[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28538743/ Pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa] (Seminal paper, SCMS Journal); ''NIH, National Library of Medicine, NCBI''; 2017 Jun, 36(2):47–54.</ref> De sweat glands fi anaa no fi be inflamed.<ref name="NORD2012" /> Diagnosis be based on de symptoms.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] qj77zul8pz1gcn7jlkwwdik42tv1c0n 114382 114380 2026-10-08T22:19:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hidradenitis suppurativa''' ('''HS'''), dem sam times know as '''acne inversa''' anaa '''Verneuil's disease''', be a long-term [[dermatological]] condition wey be characterized by de occurrence of inflamed den swollen [[lesions|lumps]].<ref name="NEJM2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jemec GB | title = Clinical practice. Hidradenitis suppurativa | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 366 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–64 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22236226 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1014163 }}</ref><ref name="GHR2013">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190522/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Dese be typically painful den break open, wey dey release fluid anaa [[pus]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De areas most commonly affected be de [[axilla|underarms]], [[inframammary fold|under de breasts]], [[perineum]], [[buttocks]], den de [[groin]].<ref name="NORD2012">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=26 October 2017|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219163032/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> [[Scar]] tissue dey remain after healing.<ref name="NORD2012" /> HS significantly fi limit chaw everyday activities, for instance, walking, hugging, moving, den sitting down. [[Sitting disability]] fi occur insyd patients plus lesions insyd de sacral, gluteal, perineal, femoral, groin anaa genital regions. Prolonged periods of sitting down sanso fi worsen de condition of de skin of dese patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2019/00000099/f0020001/art00024?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf|title=Intergluteal contour deformity in hidradenitis suppurativa |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Color Doppler as a tool for correlating vascularization and pain in hidradenitis suppurativa lesions|year=2019|doi=10.1111/srt.12729|last1=Nazzaro|first1=Gianluca|last2=Passoni|first2=Emanuela|last3=Calzari|first3=Paolo|last4=Barbareschi|first4=Mauro|last5=Muratori|first5=Simona|last6=Veraldi|first6=Stefano|last7=Marzano|first7=Angelo Valerio|journal=Skin Research and Technology|volume=25|issue=6|pages=830–834|doi-access=free |pmid=31140660|s2cid=169036038}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/501611|title=Undergarment and fabric selection in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa|year=2021|doi=10.1159/000501611|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Loh|first1=Tiffany Y.|last2=Hendricks|first2=Aleksi J.|last3=Hsiao|first3=Jennifer L.|last4=Shi|first4=Vivian Yan|journal=Dermatology|volume=237|issue=1|pages=119–124|pmid=31466052|s2cid=201672889|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa-characteristics and consequences|year=1996|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Jemec|first1=G.B.E.|last2=Heidenheim|first2=M.|last3=Nielsen|first3=N.H.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=21|issue=6|pages=419–423|pmid=9167336|s2cid=25491238|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychosocial impact of hidradenitis suppurativa: a qualitative study |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2011/00000091/00000003/art00014?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> De exact cause usually be unclear buh dem believe e dey involve a combination of [[Genetics|genetic]] den environmental factors.<ref name="GHR2013" /> About a third of people plus de disease get an affected family member.<ref name="GHR2013" /> Oda risk factors dey include [[obesity]] den [[smoking]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De condition no be caused by an [[infection]], poor [[hygiene]], anaa de use of [[deodorant]].<ref name="GHR2013" /><ref name="GARD2017">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728010703/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Instead, e be believed to be caused by [[hair follicles]] wey be obstructed,{{refn|See section "Genetic Changes"<ref name=GHR2013 />}}<ref name="NORD2012" /> plus de nearby [[apocrine sweat glands]] be strongly implicated insyd dis obstruction.<ref name="NORD2012" /><ref name="2017-NCBI-SeminalSummary">[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28538743/ Pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa] (Seminal paper, SCMS Journal); ''NIH, National Library of Medicine, NCBI''; 2017 Jun, 36(2):47–54.</ref> De sweat glands fi anaa no fi be inflamed.<ref name="NORD2012" /> Diagnosis be based on de symptoms.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> No cure be known,<ref name="GARD2017" /> though surgical excision plus wet-to-dry dressings, proper wound care, den warm baths anaa showering plus a pulse-jet shower fi be used insyd those plus mild disease.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Cutting open de lesions to allow dem to drain no dey result in significant benefit.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> While [[antibiotics]] be commonly used, evidence give dema efficacy be poor.<ref name="GARD2017" /> [[Immunosuppressive medication]] sanso fi be tried.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Insyd those plus more severe disease, [[laser therapy]] anaa surgery to remove de affected skin fi be viable.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Rarely, a skin lesion fi develop into [[skin cancer]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] h7umkgh7gcb41unpoqv0noi78ikxtdw 114383 114382 2026-10-08T22:28:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hidradenitis suppurativa''' ('''HS'''), dem sam times know as '''acne inversa''' anaa '''Verneuil's disease''', be a long-term [[dermatological]] condition wey be characterized by de occurrence of inflamed den swollen [[lesions|lumps]].<ref name="NEJM2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jemec GB | title = Clinical practice. Hidradenitis suppurativa | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 366 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–64 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22236226 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1014163 }}</ref><ref name="GHR2013">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190522/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Dese be typically painful den break open, wey dey release fluid anaa [[pus]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De areas most commonly affected be de [[axilla|underarms]], [[inframammary fold|under de breasts]], [[perineum]], [[buttocks]], den de [[groin]].<ref name="NORD2012">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=26 October 2017|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219163032/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> [[Scar]] tissue dey remain after healing.<ref name="NORD2012" /> HS significantly fi limit chaw everyday activities, for instance, walking, hugging, moving, den sitting down. [[Sitting disability]] fi occur insyd patients plus lesions insyd de sacral, gluteal, perineal, femoral, groin anaa genital regions. Prolonged periods of sitting down sanso fi worsen de condition of de skin of dese patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2019/00000099/f0020001/art00024?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf|title=Intergluteal contour deformity in hidradenitis suppurativa |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Color Doppler as a tool for correlating vascularization and pain in hidradenitis suppurativa lesions|year=2019|doi=10.1111/srt.12729|last1=Nazzaro|first1=Gianluca|last2=Passoni|first2=Emanuela|last3=Calzari|first3=Paolo|last4=Barbareschi|first4=Mauro|last5=Muratori|first5=Simona|last6=Veraldi|first6=Stefano|last7=Marzano|first7=Angelo Valerio|journal=Skin Research and Technology|volume=25|issue=6|pages=830–834|doi-access=free |pmid=31140660|s2cid=169036038}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/501611|title=Undergarment and fabric selection in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa|year=2021|doi=10.1159/000501611|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Loh|first1=Tiffany Y.|last2=Hendricks|first2=Aleksi J.|last3=Hsiao|first3=Jennifer L.|last4=Shi|first4=Vivian Yan|journal=Dermatology|volume=237|issue=1|pages=119–124|pmid=31466052|s2cid=201672889|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa-characteristics and consequences|year=1996|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Jemec|first1=G.B.E.|last2=Heidenheim|first2=M.|last3=Nielsen|first3=N.H.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=21|issue=6|pages=419–423|pmid=9167336|s2cid=25491238|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychosocial impact of hidradenitis suppurativa: a qualitative study |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2011/00000091/00000003/art00014?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> De exact cause usually be unclear buh dem believe e dey involve a combination of [[Genetics|genetic]] den environmental factors.<ref name="GHR2013" /> About a third of people plus de disease get an affected family member.<ref name="GHR2013" /> Oda risk factors dey include [[obesity]] den [[smoking]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De condition no be caused by an [[infection]], poor [[hygiene]], anaa de use of [[deodorant]].<ref name="GHR2013" /><ref name="GARD2017">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728010703/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Instead, e be believed to be caused by [[hair follicles]] wey be obstructed,{{refn|See section "Genetic Changes"<ref name=GHR2013 />}}<ref name="NORD2012" /> plus de nearby [[apocrine sweat glands]] be strongly implicated insyd dis obstruction.<ref name="NORD2012" /><ref name="2017-NCBI-SeminalSummary">[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28538743/ Pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa] (Seminal paper, SCMS Journal); ''NIH, National Library of Medicine, NCBI''; 2017 Jun, 36(2):47–54.</ref> De sweat glands fi anaa no fi be inflamed.<ref name="NORD2012" /> Diagnosis be based on de symptoms.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> No cure be known,<ref name="GARD2017" /> though surgical excision plus wet-to-dry dressings, proper wound care, den warm baths anaa showering plus a pulse-jet shower fi be used insyd those plus mild disease.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Cutting open de lesions to allow dem to drain no dey result in significant benefit.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> While [[antibiotics]] be commonly used, evidence give dema efficacy be poor.<ref name="GARD2017" /> [[Immunosuppressive medication]] sanso fi be tried.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Insyd those plus more severe disease, [[laser therapy]] anaa surgery to remove de affected skin fi be viable.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Rarely, a skin lesion fi develop into [[skin cancer]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> If mild cases of HS be included, then de estimate of ein frequency be from 1–4% of de population.<ref name="NEJM2012" /><ref name="GHR2013" /> Women be three times more likely to be diagnosed plus am dan men.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Onset be typically insyd young adulthood den fi cam be less common after 50 years old.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Na e be first described between 1833 den 1839 by French anatomist [[Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau|Alfred Velpeau]].<ref name="NORD2012" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jemec|first1=Gregor|last2=Revuz|first2=Jean|last3=Leyden|first3=James J. |title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-33101-8|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&pg=PA5|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043436/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&pg=PA5|archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kfeljqbcuiuuz4m0qx7zjxtvk20z19o 114384 114383 2026-10-08T22:41:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hidradenitis suppurativa''' ('''HS'''), dem sam times know as '''acne inversa''' anaa '''Verneuil's disease''', be a long-term [[dermatological]] condition wey be characterized by de occurrence of inflamed den swollen [[lesions|lumps]].<ref name="NEJM2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jemec GB | title = Clinical practice. Hidradenitis suppurativa | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 366 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–64 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22236226 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1014163 }}</ref><ref name="GHR2013">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=Genetics Home Reference|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905190522/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hidradenitis-suppurativa|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Dese be typically painful den break open, wey dey release fluid anaa [[pus]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De areas most commonly affected be de [[axilla|underarms]], [[inframammary fold|under de breasts]], [[perineum]], [[buttocks]], den de [[groin]].<ref name="NORD2012">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=26 October 2017|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219163032/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> [[Scar]] tissue dey remain after healing.<ref name="NORD2012" /> HS significantly fi limit chaw everyday activities, for instance, walking, hugging, moving, den sitting down. [[Sitting disability]] fi occur insyd patients plus lesions insyd de sacral, gluteal, perineal, femoral, groin anaa genital regions. Prolonged periods of sitting down sanso fi worsen de condition of de skin of dese patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2019/00000099/f0020001/art00024?