Kigali International Airport

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    <title>Kigali International Airport</title>
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'''Kigali International Airport''' (IATA: '''KGL''', ICAO: '''HRYR'''), formerly dem know am as Kanombe International Airport, be de primary airport wey dey serve Kigali, de capital of [[Rwanda]]. Currently, der be project wey dey go on make dem build anoda mega-airport for Bugesera District, Eastern Province insyd, wey go be de biggest den de main air gateway give all destinations for de country insyd, wey go add make e serve as transit airport give Goma den Bukavu for de eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Four airlines wey dey base for Kigali insyd: RwandAir, de flag carrier airline of Rwanda; Akagera Aviation, Rwandan heli-company;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145756/http://www.akageraaviation.com/pages/about%20us.shml &quot;About Akagera&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.akageraaviation.com/pages/about%20us.shml the original] on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Tempus Jet, American airline wey dey provide charter flights;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130303023558/http://www.tempusjets.com/international-operations/ &quot;Tempus Jets international operations&quot;]. Tempusjets.com. Archived from [http://www.tempusjets.com/international-operations/ the original] on 3 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; den Nexus Aero, Saudi VIP airline.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130623132745/http://www.nexus.aero/profile.php &quot;Our headquarters are based in Saudi Arabia with a back-up Flight Operations Centre located in Bahrain as well as a new Africa base in Rwanda&quot;]. Nexus.aero. Archived from [http://www.nexus.aero/profile.php the original] on 23 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Location ==
De airport dey locate for de suburb of ''Kanombe Sector'' insyd, for de eastern edge of Kigali, approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), by road, east of de central business district for de city of Kigali.&lt;ref&gt;[https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kigali%20(Kigali)&amp;toplace=Kanombe%20(Kigali)&amp;fromlat=-1.9536111&amp;tolat=-1.9747222&amp;fromlng=30.0605556&amp;tolng=30.1613889 &quot;Road Distance Between Kigali And Kanombe With Map&quot;]. Distancecalculator.globefeed.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814171915/http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kigali%20(Kigali)&amp;toplace=Kanombe%20(Kigali)&amp;fromlat=-1.9536111&amp;tolat=-1.9747222&amp;fromlng=30.0605556&amp;tolng=30.1613889 Archived] from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Airlines den destinations ==

=== Passenger ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Airlines
!Destinations
|-
|Auric Air
|Entebbe, Grumeti, Mwanza, Seronera
|-
|Brussels Airlines
|Brussels
|-
|Coastal Aviation
|Mwanza
|-
|Egyptair
|Cairo
|-
|Ethiopian Airlines
|Addis Ababa
|-
|Kenya Airways
|Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta
|-
|KLM
|Amsterdam
|-
|RwandAir
|[[Abuja]], [[Accra]], Bangui, Brazzaville, Brussels, Bujumbura, Cape Town, [[Cotonou]], Cyangugu, Dar es Salaam, Doha,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220117013952/https://dohahamadairport.com/media/hamad-international-airport-welcomes-rwandair%E2%80%99s-direct-flights-kigali-doha &quot;Hamad International Airport welcomes RwandAir's direct flights from Kigali to Doha&quot;]. ''Hamad International Airport''. 2 December 2021. Archived from [https://dohahamadairport.com/media/hamad-international-airport-welcomes-rwandair%E2%80%99s-direct-flights-kigali-doha the original] on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Douala, Dubai–International, Entebbe, Harare, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo, Kilimanjaro, Lagos, Libreville, London–Heathrow, Lusaka, Mombasa, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Paris–Charles de Gaulle&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230414-wbcdg &quot;Rwandair Schedules late-June 2023 Paris Launch&quot;]. ''Aeroroutes''. Retrieved 14 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Turkish Airlines
|Istanbul
|}

