Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4810 114853 111584 2026-10-14T12:17:51Z ~2026-55132-03 8340 /* Notable staff */ 114853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nasarawa State University''' dey locate insyd Keffi [[Nigeria]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240527205127/https://nsuk.edu.ng/ "Nasarawa State University, Keffi"]. Retrieved 2024-05-27.</ref> Nassarawa State University, Keffi (NSUK), be tertiary institution wey dem create make e encourage de advancement of learning insyd de state den ein neighbouring environment. Na dem establish NSUK under de Nasarawa State Law No. 2 of 2001 as dem pass by de State House of Assembly under de first democratically Governor of Nasarawa State, Governor (Dr.) Abdullahi Adamu dem elect buh na dem born den site insyd February 2002, for de defunct College of Arts, Science den Technology (CAST), Keffi. Na dem establish am plus de fundamental aim of make e dey provide avenue give Nassarawa State indigenes make dem pursue den acquire tertiary education. Edey locate insyd Keffi town. Nassarawa State University dey cater for both full-time den part-time students. De varsity get Post Graduate Faculty wey dey offer Masters in Business Administration(MBA) under de department of Business Administration. == Campus == De varsity get four campuses. De main campus dey Keffi wey be de administrative headquarters of de institution. De senate of de school, de governing body, de vice chancellor den all de senior members of de senate dey for Keffi campus. De second campus dey insyd Lafia de state capital. De third one dey locate Pyanku wey then be center give continuing studies den IJMB. De last campus dey locate for Gudi wey basically dey house de propose faculty of Engineering. == Faculties den Departments == === Main campus (Keffi) === ==== Faculty of Administration ==== * Business Administration * Public Administration * Accounting * Banking den Finance * Marketing * Taxation * Entrepreneurial Studies * Security den Investment Management ==== Faculty of Arts ==== * History * English Language * Linguistic * Religious Studies * French Language * Arabic Language * Theater den Cultural Studies ==== Faculty of Social Sciences ==== * Mass Communication * Political Science * Economics * Sociology * Psychology ==== Faculty of Natural den Applied Sciences ==== * Biochemistry den Molecular Biology * Physics * Biological Sciences * Chemistry * Geology den Mining * Mathematical Sciences ==== Faculty of Education ==== * Arts den Social Sciences * Educational Foundation * Science Technology den Mathematics * Special Education ==== Faculty of Law ==== * Private den Business Law * Public den International Law ==== Faculty of Environmental Science ==== * Geography * Urban den Regional Planning * Environmental Management<ref>Tersoo, Andrella (2018-06-01). [https://www.legit.ng/1106532-courses-offered-nasarawa-state-university-2018.html "Full list of courses offered Nasarawa state University in 2018"]. ''Legit.ng - Nigeria news''. Retrieved 2020-02-11.</ref> * Architecture === Lafia campus === ==== Faculty of Agriculture ==== * Agronomy * Agricultural Economics den Extension * Animal Science * Home Science den Management * Forestry den Wildlife * Fisheries == Notable staff == * Zaynab Alkali de writer<ref>Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr.; Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong; Mr. Steven J. Niven (2 February 2012). ''Dictionary of African Biography''. OUP USA. pp. 177–178. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5|978-0-19-538207-5]]</bdi>.</ref> * Prof. H.M Ijeomah * Terhemba Shija == Notable alumni == * Sani Abdullahi Shinkafi, Nigerian politician * Hajiya Hama Ali Muhammad, Nigerian Public Administrator<ref>Admin, Checkout Magazine. [https://www.checkoutmagazine.com/ganduje-appoints-new-rector-for-state-poly-council-members-for-maitama-sule-university-dg-kaninvest-diaspora/ "Ganduje Appoints New Rector for State Poly, Council Members for Maitama Sule University, DG KANINVEST & Diaspora | Checkout Magazine"]. Retrieved 2023-01-04.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240527205127/https://nsuk.edu.ng/ Official website] [[Category:Nasarawa State University]] [[Category:2001 establishments insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2001]] [[Category:Public universities insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Academic libraries insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:State universities insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2001]] ay5qqbaq2x10pfr4xp6u9zekiscj6hv 0 28942 114887 108053 2026-10-15T02:59:25Z ~2026-55128-78 8353 Spelling error. Used "de" instead of the. 114887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Costochondritis''', dem sanso know as '''chest wall pain syndrome''' anaa '''costosternal syndrome''', be a benign inflammation of the upper costochondral (rib to cartilage) den sternocostal (cartilage to sternum) joints. 90% of patients be affected insyd multiple ribs on a single side, typically at de 2nd to 5th ribs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Proulx|first=AM|date=September 2009|title=Costochondritis: diagnosis and treatment|url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0915/p617.html|journal=Am Fam Physician|volume='''80''' (6)|issue=6|pages=617–20|pmid=19817327|archive-date=2020-12-07|access-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207211606/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0915/p617.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chest pain, de primary symptom of costochondritis, be considered a symptom of a medical emergency, wey dey make costochondritis a common presentation insyd de emergency department. Na one study find costochondritis be responsible for 30% of patients plus chest pain insyd an emergency department setting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Disla |first=E. |date=November 1994 |title=Costochondritis. A prospective analysis in an emergency department setting |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/619617 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=154 |issue=21 |pages=2466–9 |doi=10.1001/archinte.154.21.2466|pmid=7979843 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> De exact cause of costochondritis no be known; however, e be believed e be secof repetitive minor trauma, dem call microtrauma. Insyd rarer cases, costochondritis fi develop as a result of an infectious factor. Diagnosis be predominantly clinical wey base on physical examination, medical history, den ruling oda conditions out. Costochondritis often be confused plus Tietze syndrome, secof de similarity insyd location den symptoms, buh plus Tietze syndrome be differentiated by [[Edema|swelling]] of de costal cartilage. Costochondritis be considered a self-limited condition wey go resolve on ein own. Treatment options usually dey involve rest, pain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ice, heat, den manual therapy. Cases plus persistent discomfort fi be managed plus an intercostal nerve blocking injection wey dey utilize a combination of corticosteroids den local anesthetic. De condition predominantly dey affect women over de age of 40, though some studies find costochondritis to still be common among adolescents wey dey present plus chest pain.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shrestha |first=A |title=Costochondritis |date= |work=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019 E-book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-323-55076-5 |editor-last=Ferri FF |location=United States |pages=388.e4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=388}} ==Terminology== De word "costochondritis" be derived from "Costo-" (Latin "costa," wey dey mean "rib"), "Chondr-" (Greek "chondros," wich dey mean "cartilage") den "-itis" (Greek suffix wey dey denote inflammation).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/costochondritis|title=costochondritis|date=August 19, 2024|via=Wiktionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cooljugator.com/etymology/en/costochondritis|title=Etymology of Costochondritis|website=Cooljugator}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Musculoskeletal disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lrc9fotlj5bybjrps8hllv25aa3s8av 114888 114887 2026-10-15T03:28:21Z ~2026-55128-78 8353 Spelling error fixes. 114888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Costochondritis''', also know as '''chest wall pain syndrome''' or '''costosternal syndrome.''' It is a benign inflammation of the upper costochondral (rib to cartilage) and sternocostal (cartilage to sternum) joints. 90% of patients experience affects in multiple ribs on a single side, typically at the 2nd to 5th ribs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Proulx|first=AM|date=September 2009|title=Costochondritis: diagnosis and treatment|url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0915/p617.html|journal=Am Fam Physician|volume='''80''' (6)|issue=6|pages=617–20|pmid=19817327|archive-date=2020-12-07|access-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207211606/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0915/p617.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chest pain, the primary symptom of costochondritis, is considered a symptom of a medical emergency, where costochondritis has become a common presentation inside the emergency department. One study found costochondritis to be responsible for 30% of patients including chest pain within an emergency department setting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Disla |first=E. |date=November 1994 |title=Costochondritis. A prospective analysis in an emergency department setting |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/619617 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=154 |issue=21 |pages=2466–9 |doi=10.1001/archinte.154.21.2466|pmid=7979843 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The exact cause of costochondritis is not known; however, it is believed to be caused by repetitive minor trauma, called micro-trauma. In rarer cases, costochondritis can develop as a result of an infectious factor. Diagnosis is predominantly clinical, based on physical examination, medical history, then ruling other conditions out. Costochondritis often be confused plus Tietze syndrome. The two conditions have similarities in location and symptoms. A key difference is that Tietze syndrome causes [[Edema|swelling]] of the costal cartilage. Costochondritis is considered a self-limited condition that often resolves on its own. Treatment options usually involve rest, pain medications (such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory(NSAIDs) drugs), ice, heat, and manual therapy. Cases that persist can be managed with an intercostal nerve blocking injection, utilized with a combination of corticosteroids and local anesthetic. The condition predominantly affects women over the age of 40, though some studies find costochondritis to still be common among adolescents with prominent chest pain.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shrestha |first=A |title=Costochondritis |date= |work=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019 E-book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-323-55076-5 |editor-last=Ferri FF |location=United States |pages=388.e4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=388}} ==Terminology== The word "costochondritis" be derived from "Costo-" (Latin "costa," meaning "rib"), "Chondr-" (Greek "chondros," meaning "cartilage") then "-itis" (Greek suffix meaning inflammation).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/costochondritis|title=costochondritis|date=August 19, 2024|via=Wiktionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cooljugator.com/etymology/en/costochondritis|title=Etymology of Costochondritis|website=Cooljugator}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Musculoskeletal disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] b6iqj5xatymuhc4bu1aeggbicsczj7d 114889 114888 2026-10-15T09:34:32Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted 114889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Costochondritis''', dem sanso know as '''chest wall pain syndrome''' anaa '''costosternal syndrome''', be a benign inflammation of de upper costochondral (rib to cartilage) den sternocostal (cartilage to sternum) joints. 90% of patients be affected insyd multiple ribs on a single side, typically at de 2nd to 5th ribs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Proulx|first=AM|date=September 2009|title=Costochondritis: diagnosis and treatment|url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0915/p617.html|journal=Am Fam Physician|volume='''80''' (6)|issue=6|pages=617–20|pmid=19817327|archive-date=2020-12-07|access-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207211606/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0915/p617.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chest pain, de primary symptom of costochondritis, be considered a symptom of a medical emergency, wey dey make costochondritis a common presentation insyd de emergency department. Na one study find costochondritis be responsible for 30% of patients plus chest pain insyd an emergency department setting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Disla |first=E. |date=November 1994 |title=Costochondritis. A prospective analysis in an emergency department setting |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/619617 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=154 |issue=21 |pages=2466–9 |doi=10.1001/archinte.154.21.2466|pmid=7979843 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> De exact cause of costochondritis no be known; however, e be believed e be secof repetitive minor trauma, dem call microtrauma. Insyd rarer cases, costochondritis fi develop as a result of an infectious factor. Diagnosis be predominantly clinical wey base on physical examination, medical history, den ruling oda conditions out. Costochondritis often be confused plus Tietze syndrome, secof de similarity insyd location den symptoms, buh plus Tietze syndrome be differentiated by [[Edema|swelling]] of de costal cartilage. Costochondritis be considered a self-limited condition wey go resolve on ein own. Treatment options usually dey involve rest, pain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ice, heat, den manual therapy. Cases plus persistent discomfort fi be managed plus an intercostal nerve blocking injection wey dey utilize a combination of corticosteroids den local anesthetic. De condition predominantly dey affect women over de age of 40, though some studies find costochondritis to still be common among adolescents wey dey present plus chest pain.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Shrestha |first=A |title=Costochondritis |date= |work=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019 E-book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-323-55076-5 |editor-last=Ferri FF |location=United States |pages=388.e4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=388}} ==Terminology== De word "costochondritis" be derived from "Costo-" (Latin "costa," wey dey mean "rib"), "Chondr-" (Greek "chondros," wich dey mean "cartilage") den "-itis" (Greek suffix wey dey denote inflammation).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/costochondritis|title=costochondritis|date=August 19, 2024|via=Wiktionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cooljugator.com/etymology/en/costochondritis|title=Etymology of Costochondritis|website=Cooljugator}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Musculoskeletal disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hi4aokm6lxkxhixtw0q1zgf3a2dhht9 0 30930 114854 114852 2026-10-14T16:00:33Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hepatitis B''' be an [[infectious disease]] wey de [[hepatitis B virus]] (HBV) cause wey dey affect de [[liver]];<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hepatitis B |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809212807/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b |archive-date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations|url=https://archive.org/details/logansmedicalsci00loga|url-access=registration|last1=Logan|first1=Carolynn M.|last2=Rice|first2=M. Katherine | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=J. B. Lippincott and Company|year=1987|isbn=0-397-54589-4<!--hardbound copy-->|page=[https://archive.org/details/logansmedicalsci00loga/page/232 232]}}</ref> e be a type of [[viral hepatitis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hepatitis MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitis.html |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=U.S. National Library of Medicine}}</ref> It can cause both acute and [[chronic infection]].<ref name=":1" /> Chaw people no get symptoms after exposure. For odas, symptoms fi appear 30 to 180 days after exposure den fi include a rapid onset of sickness plus [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], [[fatigue]], yellow urine, den [[abdominal pain]].<ref name=":1" /> Symptoms during acute infection typically dey last for a few weeks, though sam people fi feel sick for up to six months.<ref name="CDCFAQ2022">{{cite web |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Hepatitis B Questions and Answers for the Public - Symptoms |date=30 March 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809230106/https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/bfaq.htm |archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> Deaths wey dey result from acute stage HBV infections be rare.<ref>{{cite book| first1 = Raphael | last1 = Rubin | first2 = David S. | last2 = Strayer | name-list-style = vanc |title=Rubin's Pathology: clinicopathologic foundations of medicine |date=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-9516-6 |page=638 |edition=5th |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kD9VZ267wDEC&pg=PA638 }}</ref> An HBV infection wey dey last longer dan six months usually be considered chronic.<ref name=":1" /> De likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis B be higher for those wey be infected plus HBV at a younger age. About 90% of those infected during anaa shortly after birth develop chronic hepatitis B,<ref name=CDCFAQ2022/> while less dan 10% of those infected after de age of five develop chronic cases.<ref name="CDC2014T2">{{cite web |title=Hepatitis B FAQs for the Public – Transmission |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/B/bFAQ.htm#transmission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211154904/http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/b/bfaq.htm#transmission |archive-date=11 December 2011 |access-date=2011-11-29 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Chaw of those plus chronic disease no get symptoms; however, [[cirrhosis]] den [[hepatocellular carcinoma|liver cancer]] eventually develop<ref name="pmid17336170">{{cite journal |author1-link=Chang Mei-hwei | author = Chang MH | title = Hepatitis B virus infection | journal = Semin Fetal Neonatal Med | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 160–167 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17336170 | doi = 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.013 }}</ref> insyd about 25% of those plus chronic HBV.