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf|title=Intergluteal contour deformity in hidradenitis suppurativa |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Color Doppler as a tool for correlating vascularization and pain in hidradenitis suppurativa lesions|year=2019|doi=10.1111/srt.12729|last1=Nazzaro|first1=Gianluca|last2=Passoni|first2=Emanuela|last3=Calzari|first3=Paolo|last4=Barbareschi|first4=Mauro|last5=Muratori|first5=Simona|last6=Veraldi|first6=Stefano|last7=Marzano|first7=Angelo Valerio|journal=Skin Research and Technology|volume=25|issue=6|pages=830–834|doi-access=free |pmid=31140660|s2cid=169036038}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/501611|title=Undergarment and fabric selection in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa|year=2021|doi=10.1159/000501611|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Loh|first1=Tiffany Y.|last2=Hendricks|first2=Aleksi J.|last3=Hsiao|first3=Jennifer L.|last4=Shi|first4=Vivian Yan|journal=Dermatology|volume=237|issue=1|pages=119–124|pmid=31466052|s2cid=201672889|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa-characteristics and consequences|year=1996|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00145.x|access-date=18 May 2021|last1=Jemec|first1=G.B.E.|last2=Heidenheim|first2=M.|last3=Nielsen|first3=N.H.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=21|issue=6|pages=419–423|pmid=9167336|s2cid=25491238|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychosocial impact of hidradenitis suppurativa: a qualitative study |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2011/00000091/00000003/art00014?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> De exact cause usually be unclear buh dem believe e dey involve a combination of [[Genetics|genetic]] den environmental factors.<ref name="GHR2013" /> About a third of people plus de disease get an affected family member.<ref name="GHR2013" /> Oda risk factors dey include [[obesity]] den [[smoking]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> De condition no be caused by an [[infection]], poor [[hygiene]], anaa de use of [[deodorant]].<ref name="GHR2013" /><ref name="GARD2017">{{cite web|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|access-date=27 October 2017|language=en|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728010703/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6658/hidradenitis-suppurativa/|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Instead, e be believed to be caused by [[hair follicles]] wey be obstructed,{{refn|See section "Genetic Changes"<ref name=GHR2013 />}}<ref name="NORD2012" /> plus de nearby [[apocrine sweat glands]] be strongly implicated insyd dis obstruction.<ref name="NORD2012" /><ref name="2017-NCBI-SeminalSummary">[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28538743/ Pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa] (Seminal paper, SCMS Journal); ''NIH, National Library of Medicine, NCBI''; 2017 Jun, 36(2):47–54.</ref> De sweat glands fi anaa no fi be inflamed.<ref name="NORD2012" /> Diagnosis be based on de symptoms.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> No cure be known,<ref name="GARD2017" /> though surgical excision plus wet-to-dry dressings, proper wound care, den warm baths anaa showering plus a pulse-jet shower fi be used insyd those plus mild disease.<ref name="GARD2017" /> Cutting open de lesions to allow dem to drain no dey result in significant benefit.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> While [[antibiotics]] be commonly used, evidence give dema efficacy be poor.<ref name="GARD2017" /> [[Immunosuppressive medication]] sanso fi be tried.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Insyd those plus more severe disease, [[laser therapy]] anaa surgery to remove de affected skin fi be viable.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Rarely, a skin lesion fi develop into [[skin cancer]].<ref name="GHR2013" /> If mild cases of HS be included, then de estimate of ein frequency be from 1–4% of de population.<ref name="NEJM2012" /><ref name="GHR2013" /> Women be three times more likely to be diagnosed plus am dan men.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Onset be typically insyd young adulthood den fi cam be less common after 50 years old.<ref name="NEJM2012" /> Na e be first described between 1833 den 1839 by French anatomist [[Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau|Alfred Velpeau]].<ref name="NORD2012" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jemec|first1=Gregor|last2=Revuz|first2=Jean|last3=Leyden|first3=James J. |title=Hidradenitis Suppurativa|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-33101-8|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&pg=PA5|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043436/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&pg=PA5|archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hidradenitis-suppurativa-overview Hidradenitis suppurativa] at American Academy of Dermatology Association * [https://www.bad.org.uk/pils/hidradenitis-suppurativa/ Hidradenitis suppurativa] at British Association of Dermatologists * [https://www.hs-foundation.org/ Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation] [[Category:Acneiform eruptions]] [[Category:Inflammations]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Scarring]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] fla255xpv2b7l0daw3d4ctv5uw74chn 0 30728 114381 2026-10-08T22:14:55Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500529|Atropine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114381 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114386 114381 2026-10-08T23:14:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atropine''' be a [[tropane alkaloid]] den [[anticholinergic]] medication dem use to treat certain types of [[nerve agent]] den [[pesticide poisoning]]s as well as sam types of [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]], den to decrease [[saliva]] production during surgery.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Atropine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/atropine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=13 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712191611/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/atropine.html|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> E be typically given [[intravenously]] anaa by injection [[intramuscular|into a muscle]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> [[Ophthalmic drug administration|Eye drops]] sanso be available wich be used to treat [[uveitis]] den early [[amblyopia]].<ref name=Ric2014>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton RJ, Duffy AN, Stone D, Spencer A |title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=386|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002131018/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="National Eye Institute 2019">{{cite web | title=Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) | website=National Eye Institute | date=2 July 2019 | url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/amblyopia-lazy-eye | access-date=31 January 2020 | quote=Putting special eye drops in the stronger eye. A once-a-day drop of the drug atropine can temporarily blur near vision, which forces the brain to use the other eye. For some children, this treatment works as well as an eye patch, and some parents find it easier to use (for example, because young children may try to pull off eye patches). | archive-date=31 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131061230/https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/amblyopia-lazy-eye | url-status=live }}</ref> De intravenous solution usually dey begin dey work within a minute den dey last half an hour to an hour.<ref name=Bar2009>{{cite book| vauthors = Barash PG |title=Clinical anesthesia|date=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-8763-5|page=525|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC&pg=PA525|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124084028/https://books.google.ca/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC&pg=PA525|archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> Large doses fi be required to treat sam poisonings.<ref name=AHFS2015/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == mvaas91y9rnpgy7h4en5uzbbvw3qnqw 114387 114386 2026-10-08T23:28:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atropine''' be a [[tropane alkaloid]] den [[anticholinergic]] medication dem use to treat certain types of [[nerve agent]] den [[pesticide poisoning]]s as well as sam types of [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]], den to decrease [[saliva]] production during surgery.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Atropine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/atropine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=13 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712191611/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/atropine.html|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> E be typically given [[intravenously]] anaa by injection [[intramuscular|into a muscle]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> [[Ophthalmic drug administration|Eye drops]] sanso be available wich be used to treat [[uveitis]] den early [[amblyopia]].<ref name=Ric2014>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton RJ, Duffy AN, Stone D, Spencer A |title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=386|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002131018/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="National Eye Institute 2019">{{cite web | title=Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) | website=National Eye Institute | date=2 July 2019 | url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/amblyopia-lazy-eye | access-date=31 January 2020 | quote=Putting special eye drops in the stronger eye. A once-a-day drop of the drug atropine can temporarily blur near vision, which forces the brain to use the other eye. For some children, this treatment works as well as an eye patch, and some parents find it easier to use (for example, because young children may try to pull off eye patches). | archive-date=31 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131061230/https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/amblyopia-lazy-eye | url-status=live }}</ref> De intravenous solution usually dey begin dey work within a minute den dey last half an hour to an hour.<ref name=Bar2009>{{cite book| vauthors = Barash PG |title=Clinical anesthesia|date=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-8763-5|page=525|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC&pg=PA525|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124084028/https://books.google.ca/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC&pg=PA525|archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> Large doses fi be required to treat sam poisonings.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common [[side effects]] dey include [[Xerostomia|dry mouth]], [[mydriasis|abnormally large pupils]], [[urinary retention]], [[constipation]], den a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> E generally no for be used insyd people plus [[angle closure glaucoma|closed-angle glaucoma]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> While der be no evidence say ein use during pregnancy dey cause [[birth defects]], dis no be well studied so sound clinical judgment for be used.<ref name=Breast2015/> E be likely safe during breastfeeding.<ref name=Breast2015>{{cite web|title=Atropine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/atropine.html|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906151324/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/atropine.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> E be an [[antimuscarinic]] (a type of anticholinergic) wey dey work by inhibiting de [[parasympathetic nervous system]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] l44c9lurf93kvp4x7bemfvxh3hpyfrd 114388 114387 2026-10-08T23:39:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atropine''' be a [[tropane alkaloid]] den [[anticholinergic]] medication dem use to treat certain types of [[nerve agent]] den [[pesticide poisoning]]s as well as sam types of [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]], den to decrease [[saliva]] production during surgery.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Atropine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/atropine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=13 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712191611/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/atropine.html|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> E be typically given [[intravenously]] anaa by injection [[intramuscular|into a muscle]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> [[Ophthalmic drug administration|Eye drops]] sanso be available wich be used to treat [[uveitis]] den early [[amblyopia]].<ref name=Ric2014>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton RJ, Duffy AN, Stone D, Spencer A |title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=386|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002131018/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="National Eye Institute 2019">{{cite web | title=Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) | website=National Eye Institute | date=2 July 2019 | url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/amblyopia-lazy-eye | access-date=31 January 2020 | quote=Putting special eye drops in the stronger eye. A once-a-day drop of the drug atropine can temporarily blur near vision, which forces the brain to use the other eye. For some children, this treatment works as well as an eye patch, and some parents find it easier to use (for example, because young children may try to pull off eye patches). | archive-date=31 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131061230/https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/amblyopia-lazy-eye | url-status=live }}</ref> De intravenous solution usually dey begin dey work within a minute den dey last half an hour to an hour.<ref name=Bar2009>{{cite book| vauthors = Barash PG |title=Clinical anesthesia|date=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-8763-5|page=525|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC&pg=PA525|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124084028/https://books.google.ca/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC&pg=PA525|archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> Large doses fi be required to treat sam poisonings.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common [[side effects]] dey include [[Xerostomia|dry mouth]], [[mydriasis|abnormally large pupils]], [[urinary retention]], [[constipation]], den a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> E generally no for be used insyd people plus [[angle closure glaucoma|closed-angle glaucoma]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> While der be no evidence say ein use during pregnancy dey cause [[birth defects]], dis no be well studied so sound clinical judgment for be used.