=== Cargo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Airlines
!Destinations
|-
|Astral Aviation
|Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132143/https://astral-aviation.com/schedule/ex-nairobi-schedule/ &quot;EX – NAIROBI SCHEDULE&quot;]. ''Astral Aviation''. Retrieved 1 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ethiopian Airlines Cargo
|Addis Ababa,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411143040/http://www.ethiopianairlines.com/en/cargo/schedule.aspx &quot;Ethiopian Airlines Cargo Schedule&quot;]. Ethiopianairlines.com. 29 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.ethiopianairlines.com/en/cargo/schedule.aspx the original] on 11 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kenya Airways Cargo
|Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta
|-
|Magma Aviation
|Liege, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta
|-
|Qatar Airways Cargo
|Doha, Liège, Entebbe, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714042325/http://cargo.martinair.com/wps/wcm/connect/53db92804e043f18a18eb128ba7f78d5/MP_Cargo_Sched_AMS_06JUL09-02AUG09.pdf?MOD=AJPERES &quot;Martinair Services Kigali From Amsterdam&quot;] (PDF). Cargo.martinair.com. Archived from [http://cargo.martinair.com/wps/wcm/connect/53db92804e043f18a18eb128ba7f78d5/MP_Cargo_Sched_AMS_06JUL09-02AUG09.pdf?MOD=AJPERES the original] (PDF) on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Qatar Airways Cargo Operate by ULS Cargo&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bollore-logistics.com/en/news/bollore-logistics-participates-in-new-airfreight-service-to-africa-with-qatar-airways-cargo/ &quot;Bolloré Logistics participates in new airfreight service to Africa with Qatar Airways Cargo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
|Kano, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo, Lagos,
|-
|RwandAir Cargo&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rwandair.com/media-center/news-press-releases/rwandair-expands-its-fleet-with-a-dedicated-freighter/ &quot;RwandAir expands its fleet with a dedicated freighter&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Sharjah
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
Media wey relate to [[commons:Category:Kigali_International_Airport|Kigali International Airport]] at Wikimedia Commons

* [http://www.winne.com/rwanda/to00.html Information on the airport from WINNE]
* [http://www.azworldairports.com/airports/p2367kgl.htm The A-Z World Airports page on Kigali International]
* [http://www.winne.com/rwanda/to00interview.html An interview with John Nkongoli, Managing Director of Rwanda Airports Authority]

[[Category:Airports]]
[[Category:Airports insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Kigali]]
[[Category:Pages plus maps]]
[[Category:Airports insyd Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School</title>
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      <text bytes="14857" sha1="73bhlpc3oetv1xompsh6l4nc63sgbv2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Presec.webp|thumb|PRESBYTERIAN BOYS' SECONDARY SCHOOL]]
[[File:Presec Legon.webp|thumb|PRESBYTERIAN BOYS' SECONDARY SCHOOL]]
'''Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School''' ('''PRESEC''') be boys dema secondary school wey san be boarding wey dey Legon, Accra for Ghana insyd. Dem found am for 1938 insyd, for de Presbyterian Church dema auspices unders for Gold Coast times.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161111065106/http://www.odadee.net/school &quot;PRESEC | Alumni Portal&quot;]. 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; De Basel missionary, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862–1961), wey serve as de first Synod Clerk give de Presbyterian Church for Gold Coast times from 1918 to 1932, use ein tenure advocate de establishment of de secondary school.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk_n.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328135331/http://dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk_n.html|archive-date=2016-03-28|access-date=2017-06-20|website=Dacb}}&lt;/ref&gt; De school get ties plus ein sisto schools, [[Aburi Girls' Senior High School]] den Krobo Girls Senior High School.