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hepatitis B |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b |access-date=2026-10-13 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> De virus be transmitted by exposure to infectious [[blood]] anaa [[body fluids]].<ref name=":2" /> Insyd areas wer de disease be [[endemic|common]], [[perinatal infection|infection around de time of birth]] anaa from contact plus oda people dema blood during kiddie time be de most frequent methods by wich hepatitis B be acquired.<ref name=":2" /> Insyd areas wer de disease be rare, [[intravenous drug use]] den [[sexual intercourse]] be de most frequent [[routes of infection]].<ref name=":2" /> Oda risk factors dey include working insyd healthcare, [[blood transfusions]], [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]], living plus an infected person, travel insyd countries plus high infection rates, den living insyd group living situations.<ref name="CDC2014T2" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Tattoo]]ing den [[acupuncture]] lead to a significant number of cases insyd de 1980s; however, dis cam be less common plus improved sterilization.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Thomas HC | title = Viral Hepatitis | year = 2013 | publisher = Wiley | location = Hoboken | isbn = 978-1-118-63730-2 | page = 83 | edition = 4th | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7aQeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83}}</ref> De {{nowrap|hepatitis B}} viruses no fi be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, anaa breastfeeding.<ref name="CDC2014T2" /> De infection fi be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure.<ref name=":2" /> De diagnosis usually be confirmed by testing de blood for parts of de virus den for [[antibodies]] against de virus.<ref name=":2" /> E be one of five main [[hepatitis]] viruses: [[hepatitis A|A]], B, [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], den [[hepatitis E|E]].<ref name=WHO2017Report>{{cite book|title=Global hepatitis report 2017|date=2017|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156545-5|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255016/1/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> During an initial infection, care be based on a person ein symptoms.<ref name=":2" /> Insyd those wey develop chronic disease, [[antiviral medication]] such as [[tenofovir]] anaa [[interferon]] fi be useful; however, dese drugs be expensive.<ref name=":2" /> [[Liver transplantation]] sam times be recommended for cases of cirrhosis anaa [[hepatocellular carcinoma]].<ref name=":2" /> Hepatitis B infection be preventable by [[Hepatitis B vaccine|vaccination]] since 1982.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="pmid17673066">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pungpapong S, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ | title = Natural History of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: an Update for Clinicians | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 82 | issue = 8 | pages = 967–975 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17673066 | doi = 10.4065/82.8.967 | doi-access = free }}</ref> As of 2022, de hepatitis B vaccine be between 98% den 100% effective in preventing infection.<ref name=":1" /> De vaccine be administered insyd several doses; after an initial dose, two anaa three more vaccine doses be required at a later time for full effect.<ref name=":1" /> De [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) dey recommend infants receive de vaccine within 24 hours after birth wen possible.<ref name=":1" /> National programs make de hepatitis B vaccine available for infants insyd 190 countries as of de end of 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Immunization coverage- Global immunization coverage 2021 |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage |website=World Health Organization |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810020553/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage |archive-date=10 August 2022 |date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=Will2006>{{cite journal | author = Williams R | title = Global challenges in liver disease | journal = Hepatology | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–526 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16941687 | doi = 10.1002/hep.21347 | s2cid = 23924901 | doi-access = }}</ref> To further prevent infection, de WHO dey recommend testing all donated blood for hepatitis B before using am for transfusion. Using antiviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission sanso be recommended, as be following safe sex practices, wey dey include de use of [[condoms]].<ref name=":1" /> Insyd 2016, de WHO set a goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a threat to global [[public health]] by 2030. Achieving dis goal go require de development of therapeutic treatments to cure chronic hepatitis B, as well as preventing ein transmission den using vaccines to prevent new infections.<ref name="Block">{{cite journal |last1=Block |first1=Timothy M. |last2=Chang |first2=Kyong-Mi |last3=Guo |first3=Ju-Tao |title=Prospects for the Global Elimination of Hepatitis B |journal=Annual Review of Virology |date=29 September 2021 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=437–458 |doi=10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-062728 |pmid=34586871 |doi-access=free |issn=2327-056X}}</ref><ref name="Cox">{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Andrea L. |last2=El-Sayed |first2=Manal H. |last3=Kao |first3=Jia-Horng |last4=Lazarus |first4=Jeffrey V. |last5=Lemoine |first5=Maud |last6=Lok |first6=Anna S. |last7=Zoulim |first7=Fabien |title=Progress towards elimination goals for viral hepatitis |journal=Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology |date=September 2020 |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=533–542 |doi=10.1038/s41575-020-0332-6 |pmid=32704164 |pmc=7376316 |language=en |issn=1759-5053}}</ref><ref name="WHO2016">{{cite book |title=COMBATING HEPATITIS B AND C TO REACH ELIMINATION BY 2030 |date=May 2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/206453/WHO_HIV_2016.04_eng.pdf/jsessionid=CADC5914BBC22D9F5FEBA9B2033892A3?sequence=1 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> An estimated 296 million people, anaa 3.8% of de global population, get chronic hepatitis B infections as of 2019. Anoda 1.5 million develope acute infections dat year, den 820,000 deaths occur as a result of HBV.<ref name=":1" /> Cirrhosis den liver cancer be responsible for chaw HBV-related deaths.<ref name="Epidemiology2021">{{cite journal|pmc=5582972|date=November 2017|last1=Nelson |first1=Noele P. |last2=Easterbrook |first2=Philippa J. |last3=McMahon |first3=Brian J. |title=Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease |journal=Clinics in Liver Disease |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.006 |pmid=27742003 }}</ref> De disease be most prevalent insyd Africa (wey dey affect 7.5% of de continent ein population) den insyd de Western Pacific region (5.9%).<ref name="WHOProgress2021">{{cite web |author1=World Health Organization |title=Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/342808/9789240030985-eng.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=10 August 2022 |date=2021}}</ref> Infection rates be 1.5% insyd Europe den 0.5% insyd de Americas.<ref name=WHOProgress2021/> According to sam estimates, about a third of de world ein population be infected plus hepatitis B at one point insyd dema lives.<ref name=Epidemiology2021/> Na hepatitis B originally be known as "serum hepatitis".<ref name=Barker1996>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, Hirschman RJ, Ratner F, Diefenbach WC, Geller HM | title = Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970 | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 276 | issue = 10 | pages = 841–844 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8769597 | doi = 10.1001/jama.276.10.841 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons category}} {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|title=GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION, CARE AND TREATMENT OF PERSONS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION|date=Mar 2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154905-9|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1}} *{{cite web |title=''Hepatitis B virus'' |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10407 |id=10407}} {{refend}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Hepatitis B| ]] [[Category:Sexually transmitted infections]] [[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]] [[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]] [[Category:Hepatitis|+B]] [[Category:Viral hepatitis]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rxtpfqura601nksnj6h2uofrh7h8d17 0 31016 114857 114849 2026-10-14T16:21:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deep vein thrombosis''' ('''DVT''') be a type of [[venous thrombosis]] wey dey involve de formation of a [[blood clot]] insyd a [[deep vein]], most commonly insyd de legs anaa pelvis.<ref name="Overview">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillippe HM |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |volume=23 |issue=20 Suppl |pages=S376–82 |pmid=29297660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="2017UEDVT">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A |date=April 2017 |title=Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=244–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244 |pmc=5415909 |pmid=28446351}}</ref> Symptoms fi include pain, swelling, redness, den enlarged veins insyd de affected area, buh sam DVTs no get symptoms.<ref name="Kruger20192">{{cite journal |author4-link=Graeme Hankey |vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ |date=June 2019 |title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=516–24 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50201 |pmid=31155730 |s2cid=173995098}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == pig4w7jmo048iq9fh2icx39voeac5wb 114858 114857 2026-10-14T16:31:13Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deep vein thrombosis''' ('''DVT''') be a type of [[venous thrombosis]] wey dey involve de formation of a [[blood clot]] insyd a [[deep vein]], most commonly insyd de legs anaa pelvis.<ref name="Overview">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillippe HM |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |volume=23 |issue=20 Suppl |pages=S376–82 |pmid=29297660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="2017UEDVT">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A |date=April 2017 |title=Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=244–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244 |pmc=5415909 |pmid=28446351}}</ref> Symptoms fi include pain, swelling, redness, den enlarged veins insyd de affected area, buh sam DVTs no get symptoms.<ref name="Kruger20192">{{cite journal |author4-link=Graeme Hankey |vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ |date=June 2019 |title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=516–24 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50201 |pmid=31155730 |s2cid=173995098}}</ref> De most common life-threatening concern plus DVT be de potential for a clot to [[embolize]] (detach from de veins), travel as an [[embolus]] thru de right side of de heart, den cam be lodged insyd a [[pulmonary artery]] wey dey supply blood to de [[lung]]s. Dis be called a [[pulmonary embolism]] (PE). DVT den PE comprise de [[cardiovascular disease]] of [[venous thromboembolism]] (VTE).<ref name="2017CC2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartholomew JR |date=December 2017 |title=Update on the management of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/12_suppl_3/39 |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.04 |pmid=29257737 |s2cid=3707226 |url-access=registration |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] tu6gp088rhi63qpglk3onnhgsufn6zm 114859 114858 2026-10-14T16:35:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deep vein thrombosis''' ('''DVT''') be a type of [[venous thrombosis]] wey dey involve de formation of a [[blood clot]] insyd a [[deep vein]], most commonly insyd de legs anaa pelvis.<ref name="Overview">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillippe HM |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |volume=23 |issue=20 Suppl |pages=S376–82 |pmid=29297660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="2017UEDVT">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A |date=April 2017 |title=Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=244–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244 |pmc=5415909 |pmid=28446351}}</ref> Symptoms fi include pain, swelling, redness, den enlarged veins insyd de affected area, buh sam DVTs no get symptoms.<ref name="Kruger20192">{{cite journal |author4-link=Graeme Hankey |vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ |date=June 2019 |title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=516–24 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50201 |pmid=31155730 |s2cid=173995098}}</ref> De most common life-threatening concern plus DVT be de potential for a clot to [[embolize]] (detach from de veins), travel as an [[embolus]] thru de right side of de heart, den cam be lodged insyd a [[pulmonary artery]] wey dey supply blood to de [[lung]]s. Dis be called a [[pulmonary embolism]] (PE). DVT den PE comprise de [[cardiovascular disease]] of [[venous thromboembolism]] (VTE).<ref name="2017CC2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartholomew JR |date=December 2017 |title=Update on the management of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/12_suppl_3/39 |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.04 |pmid=29257737 |s2cid=3707226 |url-access=registration |doi-access=free}}</ref> About two-thirds of VTE dey manifest as DVT only, plus one-third wey dey manifest as PE plus anaa widout DVT.<ref name="2020ASH2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, Beyth R, Clark NP, Cuker A, Hutten BA, Jaff MR, Manja V, Schulman S, Thurston C, Vedantham S, Verhamme P, Witt DM, D Florez I, Izcovich A, Nieuwlaat R, Ross S, J Schünemann H, Wiercioch W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y |date=October 2020 |title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism |url= |journal=Blood Advances |volume=4 |issue=19 |pages=4693–738 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830 |pmc=7556153 |pmid=33007077}}</ref> De most frequent long-term DVT [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] be [[post-thrombotic syndrome]], wich fi cause pain, swelling, a sensation of heaviness, itching, den insyd severe cases, [[ulcers]].<ref name="2017EURO2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M |date=December 2018 |title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=39 |issue=47 |pages=4208–18 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003 |pmid=28329262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recurrent VTE dey occur insyd about 30% of those insyd de ten years following an initial VTE.<ref name="2016Epi2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH |date=January 2016 |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6 |pmc=4715842 |pmid=26780736}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] oius95nfjrxn63l8m9rlwie1auql5q9 114860 114859 2026-10-14T16:44:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deep vein thrombosis''' ('''DVT''') be a type of [[venous thrombosis]] wey dey involve de formation of a [[blood clot]] insyd a [[deep vein]], most commonly insyd de legs anaa pelvis.<ref name="Overview">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillippe HM |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |volume=23 |issue=20 Suppl |pages=S376–82 |pmid=29297660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="2017UEDVT">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A |date=April 2017 |title=Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=244–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244 |pmc=5415909 |pmid=28446351}}</ref> Symptoms fi include pain, swelling, redness, den enlarged veins insyd de affected area, buh sam DVTs no get symptoms.<ref name="Kruger20192">{{cite journal |author4-link=Graeme Hankey |vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ |date=June 2019 |title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=516–24 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50201 |pmid=31155730 |s2cid=173995098}}</ref> De most common life-threatening concern plus DVT be de potential for a clot to [[embolize]] (detach from de veins), travel as an [[embolus]] thru de right side of de heart, den cam be lodged insyd a [[pulmonary artery]] wey dey supply blood to de [[lung]]s. Dis be called a [[pulmonary embolism]] (PE). DVT den PE comprise de [[cardiovascular disease]] of [[venous thromboembolism]] (VTE).<ref name="2017CC2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartholomew JR |date=December 2017 |title=Update on the management of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/12_suppl_3/39 |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.04 |pmid=29257737 |s2cid=3707226 |url-access=registration |doi-access=free}}</ref> About two-thirds of VTE dey manifest as DVT only, plus one-third wey dey manifest as PE plus anaa widout DVT.<ref name="2020ASH2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, Beyth R, Clark NP, Cuker A, Hutten BA, Jaff MR, Manja V, Schulman S, Thurston C, Vedantham S, Verhamme P, Witt DM, D Florez I, Izcovich A, Nieuwlaat R, Ross S, J Schünemann H, Wiercioch W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y |date=October 2020 |title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism |url= |journal=Blood Advances |volume=4 |issue=19 |pages=4693–738 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830 |pmc=7556153 |pmid=33007077}}</ref> De most frequent long-term DVT [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] be [[post-thrombotic syndrome]], wich fi cause pain, swelling, a sensation of heaviness, itching, den insyd severe cases, [[ulcers]].