<ref name=Breast2015/> E be likely safe during breastfeeding.<ref name=Breast2015>{{cite web|title=Atropine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/atropine.html|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906151324/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/atropine.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> E be an [[antimuscarinic]] (a type of anticholinergic) wey dey work by inhibiting de [[parasympathetic nervous system]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Atropine dey occur naturally insyd a number of plants of de [[Solanaceae|nightshade family]], wey dey include [[Atropa belladonna|deadly nightshade]] (''Atropa belladonna''), [[Datura stramonium|jimsonweed]] (''Datura stramonium''), [[Mandragora officinarum|mandrake]] (''Mandragora officinarum'')<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Brust JC |title=Neurological aspects of substance abuse|date=2004|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7506-7313-6|page=310|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOfxoQm_a7MC&pg=PA310|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002123816/https://books.google.ca/books?id=fOfxoQm_a7MC&pg=PA310|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> den [[Brugmansia|angel's trumpet]] (''Brugmansia'').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim Y, Kim J, Kim OJ, Kim WC | title = Intoxication by angel's trumpet: case report and literature review | journal = BMC Research Notes | volume = 7 | article-number = 553 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25138632 | pmc = 4148940 | doi = 10.1186/1756-0500-7-553 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Na atropine first be isolated insyd 1833.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ainsworth S |title=Neonatal Formulary: Drug Use in Pregnancy and the First Year of Life|date=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-81959-3|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOLhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002140026/https://books.google.ca/books?id=VOLhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton RJ |title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=386|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002131018/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=29 June 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals | access-date=29 June 2023 | archive-date=29 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629233651/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jrdx3f085aafhq5fzlkvyf2n237b4fs 114389 114388 2026-10-08T23:50:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Atropine''' be a [[tropane alkaloid]] den [[anticholinergic]] medication dem use to treat certain types of [[nerve agent]] den [[pesticide poisoning]]s as well as sam types of [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]], den to decrease [[saliva]] production during surgery.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Atropine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/atropine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=13 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712191611/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/atropine.html|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> E be typically given [[intravenously]] anaa by injection [[intramuscular|into a muscle]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> [[Ophthalmic drug administration|Eye drops]] sanso be available wich be used to treat [[uveitis]] den early [[amblyopia]].<ref name=Ric2014>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton RJ, Duffy AN, Stone D, Spencer A |title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=386|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002131018/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="National Eye Institute 2019">{{cite web | title=Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) | website=National Eye Institute | date=2 July 2019 | url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/amblyopia-lazy-eye | access-date=31 January 2020 | quote=Putting special eye drops in the stronger eye. A once-a-day drop of the drug atropine can temporarily blur near vision, which forces the brain to use the other eye. For some children, this treatment works as well as an eye patch, and some parents find it easier to use (for example, because young children may try to pull off eye patches). | archive-date=31 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131061230/https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/amblyopia-lazy-eye | url-status=live }}</ref> De intravenous solution usually dey begin dey work within a minute den dey last half an hour to an hour.<ref name=Bar2009>{{cite book| vauthors = Barash PG |title=Clinical anesthesia|date=2009|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-8763-5|page=525|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC&pg=PA525|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124084028/https://books.google.ca/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC&pg=PA525|archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> Large doses fi be required to treat sam poisonings.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common [[side effects]] dey include [[Xerostomia|dry mouth]], [[mydriasis|abnormally large pupils]], [[urinary retention]], [[constipation]], den a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> E generally no for be used insyd people plus [[angle closure glaucoma|closed-angle glaucoma]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> While der be no evidence say ein use during pregnancy dey cause [[birth defects]], dis no be well studied so sound clinical judgment for be used.<ref name=Breast2015/> E be likely safe during breastfeeding.<ref name=Breast2015>{{cite web|title=Atropine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/atropine.html|access-date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906151324/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/atropine.html|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> E be an [[antimuscarinic]] (a type of anticholinergic) wey dey work by inhibiting de [[parasympathetic nervous system]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Atropine dey occur naturally insyd a number of plants of de [[Solanaceae|nightshade family]], wey dey include [[Atropa belladonna|deadly nightshade]] (''Atropa belladonna''), [[Datura stramonium|jimsonweed]] (''Datura stramonium''), [[Mandragora officinarum|mandrake]] (''Mandragora officinarum'')<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Brust JC |title=Neurological aspects of substance abuse|date=2004|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7506-7313-6|page=310|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOfxoQm_a7MC&pg=PA310|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002123816/https://books.google.ca/books?id=fOfxoQm_a7MC&pg=PA310|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> den [[Brugmansia|angel's trumpet]] (''Brugmansia'').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim Y, Kim J, Kim OJ, Kim WC | title = Intoxication by angel's trumpet: case report and literature review | journal = BMC Research Notes | volume = 7 | article-number = 553 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25138632 | pmc = 4148940 | doi = 10.1186/1756-0500-7-553 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Na atropine first be isolated insyd 1833.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ainsworth S |title=Neonatal Formulary: Drug Use in Pregnancy and the First Year of Life|date=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-81959-3|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOLhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002140026/https://books.google.ca/books?id=VOLhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton RJ |title=Tarascon pharmacopoeia|date=2014|isbn=978-1-284-05671-6|page=386|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |edition=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002131018/https://books.google.ca/books?id=F6YdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=29 June 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals | access-date=29 June 2023 | archive-date=29 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629233651/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Antidotes]] [[Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]] [[Category:Deliriants]] [[Category:Entheogens]] [[Category:Esters]] [[Category:Drugs wey Pfizer develop]] [[Category:Glycine receptor agonists]] [[Category:M1 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M2 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M3 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M4 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M5 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Medical mnemonics]] [[Category:Ophthalmology drugs]] [[Category:Plant toxins]] [[Category:Secondary metabolites]] [[Category:Tropane alkaloids dem find insyd Solanaceae]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 725fzj2s354cjrz0466lbacrt2qsj9y 14 30729 114385 2026-10-08T22:42:53Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114385 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30730 114390 2026-10-08T23:52:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114390 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 30733 114393 2026-10-09T08:27:56Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513083|Isotretinoin]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114394 114393 2026-10-09T08:34:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isotretinoin''', dem sanso know as '''13-''cis''-retinoic acid''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Accutane''' among odas, be a medication dem use to treat skin diseases like [[harlequin-type ichthyosis]], [[lamellar ichthyosis]], den severe cystic [[acne]] anaa moderate acne wey be unresponsive to antibiotics.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Mohiuddin AK |date=2019 |title=A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–45}}</ref> Isotretinoin be used off-label to treat [[Basal-cell carcinoma|basal cell carcinoma]] den [[Squamous-cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], although clinical evidence dey suggest e no be effective insyd dis setting.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB, Alberts DS | title = Dose response of retinol and isotretinoin in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 1058–1066 | date = 2010-11-05 | pmid = 21058193 | pmc = 4104190 | doi = 10.1080/01635581.2010.492089 }}</ref> E be a [[retinoid]], wey dey mean e dey relate to [[vitamin A]], wey e be found insyd small quantities naturally insyd de body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang GW, Russell RM | title = 13-cis-retinoic acid is an endogenous compound in human serum | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2324641 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43203-1 | publisher = Elsevier | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein [[isomer]], [[tretinoin]], sanso be an acne drug. Insyd ein pure form, isotretinoin be an orange powder. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == jg00m3z5ioxsrkbacnsvotbt7oc605u 114395 114394 2026-10-09T08:38:12Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isotretinoin''', dem sanso know as '''13-''cis''-retinoic acid''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Accutane''' among odas, be a medication dem use to treat skin diseases like [[harlequin-type ichthyosis]], [[lamellar ichthyosis]], den severe cystic [[acne]] anaa moderate acne wey be unresponsive to antibiotics.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Mohiuddin AK |date=2019 |title=A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–45}}</ref> Isotretinoin be used off-label to treat [[Basal-cell carcinoma|basal cell carcinoma]] den [[Squamous-cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], although clinical evidence dey suggest e no be effective insyd dis setting.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB, Alberts DS | title = Dose response of retinol and isotretinoin in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 1058–1066 | date = 2010-11-05 | pmid = 21058193 | pmc = 4104190 | doi = 10.1080/01635581.2010.492089 }}</ref> E be a [[retinoid]], wey dey mean e dey relate to [[vitamin A]], wey e be found insyd small quantities naturally insyd de body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang GW, Russell RM | title = 13-cis-retinoic acid is an endogenous compound in human serum | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2324641 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43203-1 | publisher = Elsevier | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein [[isomer]], [[tretinoin]], sanso be an acne drug. Insyd ein pure form, isotretinoin be an orange powder. De most common adverse effects be dry lips ([[cheilitis]]), dry den fragile skin ([[xeroderma]]), [[Dry eye syndrome|dry eyes]]<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC | title = Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands | language = en-US | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 925–930 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26154692 | doi = 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41k4v4h1 }}</ref> and an [[Phototoxicity|increased susceptibility to sunburn]]. Uncommon den rare side effects dey include muscle aches den pains ([[myalgia]]s), headaches, den depression insyd sam users. Sam of those side effects fi persist long after de discontinuation of de use of de drug.<ref name=":5" /> Isotretinoin fi cause [[liver failure]], therefore de patient ein [[Reference ranges for blood tests|blood levels]] for be regularly tested.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Erşan M |date=2017-09-05 |title=Sivilce ilacı karaciğerini mahvetti |trans-title=Acne drug destroyed her life |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/sivilce-ilaci-karacigerini-mahvetti-40569183 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr |language=tr |trans-quote=Prof. Dr. K. Yalçın Polat, President of the Department of General Surgery at the Memorial Ataşehir Hospital: Our patient's blood values were very high when she was hospitalized. It was not easy for us to decide to have a liver transplant. During our three-week treatment, her liver values continued to rise and she entered liver failure, which made us take this decision. In the liver biopsy, we saw necrosis (non-living tissue) in the liver. If we had waited a little longer, she would have fallen into a coma and we would have then lost the patient. The cause of her liver failure is the medication she takes for acne. Unfortunately, this drug is very widely used. Liver enzymes should be closely monitored while taking isotretinoin. Every kind of drug reaches the liver, and each of them has side effects as well as positive effects. Even if the liver tolerates these and cleans the toxins, it can still be affected as in the case of Mrs. Çilingir.