De school ein crest get shield plus de Presbyterian symbol (de St Andrew Cross-Scottish flag plus de Swiss flag embedded den burning torch wey dey middle) plus de school ein motto, &quot;In Lumine Tuo Videbimus Lumen&quot;, wey dey mean &quot;In Thy Light We Shall See Light&quot;, dem scroll am beneath de shield. First nu na de school dey Odumase-Krobo for de Eastern region of Ghana insyd before dem move am to wer e dey currently for Legon insyd, for 1968 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

De school ein anthem be &quot;Happy Are We&quot;, J. L. Anang wey rep am wey Stephen Appiah Danquah transcribe am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.odadee.org/history/index.php?p=40|title=Welcome odadee.org - BlueHost.com|date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918084315/http://www.odadee.org/history/index.php?p=40|archive-date=18 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De school be eight-time [[Ghana National Science and Maths Quiz]] winner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NSMQ|url=https://nsmq.com.gh/|publisher=nsmq ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey bell de alumnus of de school as &quot;''Ɔdadeɛ&quot;.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ennin|first=Richard|title=PRESEC Old Students walk with NSMQ winners|url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.18986099|access-date=2021-03-03|website=gna ghana|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101170716/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.18986099|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Campus ==

=== Houses ===

* Kwansa House
* Clerk House
* Engmann House
* Akro House
* Riis House
* Labone House
* Ako-Adjei House
* Owusu Parry House
* House 9
* P. T. A. House
* House 14

== Alliance ==
PRESEC get alliance wey dey go on plus dema fellow Presbyterian Girls' school, Aburi Girls' Secondary School, ABUGISS. Dem know de alliance as PRE-GISS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-03-05|title=Aburi Girls loses to their alliance Presec-Legon in The Sharks Quiz opener|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Aburi-Girls-loses-to-their-alliance-Presec-Legon-in-The-Sharks-Quiz-opener-728228|access-date=2021-03-03|website=ghanaweb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gbagbo|first=Julitta|date=2016-04-25|title=12 Schools in Ghana With the Strongest Aliance Groups|url=https://kuulpeeps.com/2016/04/25/12-schools-in-ghana-with-the-strongest-alliance-groups/campus|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Kuulpeeps|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Headies ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Headies
!Tenure for office insyd
|-
|The Rev. E. A. W. Engmann
|1938—1943
|-
|The Rev. E. J. Klufio - (Acting Headie)
|1943—1948
|-
|C. J. Amaning (Acting Headie)
|1948—1949
|-
|The Rev. E. A. W. Engmann
|1949—1951
|-
|The Rev. E. J. Klufio
|1951—1960
|-
|N. O. Anim (Acting Headie)
|Sept 1960—Jan 1961
|-
|E. K. Datsa (Acting Headie)
|Jan 1961—July 1961
|-
|S. M. Akita (Acting Headie)
|Aug 1961—Sept 1961
|-
|The Rev. E. J. Klufio
|1961—1966
|-
|E. K. Caesar (Acting Headie)
|Jan 1966—Augt 1966
|-
|E. K. Datsa
|1966-1973
|-
|E. A. Apeadu (Acting Headie)
|Sept 1973—Aug 1974
|-
|Odadee The Rev. E. S. Mate-Kodjo ‘48
|1974—1980
|-
|E. Y. Attua-Afari
|1980—1982
|-
|E. A. Apeadu
|1982—1989
|-
|Rose Ankrah (Acting Headie)
|1989—1990
|-
|A. A. Akuoku
|1990—1996
|-
|J. J. Asare (Acting Headie)
|1996—1997
|-
|J. J. Asare
|1997—2006
|-
|Africanus Kwame Anane
|2006—2014
|-
|Lady Queene Aseidu-Akrofi
|2014-2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/832609/presec-launches-80th-anniversary-celebration.html|title=Presec launches 80th Anniversary Celebration|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725142754/https://www.modernghana.com/news/832609/presec-launches-80th-anniversary-celebration.html|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|David Odjija
|2018—&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PRESEC confers award on Speaker|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/presec-confers-award-on-speaker.html|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Graphic Online|date=25 February 2020|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Notable alumni ==