<ref name="2017EURO2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M |date=December 2018 |title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=39 |issue=47 |pages=4208–18 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003 |pmid=28329262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recurrent VTE dey occur insyd about 30% of those insyd de ten years following an initial VTE.<ref name="2016Epi2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH |date=January 2016 |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6 |pmc=4715842 |pmid=26780736}}</ref> De mechanism behind DVT formation typically dey involve sam combination of [[venous stasis|decreased blood flow]], increased [[hypercoagulability|tendency to clot]], changes to de [[endothelium|blood vessel wall]], den inflammation.<ref name="2019Borgel2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgel D, Bianchini E, Lasne D, Pascreau T, Saller F |date=December 2019 |title=Inflammation in deep vein thrombosis: a therapeutic target? |journal=Hematology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=742–50 |doi=10.1080/16078454.2019.1687144 |pmid=31736432 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Risk factors dey include recent surgery, older age, active [[cancer]], [[obesity]], infection, inflammatory diseases, [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], personal history den [[Family history (medicine)|family history]] of VTE, trauma, injuries, lack of movement, [[combined hormonal birth control|hormonal birth control]], [[pregnancy]], den de [[puerperium|period following birth]]. VTE get a strong genetic component, wey dey account for approximately 50-60% of de variability insyd VTE rates.<ref name="EGRF2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crous-Bou M, Harrington LB, Kabrhel C |date=November 2016 |title=Environmental and genetic risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism |journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=808–20 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1592333 |pmc=5146955 |pmid=27764878}}</ref> Genetic factors dey include non-O [[blood type]], deficiencies of [[Antithrombin deficiency|antithrombin]], [[Protein C deficiency|protein C]], den [[Protein S deficiency|protein S]] den de mutations of [[factor V Leiden]] den [[prothrombin G20210A]], among dozens dem identify.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2019loci2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Klarin D, Busenkell E, Judy R, Lynch J, Levin M, Haessler J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Haas M, Lindström S, Assimes TL, Huang J, Min Lee K, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Kabrhel C, Huang Y, Sun YV, Vujkovic M, Saleheen D, Miller DR, Reaven P, DuVall S, Boden WE, Pyarajan S, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, Henke P, Kooperberg C, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Rader DJ, Cho K, Chang KM, Wilson PW, Smith NL, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Kathiresan S, Obi A, Damrauer SM, Natarajan P |date=November 2019 |title=Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=1574–79 |doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0519-3 |pmc=6858581 |pmid=31676865}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kt7ok8dl7q4ygnbmpmvanhqbr7bvjqc 114861 114860 2026-10-14T16:53:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deep vein thrombosis''' ('''DVT''') be a type of [[venous thrombosis]] wey dey involve de formation of a [[blood clot]] insyd a [[deep vein]], most commonly insyd de legs anaa pelvis.<ref name="Overview">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillippe HM |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |volume=23 |issue=20 Suppl |pages=S376–82 |pmid=29297660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="2017UEDVT">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A |date=April 2017 |title=Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=244–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244 |pmc=5415909 |pmid=28446351}}</ref> Symptoms fi include pain, swelling, redness, den enlarged veins insyd de affected area, buh sam DVTs no get symptoms.<ref name="Kruger20192">{{cite journal |author4-link=Graeme Hankey |vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ |date=June 2019 |title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=516–24 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50201 |pmid=31155730 |s2cid=173995098}}</ref> De most common life-threatening concern plus DVT be de potential for a clot to [[embolize]] (detach from de veins), travel as an [[embolus]] thru de right side of de heart, den cam be lodged insyd a [[pulmonary artery]] wey dey supply blood to de [[lung]]s. Dis be called a [[pulmonary embolism]] (PE). DVT den PE comprise de [[cardiovascular disease]] of [[venous thromboembolism]] (VTE).<ref name="2017CC2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartholomew JR |date=December 2017 |title=Update on the management of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/12_suppl_3/39 |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.04 |pmid=29257737 |s2cid=3707226 |url-access=registration |doi-access=free}}</ref> About two-thirds of VTE dey manifest as DVT only, plus one-third wey dey manifest as PE plus anaa widout DVT.<ref name="2020ASH2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, Beyth R, Clark NP, Cuker A, Hutten BA, Jaff MR, Manja V, Schulman S, Thurston C, Vedantham S, Verhamme P, Witt DM, D Florez I, Izcovich A, Nieuwlaat R, Ross S, J Schünemann H, Wiercioch W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y |date=October 2020 |title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism |url= |journal=Blood Advances |volume=4 |issue=19 |pages=4693–738 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830 |pmc=7556153 |pmid=33007077}}</ref> De most frequent long-term DVT [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] be [[post-thrombotic syndrome]], wich fi cause pain, swelling, a sensation of heaviness, itching, den insyd severe cases, [[ulcers]].<ref name="2017EURO2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M |date=December 2018 |title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=39 |issue=47 |pages=4208–18 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003 |pmid=28329262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recurrent VTE dey occur insyd about 30% of those insyd de ten years following an initial VTE.<ref name="2016Epi2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH |date=January 2016 |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6 |pmc=4715842 |pmid=26780736}}</ref> De mechanism behind DVT formation typically dey involve sam combination of [[venous stasis|decreased blood flow]], increased [[hypercoagulability|tendency to clot]], changes to de [[endothelium|blood vessel wall]], den inflammation.<ref name="2019Borgel2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgel D, Bianchini E, Lasne D, Pascreau T, Saller F |date=December 2019 |title=Inflammation in deep vein thrombosis: a therapeutic target? |journal=Hematology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=742–50 |doi=10.1080/16078454.2019.1687144 |pmid=31736432 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Risk factors dey include recent surgery, older age, active [[cancer]], [[obesity]], infection, inflammatory diseases, [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], personal history den [[Family history (medicine)|family history]] of VTE, trauma, injuries, lack of movement, [[combined hormonal birth control|hormonal birth control]], [[pregnancy]], den de [[puerperium|period following birth]]. VTE get a strong genetic component, wey dey account for approximately 50-60% of de variability insyd VTE rates.<ref name="EGRF2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crous-Bou M, Harrington LB, Kabrhel C |date=November 2016 |title=Environmental and genetic risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism |journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=808–20 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1592333 |pmc=5146955 |pmid=27764878}}</ref> Genetic factors dey include non-O [[blood type]], deficiencies of [[Antithrombin deficiency|antithrombin]], [[Protein C deficiency|protein C]], den [[Protein S deficiency|protein S]] den de mutations of [[factor V Leiden]] den [[prothrombin G20210A]], among dozens dem identify.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2019loci2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Klarin D, Busenkell E, Judy R, Lynch J, Levin M, Haessler J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Haas M, Lindström S, Assimes TL, Huang J, Min Lee K, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Kabrhel C, Huang Y, Sun YV, Vujkovic M, Saleheen D, Miller DR, Reaven P, DuVall S, Boden WE, Pyarajan S, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, Henke P, Kooperberg C, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Rader DJ, Cho K, Chang KM, Wilson PW, Smith NL, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Kathiresan S, Obi A, Damrauer SM, Natarajan P |date=November 2019 |title=Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=1574–79 |doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0519-3 |pmc=6858581 |pmid=31676865}}</ref> People dem suspect of having DVT fi be assessed using a [[clinical prediction rule|prediction rule]] such as de [[#Diagnosis|Wells score]]. A [[D-dimer]] test sanso fi be used to assist plus excluding de diagnosis anaa signal a need for further testing.<ref name="2017EURO2" /> Diagnosis most be commonly confirmed by [[Medical ultrasonography|ultrasound]] of de suspected veins.<ref name="2017EURO2" /> VTE cam be much more common plus age. De condition be rare insyd kiddies, buh dey occur insyd almost 1% of those ≥ aged 85 annually.<ref name="2016Epi2" /> Asian, Asian-American, Native American, den Hispanic individuals get a lower VTE risk dan white anaa Black people. E be more common insyd men dan insyd women.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2016Wendelboe2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wendelboe AM, Raskob GE |date=April 2016 |title=Global burden of thrombosis: epidemiologic aspects |journal=Circulation Research |volume=118 |issue=9 |pages=1340–47 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841 |pmid=27126645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Populations insyd Asia get VTE rates of 15 to 20% of wat be seen insyd Western countries.<ref name=2017Lee>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee LH, Gallus A, Jindal R, Wang C, Wu CC |title=Incidence of venous thromboembolism in Asian populations: a systematic review |journal=Thrombosis and Haemostasis |volume=117 |issue=12 |pages=2243–60 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29212112 |doi=10.1160/TH17-02-0134 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] q1o1hqott4wrzptfe89rpdyeb5lbjvh 114862 114861 2026-10-14T16:59:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deep vein thrombosis''' ('''DVT''') be a type of [[venous thrombosis]] wey dey involve de formation of a [[blood clot]] insyd a [[deep vein]], most commonly insyd de legs anaa pelvis.<ref name="Overview">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillippe HM |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |volume=23 |issue=20 Suppl |pages=S376–82 |pmid=29297660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="2017UEDVT">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A |date=April 2017 |title=Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=244–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244 |pmc=5415909 |pmid=28446351}}</ref> Symptoms fi include pain, swelling, redness, den enlarged veins insyd de affected area, buh sam DVTs no get symptoms.<ref name="Kruger20192">{{cite journal |author4-link=Graeme Hankey |vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ |date=June 2019 |title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=516–24 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50201 |pmid=31155730 |s2cid=173995098}}</ref> De most common life-threatening concern plus DVT be de potential for a clot to [[embolize]] (detach from de veins), travel as an [[embolus]] thru de right side of de heart, den cam be lodged insyd a [[pulmonary artery]] wey dey supply blood to de [[lung]]s. Dis be called a [[pulmonary embolism]] (PE). DVT den PE comprise de [[cardiovascular disease]] of [[venous thromboembolism]] (VTE).<ref name="2017CC2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartholomew JR |date=December 2017 |title=Update on the management of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/12_suppl_3/39 |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.04 |pmid=29257737 |s2cid=3707226 |url-access=registration |doi-access=free}}</ref> About two-thirds of VTE dey manifest as DVT only, plus one-third wey dey manifest as PE plus anaa widout DVT.<ref name="2020ASH2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, Beyth R, Clark NP, Cuker A, Hutten BA, Jaff MR, Manja V, Schulman S, Thurston C, Vedantham S, Verhamme P, Witt DM, D Florez I, Izcovich A, Nieuwlaat R, Ross S, J Schünemann H, Wiercioch W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y |date=October 2020 |title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism |url= |journal=Blood Advances |volume=4 |issue=19 |pages=4693–738 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830 |pmc=7556153 |pmid=33007077}}</ref> De most frequent long-term DVT [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] be [[post-thrombotic syndrome]], wich fi cause pain, swelling, a sensation of heaviness, itching, den insyd severe cases, [[ulcers]].<ref name="2017EURO2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M |date=December 2018 |title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=39 |issue=47 |pages=4208–18 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003 |pmid=28329262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recurrent VTE dey occur insyd about 30% of those insyd de ten years following an initial VTE.<ref name="2016Epi2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH |date=January 2016 |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6 |pmc=4715842 |pmid=26780736}}</ref> De mechanism behind DVT formation typically dey involve sam combination of [[venous stasis|decreased blood flow]], increased [[hypercoagulability|tendency to clot]], changes to de [[endothelium|blood vessel wall]], den inflammation.<ref name="2019Borgel2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgel D, Bianchini E, Lasne D, Pascreau T, Saller F |date=December 2019 |title=Inflammation in deep vein thrombosis: a therapeutic target? |journal=Hematology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=742–50 |doi=10.1080/16078454.2019.1687144 |pmid=31736432 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Risk factors dey include recent surgery, older age, active [[cancer]], [[obesity]], infection, inflammatory diseases, [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], personal history den [[Family history (medicine)|family history]] of VTE, trauma, injuries, lack of movement, [[combined hormonal birth control|hormonal birth control]], [[pregnancy]], den de [[puerperium|period following birth]]. VTE get a strong genetic component, wey dey account for approximately 50-60% of de variability insyd VTE rates.<ref name="EGRF2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crous-Bou M, Harrington LB, Kabrhel C |date=November 2016 |title=Environmental and genetic risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism |journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=808–20 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1592333 |pmc=5146955 |pmid=27764878}}</ref> Genetic factors dey include non-O [[blood type]], deficiencies of [[Antithrombin deficiency|antithrombin]], [[Protein C deficiency|protein C]], den [[Protein S deficiency|protein S]] den de mutations of [[factor V Leiden]] den [[prothrombin G20210A]], among dozens dem identify.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2019loci2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Klarin D, Busenkell E, Judy R, Lynch J, Levin M, Haessler J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Haas M, Lindström S, Assimes TL, Huang J, Min Lee K, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Kabrhel C, Huang Y, Sun YV, Vujkovic M, Saleheen D, Miller DR, Reaven P, DuVall S, Boden WE, Pyarajan S, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, Henke P, Kooperberg C, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Rader DJ, Cho K, Chang KM, Wilson PW, Smith NL, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Kathiresan S, Obi A, Damrauer SM, Natarajan P |date=November 2019 |title=Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=1574–79 |doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0519-3 |pmc=6858581 |pmid=31676865}}</ref> People dem suspect of having DVT fi be assessed using a [[clinical prediction rule|prediction rule]] such as de [[#Diagnosis|Wells score]]. A [[D-dimer]] test sanso fi be used to assist plus excluding de diagnosis anaa signal a need for further testing.<ref name="2017EURO2" /> Diagnosis most be commonly confirmed by [[Medical ultrasonography|ultrasound]] of de suspected veins.<ref name="2017EURO2" /> VTE cam be much more common plus age. De condition be rare insyd kiddies, buh dey occur insyd almost 1% of those ≥ aged 85 annually.<ref name="2016Epi2" /> Asian, Asian-American, Native American, den Hispanic individuals get a lower VTE risk dan white anaa Black people. E be more common insyd men dan insyd women.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2016Wendelboe2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wendelboe AM, Raskob GE |date=April 2016 |title=Global burden of thrombosis: epidemiologic aspects |journal=Circulation Research |volume=118 |issue=9 |pages=1340–47 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841 |pmid=27126645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Populations insyd Asia get VTE rates of 15 to 20% of wat be seen insyd Western countries.<ref name=2017Lee>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee LH, Gallus A, Jindal R, Wang C, Wu CC |title=Incidence of venous thromboembolism in Asian populations: a systematic review |journal=Thrombosis and Haemostasis |volume=117 |issue=12 |pages=2243–60 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29212112 |doi=10.1160/TH17-02-0134 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> Using [[anticoagulation|blood thinners]] be de standard treatment. Typical medications dey include [[rivaroxaban]], [[apixaban]], den [[warfarin]]. Beginning warfarin treatment dey require an additional non-oral anticoagulant, often injections of [[heparin]].