}}</ref> E be known to cause [[teratogen|birth defects]] secof in-utero exposure secof de molecule ein close resemblance to [[retinoic acid]], a natural vitamin A derivative wey dey control normal embryonic development. E be associated plus psychiatric side effects, most commonly depression, den more rarely, [[psychosis]] den unusual behaviors. Oda rare side effects dey include [[hyperostosis]] den premature [[epiphyseal closure]], wich be reported to be persistent. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ds0g0ms43ynu08ojmtbi9mar3plv3lj 114396 114395 2026-10-09T08:41:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isotretinoin''', dem sanso know as '''13-''cis''-retinoic acid''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Accutane''' among odas, be a medication dem use to treat skin diseases like [[harlequin-type ichthyosis]], [[lamellar ichthyosis]], den severe cystic [[acne]] anaa moderate acne wey be unresponsive to antibiotics.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Mohiuddin AK |date=2019 |title=A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–45}}</ref> Isotretinoin be used off-label to treat [[Basal-cell carcinoma|basal cell carcinoma]] den [[Squamous-cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], although clinical evidence dey suggest e no be effective insyd dis setting.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB, Alberts DS | title = Dose response of retinol and isotretinoin in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 1058–1066 | date = 2010-11-05 | pmid = 21058193 | pmc = 4104190 | doi = 10.1080/01635581.2010.492089 }}</ref> E be a [[retinoid]], wey dey mean e dey relate to [[vitamin A]], wey e be found insyd small quantities naturally insyd de body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang GW, Russell RM | title = 13-cis-retinoic acid is an endogenous compound in human serum | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2324641 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43203-1 | publisher = Elsevier | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein [[isomer]], [[tretinoin]], sanso be an acne drug. Insyd ein pure form, isotretinoin be an orange powder. De most common adverse effects be dry lips ([[cheilitis]]), dry den fragile skin ([[xeroderma]]), [[Dry eye syndrome|dry eyes]]<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC | title = Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands | language = en-US | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 925–930 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26154692 | doi = 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41k4v4h1 }}</ref> and an [[Phototoxicity|increased susceptibility to sunburn]]. Uncommon den rare side effects dey include muscle aches den pains ([[myalgia]]s), headaches, den depression insyd sam users. Sam of those side effects fi persist long after de discontinuation of de use of de drug.<ref name=":5" /> Isotretinoin fi cause [[liver failure]], therefore de patient ein [[Reference ranges for blood tests|blood levels]] for be regularly tested.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Erşan M |date=2017-09-05 |title=Sivilce ilacı karaciğerini mahvetti |trans-title=Acne drug destroyed her life |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/sivilce-ilaci-karacigerini-mahvetti-40569183 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr |language=tr |trans-quote=Prof. Dr. K. Yalçın Polat, President of the Department of General Surgery at the Memorial Ataşehir Hospital: Our patient's blood values were very high when she was hospitalized. It was not easy for us to decide to have a liver transplant. During our three-week treatment, her liver values continued to rise and she entered liver failure, which made us take this decision. In the liver biopsy, we saw necrosis (non-living tissue) in the liver. If we had waited a little longer, she would have fallen into a coma and we would have then lost the patient. The cause of her liver failure is the medication she takes for acne. Unfortunately, this drug is very widely used. Liver enzymes should be closely monitored while taking isotretinoin. Every kind of drug reaches the liver, and each of them has side effects as well as positive effects. Even if the liver tolerates these and cleans the toxins, it can still be affected as in the case of Mrs. Çilingir.}}</ref> E be known to cause [[teratogen|birth defects]] secof in-utero exposure secof de molecule ein close resemblance to [[retinoic acid]], a natural vitamin A derivative wey dey control normal embryonic development. E be associated plus psychiatric side effects, most commonly depression, den more rarely, [[psychosis]] den unusual behaviors. Oda rare side effects dey include [[hyperostosis]] den premature [[epiphyseal closure]], wich be reported to be persistent. Isotretinoin be patented insyd 1969 den approved for medical use insyd 1982.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=476 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA476 }}</ref> Insyd 2021, na e be de 264th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2021 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Isotretinoin - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Isotretinoin | access-date = 14 January 2024}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0f4e9p8y1h6hn9fpa91apzpik4vxwm9 114398 114396 2026-10-09T08:50:32Z DaSupremo 9 /* Adverse effects */ Improve article 114398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isotretinoin''', dem sanso know as '''13-''cis''-retinoic acid''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Accutane''' among odas, be a medication dem use to treat skin diseases like [[harlequin-type ichthyosis]], [[lamellar ichthyosis]], den severe cystic [[acne]] anaa moderate acne wey be unresponsive to antibiotics.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Mohiuddin AK |date=2019 |title=A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–45}}</ref> Isotretinoin be used off-label to treat [[Basal-cell carcinoma|basal cell carcinoma]] den [[Squamous-cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], although clinical evidence dey suggest e no be effective insyd dis setting.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB, Alberts DS | title = Dose response of retinol and isotretinoin in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 1058–1066 | date = 2010-11-05 | pmid = 21058193 | pmc = 4104190 | doi = 10.1080/01635581.2010.492089 }}</ref> E be a [[retinoid]], wey dey mean e dey relate to [[vitamin A]], wey e be found insyd small quantities naturally insyd de body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang GW, Russell RM | title = 13-cis-retinoic acid is an endogenous compound in human serum | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2324641 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43203-1 | publisher = Elsevier | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein [[isomer]], [[tretinoin]], sanso be an acne drug. Insyd ein pure form, isotretinoin be an orange powder. De most common adverse effects be dry lips ([[cheilitis]]), dry den fragile skin ([[xeroderma]]), [[Dry eye syndrome|dry eyes]]<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC | title = Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands | language = en-US | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 925–930 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26154692 | doi = 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41k4v4h1 }}</ref> and an [[Phototoxicity|increased susceptibility to sunburn]]. Uncommon den rare side effects dey include muscle aches den pains ([[myalgia]]s), headaches, den depression insyd sam users. Sam of those side effects fi persist long after de discontinuation of de use of de drug.<ref name=":5" /> Isotretinoin fi cause [[liver failure]], therefore de patient ein [[Reference ranges for blood tests|blood levels]] for be regularly tested.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Erşan M |date=2017-09-05 |title=Sivilce ilacı karaciğerini mahvetti |trans-title=Acne drug destroyed her life |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/sivilce-ilaci-karacigerini-mahvetti-40569183 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr |language=tr |trans-quote=Prof. Dr. K. Yalçın Polat, President of the Department of General Surgery at the Memorial Ataşehir Hospital: Our patient's blood values were very high when she was hospitalized. It was not easy for us to decide to have a liver transplant. During our three-week treatment, her liver values continued to rise and she entered liver failure, which made us take this decision. In the liver biopsy, we saw necrosis (non-living tissue) in the liver. If we had waited a little longer, she would have fallen into a coma and we would have then lost the patient. The cause of her liver failure is the medication she takes for acne. Unfortunately, this drug is very widely used. Liver enzymes should be closely monitored while taking isotretinoin. Every kind of drug reaches the liver, and each of them has side effects as well as positive effects. Even if the liver tolerates these and cleans the toxins, it can still be affected as in the case of Mrs. Çilingir.}}</ref> E be known to cause [[teratogen|birth defects]] secof in-utero exposure secof de molecule ein close resemblance to [[retinoic acid]], a natural vitamin A derivative wey dey control normal embryonic development. E be associated plus psychiatric side effects, most commonly depression, den more rarely, [[psychosis]] den unusual behaviors. Oda rare side effects dey include [[hyperostosis]] den premature [[epiphyseal closure]], wich be reported to be persistent. Isotretinoin be patented insyd 1969 den approved for medical use insyd 1982.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=476 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA476 }}</ref> Insyd 2021, na e be de 264th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2021 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Isotretinoin - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Isotretinoin | access-date = 14 January 2024}}</ref> == Adverse effects == Increasingly higher dosages go result in higher toxicity, resembling [[vitamin A toxicity]]. Adverse effects dey include:<ref name=UKlabel>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15655|title=Isotretinoin 20mg capsules - - (eMC)|website=www.medicines.org.uk|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054206/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15655}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! ! colspan="5" |According to information leaflets<ref name="UKlabel" /> !According to studies |- ! Type of disorders ! Very common (≥ 1/10) ! Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10) ! Rare (≥ 1/{{Val|10000}},< 1/1000) ! Very rare (≤ 1/{{Val|10000}}) !Unknown Frequency !Frequency |- | '''Infections''' | | | | * Gram-positive (mucocutaneous) bacterial infection | | |- | '''Blood den [[lymphatic system]]''' | * [[Anemia]] * Increased [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|red blood cell sedimentation rate]] * [[Thrombocytopenia]] * [[Thrombocytosis]] | * [[Neutropenia]] | | * [[Lymphadenopathy]] | | |- | '''[[Immune system]]''' | | | * Allergic skin reaction * [[Anaphylactic]] reactions * Hypersensitivity | | | |- | '''[[Metabolism]]''' | | | | * [[Diabetes mellitus]] * [[Hyperuricaemia]] | | |- | '''[[Psychiatric]]''' | | | * [[Depression (mood)|Depression]] * Aggravated depression * Aggressive tendencies * [[Anxiety]] * Mood alterations | * Abnormal behaviour * Psychotic disorder * Suicidal ideation * Suicide attempt * [[Suicide]] | |Psychiatric: 25.15%<ref name=":4" /> |- | '''[[Nervous system]]''' | | * Headache | | * [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]] * [[Convulsions]] * [[Drowsiness]] * [[Dizziness]] | | |- | '''Eye''' | * [[Blepharitis]] * [[Conjunctivitis]] * [[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca|Dry eyes]] * Eye irritation | | | * Blurred vision * [[Cataract]] * [[Colour blindness]] * Contact lens intolerance * [[Corneal opacity]] * Decreased night vision * [[Keratitis]] * [[Papilloedema]] * [[Photophobia]] * Visual disturbances | | |- | '''Ear''' | | | | * Impaired hearing | | |- | '''[[Blood vessel|Vascular]]''' | | | | * [[Vasculitis]] (i.e. [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], allergic vasculitis) | | |- | '''Respiratory, [[thoracic]]''' <br /> '''den [[mediastinal]]''' | | * [[Epistaxis]] * Nasal dryness * [[Nasopharyngitis]] | | * [[Bronchospasm]] (particularly insyd people plus asthma) * [[Hoarseness]] | | |- | '''[[Gastrointestinal]]''' | | | | * [[Colitis]] * [[Ileitis]] * Dry throat * [[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage]] * Haemorrhagic diarrhoea * [[Inflammatory bowel disease]] * [[Nausea]] * [[Pancreatitis]] | | |- | '''[[Hepatobiliary]]''' | * Increased [[transaminase]] | | | * [[Hepatitis]] | | |- | '''Skin den'''<br /> '''[[subcutaneous tissues]]''' | * [[Cheilitis]] * [[Dermatitis]] * [[Xeroderma|Dry skin]] * Localised exfoliation * [[Pruritus]] * Rash erythematous * Skin fragility (plus a risk of frictional trauma) * Paronychia | | * [[Alopecia|Alopecia- hair shedding from telogen effluvium]] | * [[Acne fulminans]] * Aggravated acne (acne flare) * [[Erythema]] (facial) * [[Exanthema]] * Hair disorders * [[Hirsutism]] * [[Nail dystrophy]] * [[Paronychia]] * [[Photosensitivity reaction]] * [[Pili torti]] * [[Pyogenic granuloma]] * Skin [[hyperpigmentation]] * Increased sweating | * [[Erythema multiforme]] * [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome|Stevens-Johnson Syndrome]] * [[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]]. |100%<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brzezinski P, Borowska K, Chiriac A, Smigielski J | title = Adverse effects of isotretinoin: A large, retrospective review | journal = Dermatologic Therapy | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | article-number = e12483 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28295859 | doi = 10.1111/dth.12483 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |- | '''[[Musculo-skeletal]] den'''<br /> '''[[connective tissue]]''' | * [[Arthralgia]] * [[Myalgia]] * Back pain | | | * [[Arthritis]] * [[Calcinosis]] (calcification of ligaments den tendons) * Premature epiphyseal fusion * [[Exostosis]] * [[Hyperostosis]] * [[Osteopenia]] * [[Tendonitis]] | * [[Rhabdomyolysis]] | |- | '''[[Kidney]] den [[urinary]]''' | | | | * [[Glomerulonephritis]] | * Dark anaa cola-coloured urine<ref name=":02">{{cite web|date=August 2017|title=Isotretinoin (oral formulations): CMDH scientific conclusions – Scientific conclusions and grounds for the variation to the terms of the Marketing Authorisation(s)|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/isotretinoin-oral-formulations-cmdh-scientific-conclusions-grounds-variation-amendments-product/00010488/201611_en.pdf|access-date=17 May 2019|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]]}}</ref> | |- |'''[[Reproductive system]] den breast disorders''' | | | | | * Sexual dysfunction, wey dey include [[erectile dysfunction]] den [[Libido|decreased libido]] | |- | '''General''' | | | | * Increased formation of [[granulation tissue]] * [[Malaise]] | | |- | '''Investigation''' | * Increased [[triglycerides]] * Decreased [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL]] | * Increased blood cholesterol * Increased blood glucose * [[Haematuria]] * [[Proteinuria]] | | * Increased [[creatine phosphokinase]] | | |- |} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9s92xddplmqaenqlou4qzqpapoj9hxw 114400 114398 2026-10-09T08:54:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isotretinoin''', dem sanso know as '''13-''cis''-retinoic acid''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Accutane''' among odas, be a medication dem use to treat skin diseases like [[harlequin-type ichthyosis]], [[lamellar ichthyosis]], den severe cystic [[acne]] anaa moderate acne wey be unresponsive to antibiotics.