=== Politics, government, den public policy ===

* Bryan Acheampong - Member of Parliament for Abetifi since July 2016
* Collins Adomako-Mensah - Member of Parliament for Afigya Kwabre North&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-30|title=Afigya Kwabre North MP makes cash donations to finalists of 2021 NSMQ|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Afigya-Kwabre-North-MP-makes-cash-donations-to-finalists-of-2021-NSMQ-1413259|access-date=2022-03-13|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101173009/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Afigya-Kwabre-North-MP-makes-cash-donations-to-finalists-of-2021-NSMQ-1413259|archive-date=2022-11-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* J. B. Danquah Adu  - Member of Parliament for Akim Abuakwa North
* Lt. Gen. F. W. K. Akuffo - Head of State for Ghana (5 July 1978 – 4 June 1979)
* Vice Admiral Seth Amoama - Chief of de Defence Staff for de Ghana Armed Forces since January 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=8 August 2021|title=Ɔdadeɛ Global Executive Calls On Chief Of Defence Staff Ɔdadeɛ Vice Admiral Seth Amoama|url=https://odadeena.org/%c9%94dade%c9%9b-global-executive-calls-on-chief-of-defence-staff-%c9%94dade%c9%9b-vice-admiral-seth-amoama/|access-date=1 April 2022|website=|publisher=Ɔdadeɛ North America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229053346/https://odadeena.org/%C9%94dade%C9%9B-global-executive-calls-on-chief-of-defence-staff-%C9%94dade%C9%9B-vice-admiral-seth-amoama/|archive-date=29 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Michael Paul Ansah - Minister of State for de third republic insyd
* Eugene Arhin- Director of Communications for de Presidency (2017-)
* Theodore Obo Asare Jnr - Economist den Member of Parliament give Akan Bowiri for de first republic insyd
* Mark Assibey-Yeboah - Economist den Member of Parliament for New Juaben South 6th den 7th parliament, Chairman for de 7th Parliament ein Finance Committee
* Kwaku Boateng - Minister of Education den Minister of Interior for de first republic insyd
* Kwesi Botchwey - Ghana ein longest-serving Minister of Finance (1982–1995), Chairman for Ghana National Gas Development Task Force
* Fuseini Issah - Member of Parliament - Okaikwei North since January 2017
* Lawrence Kpabitey Kodjiku - First Director for de National Service Secretariat, Regional Commissioner (Regional Minister) for de Ashanti Region (1975-1977), Regional Commissioner for de Greater Accra Region (1977-1979), Regional Commissioner for de [[Northern Region]] (June 1979-August 1979), den former Ghana ein ambassador to Israel.
* Eric Oduro Osae -  Director General for de internal audit agency for Ghana den Dean of Institute of Local Governance
* Bernard Okoe-Boye - Member of Parliament - Ledzokuku Constituency for de [[Greater Accra Region]], Deputy Minister of Health
* Aaron Mike Oquaye - Speaker of de 7th Parliament for de 4th Republic (2017–2021), former Minister of Communication (2005–2009)
* Mike Oquaye Jnr - Diplomat
* Oseadeeyo Kwasi Akuffo III -  Omanhene (or paramount chief) for de Akuapem traditional area (Okuapeman) for Ghana insyd
* Kofi Portuphy - former National Coordinator, National Disaster Management Organization den former National Chairman-National Democratic Congress
* Erasmus Isaac Preko - Member of parliament during de first republic, Minister of Fuel den Power (1965 – 1966)
* Andrews Kwabla Puplampu - Minister for Lands (1965 – 1966)
* Samuel Sarpong - Ashanti den Central Regional Minister (2014 - 2016)
* Bright Simons - IMANI Ghana den 2012 World Economic Forum (WEF), Young Global Leader (YGL)
* Alex Tettey-Enyo - former Minister of Education
* Daniel Nii Kwartei Titus Glover - Member of Parliament for Tema East since 2013
* Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa - Member of Parliament - North Tongu, former Deputy Minister of Education (2013–2016)
* Ato Ulzen-Appiah - Director for de GhanaThink Foundation wey dem name am amongst most influential young Africans
* Kobla Mensah Wisdom Woyome - Member of parliament for South Tongu