<ref name=2013Keeling>{{cite journal | vauthors = Keeling D, Alikhan R | title = Management of venous thromboembolism – controversies and the future | journal = British Journal of Haematology | volume = 161 | issue = 6 | pages = 755–63 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23531017 | doi = 10.1111/bjh.12306 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Guyatt et al.">[[#CITEREFGuyattAklCrowtherGutterman2012|Guyatt et al. 2012]], p. 20S: 2.4.</ref><ref name="2019Tran2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tran HA, Gibbs H, Merriman E, Curnow JL, Young L, Bennett A, Tan C, Chunilal SD, Ward CM, Baker R, Nandurkar H |date=March 2019 |title=New guidelines from the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand for the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=5 |pages=227–35 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50004 |hdl=11343/285435 |pmid=30739331 |s2cid=73433650 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] o98rm3ntcog9g51qbupzkevb42zousd 114863 114862 2026-10-14T17:06:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deep vein thrombosis''' ('''DVT''') be a type of [[venous thrombosis]] wey dey involve de formation of a [[blood clot]] insyd a [[deep vein]], most commonly insyd de legs anaa pelvis.<ref name="Overview">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillippe HM |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |volume=23 |issue=20 Suppl |pages=S376–82 |pmid=29297660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="2017UEDVT">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A |date=April 2017 |title=Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=244–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244 |pmc=5415909 |pmid=28446351}}</ref> Symptoms fi include pain, swelling, redness, den enlarged veins insyd de affected area, buh sam DVTs no get symptoms.<ref name="Kruger20192">{{cite journal |author4-link=Graeme Hankey |vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ |date=June 2019 |title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=516–24 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50201 |pmid=31155730 |s2cid=173995098}}</ref> De most common life-threatening concern plus DVT be de potential for a clot to [[embolize]] (detach from de veins), travel as an [[embolus]] thru de right side of de heart, den cam be lodged insyd a [[pulmonary artery]] wey dey supply blood to de [[lung]]s. Dis be called a [[pulmonary embolism]] (PE). DVT den PE comprise de [[cardiovascular disease]] of [[venous thromboembolism]] (VTE).<ref name="2017CC2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartholomew JR |date=December 2017 |title=Update on the management of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/12_suppl_3/39 |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.04 |pmid=29257737 |s2cid=3707226 |url-access=registration |doi-access=free}}</ref> About two-thirds of VTE dey manifest as DVT only, plus one-third wey dey manifest as PE plus anaa widout DVT.<ref name="2020ASH2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, Beyth R, Clark NP, Cuker A, Hutten BA, Jaff MR, Manja V, Schulman S, Thurston C, Vedantham S, Verhamme P, Witt DM, D Florez I, Izcovich A, Nieuwlaat R, Ross S, J Schünemann H, Wiercioch W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y |date=October 2020 |title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism |url= |journal=Blood Advances |volume=4 |issue=19 |pages=4693–738 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830 |pmc=7556153 |pmid=33007077}}</ref> De most frequent long-term DVT [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] be [[post-thrombotic syndrome]], wich fi cause pain, swelling, a sensation of heaviness, itching, den insyd severe cases, [[ulcers]].<ref name="2017EURO2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M |date=December 2018 |title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=39 |issue=47 |pages=4208–18 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003 |pmid=28329262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recurrent VTE dey occur insyd about 30% of those insyd de ten years following an initial VTE.<ref name="2016Epi2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH |date=January 2016 |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6 |pmc=4715842 |pmid=26780736}}</ref> De mechanism behind DVT formation typically dey involve sam combination of [[venous stasis|decreased blood flow]], increased [[hypercoagulability|tendency to clot]], changes to de [[endothelium|blood vessel wall]], den inflammation.<ref name="2019Borgel2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgel D, Bianchini E, Lasne D, Pascreau T, Saller F |date=December 2019 |title=Inflammation in deep vein thrombosis: a therapeutic target? |journal=Hematology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=742–50 |doi=10.1080/16078454.2019.1687144 |pmid=31736432 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Risk factors dey include recent surgery, older age, active [[cancer]], [[obesity]], infection, inflammatory diseases, [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], personal history den [[Family history (medicine)|family history]] of VTE, trauma, injuries, lack of movement, [[combined hormonal birth control|hormonal birth control]], [[pregnancy]], den de [[puerperium|period following birth]]. VTE get a strong genetic component, wey dey account for approximately 50-60% of de variability insyd VTE rates.<ref name="EGRF2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crous-Bou M, Harrington LB, Kabrhel C |date=November 2016 |title=Environmental and genetic risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism |journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=808–20 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1592333 |pmc=5146955 |pmid=27764878}}</ref> Genetic factors dey include non-O [[blood type]], deficiencies of [[Antithrombin deficiency|antithrombin]], [[Protein C deficiency|protein C]], den [[Protein S deficiency|protein S]] den de mutations of [[factor V Leiden]] den [[prothrombin G20210A]], among dozens dem identify.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2019loci2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Klarin D, Busenkell E, Judy R, Lynch J, Levin M, Haessler J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Haas M, Lindström S, Assimes TL, Huang J, Min Lee K, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Kabrhel C, Huang Y, Sun YV, Vujkovic M, Saleheen D, Miller DR, Reaven P, DuVall S, Boden WE, Pyarajan S, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, Henke P, Kooperberg C, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Rader DJ, Cho K, Chang KM, Wilson PW, Smith NL, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Kathiresan S, Obi A, Damrauer SM, Natarajan P |date=November 2019 |title=Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=1574–79 |doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0519-3 |pmc=6858581 |pmid=31676865}}</ref> People dem suspect of having DVT fi be assessed using a [[clinical prediction rule|prediction rule]] such as de [[#Diagnosis|Wells score]]. A [[D-dimer]] test sanso fi be used to assist plus excluding de diagnosis anaa signal a need for further testing.<ref name="2017EURO2" /> Diagnosis most be commonly confirmed by [[Medical ultrasonography|ultrasound]] of de suspected veins.<ref name="2017EURO2" /> VTE cam be much more common plus age. De condition be rare insyd kiddies, buh dey occur insyd almost 1% of those ≥ aged 85 annually.<ref name="2016Epi2" /> Asian, Asian-American, Native American, den Hispanic individuals get a lower VTE risk dan white anaa Black people. E be more common insyd men dan insyd women.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2016Wendelboe2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wendelboe AM, Raskob GE |date=April 2016 |title=Global burden of thrombosis: epidemiologic aspects |journal=Circulation Research |volume=118 |issue=9 |pages=1340–47 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841 |pmid=27126645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Populations insyd Asia get VTE rates of 15 to 20% of wat be seen insyd Western countries.<ref name=2017Lee>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee LH, Gallus A, Jindal R, Wang C, Wu CC |title=Incidence of venous thromboembolism in Asian populations: a systematic review |journal=Thrombosis and Haemostasis |volume=117 |issue=12 |pages=2243–60 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29212112 |doi=10.1160/TH17-02-0134 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> Using [[anticoagulation|blood thinners]] be de standard treatment. Typical medications dey include [[rivaroxaban]], [[apixaban]], den [[warfarin]]. Beginning warfarin treatment dey require an additional non-oral anticoagulant, often injections of [[heparin]].<ref name=2013Keeling>{{cite journal | vauthors = Keeling D, Alikhan R | title = Management of venous thromboembolism – controversies and the future | journal = British Journal of Haematology | volume = 161 | issue = 6 | pages = 755–63 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23531017 | doi = 10.1111/bjh.12306 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Guyatt et al.">[[#CITEREFGuyattAklCrowtherGutterman2012|Guyatt et al. 2012]], p. 20S: 2.4.</ref><ref name="2019Tran2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tran HA, Gibbs H, Merriman E, Curnow JL, Young L, Bennett A, Tan C, Chunilal SD, Ward CM, Baker R, Nandurkar H |date=March 2019 |title=New guidelines from the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand for the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=5 |pages=227–35 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50004 |hdl=11343/285435 |pmid=30739331 |s2cid=73433650 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Prevention of VTE insyd de general population dey include avoiding obesity den maintaining an active lifestyle. Preventive efforts following low-risk surgery dey include early den frequent walking. Riskier surgeries generally dey prevent VTE plus a blood thinner anaa [[aspirin]] dem combine plus [[intermittent pneumatic compression]].<ref name="2019Surgery2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anderson DR, Morgano GP, Bennett C, Dentali F, Francis CW, Garcia DA, Kahn SR, Rahman M, Rajasekhar A, Rogers FB, Smythe MA, Tikkinen KA, Yates AJ, Baldeh T, Balduzzi S, Brożek JL, Ikobaltzeta IE, Johal H, Neumann I, Wiercioch W, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Schünemann HJ, Dahm P |date=December 2019 |title=American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients |journal=Blood Advances |volume=3 |issue=23 |pages=3898–944 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000975 |pmc=6963238 |pmid=31794602}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] n2j6uuhj449j8b39oc9n08vy8de9xrf 114864 114863 2026-10-14T17:15:33Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deep vein thrombosis''' ('''DVT''') be a type of [[venous thrombosis]] wey dey involve de formation of a [[blood clot]] insyd a [[deep vein]], most commonly insyd de legs anaa pelvis.<ref name="Overview">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillippe HM |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |journal=The American Journal of Managed Care |volume=23 |issue=20 Suppl |pages=S376–82 |pmid=29297660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130164826/https://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2017/direct-oral-anticoagulants-assessing-clinical-and-economic-value/overview-of-venous-thromboembolism |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="2017UEDVT">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heil J, Miesbach W, Vogl T, Bechstein WO, Reinisch A |date=April 2017 |title=Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity |journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=244–49 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0244 |pmc=5415909 |pmid=28446351}}</ref> Symptoms fi include pain, swelling, redness, den enlarged veins insyd de affected area, buh sam DVTs no get symptoms.<ref name="Kruger20192">{{cite journal |author4-link=Graeme Hankey |vauthors=Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ |date=June 2019 |title=Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=516–24 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50201 |pmid=31155730 |s2cid=173995098}}</ref> De most common life-threatening concern plus DVT be de potential for a clot to [[embolize]] (detach from de veins), travel as an [[embolus]] thru de right side of de heart, den cam be lodged insyd a [[pulmonary artery]] wey dey supply blood to de [[lung]]s. Dis be called a [[pulmonary embolism]] (PE). DVT den PE comprise de [[cardiovascular disease]] of [[venous thromboembolism]] (VTE).<ref name="2017CC2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartholomew JR |date=December 2017 |title=Update on the management of venous thromboembolism |url=https://www.ccjm.org/content/84/12_suppl_3/39 |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.84.s3.04 |pmid=29257737 |s2cid=3707226 |url-access=registration |doi-access=free}}</ref> About two-thirds of VTE dey manifest as DVT only, plus one-third wey dey manifest as PE plus anaa widout DVT.<ref name="2020ASH2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, Beyth R, Clark NP, Cuker A, Hutten BA, Jaff MR, Manja V, Schulman S, Thurston C, Vedantham S, Verhamme P, Witt DM, D Florez I, Izcovich A, Nieuwlaat R, Ross S, J Schünemann H, Wiercioch W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y |date=October 2020 |title=American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism |url= |journal=Blood Advances |volume=4 |issue=19 |pages=4693–738 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830 |pmc=7556153 |pmid=33007077}}</ref> De most frequent long-term DVT [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] be [[post-thrombotic syndrome]], wich fi cause pain, swelling, a sensation of heaviness, itching, den insyd severe cases, [[ulcers]].<ref name="2017EURO2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mazzolai L, Aboyans V, Ageno W, Agnelli G, Alatri A, Bauersachs R, Brekelmans MP, Büller HR, Elias A, Farge D, Konstantinides S, Palareti G, Prandoni P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Vlachopoulos C, Brodmann M |date=December 2018 |title=Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European Society of Cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=39 |issue=47 |pages=4208–18 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx003 |pmid=28329262 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recurrent VTE dey occur insyd about 30% of those insyd de ten years following an initial VTE.<ref name="2016Epi2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH |date=January 2016 |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6 |pmc=4715842 |pmid=26780736}}</ref> De mechanism behind DVT formation typically dey involve sam combination of [[venous stasis|decreased blood flow]], increased [[hypercoagulability|tendency to clot]], changes to de [[endothelium|blood vessel wall]], den inflammation.<ref name="2019Borgel2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgel D, Bianchini E, Lasne D, Pascreau T, Saller F |date=December 2019 |title=Inflammation in deep vein thrombosis: a therapeutic target? |journal=Hematology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=742–50 |doi=10.1080/16078454.2019.1687144 |pmid=31736432 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Risk factors dey include recent surgery, older age, active [[cancer]], [[obesity]], infection, inflammatory diseases, [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], personal history den [[Family history (medicine)|family history]] of VTE, trauma, injuries, lack of movement, [[combined hormonal birth control|hormonal birth control]], [[pregnancy]], den de [[puerperium|period following birth]]. VTE get a strong genetic component, wey dey account for approximately 50-60% of de variability insyd VTE rates.<ref name="EGRF2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crous-Bou M, Harrington LB, Kabrhel C |date=November 2016 |title=Environmental and genetic risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism |journal=Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=808–20 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1592333 |pmc=5146955 |pmid=27764878}}</ref> Genetic factors dey include non-O [[blood type]], deficiencies of [[Antithrombin deficiency|antithrombin]], [[Protein C deficiency|protein C]], den [[Protein S deficiency|protein S]] den de mutations of [[factor V Leiden]] den [[prothrombin G20210A]], among dozens dem identify.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2019loci2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Klarin D, Busenkell E, Judy R, Lynch J, Levin M, Haessler J, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Haas M, Lindström S, Assimes TL, Huang J, Min Lee K, Shao Q, Huffman JE, Kabrhel C, Huang Y, Sun YV, Vujkovic M, Saleheen D, Miller DR, Reaven P, DuVall S, Boden WE, Pyarajan S, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, Henke P, Kooperberg C, Gaziano JM, Concato J, Rader DJ, Cho K, Chang KM, Wilson PW, Smith NL, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Kathiresan S, Obi A, Damrauer SM, Natarajan P |date=November 2019 |title=Genome-wide association analysis of venous thromboembolism identifies new risk loci and genetic overlap with arterial vascular disease |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=1574–79 |doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0519-3 |pmc=6858581 |pmid=31676865}}</ref> People dem suspect of having DVT fi be assessed using a [[clinical prediction rule|prediction rule]] such as de [[#Diagnosis|Wells score]]. A [[D-dimer]] test sanso fi be used to assist plus excluding de diagnosis anaa signal a need for further testing.<ref name="2017EURO2" /> Diagnosis most be commonly confirmed by [[Medical ultrasonography|ultrasound]] of de suspected veins.<ref name="2017EURO2" /> VTE cam be much more common plus age. De condition be rare insyd kiddies, buh dey occur insyd almost 1% of those ≥ aged 85 annually.<ref name="2016Epi2" /> Asian, Asian-American, Native American, den Hispanic individuals get a lower VTE risk dan white anaa Black people. E be more common insyd men dan insyd women.<ref name="EGRF2" /><ref name="2016Wendelboe2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wendelboe AM, Raskob GE |date=April 2016 |title=Global burden of thrombosis: epidemiologic aspects |journal=Circulation Research |volume=118 |issue=9 |pages=1340–47 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841 |pmid=27126645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Populations insyd Asia get VTE rates of 15 to 20% of wat be seen insyd Western countries.