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Mohiuddin AK |date=2019 |title=A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–45}}</ref> Isotretinoin be used off-label to treat [[Basal-cell carcinoma|basal cell carcinoma]] den [[Squamous-cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], although clinical evidence dey suggest e no be effective insyd dis setting.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB, Alberts DS | title = Dose response of retinol and isotretinoin in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 1058–1066 | date = 2010-11-05 | pmid = 21058193 | pmc = 4104190 | doi = 10.1080/01635581.2010.492089 }}</ref> E be a [[retinoid]], wey dey mean e dey relate to [[vitamin A]], wey e be found insyd small quantities naturally insyd de body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang GW, Russell RM | title = 13-cis-retinoic acid is an endogenous compound in human serum | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2324641 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43203-1 | publisher = Elsevier | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein [[isomer]], [[tretinoin]], sanso be an acne drug. Insyd ein pure form, isotretinoin be an orange powder. De most common adverse effects be dry lips ([[cheilitis]]), dry den fragile skin ([[xeroderma]]), [[Dry eye syndrome|dry eyes]]<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC | title = Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands | language = en-US | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 925–930 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26154692 | doi = 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41k4v4h1 }}</ref> and an [[Phototoxicity|increased susceptibility to sunburn]]. Uncommon den rare side effects dey include muscle aches den pains ([[myalgia]]s), headaches, den depression insyd sam users. Sam of those side effects fi persist long after de discontinuation of de use of de drug.<ref name=":5" /> Isotretinoin fi cause [[liver failure]], therefore de patient ein [[Reference ranges for blood tests|blood levels]] for be regularly tested.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Erşan M |date=2017-09-05 |title=Sivilce ilacı karaciğerini mahvetti |trans-title=Acne drug destroyed her life |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/sivilce-ilaci-karacigerini-mahvetti-40569183 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr |language=tr |trans-quote=Prof. Dr. K. Yalçın Polat, President of the Department of General Surgery at the Memorial Ataşehir Hospital: Our patient's blood values were very high when she was hospitalized. It was not easy for us to decide to have a liver transplant. During our three-week treatment, her liver values continued to rise and she entered liver failure, which made us take this decision. In the liver biopsy, we saw necrosis (non-living tissue) in the liver. If we had waited a little longer, she would have fallen into a coma and we would have then lost the patient. The cause of her liver failure is the medication she takes for acne. Unfortunately, this drug is very widely used. Liver enzymes should be closely monitored while taking isotretinoin. Every kind of drug reaches the liver, and each of them has side effects as well as positive effects. Even if the liver tolerates these and cleans the toxins, it can still be affected as in the case of Mrs. Çilingir.}}</ref> E be known to cause [[teratogen|birth defects]] secof in-utero exposure secof de molecule ein close resemblance to [[retinoic acid]], a natural vitamin A derivative wey dey control normal embryonic development. E be associated plus psychiatric side effects, most commonly depression, den more rarely, [[psychosis]] den unusual behaviors. Oda rare side effects dey include [[hyperostosis]] den premature [[epiphyseal closure]], wich be reported to be persistent. Isotretinoin be patented insyd 1969 den approved for medical use insyd 1982.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=476 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA476 }}</ref> Insyd 2021, na e be de 264th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2021 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Isotretinoin - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Isotretinoin | access-date = 14 January 2024}}</ref> == Adverse effects == Increasingly higher dosages go result in higher toxicity, resembling [[vitamin A toxicity]]. Adverse effects dey include:<ref name=UKlabel>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15655|title=Isotretinoin 20mg capsules - - (eMC)|website=www.medicines.org.uk|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054206/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15655}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! ! colspan="5" |According to information leaflets<ref name="UKlabel" /> !According to studies |- ! Type of disorders ! Very common (≥ 1/10) ! Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10) ! Rare (≥ 1/{{Val|10000}},< 1/1000) ! Very rare (≤ 1/{{Val|10000}}) !Unknown Frequency !Frequency |- | '''Infections''' | | | | * Gram-positive (mucocutaneous) bacterial infection | | |- | '''Blood den [[lymphatic system]]''' | * [[Anemia]] * Increased [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|red blood cell sedimentation rate]] * [[Thrombocytopenia]] * [[Thrombocytosis]] | * [[Neutropenia]] | | * [[Lymphadenopathy]] | | |- | '''[[Immune system]]''' | | | * Allergic skin reaction * [[Anaphylactic]] reactions * Hypersensitivity | | | |- | '''[[Metabolism]]''' | | | | * [[Diabetes mellitus]] * [[Hyperuricaemia]] | | |- | '''[[Psychiatric]]''' | | | * [[Depression (mood)|Depression]] * Aggravated depression * Aggressive tendencies * [[Anxiety]] * Mood alterations | * Abnormal behaviour * Psychotic disorder * Suicidal ideation * Suicide attempt * [[Suicide]] | |Psychiatric: 25.15%<ref name=":4" /> |- | '''[[Nervous system]]''' | | * Headache | | * [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]] * [[Convulsions]] * [[Drowsiness]] * [[Dizziness]] | | |- | '''Eye''' | * [[Blepharitis]] * [[Conjunctivitis]] * [[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca|Dry eyes]] * Eye irritation | | | * Blurred vision * [[Cataract]] * [[Colour blindness]] * Contact lens intolerance * [[Corneal opacity]] * Decreased night vision * [[Keratitis]] * [[Papilloedema]] * [[Photophobia]] * Visual disturbances | | |- | '''Ear''' | | | | * Impaired hearing | | |- | '''[[Blood vessel|Vascular]]''' | | | | * [[Vasculitis]] (i.e. [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], allergic vasculitis) | | |- | '''Respiratory, [[thoracic]]''' <br /> '''den [[mediastinal]]''' | | * [[Epistaxis]] * Nasal dryness * [[Nasopharyngitis]] | | * [[Bronchospasm]] (particularly insyd people plus asthma) * [[Hoarseness]] | | |- | '''[[Gastrointestinal]]''' | | | | * [[Colitis]] * [[Ileitis]] * Dry throat * [[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage]] * Haemorrhagic diarrhoea * [[Inflammatory bowel disease]] * [[Nausea]] * [[Pancreatitis]] | | |- | '''[[Hepatobiliary]]''' | * Increased [[transaminase]] | | | * [[Hepatitis]] | | |- | '''Skin den'''<br /> '''[[subcutaneous tissues]]''' | * [[Cheilitis]] * [[Dermatitis]] * [[Xeroderma|Dry skin]] * Localised exfoliation * [[Pruritus]] * Rash erythematous * Skin fragility (plus a risk of frictional trauma) * Paronychia | | * [[Alopecia|Alopecia- hair shedding from telogen effluvium]] | * [[Acne fulminans]] * Aggravated acne (acne flare) * [[Erythema]] (facial) * [[Exanthema]] * Hair disorders * [[Hirsutism]] * [[Nail dystrophy]] * [[Paronychia]] * [[Photosensitivity reaction]] * [[Pili torti]] * [[Pyogenic granuloma]] * Skin [[hyperpigmentation]] * Increased sweating | * [[Erythema multiforme]] * [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome|Stevens-Johnson Syndrome]] * [[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]]. |100%<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brzezinski P, Borowska K, Chiriac A, Smigielski J | title = Adverse effects of isotretinoin: A large, retrospective review | journal = Dermatologic Therapy | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | article-number = e12483 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28295859 | doi = 10.1111/dth.12483 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |- | '''[[Musculo-skeletal]] den'''<br /> '''[[connective tissue]]''' | * [[Arthralgia]] * [[Myalgia]] * Back pain | | | * [[Arthritis]] * [[Calcinosis]] (calcification of ligaments den tendons) * Premature epiphyseal fusion * [[Exostosis]] * [[Hyperostosis]] * [[Osteopenia]] * [[Tendonitis]] | * [[Rhabdomyolysis]] | |- | '''[[Kidney]] den [[urinary]]''' | | | | * [[Glomerulonephritis]] | * Dark anaa cola-coloured urine<ref name=":02">{{cite web|date=August 2017|title=Isotretinoin (oral formulations): CMDH scientific conclusions – Scientific conclusions and grounds for the variation to the terms of the Marketing Authorisation(s)|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/isotretinoin-oral-formulations-cmdh-scientific-conclusions-grounds-variation-amendments-product/00010488/201611_en.pdf|access-date=17 May 2019|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]]}}</ref> | |- |'''[[Reproductive system]] den breast disorders''' | | | | | * Sexual dysfunction, wey dey include [[erectile dysfunction]] den [[Libido|decreased libido]] | |- | '''General''' | | | | * Increased formation of [[granulation tissue]] * [[Malaise]] | | |- | '''Investigation''' | * Increased [[triglycerides]] * Decreased [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL]] | * Increased blood cholesterol * Increased blood glucose * [[Haematuria]] * [[Proteinuria]] | | * Increased [[creatine phosphokinase]] | | |- |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Cyclohexenes]] [[Category:Dermatoxins]] [[Category:Enones]] [[Category:Drugs wey Hoffmann-La Roche develop]] [[Category:Isotretinoin]] [[Category:Polyenes]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7xyjtob8jdv5oelkkdd4f29cfntnygf 114402 114400 2026-10-09T08:59:09Z DaSupremo 9 /* Adverse effects */ Fix template error 114402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isotretinoin''', dem sanso know as '''13-''cis''-retinoic acid''' wey dem sell under de brand name '''Accutane''' among odas, be a medication dem use to treat skin diseases like [[harlequin-type ichthyosis]], [[lamellar ichthyosis]], den severe cystic [[acne]] anaa moderate acne wey be unresponsive to antibiotics.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Mohiuddin AK |date=2019 |title=A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–45}}</ref> Isotretinoin be used off-label to treat [[Basal-cell carcinoma|basal cell carcinoma]] den [[Squamous-cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], although clinical evidence dey suggest e no be effective insyd dis setting.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB, Alberts DS | title = Dose response of retinol and isotretinoin in the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 1058–1066 | date = 2010-11-05 | pmid = 21058193 | pmc = 4104190 | doi = 10.1080/01635581.2010.492089 }}</ref> E be a [[retinoid]], wey dey mean e dey relate to [[vitamin A]], wey e be found insyd small quantities naturally insyd de body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang GW, Russell RM | title = 13-cis-retinoic acid is an endogenous compound in human serum | journal = Journal of Lipid Research | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–182 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2324641 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43203-1 | publisher = Elsevier | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein [[isomer]], [[tretinoin]], sanso be an acne drug. Insyd ein pure form, isotretinoin be an orange powder. De most common adverse effects be dry lips ([[cheilitis]]), dry den fragile skin ([[xeroderma]]), [[Dry eye syndrome|dry eyes]]<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC | title = Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands | language = en-US | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 92 | issue = 9 | pages = 925–930 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26154692 | doi = 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41k4v4h1 }}</ref> and an [[Phototoxicity|increased susceptibility to sunburn]]. Uncommon den rare side effects dey include muscle aches den pains ([[myalgia]]s), headaches, den depression insyd sam users. Sam of those side effects fi persist long after de discontinuation of de use of de drug.<ref name=":5" /> Isotretinoin fi cause [[liver failure]], therefore de patient ein [[Reference ranges for blood tests|blood levels]] for be regularly tested.