=== Academia ===

* Gilbert Ansre - Professor of Linguistics, [[University of Ghana]] den Bible translation expert
* Ernest Aryeetey - Vice-Chancellor for University of Ghana (2010–2016)
* E. Bamfo-Kwakye - Vice-Chancellor for [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)]] (1974–1983)
* Kwabena Boahen - Professor of Bioengineering den Neuromorphic Engineering, Stanford University
* George C. Clerk - pioneering Ghanaian botanist den phytopathologist
* Nicholas T. Clerk - Ghanaian academic, administrator den Presbyterian minister, former Rector of GIMPA
* John Owusu Gyapong, vice chancellor for de [[University of Health and Allied Sciences]]
* Eric Yirenkyi Danquah - Founding Director of West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement (WACCI) den winner for de World Agriculture Prize (WAP)
* Bill Puplampu - Vice Chancellor for de Central University

=== Arts den entertainment ===

* Augustine Abbey - Great Idikoko Ventures ein owner den Presido for Film Producers Association of Ghana
* John Apea - Actor den movie director
* E. Bamfo-Kwakye - Vice Chancellor for de  Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (1974 - 1983)
* Kwasi Kyei Darwkah - Ghanaian broadcaster den master of ceremonies
* Dancegod Lloyd - Ghanaian dancer den choreographer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sagoe|first=Margaret|date=2019-02-28|title=#Emergers2019: Get To Know Dancegod Lloyd|url=https://kuulpeeps.com/2019/02/28/emergers2019-get-to-know-dancegod-lloyd/emergers_recycle/emergers-2019|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Kuulpeeps|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwaku Sintim-Misa - Ghanaian actor, political satirist, den host of ''Thank God it's Friday''

=== Sports ===

* Ezekiel Ansah - American football defensive end
* Reuben Ayarna - Footballer, Defensive Midfielder for de Kuopion Palloseura for Finland insyd
* Benjamin Azamati-Kwaku - Member for de Ghana 4×100 relay team den International Champion&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ghana/benjamin-azamati-kwaku-452615|title=Benjamin Azamati-Kwaku &amp;#124; Profile &amp;#124; World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Isaac Kissi - footballer
* Andrew Owusu - international triple jump champion&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andrew OWUSU &amp;#124; Profile &amp;#124; World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/ghana/andrew-owusu-14194933|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021232521/http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/ghana/andrew-owusu-20052|archive-date=21 October 2013|website=worldathletics.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Corporate, business, den finance ===

* Jonathan Herbert Frimpong-Ansah - former Governor for de Bank of Ghana&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Frimpong-Ansah|first1=J. H.|title=Flexibility and responsiveness in the Ghana economy:&amp;nbsp;post decline atrophy syndome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJw1AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=j+h+frimpong+presbyterian|page=36|isbn=9789964969103|year=1996|publisher=Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lucy Quist]] - first Ghanaian woman wey cam turn de CEO for multinational telecommunications company for Ghana insyd
* Patricia Obo-Nai - CEO Vodafone Ghana
* Kris Senanu - Ghanaian Kenyan Business Executive

=== Law ===

* Nene Amegatcher - active Justice for de Supreme Court of Ghana (2018–)
* Kofi Barnes - Judge for de Ontario Superior Court of Justice for [[Canada]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;graphic2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|editor1-last=Asmah|editor1-first=Kobby|title=Ɔdadeɛ '81 - Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of leaving Presec- Roll Call, Class of '81|journal=Daily Graphic|date=2 March 2022|issue=21827|page=8|publisher=Graphic Communications Group Ltd|location=Accra|issn=0855-1529}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Benjamin Kwakye - Harvard Law School graduate, author, lawyer den winner for de 2006 Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book ([[Africa]] Region)