<ref name=2017Lee>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee LH, Gallus A, Jindal R, Wang C, Wu CC |title=Incidence of venous thromboembolism in Asian populations: a systematic review |journal=Thrombosis and Haemostasis |volume=117 |issue=12 |pages=2243–60 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29212112 |doi=10.1160/TH17-02-0134 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> Using [[anticoagulation|blood thinners]] be de standard treatment. Typical medications dey include [[rivaroxaban]], [[apixaban]], den [[warfarin]]. Beginning warfarin treatment dey require an additional non-oral anticoagulant, often injections of [[heparin]].<ref name=2013Keeling>{{cite journal | vauthors = Keeling D, Alikhan R | title = Management of venous thromboembolism – controversies and the future | journal = British Journal of Haematology | volume = 161 | issue = 6 | pages = 755–63 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23531017 | doi = 10.1111/bjh.12306 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Guyatt et al.">[[#CITEREFGuyattAklCrowtherGutterman2012|Guyatt et al. 2012]], p. 20S: 2.4.</ref><ref name="2019Tran2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tran HA, Gibbs H, Merriman E, Curnow JL, Young L, Bennett A, Tan C, Chunilal SD, Ward CM, Baker R, Nandurkar H |date=March 2019 |title=New guidelines from the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand for the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=210 |issue=5 |pages=227–35 |doi=10.5694/mja2.50004 |hdl=11343/285435 |pmid=30739331 |s2cid=73433650 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Prevention of VTE insyd de general population dey include avoiding obesity den maintaining an active lifestyle. Preventive efforts following low-risk surgery dey include early den frequent walking. Riskier surgeries generally dey prevent VTE plus a blood thinner anaa [[aspirin]] dem combine plus [[intermittent pneumatic compression]].<ref name="2019Surgery2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anderson DR, Morgano GP, Bennett C, Dentali F, Francis CW, Garcia DA, Kahn SR, Rahman M, Rajasekhar A, Rogers FB, Smythe MA, Tikkinen KA, Yates AJ, Baldeh T, Balduzzi S, Brożek JL, Ikobaltzeta IE, Johal H, Neumann I, Wiercioch W, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Schünemann HJ, Dahm P |date=December 2019 |title=American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients |journal=Blood Advances |volume=3 |issue=23 |pages=3898–944 |doi=10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000975 |pmc=6963238 |pmid=31794602}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Dalen JE |title=Venous thromboembolism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-3Fiw7yE5kC&pg=PA1 |year=2003 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-5645-1 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD, Schuünemann HJ | title = Executive summary: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 2 Suppl | pages = 7S–47S | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22315257 | pmc = 3278060 | doi = 10.1378/chest.1412S3 }} {{refend}} [[Category:Coagulopathies]] [[Category:Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels den lymph nodes]] [[Category:Hematology]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0kef7nctue2tu297p8vjh6qok4zibjv 14 31017 114855 2026-10-14T16:00:59Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114855 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31018 114856 2026-10-14T16:01:12Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114856 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31019 114865 2026-10-14T17:16:04Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114865 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31020 114866 2026-10-14T17:17:21Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501270|Clozapine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114867 114866 2026-10-14T17:25:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Clozapine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Clozaril''' among odas, be a psychiatric medication wey na e be de first [[atypical antipsychotic]] to be discovered.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = [[Stephen Stahl|Stahl SM]], Meyer JM |title=The Clozapine Handbook|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-44746-1|oclc=1222779588|doi=10.1017/9781108553575}}</ref> E be used primarily to treat people plus [[schizophrenia]] den [[schizoaffective disorder]] wey na e get an inadequate response to two oda [[antipsychotic]]s, anaa wey na dem be unable to tolerate oda drugs secof [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|extrapyramidal side effects]]. Insyd de US, clozapine sanso be approved for use insyd people plus recurrent suicidal behavior insyd people plus schizophrenia anaa schizoaffective disorder.<ref name = "CDER">{{Cite web |work=Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) |date=9 August 2024 |title=Information on Clozapine |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |language=en |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=12 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012121823/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |url-status=live }}</ref> E sanso be used for de treatment of [[psychosis]] insyd [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="medicines.org.uk">{{cite web |title=Clozaril 25 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162236/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=www.medicines.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain)">{{cite book |author=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain) |title=Parkinson's disease in adults: diagnosis and management: full guideline |oclc=1105250833}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2ds3bxquz5sv3zv9ux2ac689i6k36qt 114868 114867 2026-10-14T17:32:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Clozapine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Clozaril''' among odas, be a psychiatric medication wey na e be de first [[atypical antipsychotic]] to be discovered.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = [[Stephen Stahl|Stahl SM]], Meyer JM |title=The Clozapine Handbook|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-44746-1|oclc=1222779588|doi=10.1017/9781108553575}}</ref> E be used primarily to treat people plus [[schizophrenia]] den [[schizoaffective disorder]] wey na e get an inadequate response to two oda [[antipsychotic]]s, anaa wey na dem be unable to tolerate oda drugs secof [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|extrapyramidal side effects]]. Insyd de US, clozapine sanso be approved for use insyd people plus recurrent suicidal behavior insyd people plus schizophrenia anaa schizoaffective disorder.<ref name = "CDER">{{Cite web |work=Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) |date=9 August 2024 |title=Information on Clozapine |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |language=en |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=12 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012121823/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |url-status=live }}</ref> E sanso be used for de treatment of [[psychosis]] insyd [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="medicines.org.uk">{{cite web |title=Clozaril 25 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162236/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=www.medicines.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain)">{{cite book |author=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain) |title=Parkinson's disease in adults: diagnosis and management: full guideline |oclc=1105250833}}</ref> Clozapine be recommended by multiple international treatment guidelines, after resistance to two oda antipsychotic medications, wey e be de only treatment likely to result in improvement if two (anaa one<ref name="Kahn_20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahn RS, Winter van Rossum I, Leucht S, McGuire P, Lewis SW, Leboyer M, Arango C, Dazzan P, Drake R, Heres S, Díaz-Caneja CM, Rujescu D, Weiser M, Galderisi S, Glenthøj B, Eijkemans MJ, Fleischhacker WW, Kapur S, Sommer IE |date=October 2018 |title=Amisulpride and olanzapine followed by open-label treatment with clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder (OPTiMiSE): a three-phase switching study |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |url-status=dead |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=797–807 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30252-9 |pmid=30115598 |s2cid=52014623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208074253/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>) oda antipsychotic no get a satisfactory effect.<ref name="Hasan_20122">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Thibaut F, Möller HJ |date=July 2012 |title=World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance |journal=The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=318–378 |doi=10.3109/15622975.2012.696143 |pmid=22834451 |s2cid=20370225}}</ref><ref name="Buchanan_20102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, Noel JM, Boggs DL, Fischer BA, Himelhoch S, Fang B, Peterson E, Aquino PR, Keller W |date=January 2010 |title=The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=71–93 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp116 |pmc=2800144 |pmid=19955390}}</ref><ref name="Gaebel_20052">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaebel W, Weinmann S, Sartorius N, Rutz W, McIntyre JS |date=September 2005 |title=Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international survey and comparison |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=187 |issue=3 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.1192/bjp.187.3.248 |pmid=16135862 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kuipers_20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuipers E, Yesufu-Udechuku A, Taylor C, Kendall T |date=February 2014 |title=Management of psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/348/mar19_4/g2234 |url-status=live |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g1173 |pmid=24523363 |s2cid=44282161 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124000210/https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2234 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |article-number=g1173}}</ref><ref name="Howes_20172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJ, Birnbaum ML, Bloomfield MA, Bressan RA, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, Castle DJ, Citrome L, Daskalakis ZJ, Davidson M, Drake RJ, Dursun S, Ebdrup BH, Elkis H, Falkai P, Fleischacker WW, Gadelha A, Gaughran F, Glenthøj BY, Graff-Guerrero A, Hallak JE, Honer WG, Kennedy J, Kinon BJ, Lawrie SM, Lee J, Leweke FM, MacCabe JH, McNabb CB, Meltzer H, Möller HJ, Nakajima S, Pantelis C, Reis Marques T, Remington G, Rossell SL, Russell BR, Siu CO, Suzuki T, Sommer IE, Taylor D, Thomas N, Üçok A, Umbricht D, Walters JT, Kane J, Correll CU |date=March 2017 |title=Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=216–229 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503 |pmc=6231547 |pmid=27919182}}</ref><ref name="Galletly_20162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galletly C, Castle D, Dark F, Humberstone V, Jablensky A, Killackey E, Kulkarni J, McGorry P, Nielssen O, Tran N |date=May 2016 |title=Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=410–472 |doi=10.1177/0004867416641195 |pmid=27106681 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Remington G, Addington D, Honer W, Ismail Z, Raedler T, Teehan M |date=September 2017 |title=Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=604–616 |doi=10.1177/0706743717720448 |pmc=5593252 |pmid=28703015}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s2531bi68bzodhe0hip2vejs8lfo3ap 114869 114868 2026-10-14T17:34:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Clozapine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Clozaril''' among odas, be a psychiatric medication wey na e be de first [[atypical antipsychotic]] to be discovered.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = [[Stephen Stahl|Stahl SM]], Meyer JM |title=The Clozapine Handbook|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-44746-1|oclc=1222779588|doi=10.1017/9781108553575}}</ref> E be used primarily to treat people plus [[schizophrenia]] den [[schizoaffective disorder]] wey na e get an inadequate response to two oda [[antipsychotic]]s, anaa wey na dem be unable to tolerate oda drugs secof [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|extrapyramidal side effects]]. Insyd de US, clozapine sanso be approved for use insyd people plus recurrent suicidal behavior insyd people plus schizophrenia anaa schizoaffective disorder.<ref name = "CDER">{{Cite web |work=Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) |date=9 August 2024 |title=Information on Clozapine |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |language=en |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=12 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012121823/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |url-status=live }}</ref> E sanso be used for de treatment of [[psychosis]] insyd [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="medicines.org.uk">{{cite web |title=Clozaril 25 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162236/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=www.medicines.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain)">{{cite book |author=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain) |title=Parkinson's disease in adults: diagnosis and management: full guideline |oclc=1105250833}}</ref> Clozapine be recommended by multiple international treatment guidelines, after resistance to two oda antipsychotic medications, wey e be de only treatment likely to result in improvement if two (anaa one<ref name="Kahn_20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahn RS, Winter van Rossum I, Leucht S, McGuire P, Lewis SW, Leboyer M, Arango C, Dazzan P, Drake R, Heres S, Díaz-Caneja CM, Rujescu D, Weiser M, Galderisi S, Glenthøj B, Eijkemans MJ, Fleischhacker WW, Kapur S, Sommer IE |date=October 2018 |title=Amisulpride and olanzapine followed by open-label treatment with clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder (OPTiMiSE): a three-phase switching study |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |url-status=dead |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=797–807 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30252-9 |pmid=30115598 |s2cid=52014623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208074253/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>) oda antipsychotic no get a satisfactory effect.<ref name="Hasan_20122">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Thibaut F, Möller HJ |date=July 2012 |title=World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance |journal=The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=318–378 |doi=10.3109/15622975.2012.696143 |pmid=22834451 |s2cid=20370225}}</ref><ref name="Buchanan_20102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, Noel JM, Boggs DL, Fischer BA, Himelhoch S, Fang B, Peterson E, Aquino PR, Keller W |date=January 2010 |title=The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=71–93 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp116 |pmc=2800144 |pmid=19955390}}</ref><ref name="Gaebel_20052">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaebel W, Weinmann S, Sartorius N, Rutz W, McIntyre JS |date=September 2005 |title=Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international survey and comparison |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=187 |issue=3 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.1192/bjp.187.3.248 |pmid=16135862 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kuipers_20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuipers E, Yesufu-Udechuku A, Taylor C, Kendall T |date=February 2014 |title=Management of psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/348/mar19_4/g2234 |url-status=live |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g1173 |pmid=24523363 |s2cid=44282161 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124000210/https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2234 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |article-number=g1173}}</ref><ref name="Howes_20172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJ, Birnbaum ML, Bloomfield MA, Bressan RA, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, Castle DJ, Citrome L, Daskalakis ZJ, Davidson M, Drake RJ, Dursun S, Ebdrup BH, Elkis H, Falkai P, Fleischacker WW, Gadelha A, Gaughran F, Glenthøj BY, Graff-Guerrero A, Hallak JE, Honer WG, Kennedy J, Kinon BJ, Lawrie SM, Lee J, Leweke FM, MacCabe JH, McNabb CB, Meltzer H, Möller HJ, Nakajima S, Pantelis C, Reis Marques T, Remington G, Rossell SL, Russell BR, Siu CO, Suzuki T, Sommer IE, Taylor D, Thomas N, Üçok A, Umbricht D, Walters JT, Kane J, Correll CU |date=March 2017 |title=Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=216–229 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503 |pmc=6231547 |pmid=27919182}}</ref><ref name="Galletly_20162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galletly C, Castle D, Dark F, Humberstone V, Jablensky A, Killackey E, Kulkarni J, McGorry P, Nielssen O, Tran N |date=May 2016 |title=Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=410–472 |doi=10.1177/0004867416641195 |pmid=27106681 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Remington G, Addington D, Honer W, Ismail Z, Raedler T, Teehan M |date=September 2017 |title=Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=604–616 |doi=10.1177/0706743717720448 |pmc=5593252 |pmid=28703015}}</ref> Long term follow-up studies from [[Finland]] dey show significant improvements in terms of overall mortality wey dey include from [[suicide]] den all causes.<ref name="Taipale_2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Mehtälä J, Vattulainen P, Correll CU, Tiihonen J |date=February 2020 |title=20-year follow-up study of physical morbidity and mortality in relationship to antipsychotic treatment in a nationwide cohort of 62,250 patients with schizophrenia (FIN20) |journal=World Psychiatry |location=WPA |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=61–68 |doi=10.1002/wps.20699 |pmc=6953552 |pmid=31922669}}</ref> Clozapine dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|vauthors=Organization WH}}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web |title=Clozapine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clozapine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103801/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clozapine.