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Erşan M |date=2017-09-05 |title=Sivilce ilacı karaciğerini mahvetti |trans-title=Acne drug destroyed her life |url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/sivilce-ilaci-karacigerini-mahvetti-40569183 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.hurriyet.com.tr |language=tr |trans-quote=Prof. Dr. K. Yalçın Polat, President of the Department of General Surgery at the Memorial Ataşehir Hospital: Our patient's blood values were very high when she was hospitalized. It was not easy for us to decide to have a liver transplant. During our three-week treatment, her liver values continued to rise and she entered liver failure, which made us take this decision. In the liver biopsy, we saw necrosis (non-living tissue) in the liver. If we had waited a little longer, she would have fallen into a coma and we would have then lost the patient. The cause of her liver failure is the medication she takes for acne. Unfortunately, this drug is very widely used. Liver enzymes should be closely monitored while taking isotretinoin. Every kind of drug reaches the liver, and each of them has side effects as well as positive effects. Even if the liver tolerates these and cleans the toxins, it can still be affected as in the case of Mrs. Çilingir.}}</ref> E be known to cause [[teratogen|birth defects]] secof in-utero exposure secof de molecule ein close resemblance to [[retinoic acid]], a natural vitamin A derivative wey dey control normal embryonic development. E be associated plus psychiatric side effects, most commonly depression, den more rarely, [[psychosis]] den unusual behaviors. Oda rare side effects dey include [[hyperostosis]] den premature [[epiphyseal closure]], wich be reported to be persistent. Isotretinoin be patented insyd 1969 den approved for medical use insyd 1982.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=476 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA476 }}</ref> Insyd 2021, na e be de 264th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2021 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115223848/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Isotretinoin - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Isotretinoin | access-date = 14 January 2024}}</ref> == Adverse effects == Increasingly higher dosages go result in higher toxicity, resembling [[vitamin A toxicity]]. Adverse effects dey include:<ref name=UKlabel>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15655|title=Isotretinoin 20mg capsules - - (eMC)|website=www.medicines.org.uk|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054206/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/15655}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! ! colspan="5" |According to information leaflets<ref name="UKlabel" /> !According to studies |- ! Type of disorders ! Very common (≥ 1/10) ! Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10) ! Rare (≥ 1/10 000,< 1/1000) ! Very rare (≤ 1/10 000) !Unknown Frequency !Frequency |- | '''Infections''' | | | | * Gram-positive (mucocutaneous) bacterial infection | | |- | '''Blood den [[lymphatic system]]''' | * [[Anemia]] * Increased [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|red blood cell sedimentation rate]] * [[Thrombocytopenia]] * [[Thrombocytosis]] | * [[Neutropenia]] | | * [[Lymphadenopathy]] | | |- | '''[[Immune system]]''' | | | * Allergic skin reaction * [[Anaphylactic]] reactions * Hypersensitivity | | | |- | '''[[Metabolism]]''' | | | | * [[Diabetes mellitus]] * [[Hyperuricaemia]] | | |- | '''[[Psychiatric]]''' | | | * [[Depression (mood)|Depression]] * Aggravated depression * Aggressive tendencies * [[Anxiety]] * Mood alterations | * Abnormal behaviour * Psychotic disorder * Suicidal ideation * Suicide attempt * [[Suicide]] | |Psychiatric: 25.15%<ref name=":4" /> |- | '''[[Nervous system]]''' | | * Headache | | * [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]] * [[Convulsions]] * [[Drowsiness]] * [[Dizziness]] | | |- | '''Eye''' | * [[Blepharitis]] * [[Conjunctivitis]] * [[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca|Dry eyes]] * Eye irritation | | | * Blurred vision * [[Cataract]] * [[Colour blindness]] * Contact lens intolerance * [[Corneal opacity]] * Decreased night vision * [[Keratitis]] * [[Papilloedema]] * [[Photophobia]] * Visual disturbances | | |- | '''Ear''' | | | | * Impaired hearing | | |- | '''[[Blood vessel|Vascular]]''' | | | | * [[Vasculitis]] (i.e. [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]], allergic vasculitis) | | |- | '''Respiratory, [[thoracic]]''' <br /> '''den [[mediastinal]]''' | | * [[Epistaxis]] * Nasal dryness * [[Nasopharyngitis]] | | * [[Bronchospasm]] (particularly insyd people plus asthma) * [[Hoarseness]] | | |- | '''[[Gastrointestinal]]''' | | | | * [[Colitis]] * [[Ileitis]] * Dry throat * [[Gastrointestinal haemorrhage]] * Haemorrhagic diarrhoea * [[Inflammatory bowel disease]] * [[Nausea]] * [[Pancreatitis]] | | |- | '''[[Hepatobiliary]]''' | * Increased [[transaminase]] | | | * [[Hepatitis]] | | |- | '''Skin den'''<br /> '''[[subcutaneous tissues]]''' | * [[Cheilitis]] * [[Dermatitis]] * [[Xeroderma|Dry skin]] * Localised exfoliation * [[Pruritus]] * Rash erythematous * Skin fragility (plus a risk of frictional trauma) * Paronychia | | * [[Alopecia|Alopecia- hair shedding from telogen effluvium]] | * [[Acne fulminans]] * Aggravated acne (acne flare) * [[Erythema]] (facial) * [[Exanthema]] * Hair disorders * [[Hirsutism]] * [[Nail dystrophy]] * [[Paronychia]] * [[Photosensitivity reaction]] * [[Pili torti]] * [[Pyogenic granuloma]] * Skin [[hyperpigmentation]] * Increased sweating | * [[Erythema multiforme]] * [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome|Stevens-Johnson Syndrome]] * [[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]]. |100%<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brzezinski P, Borowska K, Chiriac A, Smigielski J | title = Adverse effects of isotretinoin: A large, retrospective review | journal = Dermatologic Therapy | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | article-number = e12483 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28295859 | doi = 10.1111/dth.12483 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |- | '''[[Musculo-skeletal]] den'''<br /> '''[[connective tissue]]''' | * [[Arthralgia]] * [[Myalgia]] * Back pain | | | * [[Arthritis]] * [[Calcinosis]] (calcification of ligaments den tendons) * Premature epiphyseal fusion * [[Exostosis]] * [[Hyperostosis]] * [[Osteopenia]] * [[Tendonitis]] | * [[Rhabdomyolysis]] | |- | '''[[Kidney]] den [[urinary]]''' | | | | * [[Glomerulonephritis]] | * Dark anaa cola-coloured urine<ref name=":02">{{cite web|date=August 2017|title=Isotretinoin (oral formulations): CMDH scientific conclusions – Scientific conclusions and grounds for the variation to the terms of the Marketing Authorisation(s)|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/isotretinoin-oral-formulations-cmdh-scientific-conclusions-grounds-variation-amendments-product/00010488/201611_en.pdf|access-date=17 May 2019|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]]}}</ref> | |- |'''[[Reproductive system]] den breast disorders''' | | | | | * Sexual dysfunction, wey dey include [[erectile dysfunction]] den [[Libido|decreased libido]] | |- | '''General''' | | | | * Increased formation of [[granulation tissue]] * [[Malaise]] | | |- | '''Investigation''' | * Increased [[triglycerides]] * Decreased [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL]] | * Increased blood cholesterol * Increased blood glucose * [[Haematuria]] * [[Proteinuria]] | | * Increased [[creatine phosphokinase]] | | |- |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Cyclohexenes]] [[Category:Dermatoxins]] [[Category:Enones]] [[Category:Drugs wey Hoffmann-La Roche develop]] [[Category:Isotretinoin]] [[Category:Polyenes]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hc3lmed9rwhiqtt9q6mzomv04l38zi5 10 30734 114397 2026-10-09T08:44:29Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 114397 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:val|main}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> pyd5z3vtnjv2hvt8nvjbkl8gerasot4 828 30736 114401 2026-10-09T08:56:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh module 114401 Scribunto text/plain -- For Template:Val, output a number and optional unit. -- Format options include scientific and uncertainty notations. local numdot = '.' -- decimal mark (use ',' for Italian) local numsep = ',' -- group separator (use ' ' for Italian) local mtext = { -- Message and other text that should be localized. ['mt-bad-exponent'] = 'exponent parameter (<b>e</b>)', ['mt-parameter'] = 'parameter ', ['mt-not-number'] = 'is not a valid number', ['mt-cannot-range'] = 'cannot use a range if the first parameter includes "e"', ['mt-need-range'] = 'needs a range in parameter 2', ['mt-should-range'] = 'should be a range', ['mt-cannot-with-e'] = 'cannot be used if the first parameter includes "e"', ['mt-not-range'] = 'does not accept a range', ['mt-cannot-e'] = 'cannot use e notation', ['mt-too-many-parameter'] = 'too many parameters', ['mt-need-number'] = 'need a number after the last parameter because it is a range.', ['mt-ignore-parameter4'] = 'Val parameter 4 ignored', ['mt-val-not-supported'] = 'Val parameter "%s=%s" is not supported', ['mt-invalid-scale'] = 'Unit "%s" has invalid scale "%s"', ['mt-both-u-ul'] = 'unit (<b>u</b>) and unit with link (<b>ul</b>) are both specified, only one is allowed.', ['mt-both-up-upl'] = 'unit per (<b>up</b>) and unit per with link (<b>upl</b>) are both specified, only one is allowed.', } local data_module = 'Module:Val/units' local convert_module = 'Module:Convert' local function valerror(msg, nocat, iswarning) -- Return formatted message text for an error or warning. -- Can append "#FormattingError" to URL of a page with a problem to find it. local anchor = '<span id="FormattingError"></span>' local body, category if nocat or mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespaces(1, 2, 3, 5) then -- No category in Talk, User, User_talk, or Wikipedia_talk. category = '' else category = '[[Category:Pages with incorrect formatting templates use]]' end iswarning = false -- problems are infrequent so try showing large error so editor will notice if iswarning then body = '<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">' .. '[[Template:Val|<span title="' .. msg:gsub('"', '&quot;') .. '">warning</span>]]</sup>' else body = '<strong class="error">' .. 'Error in &#123;&#123;[[Template:val|val]]&#125;&#125;: ' .. msg .. '</strong>' end return anchor .. body .. category end local range_types = { -- No need for '&nbsp;' because nowrap applies to all output. [","] = ", ", ["by"] = " by ", ["-"] = "–", ["–"] = "–", ["and"] = " and ", ["or"] = " or " , ["to"] = " to " , ["x"] = " × ", ["×"] = " × ", ["/"] = "/", } local range_repeat_unit = { -- WP:UNIT wants unit repeated when a "multiply" range is used. ["x"] = true, ["×"] = true, } local function extract_item(index, numbers, arg) -- Extract an item from arg and store the result in numbers[index]. -- If no argument or if argument is valid, return nil (no error); -- otherwise, return an error message. -- The stored result is: -- * a table for a number (empty if there was no specified number); or -- * a string for range text -- Input like 1e3 is regarded as invalid for all except argument 1 -- which accepts e notation as an alternative to the 'e' argument. -- Input group separators are removed. local which = index local function fail(msg) local description if which == 'e' then description = mtext['mt-bad-exponent'] else description = mtext['mt-parameter'] .. which end return description .. ' ' .. (msg or mtext['mt-not-number']) .. '.' end local result = {} local range = range_types[arg] if range then if type(index) == 'number' and (index % 2 == 0) then if index == 2 then if numbers[1] and numbers[1].exp then return fail(mtext['mt-cannot-range']) end numbers.has_ranges = true else if not numbers.has_ranges then return fail(mtext['mt-need-range']) end end numbers[index] = range if range_repeat_unit[arg] then -- Any "repeat" range forces unit (if any) to be repeated for all items. numbers.isrepeat = true end return nil end return fail(mtext['mt-not-range']) end if numbers.has_ranges and type(index) == 'number' and (index % 2 == 0) then return fail(mtext['mt-should-range']) end if index == 'e' then local e = numbers[1] and numbers[1].exp if e then if arg then return fail(mtext['mt-cannot-with-e']) end arg = e which = 1 end end if arg and arg ~= '' then arg = arg:gsub(numsep, '') if numdot ~= '.' then arg = arg:gsub(numdot, '.') end if arg:sub(1, 1) == '(' and arg:sub(-1) == ')' then result.parens = true arg = arg:sub(2, -2) end local a, b = arg:match('^(.+)[Ee](.+)$') if a then if index == 1 then arg = a result.exp = b else return fail(mtext['mt-cannot-e']) end end local isnegative, propersign, prefix local minus = '−' prefix, arg = arg:match('^(.-)([%d.]+)$') local value = tonumber(arg) if not value then return fail() end if arg:sub(1, 1) == '.' then arg = '0' .. arg end if prefix == '' then -- Ignore. elseif prefix == '±' then -- Display for first number, ignore for others. if index == 1 then propersign = '±' end elseif prefix == '+' then propersign = '+' elseif prefix == '-' or prefix == minus then propersign = minus isnegative = true else return fail() end result.clean = arg result.sign = propersign or '' result.value = isnegative and -value or value end numbers[index] = result return nil -- no error end local function get_args(numbers, args) -- Extract arguments and store the results in numbers. -- Return nothing (no error) if ok; otherwise, return an error message. for index = 1, 99 do local which = index local arg = args[which] -- has been trimmed if not arg then which = 'e' arg = args[which] end local msg = extract_item(which, numbers, arg) if msg then return msg end if which == 'e' then break end if index > 19 then return mtext['mt-too-many-parameter'] end end if numbers.has_ranges and (#numbers % 2 == 0) then return mtext['mt-need-number'] end end local function get_scale(text, ucode) -- Return the value of text as a number, or throw an error. -- This supports extremely basic expressions of the form: -- a / b -- a ^ b -- where a and b are numbers or 'pi'. local n = tonumber(text) if n then return n end n = text:gsub('pi', math.pi) for _, op in ipairs({ '/', '^' }) do local a, b = n:match('^(.-)' .. op .. '(.*)$') if a then a = tonumber(a) b = tonumber(b) if a and b then if op == '/' then return a / b elseif op == '^' then return a ^ b end end break end end error(string.format(mtext['mt-invalid-scale'], ucode, text)) end local function get_builtin_unit(ucode, definitions) -- Return table of information for the specified built-in unit, or nil if not known. -- Each defined unit code must be followed by two spaces (not tab characters). local _, pos = definitions:find('\n' .. ucode .. ' ', 1, true) if pos then local endline = definitions:find('%s*\n', pos) if endline then local result = {} local n = 0 local text = definitions:sub(pos + 1, endline - 1):gsub('%s%s+', '\t') for item in (text .. '\t'):gmatch('(%S.-)\t') do if item == 'ALIAS' then result.alias = true elseif item == 'ANGLE' then result.isangle = true result.nospace = true elseif item == 'NOSPACE' then result.nospace = true elseif item == 'SI' then result.si = true else n = n + 1 if n == 1 then local link, symbol = item:match('^%[%[([^|]+)|(.