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Common adverse effects dey include [[Sedation|drowsiness]], [[constipation]], [[hypersalivation]] (increased saliva production), [[tachycardia]], [[Hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[blurred vision]], significant [[weight gain]], den [[dizziness]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] je62arv8lwdfbxrplof2mjhflp7dchb 114870 114869 2026-10-14T17:34:53Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Clozapine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Clozaril''' among odas, be a psychiatric medication wey na e be de first [[atypical antipsychotic]] to be discovered.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = [[Stephen Stahl|Stahl SM]], Meyer JM |title=The Clozapine Handbook|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-44746-1|oclc=1222779588|doi=10.1017/9781108553575}}</ref> E be used primarily to treat people plus [[schizophrenia]] den [[schizoaffective disorder]] wey na e get an inadequate response to two oda [[antipsychotic]]s, anaa wey na dem be unable to tolerate oda drugs secof [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|extrapyramidal side effects]]. Insyd de US, clozapine sanso be approved for use insyd people plus recurrent suicidal behavior insyd people plus schizophrenia anaa schizoaffective disorder.<ref name = "CDER">{{Cite web |work=Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) |date=9 August 2024 |title=Information on Clozapine |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |language=en |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=12 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012121823/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |url-status=live }}</ref> E sanso be used for de treatment of [[psychosis]] insyd [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="medicines.org.uk">{{cite web |title=Clozaril 25 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162236/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=www.medicines.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain)">{{cite book |author=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain) |title=Parkinson's disease in adults: diagnosis and management: full guideline |oclc=1105250833}}</ref> Clozapine be recommended by multiple international treatment guidelines, after resistance to two oda antipsychotic medications, wey e be de only treatment likely to result in improvement if two (anaa one<ref name="Kahn_20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahn RS, Winter van Rossum I, Leucht S, McGuire P, Lewis SW, Leboyer M, Arango C, Dazzan P, Drake R, Heres S, Díaz-Caneja CM, Rujescu D, Weiser M, Galderisi S, Glenthøj B, Eijkemans MJ, Fleischhacker WW, Kapur S, Sommer IE |date=October 2018 |title=Amisulpride and olanzapine followed by open-label treatment with clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder (OPTiMiSE): a three-phase switching study |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |url-status=dead |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=797–807 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30252-9 |pmid=30115598 |s2cid=52014623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208074253/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>) oda antipsychotic no get a satisfactory effect.<ref name="Hasan_20122">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Thibaut F, Möller HJ |date=July 2012 |title=World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance |journal=The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=318–378 |doi=10.3109/15622975.2012.696143 |pmid=22834451 |s2cid=20370225}}</ref><ref name="Buchanan_20102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, Noel JM, Boggs DL, Fischer BA, Himelhoch S, Fang B, Peterson E, Aquino PR, Keller W |date=January 2010 |title=The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=71–93 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp116 |pmc=2800144 |pmid=19955390}}</ref><ref name="Gaebel_20052">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaebel W, Weinmann S, Sartorius N, Rutz W, McIntyre JS |date=September 2005 |title=Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international survey and comparison |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=187 |issue=3 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.1192/bjp.187.3.248 |pmid=16135862 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kuipers_20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuipers E, Yesufu-Udechuku A, Taylor C, Kendall T |date=February 2014 |title=Management of psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/348/mar19_4/g2234 |url-status=live |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g1173 |pmid=24523363 |s2cid=44282161 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124000210/https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2234 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |article-number=g1173}}</ref><ref name="Howes_20172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJ, Birnbaum ML, Bloomfield MA, Bressan RA, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, Castle DJ, Citrome L, Daskalakis ZJ, Davidson M, Drake RJ, Dursun S, Ebdrup BH, Elkis H, Falkai P, Fleischacker WW, Gadelha A, Gaughran F, Glenthøj BY, Graff-Guerrero A, Hallak JE, Honer WG, Kennedy J, Kinon BJ, Lawrie SM, Lee J, Leweke FM, MacCabe JH, McNabb CB, Meltzer H, Möller HJ, Nakajima S, Pantelis C, Reis Marques T, Remington G, Rossell SL, Russell BR, Siu CO, Suzuki T, Sommer IE, Taylor D, Thomas N, Üçok A, Umbricht D, Walters JT, Kane J, Correll CU |date=March 2017 |title=Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=216–229 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503 |pmc=6231547 |pmid=27919182}}</ref><ref name="Galletly_20162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galletly C, Castle D, Dark F, Humberstone V, Jablensky A, Killackey E, Kulkarni J, McGorry P, Nielssen O, Tran N |date=May 2016 |title=Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=410–472 |doi=10.1177/0004867416641195 |pmid=27106681 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Remington G, Addington D, Honer W, Ismail Z, Raedler T, Teehan M |date=September 2017 |title=Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=604–616 |doi=10.1177/0706743717720448 |pmc=5593252 |pmid=28703015}}</ref> Long term follow-up studies from [[Finland]] dey show significant improvements in terms of overall mortality wey dey include from [[suicide]] den all causes.<ref name="Taipale_2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Mehtälä J, Vattulainen P, Correll CU, Tiihonen J |date=February 2020 |title=20-year follow-up study of physical morbidity and mortality in relationship to antipsychotic treatment in a nationwide cohort of 62,250 patients with schizophrenia (FIN20) |journal=World Psychiatry |location=WPA |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=61–68 |doi=10.1002/wps.20699 |pmc=6953552 |pmid=31922669}}</ref> Clozapine dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|vauthors=Organization WH}}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web |title=Clozapine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clozapine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103801/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clozapine.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Common adverse effects dey include [[Sedation|drowsiness]], [[constipation]], [[hypersalivation]] (increased saliva production), [[tachycardia]], [[Hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[blurred vision]], significant [[weight gain]], den [[dizziness]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Clozapine no normally be associated plus [[tardive dyskinesia]] wey e be recommended as de drug of choice wen dis be present, although sam case reports dey describe clozapine-induced tardive dyskinesia.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pardis P, Remington G, Panda R, Lemez M, Agid O|title=Clozapine and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=33|issue=10|pages=1187–1198|date=October 2019|pmid=31347436|doi=10.1177/0269881119862535|s2cid=198912192}}</ref> Serious adverse effects dey include [[agranulocytosis]], [[Epileptic seizure|seizures]], [[myocarditis]] (inflammation of de heart), den [[hyperglycemia]] (high blood glucose levels). De use of clozapine fi result rarely in clozapine-induced, [[Gastrointestinal physiology|gastric hypomotility]] syndrome, wich fi lead to [[bowel obstruction]] den death.<ref name="Hart2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS|title=Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=157|issue=7|pages=498–511|date=October 2012|pmid=22893011|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="FDA2020">{{cite web |date=28 January 2020|title=Clozaril, Fazaclo ODT, Versacloz (clozapine): Drug Safety Communication - FDA Strengthens Warning That Untreated Constipation Can Lead to Serious Bowel Problems|url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/clozaril-fazaclo-odt-versacloz-clozapine-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-warning-untreated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224000510/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/clozaril-fazaclo-odt-versacloz-clozapine-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-warning-untreated|archive-date=24 February 2020|access-date=30 January 2020|website=FDA}}</ref> De mechanism of action no be clear.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] p8g3y99ui2pfirm9139ixueyjabvlcv 114871 114870 2026-10-14T17:40:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Clozapine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Clozaril''' among odas, be a psychiatric medication wey na e be de first [[atypical antipsychotic]] to be discovered.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = [[Stephen Stahl|Stahl SM]], Meyer JM |title=The Clozapine Handbook|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-44746-1|oclc=1222779588|doi=10.1017/9781108553575}}</ref> E be used primarily to treat people plus [[schizophrenia]] den [[schizoaffective disorder]] wey na e get an inadequate response to two oda [[antipsychotic]]s, anaa wey na dem be unable to tolerate oda drugs secof [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|extrapyramidal side effects]]. Insyd de US, clozapine sanso be approved for use insyd people plus recurrent suicidal behavior insyd people plus schizophrenia anaa schizoaffective disorder.<ref name = "CDER">{{Cite web |work=Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) |date=9 August 2024 |title=Information on Clozapine |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |language=en |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=12 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241012121823/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine |url-status=live }}</ref> E sanso be used for de treatment of [[psychosis]] insyd [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="medicines.org.uk">{{cite web |title=Clozaril 25 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162236/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/4411/smpc |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=www.medicines.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain)">{{cite book |author=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Great Britain) |title=Parkinson's disease in adults: diagnosis and management: full guideline |oclc=1105250833}}</ref> Clozapine be recommended by multiple international treatment guidelines, after resistance to two oda antipsychotic medications, wey e be de only treatment likely to result in improvement if two (anaa one<ref name="Kahn_20182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahn RS, Winter van Rossum I, Leucht S, McGuire P, Lewis SW, Leboyer M, Arango C, Dazzan P, Drake R, Heres S, Díaz-Caneja CM, Rujescu D, Weiser M, Galderisi S, Glenthøj B, Eijkemans MJ, Fleischhacker WW, Kapur S, Sommer IE |date=October 2018 |title=Amisulpride and olanzapine followed by open-label treatment with clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder (OPTiMiSE): a three-phase switching study |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |url-status=dead |journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=797–807 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30252-9 |pmid=30115598 |s2cid=52014623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208074253/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/amisulpride-and-olanzapine-followed-by-openlabel-treatment-with-clozapine-in-firstepisode-schizophrenia-and-schizophreniform-disorder-optimise(e2ac95c9-d392-41b5-9392-6c9bbdfac360).html |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>) oda antipsychotic no get a satisfactory effect.<ref name="Hasan_20122">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Thibaut F, Möller HJ |date=July 2012 |title=World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance |journal=The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=318–378 |doi=10.3109/15622975.2012.696143 |pmid=22834451 |s2cid=20370225}}</ref><ref name="Buchanan_20102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, Noel JM, Boggs DL, Fischer BA, Himelhoch S, Fang B, Peterson E, Aquino PR, Keller W |date=January 2010 |title=The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=71–93 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp116 |pmc=2800144 |pmid=19955390}}</ref><ref name="Gaebel_20052">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaebel W, Weinmann S, Sartorius N, Rutz W, McIntyre JS |date=September 2005 |title=Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international survey and comparison |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=187 |issue=3 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.1192/bjp.187.3.248 |pmid=16135862 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kuipers_20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuipers E, Yesufu-Udechuku A, Taylor C, Kendall T |date=February 2014 |title=Management of psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/348/mar19_4/g2234 |url-status=live |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g1173 |pmid=24523363 |s2cid=44282161 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124000210/https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2234 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |article-number=g1173}}</ref><ref name="Howes_20172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, de Bartolomeis A, van Beveren NJ, Birnbaum ML, Bloomfield MA, Bressan RA, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, Castle DJ, Citrome L, Daskalakis ZJ, Davidson M, Drake RJ, Dursun S, Ebdrup BH, Elkis H, Falkai P, Fleischacker WW, Gadelha A, Gaughran F, Glenthøj BY, Graff-Guerrero A, Hallak JE, Honer WG, Kennedy J, Kinon BJ, Lawrie SM, Lee J, Leweke FM, MacCabe JH, McNabb CB, Meltzer H, Möller HJ, Nakajima S, Pantelis C, Reis Marques T, Remington G, Rossell SL, Russell BR, Siu CO, Suzuki T, Sommer IE, Taylor D, Thomas N, Üçok A, Umbricht D, Walters JT, Kane J, Correll CU |date=March 2017 |title=Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=216–229 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503 |pmc=6231547 |pmid=27919182}}</ref><ref name="Galletly_20162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galletly C, Castle D, Dark F, Humberstone V, Jablensky A, Killackey E, Kulkarni J, McGorry P, Nielssen O, Tran N |date=May 2016 |title=Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=410–472 |doi=10.1177/0004867416641195 |pmid=27106681 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Remington G, Addington D, Honer W, Ismail Z, Raedler T, Teehan M |date=September 2017 |title=Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=604–616 |doi=10.1177/0706743717720448 |pmc=5593252 |pmid=28703015}}</ref> Long term follow-up studies from [[Finland]] dey show significant improvements in terms of overall mortality wey dey include from [[suicide]] den all causes.<ref name="Taipale_2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taipale H, Tanskanen A, Mehtälä J, Vattulainen P, Correll CU, Tiihonen J |date=February 2020 |title=20-year follow-up study of physical morbidity and mortality in relationship to antipsychotic treatment in a nationwide cohort of 62,250 patients with schizophrenia (FIN20) |journal=World Psychiatry |location=WPA |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=61–68 |doi=10.1002/wps.20699 |pmc=6953552 |pmid=31922669}}</ref> Clozapine dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|vauthors=Organization WH}}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web |title=Clozapine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clozapine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103801/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clozapine.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Common adverse effects dey include [[Sedation|drowsiness]], [[constipation]], [[hypersalivation]] (increased saliva production), [[tachycardia]], [[Hypotension|low blood pressure]], [[blurred vision]], significant [[weight gain]], den [[dizziness]].<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Clozapine no normally be associated plus [[tardive dyskinesia]] wey e be recommended as de drug of choice wen dis be present, although sam case reports dey describe clozapine-induced tardive dyskinesia.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pardis P, Remington G, Panda R, Lemez M, Agid O|title=Clozapine and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=33|issue=10|pages=1187–1198|date=October 2019|pmid=31347436|doi=10.1177/0269881119862535|s2cid=198912192}}</ref> Serious adverse effects dey include [[agranulocytosis]], [[Epileptic seizure|seizures]], [[myocarditis]] (inflammation of de heart), den [[hyperglycemia]] (high blood glucose levels). De use of clozapine fi result rarely in clozapine-induced, [[Gastrointestinal physiology|gastric hypomotility]] syndrome, wich fi lead to [[bowel obstruction]] den death.<ref name="Hart2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS|title=Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=157|issue=7|pages=498–511|date=October 2012|pmid=22893011|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="FDA2020">{{cite web |date=28 January 2020|title=Clozaril, Fazaclo ODT, Versacloz (clozapine): Drug Safety Communication - FDA Strengthens Warning That Untreated Constipation Can Lead to Serious Bowel Problems|url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/clozaril-fazaclo-odt-versacloz-clozapine-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-warning-untreated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224000510/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/clozaril-fazaclo-odt-versacloz-clozapine-drug-safety-communication-fda-strengthens-warning-untreated|archive-date=24 February 2020|access-date=30 January 2020|website=FDA}}</ref> De mechanism of action no be clear.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book | vauthors = Stahl SM, Meyer JM |title=The Clozapine Handbook|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-44746-1|oclc=1222779588}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Benkert O, Hippius H | title = Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie | language = de | edition = 4th | publisher = Springer Verlag}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Bandelow B, Bleich S, Kropp S | title = Handbuch Psychopharmaka | language = de | edition = 2nd | publisher = Hogrefe }} * {{cite book | title=Medical Genetics Summaries | chapter=Clozapine Therapy and CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4 Genotypes | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK367795/ | veditors=Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, Scott SA, Dean LC, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ | display-editors=3 | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) | year=2016 | pmid=28520368 | id=Bookshelf ID: NBK367795 | vauthors=Dean L | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/ | archive-date=26 October 2020 | access-date=5 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026145821/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/ | url-status=live }} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl compounds]] [[Category:Alpha-1 blockers]] [[Category:Alpha-2 blockers]] [[Category:Anti-agitation drugs]] [[Category:Atypical antipsychotics]] [[Category:Chloroarenes]] [[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]] [[Category:Dibenzodiazepines]] [[Category:Drugs wey Novartis develop]] [[Category:Dopamine antagonists]] [[Category:GABA receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Hallucinogen antidotes]] [[Category:M1 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M2 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M3 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M4 receptor agonists]] [[Category:M5 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Mood stabilizers]] [[Category:Serotonin receptor antagonists]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hs4ooyrecw7uliizx766wa97qusdcaj 14 31021 114872 2026-10-14T17:40:51Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114872 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31022 114873 2026-10-14T17:41:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114873 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31023 114874 2026-10-14T17:41:13Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114874 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31024 114875 2026-10-14T17:41:23Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114875 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31025 114876 2026-10-14T18:23:11Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501060|Carpal_tunnel_syndrome]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114877 114876 2026-10-14T18:36:06Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carpal tunnel syndrome''' ('''CTS''') be de symptoms den signs characteristic of [[nerve compression syndrome|compressive]] [[median nerve|median]] neuropathy at de [[carpal tunnel]] of de wrist. Compressive median neuropathy be a structural, largely hereditary condition wey usually be measurable insyd both wrists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werthel |first1=J.-D. R. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. |last3=An |first3=K.-N. |last4=Amadio |first4=P. C. |date=2014 |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Pathophysiology: Role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue |journal=Journal of Wrist Surgery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384741 |pmc=4208960 |pmid=24426962}}</ref> Chaw cases of median neuropathy at de carpal tunnel be idiopathic, wey dey mean der no be known cause. Oda causes of median nerve compression at de carpal tunnel dey include bleeding, swelling, den deformity dem associate plus a [[wrist fracture]].<ref name="Burton2">{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Gu |first2=Alex |last3=Wessel |first3=Lauren E. |last4=Koo |first4=Alexander |last5=Osei |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Fufa |first6=Duretti T. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Distal Radius Fracture |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.08.001 |issn=2589-5141 |pmc=9678711 |pmid=36425367}}</ref> Carpal tunnel syndrome sanso fi occur plus [[rheumatoid arthritis]], secof de enlarged synovial lining of de tendons wey dey cause median nerve compression. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == e2hhumwztl4zcj5nttr160qrnb9izkp 114878 114877 2026-10-14T18:47:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carpal tunnel syndrome''' ('''CTS''') be de symptoms den signs characteristic of [[nerve compression syndrome|compressive]] [[median nerve|median]] neuropathy at de [[carpal tunnel]] of de wrist. Compressive median neuropathy be a structural, largely hereditary condition wey usually be measurable insyd both wrists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werthel |first1=J.-D. R. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. |last3=An |first3=K.-N. |last4=Amadio |first4=P. C. |date=2014 |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Pathophysiology: Role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue |journal=Journal of Wrist Surgery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384741 |pmc=4208960 |pmid=24426962}}</ref> Chaw cases of median neuropathy at de carpal tunnel be idiopathic, wey dey mean der no be known cause. Oda causes of median nerve compression at de carpal tunnel dey include bleeding, swelling, den deformity dem associate plus a [[wrist fracture]].<ref name="Burton2">{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Gu |first2=Alex |last3=Wessel |first3=Lauren E. |last4=Koo |first4=Alexander |last5=Osei |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Fufa |first6=Duretti T. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Distal Radius Fracture |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.08.001 |issn=2589-5141 |pmc=9678711 |pmid=36425367}}</ref> Carpal tunnel syndrome sanso fi occur plus [[rheumatoid arthritis]], secof de enlarged synovial lining of de tendons wey dey cause median nerve compression. De main symptoms be [[numbness]] den [[Paresthesia|tingling]] of de thumb, index finger, middle finger, den de thumb side of de ring finger, as well as pain insyd de hand den fingers.<ref name="Burton">{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}</ref> Symptoms are typically most troublesome at night.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|date=January 28, 2016|title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}}</ref> Chaw people sleep plus dema wrists bend, den de ensuing symptoms fi lead to awakening. People wake less often at night if dem wear a [[Splint (medicine)|wrist splint]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and Treatment - OrthoInfo - AAOS |url=https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.orthoinfo.org}}</ref> Untreated, den over years to decades, CTS dey cause loss of sensitivity, weakness, den shrinkage ([[muscle atrophy|atrophy]]) of de [[thenar muscles]] at de base of de thumb. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5eapw20wp552zuaaz0fryd83woqav6n 114879 114878 2026-10-14T18:50:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carpal tunnel syndrome''' ('''CTS''') be de symptoms den signs characteristic of [[nerve compression syndrome|compressive]] [[median nerve|median]] neuropathy at de [[carpal tunnel]] of de wrist. Compressive median neuropathy be a structural, largely hereditary condition wey usually be measurable insyd both wrists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werthel |first1=J.-D. R. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. |last3=An |first3=K.-N. |last4=Amadio |first4=P. C. |date=2014 |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Pathophysiology: Role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue |journal=Journal of Wrist Surgery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384741 |pmc=4208960 |pmid=24426962}}</ref> Chaw cases of median neuropathy at de carpal tunnel be idiopathic, wey dey mean der no be known cause. Oda causes of median nerve compression at de carpal tunnel dey include bleeding, swelling, den deformity dem associate plus a [[wrist fracture]].<ref name="Burton2">{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Gu |first2=Alex |last3=Wessel |first3=Lauren E. |last4=Koo |first4=Alexander |last5=Osei |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Fufa |first6=Duretti T. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Distal Radius Fracture |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.08.001 |issn=2589-5141 |pmc=9678711 |pmid=36425367}}</ref> Carpal tunnel syndrome sanso fi occur plus [[rheumatoid arthritis]], secof de enlarged synovial lining of de tendons wey dey cause median nerve compression. De main symptoms be [[numbness]] den [[Paresthesia|tingling]] of de thumb, index finger, middle finger, den de thumb side of de ring finger, as well as pain insyd de hand den fingers.<ref name="Burton">{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}</ref> Symptoms are typically most troublesome at night.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|date=January 28, 2016|title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}}</ref> Chaw people sleep plus dema wrists bend, den de ensuing symptoms fi lead to awakening. People wake less often at night if dem wear a [[Splint (medicine)|wrist splint]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and Treatment - OrthoInfo - AAOS |url=https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.orthoinfo.org}}</ref> Untreated, den over years to decades, CTS dey cause loss of sensitivity, weakness, den shrinkage ([[muscle atrophy|atrophy]]) of de [[thenar muscles]] at de base of de thumb. Work-related factors such as vibration, wrist extension anaa flexion, hand force, den [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain]] be risk factors give CTS. Oda risk factors dey include being female, obesity, [[diabetes]], rheumatoid arthritis, [[thyroid disease]], den genetics.<ref name="AAOS2016">{{Cite web|author1=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|date=February 29, 2016|title=Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline|url=http://www.aaos.org/ctsguideline|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330022757/https://www5.aaos.org/downloadasset.aspx?id=4294967882|archive-date=March 30, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Padua2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, Pazzaglia C, Paolasso I, Loreti C, Caliandro P, Hobson-Webb LD | title = Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 1273–1284 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27751557 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30231-9 | type = Review | s2cid = 9991471 }}</ref><ref name=Shi2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shiri R | title = Hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis | journal = Muscle & Nerve | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 879–883 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25204641 | doi = 10.1002/mus.24453 | s2cid = 37496158 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5czyog8mw201drcbn1g6f2gyyoifvfr 114880 114879 2026-10-14T18:55:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carpal tunnel syndrome''' ('''CTS''') be de symptoms den signs characteristic of [[nerve compression syndrome|compressive]] [[median nerve|median]] neuropathy at de [[carpal tunnel]] of de wrist. Compressive median neuropathy be a structural, largely hereditary condition wey usually be measurable insyd both wrists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werthel |first1=J.-D. R. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. |last3=An |first3=K.-N. |last4=Amadio |first4=P. C. |date=2014 |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Pathophysiology: Role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue |journal=Journal of Wrist Surgery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384741 |pmc=4208960 |pmid=24426962}}</ref> Chaw cases of median neuropathy at de carpal tunnel be idiopathic, wey dey mean der no be known cause. Oda causes of median nerve compression at de carpal tunnel dey include bleeding, swelling, den deformity dem associate plus a [[wrist fracture]].<ref name="Burton2">{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Gu |first2=Alex |last3=Wessel |first3=Lauren E. |last4=Koo |first4=Alexander |last5=Osei |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Fufa |first6=Duretti T. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Distal Radius Fracture |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.08.001 |issn=2589-5141 |pmc=9678711 |pmid=36425367}}</ref> Carpal tunnel syndrome sanso fi occur plus [[rheumatoid arthritis]], secof de enlarged synovial lining of de tendons wey dey cause median nerve compression. De main symptoms be [[numbness]] den [[Paresthesia|tingling]] of de thumb, index finger, middle finger, den de thumb side of de ring finger, as well as pain insyd de hand den fingers.<ref name="Burton2" /> Symptoms are typically most troublesome at night.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|date=January 28, 2016|title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}}</ref> Chaw people sleep plus dema wrists bend, den de ensuing symptoms fi lead to awakening. People wake less often at night if dem wear a [[Splint (medicine)|wrist splint]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and Treatment - OrthoInfo - AAOS |url=https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.orthoinfo.org}}</ref> Untreated, den over years to decades, CTS dey cause loss of sensitivity, weakness, den shrinkage ([[muscle atrophy|atrophy]]) of de [[thenar muscles]] at de base of de thumb. Work-related factors such as vibration, wrist extension anaa flexion, hand force, den [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain]] be risk factors give CTS. Oda risk factors dey include being female, obesity, [[diabetes]], rheumatoid arthritis, [[thyroid disease]], den genetics.<ref name="AAOS2016">{{Cite web|author1=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|date=February 29, 2016|title=Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline|url=http://www.aaos.org/ctsguideline|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330022757/https://www5.aaos.org/downloadasset.aspx?id=4294967882|archive-date=March 30, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Padua2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, Pazzaglia C, Paolasso I, Loreti C, Caliandro P, Hobson-Webb LD | title = Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 1273–1284 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27751557 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30231-9 | type = Review | s2cid = 9991471 }}</ref><ref name=Shi2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shiri R | title = Hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis | journal = Muscle & Nerve | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 879–883 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25204641 | doi = 10.1002/mus.24453 | s2cid = 37496158 }}</ref> Diagnosis fi be made plus a high probability based on characteristic symptoms den signs. E sanso fi be measured plus [[electrodiagnostic test]]s.<ref name="Graham 2587–25932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham B |date=December 2008 |title=The value added by electrodiagnostic testing in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=2587–2593 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.G.01362 |pmid=19047703}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] apvynxcnig9mw0cet18jxp55w5fby9c 114881 114880 2026-10-14T18:58:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carpal tunnel syndrome''' ('''CTS''') be de symptoms den signs characteristic of [[nerve compression syndrome|compressive]] [[median nerve|median]] neuropathy at de [[carpal tunnel]] of de wrist. Compressive median neuropathy be a structural, largely hereditary condition wey usually be measurable insyd both wrists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werthel |first1=J.-D. R. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. |last3=An |first3=K.-N. |last4=Amadio |first4=P. C. |date=2014 |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Pathophysiology: Role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue |journal=Journal of Wrist Surgery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384741 |pmc=4208960 |pmid=24426962}}</ref> Chaw cases of median neuropathy at de carpal tunnel be idiopathic, wey dey mean der no be known cause. Oda causes of median nerve compression at de carpal tunnel dey include bleeding, swelling, den deformity dem associate plus a [[wrist fracture]].<ref name="Burton2">{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Gu |first2=Alex |last3=Wessel |first3=Lauren E. |last4=Koo |first4=Alexander |last5=Osei |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Fufa |first6=Duretti T. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Distal Radius Fracture |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.08.001 |issn=2589-5141 |pmc=9678711 |pmid=36425367}}</ref> Carpal tunnel syndrome sanso fi occur plus [[rheumatoid arthritis]], secof de enlarged synovial lining of de tendons wey dey cause median nerve compression. De main symptoms be [[numbness]] den [[Paresthesia|tingling]] of de thumb, index finger, middle finger, den de thumb side of de ring finger, as well as pain insyd de hand den fingers.<ref name="Burton2" /> Symptoms are typically most troublesome at night.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|date=January 28, 2016|title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}}</ref> Chaw people sleep plus dema wrists bend, den de ensuing symptoms fi lead to awakening. People wake less often at night if dem wear a [[Splint (medicine)|wrist splint]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and Treatment - OrthoInfo - AAOS |url=https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.orthoinfo.org}}</ref> Untreated, den over years to decades, CTS dey cause loss of sensitivity, weakness, den shrinkage ([[muscle atrophy|atrophy]]) of de [[thenar muscles]] at de base of de thumb. Work-related factors such as vibration, wrist extension anaa flexion, hand force, den [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain]] be risk factors give CTS. Oda risk factors dey include being female, obesity, [[diabetes]], rheumatoid arthritis, [[thyroid disease]], den genetics.