+)%]%]$') if link then result.symbol = symbol result.link = link n = 2 else result.symbol = item end elseif n == 2 then result.link = item elseif n == 3 then result.scale_text = item result.scale = get_scale(item, ucode) else result.more_ignored = item break end end end if result.si then local s = result.symbol if ucode == 'mc' .. s or ucode == 'mu' .. s then result.ucode = 'µ' .. s -- unit code for convert should be this end end if n >= 2 or (n >= 1 and result.alias) then return result end -- Ignore invalid definition, treating it as a comment. end end end local function convert_lookup(ucode, value, scaled_top, want_link, si, options) local lookup = require(convert_module)._unit return lookup(ucode, { value = value, scaled_top = scaled_top, link = want_link, si = si, sort = options.sortable, }) end local function get_unit(ucode, value, scaled_top, options) local want_link = options.want_link if scaled_top then want_link = options.want_per_link end local data = mw.loadData(data_module) local result = options.want_longscale and get_builtin_unit(ucode, data.builtin_units_long_scale) or get_builtin_unit(ucode, data.builtin_units) local si, use_convert if result then if result.alias then ucode = result.symbol use_convert = true end if result.scale then -- Setting si means convert will use the unit as given, and the sort key -- will be calculated from the value without any extra scaling that may -- occur if convert found the unit code. For example, if val defines the -- unit 'year' with a scale and if si were not set, convert would also apply -- its own scale because convert knows that a year is 31,557,600 seconds. si = { result.symbol, result.link } value = value * result.scale end if result.si then ucode = result.ucode or ucode si = { result.symbol, result.link } use_convert = true end else result = {} use_convert = true end local convert_unit = convert_lookup(ucode, value, scaled_top, want_link, si, options) result.sortkey = convert_unit.sortspan if use_convert then result.text = convert_unit.text result.scaled_top = convert_unit.scaled_value else if want_link then result.text = '[[' .. result.link .. '|' .. result.symbol .. ']]' else result.text = result.symbol end result.scaled_top = value end return result end local function makeunit(value, options) -- Return table of information for the requested unit and options, or -- return nil if no unit. options = options or {} local unit local ucode = options.u local percode = options.per if ucode then unit = get_unit(ucode, value, nil, options) elseif percode then unit = { nospace = true, scaled_top = value } else return nil end local text = unit.text or '' local sortkey = unit.sortkey if percode then local function bracketed(code, text) return code:find('[*./]') and '(' .. text .. ')' or text end local perunit = get_unit(percode, 1, unit.scaled_top, options) text = (ucode and bracketed(ucode, text) or '') .. '/' .. bracketed(percode, perunit.text) sortkey = perunit.sortkey end if not (unit.nospace or options.nospace) then text = '&nbsp;' .. text end return { text = text, isangle = unit.isangle, sortkey = sortkey } end local function list_units(mode) -- Return wikitext to list the built-in units. -- A unit code should not contain wikimarkup so don't bother escaping. local data = mw.loadData(data_module) local definitions = data.builtin_units .. data.builtin_units_long_scale local last_was_blank = true local n = 0 local result = {} local function add(line) if line == '' then last_was_blank = true else if last_was_blank and n > 0 then n = n + 1 result[n] = '' end last_was_blank = false n = n + 1 result[n] = line end end local si_prefixes = { -- These are the prefixes recognized by convert; u is accepted for micro. y = 'y', z = 'z', a = 'a', f = 'f', p = 'p', n = 'n', u = 'µ', ['µ'] = 'µ', m = 'm', c = 'c', d = 'd', da = 'da', h = 'h', k = 'k', M = 'M', G = 'G', T = 'T', P = 'P', E = 'E', Z = 'Z', Y = 'Y', } local function is_valid(ucode, unit) if unit and not unit.more_ignored then assert(type(unit.symbol) == 'string' and unit.symbol ~= '') if unit.alias then if unit.link or unit.scale_text or unit.si then return false end end if unit.si then if unit.scale_text then return false end ucode = unit.ucode or ucode local base = unit.symbol if ucode == base then unit.display = base return true end local plen = #ucode - #base if plen > 0 then local prefix = si_prefixes[ucode:sub(1, plen)] if prefix and ucode:sub(plen + 1) == base then unit.display = prefix .. base return true end end else unit.display = unit.symbol return true end end return false end local lookup = require(convert_module)._unit local function show_convert(ucode, unit) -- If a built-in unit defines a scale or sets the SI flag, any unit defined in -- convert is not used (the scale or SI prefix's scale is used for a sort key). -- If there is no scale or SI flag, and the unit is not defined in convert, -- the sort key may not be correct; this allows such units to be identified. if not (unit.si or unit.scale_text) then if mode == 'convert' then unit.show = not lookup(unit.alias and unit.symbol or ucode).unknown unit.show_text = 'CONVERT' elseif mode == 'unknown' then unit.show = lookup(unit.alias and unit.symbol or ucode).unknown unit.show_text = 'UNKNOWN' elseif not unit.alias then -- Show convert's scale in square brackets ('[1]' for an unknown unit). -- Don't show scale for an alias because it's misleading for temperature -- and an alias is probably not useful for anything else. local scale = lookup(ucode, {value=1, sort='on'}).scaled_value if type(scale) == 'number' then scale = string.format('%.5g', scale):gsub('e%+?(%-?)0*(%d+)', 'e%1%2') else scale = '?' end unit.show = true unit.show_text = '[' .. scale .. ']' end end end for line in definitions:gmatch('([^\n]*)\n') do local pos, _ = line:find(' ', 1, true) if pos then local ucode = line:sub(1, pos - 1) local unit = get_builtin_unit(ucode, '\n' .. line .. '\n') if is_valid(ucode, unit) then show_convert(ucode, unit) local flags, text if unit.alias then text = unit.symbol else text = '[[' .. unit.link .. '|' .. unit.display .. ']]' end if unit.isangle then unit.nospace = nil -- don't show redundant flag end for _, f in ipairs({ { 'alias', 'ALIAS' }, { 'isangle', 'ANGLE' }, { 'nospace', 'NOSPACE' }, { 'si', 'SI' }, { 'scale_text', unit.scale_text }, { 'show', unit.show_text }, }) do if unit[f[1]] then local t = f[2] if t:match('^%u+$') then t = '<small>' .. t .. '</small>' end if flags then flags = flags .. ' ' .. t else flags = t end end end if flags then text = text .. ' • ' .. flags end add(ucode .. ' = ' .. text .. '<br />') else add(line .. ' ◆ <b>invalid definition</b><br />') end else add(line) end end return table.concat(result, '\n') end local delimit_groups = require('Module:Gapnum').groups local function delimit(sign, numstr, fmt) -- Return sign and numstr (unsigned digits or numdot only) after formatting. -- Four-digit integers are not formatted with gaps. fmt = (fmt or ''):lower() if fmt == 'none' or (fmt == '' and #numstr == 4 and numstr:match('^%d+$')) then return sign .. numstr end -- Group number by integer and decimal parts. -- If there is no decimal part, delimit_groups returns only one table. local ipart, dpart = delimit_groups(numstr) local result if fmt == 'commas' then result = sign .. table.concat(ipart, numsep) if dpart then result = result .. numdot .. table.concat(dpart) end else -- Delimit with a small gap by default. local groups = {} groups[1] = table.remove(ipart, 1) for _, v in ipairs(ipart) do table.insert(groups, '<span style="margin-left:.25em;">' .. v .. '</span>') end if dpart then table.insert(groups, numdot .. (table.remove(dpart, 1) or '')) for _, v in ipairs(dpart) do table.insert(groups, '<span style="margin-left:.25em;">' .. v .. '</span>') end end result = sign .. table.concat(groups) end return result end local function sup_sub(sup, sub, align) -- Return the same result as Module:Su except val defaults to align=right. if align == 'l' or align == 'left' then align = 'left' elseif align == 'c' or align == 'center' then align = 'center' else align = 'right' end return '<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:' .. align .. ';">' .. sup .. '<br />' .. sub .. '</span>' end local function range_text(items, unit_table, options) local fmt = options.fmt local nend = items.nend or '' if items.isrepeat or unit_table.isangle then nend = nend .. unit_table.text end local text = '' for i = 1, #items do if i % 2 == 0 then text = text .. items[i] else text = text .. delimit(items[i].sign, items[i].clean, fmt) .. nend end end return text end local function uncertainty_text(uncertainty, unit_table, options) local angle, text, need_parens if unit_table.isangle then angle = unit_table.text end local upper = uncertainty.upper or {} local lower = uncertainty.lower or {} local uncU = upper.clean if uncU then local fmt = options.fmt local uncL = lower.clean if uncL then uncU = delimit('+', uncU, fmt) .. (upper.errend or '') uncL = delimit('−', uncL, fmt) .. (lower.errend or '') if angle then uncU = uncU .. angle uncL = uncL .. angle end text = (angle or '') .. '<span style="margin-left:0.3em;">' .. sup_sub(uncU, uncL, options.align) .. '</span>' else if upper.parens then text = '(' .. uncU .. ')' -- old template did not delimit else text = (angle or '') .. '<span style="margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;">±</span>' .. delimit('', uncU, fmt) need_parens = true end if uncertainty.errend then text = text .. uncertainty.errend end if angle then text = text .. angle end end else if angle then text = angle end end return text, need_parens end local function _main(values, unit_spec, options) if options.sandbox then data_module = data_module .. '/sandbox' convert_module = convert_module .. '/sandbox' end local action = options.action if action then if action == 'list' then -- Kludge: am using the align parameter (a=xxx) for type of list. return list_units(options.align) end return valerror('invalid action "' .. action .. '".', options.nocat) end local number = values.number or (values.numbers and values.numbers[1]) or {} local e_10 = options.e or {} local novalue = (number.value == nil and e_10.clean == nil) local fmt = options.fmt local want_sort = true local sortable = options.sortable if sortable == 'off' or (sortable == nil and novalue) then want_sort = false elseif sortable == 'debug' then -- Same as sortable = 'on' but the sort key is displayed. else sortable = 'on' end local sort_value = 1 if want_sort then sort_value = number.value or 1 if e_10.value and sort_value ~= 0 then -- The 'if' avoids {{val|0|e=1234}} giving an invalid sort_value due to overflow. sort_value = sort_value * 10^e_10.value end end local unit_table = makeunit(sort_value, { u = unit_spec.u, want_link = unit_spec.want_link, per = unit_spec.per, want_per_link = unit_spec.want_per_link, nospace = novalue, want_longscale = unit_spec.want_longscale, sortable = sortable, }) local sortkey if unit_table then if want_sort then sortkey = unit_table.sortkey end else unit_table = { text = '' } if want_sort then sortkey = convert_lookup('dummy', sort_value, nil, nil, nil, { sortable = sortable }).sortspan end end local final_unit = unit_table.isangle and '' or unit_table.text local e_text, n_text, need_parens local uncertainty = values.uncertainty if uncertainty then if number.clean then n_text = delimit(number.sign, number.clean, fmt) .. (number.nend or '') local text text, need_parens = uncertainty_text(uncertainty, unit_table, options) if text then n_text = n_text .. text end else n_text = '' end else if values.numbers.isrepeat then final_unit = '' end n_text = range_text(values.numbers, unit_table, options) need_parens = true end if e_10.clean then if need_parens then n_text = '(' .. n_text .. ')' end e_text = '10^{' .. delimit(e_10.sign, e_10.clean, fmt) .. '}' if number.clean then e_text = '<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>' .. e_text end else e_text = '' end local result = (sortkey or '') .. (options.prefix or '') .. n_text .. e_text .. final_unit .. (options.suffix or '') if result ~= '' then result = '<span class="nowrap">' .. result .. '</span>' end return result .. (options.warning or '') end local function check_parameters(args, has_ranges, nocat) -- Return warning text for the first problem parameter found, or nothing if ok. local whitelist = { a = true, action = true, debug = true, e = true, ['end'] = true, errend = true, ['+errend'] = true, ['-errend'] = true, fmt = true, ['long scale'] = true, long_scale = true, longscale = true, nocategory = true, p = true, s = true, sortable = true, u = true, ul = true, up = true, upl = true, } for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'string' and not whitelist[k] then local warning = string.format(mtext['mt-val-not-supported'], k, v) return valerror(warning, nocat, true) end end if not has_ranges and args[4] then return valerror(mtext['mt-ignore-parameter4'], nocat, true) end end local function main(frame) local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = { 'Template:Val' }}) local nocat = args.nocategory local numbers = {} -- table of number tables, perhaps with range text local msg = get_args(numbers, args) if msg then return valerror(msg, nocat) end if args.u and args.ul then return valerror(mtext['mt-both-u-ul'], nocat) end if args.up and args.upl then return valerror(mtext['mt-both-up-upl'], nocat) end local values if numbers.has_ranges then -- Multiple values with range separators but no uncertainty. numbers.nend = args['end'] values = { numbers = numbers, } else -- A single value with optional uncertainty. local function setfield(i, dst, src) local v = args[src] if v then if numbers[i] then numbers[i][dst] = v else numbers[i] = { [dst] = v } end end end setfield(1, 'nend', 'end') setfield(2, 'errend', '+errend') setfield(3, 'errend', '-errend') values = { number = numbers[1], uncertainty = { upper = numbers[2], lower = numbers[3], errend = args.errend, } } end local unit_spec = { u = args.ul or args.u, want_link = args.ul ~= nil, per = args.upl or args.up, want_per_link = args.upl ~= nil, want_longscale = (args.longscale or args.long_scale or args['long scale']) == 'on', } local options = { action = args.action, align = args.a, e = numbers.e, fmt = args.fmt, nocat = nocat, prefix = args.p, sandbox = string.find(frame:getTitle(), 'sandbox', 1, true) ~= nil, sortable = args.sortable or (args.debug == 'yes' and 'debug' or nil), suffix = args.s, warning = check_parameters(args, numbers.has_ranges, nocat), } return _main(values, unit_spec, options) end return { main = main, _main = _main } cf2vy01lmmi4xusv9uok74d8k7gzawo 14 30737 114403 2026-10-09T08:59:51Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114403 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30738 114404 2026-10-09T09:00:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114404 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30739 114405 2026-10-09T09:00:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114405 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 30740 114406 2026-10-09T09:03:04Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456689|Topiramate]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114409 114406 2026-10-09T09:17:40Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Topiramate''', dem market as '''Topamax''' among oda names, be an oral medication dem primarily prescribe for de treatment of [[epilepsy]] den de prophylaxis of [[migraines]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> For epilepsy, dis dey include treatment for [[generalized seizures|generalized]] anaa [[focal seizures]].<ref name="BNF762">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |pages=328}}</ref> E sanso be used [[off-label]] for [[alcohol dependence]] den [[essential tremor]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Topiramate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044425/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == p3ls34fe93tbwmdm1sk42n0exfqacsw 114410 114409 2026-10-09T10:20:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Topiramate''', dem market as '''Topamax''' among oda names, be an oral medication dem primarily prescribe for de treatment of [[epilepsy]] den de prophylaxis of [[migraines]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> For epilepsy, dis dey include treatment for [[generalized seizures|generalized]] anaa [[focal seizures]].<ref name="BNF762">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |pages=328}}</ref> E sanso be used [[off-label]] for [[alcohol dependence]] den [[essential tremor]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Topiramate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044425/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Common side effects dey include [[paresthesia|tingling]], feeling tired, [[loss of appetite]], abdominal pain, weight loss,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Topiramate Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/topiramate-side-effects.html|access-date=3 August 2021|website=Drugs.com|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410135224/https://www.drugs.com/sfx/topiramate-side-effects.html|url-status=live}}</ref> den cognitive dysfunction, such as trouble concentrating.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=328|edition=76}}</ref> Serious side effects fi include [[suicidal ideation]], increased [[ammonia]] levels wey dey result in [[encephalopathy]], den [[kidney stones]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> Topiramate fi cause birth defects, wey dey include cleft lip den palate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of oral clefts in children born to mothers taking Topamax (topiramate) |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-risk-oral-clefts-children-born-mothers-taking-topamax-topiramate |website=FDA }}</ref> Risks den benefits for be carefully discussed plus de full treatment team. Topiramate be considered "probably compatible" plus lactation wey e no be contraindicated for breastfeeding, though monitoring of de infant for diarrhea anaa poor weight gain fi be considered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Essential Reads: Breastfeeding and Anti-Epileptic Drugs | work = MGH Center for Women's Mental Health |url=https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/essential-reads-breastfeeding-and-anti-epileptic-drugs/,%20https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/essential-reads-breastfeeding-and-anti-epileptic-drugs/ |access-date=27 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | chapter = Topiramate |date=2006 | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501259/ |title = Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) |access-date=27 December 2023 |place=Bethesda (MD) |publisher=National Institute of Child Health and Human Development |pmid=30000318}}</ref> Ein [[mechanism of action]] be unclear.<ref name=AHFS2019/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4zn0zj7arf564yz3ao2bpk2ofnlv75b 114411 114410 2026-10-09T10:23:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Topiramate''', dem market as '''Topamax''' among oda names, be an oral medication dem primarily prescribe for de treatment of [[epilepsy]] den de prophylaxis of [[migraines]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> For epilepsy, dis dey include treatment for [[generalized seizures|generalized]] anaa [[focal seizures]].<ref name="BNF762">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |pages=328}}</ref> E sanso be used [[off-label]] for [[alcohol dependence]] den [[essential tremor]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Topiramate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044425/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Common side effects dey include [[paresthesia|tingling]], feeling tired, [[loss of appetite]], abdominal pain, weight loss,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Topiramate Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/topiramate-side-effects.html|access-date=3 August 2021|website=Drugs.com|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410135224/https://www.drugs.com/sfx/topiramate-side-effects.html|url-status=live}}</ref> den cognitive dysfunction, such as trouble concentrating.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=328|edition=76}}</ref> Serious side effects fi include [[suicidal ideation]], increased [[ammonia]] levels wey dey result in [[encephalopathy]], den [[kidney stones]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> Topiramate fi cause birth defects, wey dey include cleft lip den palate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of oral clefts in children born to mothers taking Topamax (topiramate) |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-risk-oral-clefts-children-born-mothers-taking-topamax-topiramate |website=FDA }}</ref> Risks den benefits for be carefully discussed plus de full treatment team. Topiramate be considered "probably compatible" plus lactation wey e no be contraindicated for breastfeeding, though monitoring of de infant for diarrhea anaa poor weight gain fi be considered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Essential Reads: Breastfeeding and Anti-Epileptic Drugs | work = MGH Center for Women's Mental Health |url=https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/essential-reads-breastfeeding-and-anti-epileptic-drugs/,%20https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/essential-reads-breastfeeding-and-anti-epileptic-drugs/ |access-date=27 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | chapter = Topiramate |date=2006 | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501259/ |title = Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) |access-date=27 December 2023 |place=Bethesda (MD) |publisher=National Institute of Child Health and Human Development |pmid=30000318}}</ref> Ein [[mechanism of action]] be unclear.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Na topiramate first be synthesized insyd a search for an [[oral hypoglycemic agent]]; however, na e receive ein initial approval as an [[anticonvulsant]] insyd 1996.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF76/><ref>{{cite web | title=Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=29 June 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals | access-date=29 June 2023 | archive-date=29 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629233651/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=First Generic Drug Approvals 2023 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=30 May 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630003621/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | archive-date=30 June 2023 | url-status=live | access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 71st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 9{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Topiramate Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Topiramate | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9f18ivr6pzxpjj71wzokl2mp70q5wwt 114412 114411 2026-10-09T10:24:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Topiramate''', dem market as '''Topamax''' among oda names, be an oral medication dem primarily prescribe for de treatment of [[epilepsy]] den de prophylaxis of [[migraines]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> For epilepsy, dis dey include treatment for [[generalized seizures|generalized]] anaa [[focal seizures]].<ref name="BNF762">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |pages=328}}</ref> E sanso be used [[off-label]] for [[alcohol dependence]] den [[essential tremor]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Topiramate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044425/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/topiramate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Common side effects dey include [[paresthesia|tingling]], feeling tired, [[loss of appetite]], abdominal pain, weight loss,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Topiramate Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term|url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/topiramate-side-effects.html|access-date=3 August 2021|website=Drugs.com|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410135224/https://www.drugs.com/sfx/topiramate-side-effects.html|url-status=live}}</ref> den cognitive dysfunction, such as trouble concentrating.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=328|edition=76}}</ref> Serious side effects fi include [[suicidal ideation]], increased [[ammonia]] levels wey dey result in [[encephalopathy]], den [[kidney stones]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> Topiramate fi cause birth defects, wey dey include cleft lip den palate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of oral clefts in children born to mothers taking Topamax (topiramate) |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-risk-oral-clefts-children-born-mothers-taking-topamax-topiramate |website=FDA }}</ref> Risks den benefits for be carefully discussed plus de full treatment team. Topiramate be considered "probably compatible" plus lactation wey e no be contraindicated for breastfeeding, though monitoring of de infant for diarrhea anaa poor weight gain fi be considered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Essential Reads: Breastfeeding and Anti-Epileptic Drugs | work = MGH Center for Women's Mental Health |url=https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/essential-reads-breastfeeding-and-anti-epileptic-drugs/,%20https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/essential-reads-breastfeeding-and-anti-epileptic-drugs/ |access-date=27 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | chapter = Topiramate |date=2006 | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501259/ |title = Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) |access-date=27 December 2023 |place=Bethesda (MD) |publisher=National Institute of Child Health and Human Development |pmid=30000318}}</ref> Ein [[mechanism of action]] be unclear.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Na topiramate first be synthesized insyd a search for an [[oral hypoglycemic agent]]; however, na e receive ein initial approval as an [[anticonvulsant]] insyd 1996.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF76/><ref>{{cite web | title=Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=29 June 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals | access-date=29 June 2023 | archive-date=29 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629233651/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=First Generic Drug Approvals 2023 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=30 May 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630003621/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-and-biologic-approval-and-ind-activity-reports/first-generic-drug-approvals | archive-date=30 June 2023 | url-status=live | access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 71st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 9{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Topiramate Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Topiramate | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:AMPA receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Anticonvulsants]] [[Category:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors]] [[Category:CYP3A4 inducers]] [[Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]] [[Category:Drugs wey Johnson & Johnson develop]] [[Category:Kainate receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Monosaccharide derivatives]] [[Category:Sodium channel blockers]] [[Category:Sulfamate esters]] [[Category:Drugs plus unknown mechanisms of action]] [[Category:Depressogens]] [[Category:CYP2C19 inhibitors]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2rwcn6nqscup7byktmjk3oj7t62zpeo 3 30741 114407 2026-10-09T09:09:44Z DaSupremo 9 /* Advertising */ new section 114407 wikitext text/x-wiki == Advertising == Hello @[[User:Youdao Ads|Youdao Ads]]. Kindly note that Wikipedia is not an advertising place. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 09:09, 9 October 2026 (GMT) 9a57fgjkcwsq1ke2rojg1mkzppcluzx 114408 114407 2026-10-09T09:15:41Z Youdao Ads 7760 /* Advertising */ Reply 114408 wikitext text/x-wiki == Advertising == Hello @[[User:Youdao Ads|Youdao Ads]]. Kindly note that Wikipedia is not an advertising place. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 09:09, 9 October 2026 (GMT) :NO... OUR BRAND NAME IS YOUDAO ADS WHICH IS LIKE GOOGLE ADS. PLEASE RECOVER MY PAGE THAT I EDITED TWICE BEFORE. THANKS. [[User:Youdao Ads|Youdao Ads]] ([[User talk:Youdao Ads|talk]]) 09:15, 9 October 2026 (GMT) nnfy4p8eq29n93vturz144dqzd4pjll 114415 114408 2026-10-09T10:28:11Z DaSupremo 9 /* Advertising */ Reply 114415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Advertising == Hello @[[User:Youdao Ads|Youdao Ads]]. Kindly note that Wikipedia is not an advertising place. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 09:09, 9 October 2026 (GMT) :NO... OUR BRAND NAME IS YOUDAO ADS WHICH IS LIKE GOOGLE ADS. PLEASE RECOVER MY PAGE THAT I EDITED TWICE BEFORE. THANKS. [[User:Youdao Ads|Youdao Ads]] ([[User talk:Youdao Ads|talk]]) 09:15, 9 October 2026 (GMT) ::As stated earlier, Wikipedia is NOT a place to advertise brands. It is a place to share free knowledge. Also, the language used here is Ghanaian Pidgin and not English. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 10:28, 9 October 2026 (GMT) gen0an756jgvoumpy3h5y2alzyejnx5 14 30742 114413 2026-10-09T10:26:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114413 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 30743 114414 2026-10-09T10:26:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114414 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1