<ref name="AAOS2016">{{Cite web|author1=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|date=February 29, 2016|title=Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline|url=http://www.aaos.org/ctsguideline|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330022757/https://www5.aaos.org/downloadasset.aspx?id=4294967882|archive-date=March 30, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Padua2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, Pazzaglia C, Paolasso I, Loreti C, Caliandro P, Hobson-Webb LD | title = Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 1273–1284 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27751557 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30231-9 | type = Review | s2cid = 9991471 }}</ref><ref name=Shi2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shiri R | title = Hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis | journal = Muscle & Nerve | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 879–883 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25204641 | doi = 10.1002/mus.24453 | s2cid = 37496158 }}</ref> Diagnosis fi be made plus a high probability based on characteristic symptoms den signs. E sanso fi be measured plus [[electrodiagnostic test]]s.<ref name="Graham 2587–25932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham B |date=December 2008 |title=The value added by electrodiagnostic testing in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=2587–2593 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.G.01362 |pmid=19047703}}</ref> Injection of [[corticosteroid]]s fi anaa no fi alleviate symptoms better dan simulated ([[placebo]]) injections.<ref name="Adinu">{{Cite journal |last1=Adindu |first1=Ebubechi |last2=Ramtin |first2=Sina |last3=Azarpey |first3=Ali |last4=Ring |first4=David |last5=Teunis |first5=Teun |date=2024-03-28 |title=Steroid versus placebo injections and wrist splints in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1209–1217 |doi=10.1177/17531934241240380 |issn=2043-6289 |pmc=11523550 |pmid=38546484 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huisstede BM, Randsdorp MS, van den Brink J, Franke TP, Koes BW, Hoogvliet P |date=August 2018 |title=Effectiveness of Oral Pain Medication and Corticosteroid Injections for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review |journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=1609–1622.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2018.03.003 |pmid=29626428 |s2cid=4683880}}</ref> Der no be evidence wey corticosteroid injection sustainably dey alter de natural history of de disease, wich dey seem to be a gradual progression of [[neuropathy]].<ref name="Adinu"/> Surgery to cut de [[transverse carpal ligament]] be de only known [[disease modifying treatment]].<ref name="AAOS2016" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kccqtff37nj7crm58a9qz6c0pmlb28a 114882 114881 2026-10-14T19:10:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carpal tunnel syndrome''' ('''CTS''') be de symptoms den signs characteristic of [[nerve compression syndrome|compressive]] [[median nerve|median]] neuropathy at de [[carpal tunnel]] of de wrist. Compressive median neuropathy be a structural, largely hereditary condition wey usually be measurable insyd both wrists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werthel |first1=J.-D. R. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. |last3=An |first3=K.-N. |last4=Amadio |first4=P. C. |date=2014 |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Pathophysiology: Role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue |journal=Journal of Wrist Surgery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384741 |pmc=4208960 |pmid=24426962}}</ref> Chaw cases of median neuropathy at de carpal tunnel be idiopathic, wey dey mean der no be known cause. Oda causes of median nerve compression at de carpal tunnel dey include bleeding, swelling, den deformity dem associate plus a [[wrist fracture]].<ref name="Burton2">{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Gu |first2=Alex |last3=Wessel |first3=Lauren E. |last4=Koo |first4=Alexander |last5=Osei |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Fufa |first6=Duretti T. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Distal Radius Fracture |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.08.001 |issn=2589-5141 |pmc=9678711 |pmid=36425367}}</ref> Carpal tunnel syndrome sanso fi occur plus [[rheumatoid arthritis]], secof de enlarged synovial lining of de tendons wey dey cause median nerve compression. De main symptoms be [[numbness]] den [[Paresthesia|tingling]] of de thumb, index finger, middle finger, den de thumb side of de ring finger, as well as pain insyd de hand den fingers.<ref name="Burton2" /> Symptoms are typically most troublesome at night.<ref name="NIH2016">{{Cite web|date=January 28, 2016|title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}}</ref> Chaw people sleep plus dema wrists bend, den de ensuing symptoms fi lead to awakening. People wake less often at night if dem wear a [[Splint (medicine)|wrist splint]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and Treatment - OrthoInfo - AAOS |url=https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.orthoinfo.org}}</ref> Untreated, den over years to decades, CTS dey cause loss of sensitivity, weakness, den shrinkage ([[muscle atrophy|atrophy]]) of de [[thenar muscles]] at de base of de thumb. Work-related factors such as vibration, wrist extension anaa flexion, hand force, den [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain]] be risk factors give CTS. Oda risk factors dey include being female, obesity, [[diabetes]], rheumatoid arthritis, [[thyroid disease]], den genetics.<ref name="AAOS2016">{{Cite web|author1=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|date=February 29, 2016|title=Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline|url=http://www.aaos.org/ctsguideline|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330022757/https://www5.aaos.org/downloadasset.aspx?id=4294967882|archive-date=March 30, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Padua2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, Pazzaglia C, Paolasso I, Loreti C, Caliandro P, Hobson-Webb LD | title = Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 1273–1284 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27751557 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30231-9 | type = Review | s2cid = 9991471 }}</ref><ref name=Shi2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shiri R | title = Hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis | journal = Muscle & Nerve | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 879–883 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25204641 | doi = 10.1002/mus.24453 | s2cid = 37496158 }}</ref> Diagnosis fi be made plus a high probability based on characteristic symptoms den signs. E sanso fi be measured plus [[electrodiagnostic test]]s.<ref name="Graham 2587–25932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham B |date=December 2008 |title=The value added by electrodiagnostic testing in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=2587–2593 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.G.01362 |pmid=19047703}}</ref> Injection of [[corticosteroid]]s fi anaa no fi alleviate symptoms better dan simulated ([[placebo]]) injections.<ref name="Adinu">{{Cite journal |last1=Adindu |first1=Ebubechi |last2=Ramtin |first2=Sina |last3=Azarpey |first3=Ali |last4=Ring |first4=David |last5=Teunis |first5=Teun |date=2024-03-28 |title=Steroid versus placebo injections and wrist splints in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1209–1217 |doi=10.1177/17531934241240380 |issn=2043-6289 |pmc=11523550 |pmid=38546484 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huisstede BM, Randsdorp MS, van den Brink J, Franke TP, Koes BW, Hoogvliet P |date=August 2018 |title=Effectiveness of Oral Pain Medication and Corticosteroid Injections for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review |journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=1609–1622.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2018.03.003 |pmid=29626428 |s2cid=4683880}}</ref> Der no be evidence wey corticosteroid injection sustainably dey alter de natural history of de disease, wich dey seem to be a gradual progression of [[neuropathy]].<ref name="Adinu"/> Surgery to cut de [[transverse carpal ligament]] be de only known [[disease modifying treatment]].<ref name="AAOS2016" /> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200524230750/http://www.carpal-tunnel.net/ NHS website carpal-tunnel.net provides a free to use, validated, online self diagnosis questionnaire for CTS] * {{Cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/carpaltunnelsyndrome.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Carpal Tunnel Syndrome }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mononeuropathies of upper limb]] [[Category:Physical ergonomics]] [[Category:Syndromes wey dey affect de nervous system]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0bey1kcuyrx6143prfrz2nf2yrlfkbb 14 31026 114883 2026-10-14T19:10:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114883 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31027 114884 2026-10-14T19:10:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114884 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31028 114885 2026-10-14T19:43:37Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1506219|Tetracycline]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114886 114885 2026-10-14T19:49:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tetracycline''', dem sell under various brand names, be an [[antibiotic]] insyd de [[tetracyclines]] family of medications, dem use to treat a number of [[infections]],<ref name="AHFS20162">{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195613/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> wey dey include [[Acne vulgaris|acne]], [[cholera]], [[brucellosis]], [[plague (disease)|plague]], [[malaria]], den [[syphilis]].<ref name="AHFS20162" /> E be available insyd oral den topical formulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline Topical Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments |url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/tetracycline-topical.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments |url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/tetracycline.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == ginkef56vdvoqhfksrjzia6094w5mq7 114891 114886 2026-10-15T09:40:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tetracycline''', dem sell under various brand names, be an [[antibiotic]] insyd de [[tetracyclines]] family of medications, dem use to treat a number of [[infections]],<ref name="AHFS20162">{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195613/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> wey dey include [[Acne vulgaris|acne]], [[cholera]], [[brucellosis]], [[plague (disease)|plague]], [[malaria]], den [[syphilis]].<ref name="AHFS20162" /> E be available insyd oral den topical formulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline Topical Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments |url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/tetracycline-topical.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments |url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/tetracycline.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> Common side effects dey include vomiting, [[diarrhea]], rash, den loss of appetite.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Oda side effects dey include poor [[tooth]] development if kiddies less dan eight years of age use, [[kidney problems]], den [[sunburn]]ing easily.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Ein use during [[pregnancy]] fi harm de baby.<ref name=AHFS2016/> E dey work by inhibiting protein synthesis insyd bacteria.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195613/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] o1xkh0v35y6fqmlpn0v1oip6vjmnzd0 114892 114891 2026-10-15T09:46:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tetracycline''', dem sell under various brand names, be an [[antibiotic]] insyd de [[tetracyclines]] family of medications, dem use to treat a number of [[infections]],<ref name="AHFS20162">{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195613/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> wey dey include [[Acne vulgaris|acne]], [[cholera]], [[brucellosis]], [[plague (disease)|plague]], [[malaria]], den [[syphilis]].<ref name="AHFS20162" /> E be available insyd oral den topical formulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline Topical Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments |url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/tetracycline-topical.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments |url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/tetracycline.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> Common side effects dey include vomiting, [[diarrhea]], rash, den loss of appetite.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Oda side effects dey include poor [[tooth]] development if kiddies less dan eight years of age use, [[kidney problems]], den [[sunburn]]ing easily.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Ein use during [[pregnancy]] fi harm de baby.<ref name=AHFS2016/> E dey work by inhibiting protein synthesis insyd bacteria.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195613/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Tetracycline be patented insyd 1953<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2699054A|title=Tetracycline|gdate=1955-01-11|invent1=Conover|inventor1-first=Lloyd H.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2699054A/en}}</ref> wey na e be approved for prescription use insyd 1954.<ref name="History2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson ML, Levy SB |date=December 2011 |title=The history of the tetracyclines |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1241 |issue=1 |pages=17–32 |bibcode=2011NYASA1241...17N |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06354.x |pmid=22191524 |s2cid=34647314}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA489 |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=489 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084414/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA489 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> E dey on de [[World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |year=2019 |location=Geneva |hdl=10665/325771 |id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06}}</ref> Tetracycline be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Na dem originally make tetracycline from bacteria of de genus ''[[Streptomyces]]''.<ref name=AHFS2016/> De tetracycline name dey cam from de 4 hydrocarbon rings. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nnad9gp6v2infxch38kcjk8is8lu1bp 114893 114892 2026-10-15T09:50:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tetracycline''', dem sell under various brand names, be an [[antibiotic]] insyd de [[tetracyclines]] family of medications, dem use to treat a number of [[infections]],<ref name="AHFS20162">{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195613/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> wey dey include [[Acne vulgaris|acne]], [[cholera]], [[brucellosis]], [[plague (disease)|plague]], [[malaria]], den [[syphilis]].<ref name="AHFS20162" /> E be available insyd oral den topical formulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline Topical Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments |url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/tetracycline-topical.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments |url=https://www.drugs.com/dosage/tetracycline.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> Common side effects dey include vomiting, [[diarrhea]], rash, den loss of appetite.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Oda side effects dey include poor [[tooth]] development if kiddies less dan eight years of age use, [[kidney problems]], den [[sunburn]]ing easily.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Ein use during [[pregnancy]] fi harm de baby.<ref name=AHFS2016/> E dey work by inhibiting protein synthesis insyd bacteria.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web |title=Tetracycline |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195613/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tetracycline.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Tetracycline be patented insyd 1953<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2699054A|title=Tetracycline|gdate=1955-01-11|invent1=Conover|inventor1-first=Lloyd H.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2699054A/en}}</ref> wey na e be approved for prescription use insyd 1954.<ref name="History2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson ML, Levy SB |date=December 2011 |title=The history of the tetracyclines |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1241 |issue=1 |pages=17–32 |bibcode=2011NYASA1241...17N |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06354.x |pmid=22191524 |s2cid=34647314}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA489 |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=489 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084414/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA489 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> E dey on de [[World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |year=2019 |location=Geneva |hdl=10665/325771 |id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06}}</ref> Tetracycline be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Na dem originally make tetracycline from bacteria of de genus ''[[Streptomyces]]''.<ref name=AHFS2016/> De tetracycline name dey cam from de 4 hydrocarbon rings. == References == <references /> {{Commons}} [[Category:1948 introductions]] [[Category:Anti-acne preparations]] [[Category:Biomarkers]] [[Category:Carboxamides]] [[Category:Dermatoxins]] [[Category:Hepatotoxins]] [[Category:Otologicals]] [[Category:Tetracycline antibiotics]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Dimethylamino compounds]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jfl8moz7wuufjoyqp7hqsznqez5h0qz 3 31029 114890 2026-10-15T09:36:27Z DaSupremo 9 /* Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia */ new section 114890 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia == This is the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia which is different from English Wikipedia. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 09:36, 15 October 2026 (GMT) agb27g5w1wdcf34r8n9ts8pu8i8e8r8 14 31030 114894 2026-10-15T09:50:26Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114894 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31031 114895 2026-10-15T09:50:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114895 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1