=== Music ===

* Victor Kofi Agawu - Professor for Music, Princeton University
* Ayisi (A.I) - Ghanaian musician
* Ball J - sound engineer den record producer
* Elom Adablah - dem sanso know am as EL, rapper, den musician (Artiste for de Year for de 2015/2016 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards)
* Choirmaster - member of 'Praye' music group
* GAMBO - Ghanaian musician
* Hammer of de Last Two - producer den sound engineer
* Jayso - Ghanaian rapper den record producer
* Denzel Prempeh - Ghanaian musician

=== Journalism ===

* Owuraku Ampofo - Sports Journalist
* Bernard Avle - Ghanaian media personality den broadcast journalist
* Emmanuel Agbeko Gamor - journalist
* Paul Adom Otchere - Ghanaian media personality den broadcast journalist
* Louis Kwame Sakyiamah (Lexis Bill) - Ghanaian media personality
* Gary Al-Smith - Sports Journalist

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210303181752/https://preseclegon.edu.gh/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061205053026/http://odadee.org/ Alumni]
* [http://www.odadee75.org/ Odadee Class of 1975]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090616075419/http://www.odadeeprofs.org/ Odadee Professionals Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061227170824/http://www.odadee91.org/ Odadee Class of 1991]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:High schools insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Education insyd Accra]]
[[Category:Presbyterian schools insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1938]]
[[Category:Boys' schools insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Boarding schools insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Christian schools insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Public schools insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:1938 establishments insyd de British Empire]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism insyd Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sandra Don-Arthur</title>
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'''Sandra Don-Arthur''' (dem born am 22 April 1980) alias '''''Alexandrina''''' for showbiz industry insyd be professional makeup artist den Vlogger wey komot Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; She be de founder den C.E.O give Alexiglam Studio,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afede |first=Togbe |date=2015-04-23 |title=World's leading makeup brand launches in Ghana on Friday |url=http://citifmonline.com/2015/04/worlds-leading-makeup-brand-launches-in-ghana-on-friday/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419172258/https://citifmonline.com/2015/04/worlds-leading-makeup-brand-launches-in-ghana-on-friday/ |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Citi 97.3 FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey be Ghanaian makeup den beauty company wey dey provide beauty services give women for Ghana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-02 |title=Sandra Don-Arthur wins top Ghana Makeup Award |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-2nd/sandra-don-arthur-wins-top-ghana-makeup-award.php |url-status=dead |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502050958/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-2nd/sandra-don-arthur-wins-top-ghana-makeup-award.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 September 2018|title=Sandra Don-Arthur makes Ghana proud at New York Fashion Week|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Sandra-Don-Arthur-makes-Ghana-proud-at-New-York-Fashion-Week-683663|access-date=2019-08-04|website=Ghana Web|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Na ebe Ghanaian architect poppie, Eric George Alexander Don-Arthur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-03-09 |title=Nkrumah Mausoleum decays |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/205635/nkrumah-mausoleum-decays.html |website=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Architectural History of Ghana |url=https://www.culturalencyclopaedia.org/an-architectural-history-of-ghana-entry |website=The Cultural Encyclopaedia |publisher=ANO Institute of Arts and Knowledge}}&lt;/ref&gt; den a Russian mommie, Natalia Don-Arthur wey be a biochemist born am. She grow up insyd both Ghana den Russia plus ein 4 siblings wey she be de younger sisto of Eric Don-Arthur, de 2016 [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]] Parliamentary Candidate give de Effutu Constituency.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113427/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201511/261531.php &quot;Former TV3 Man Eric Don- Arthur Wins ...&quot;] ''Peace FM Online''. Retrieved 2 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Don-Arthur attend Morning Star School insyd Cantonments wey she move to St. Roses Senior High School insyd [[Akwatia]]. Later, she lef go de [[United Kingdom]] make she study at de West London College den insyd 2011 she proceed to Mink Cosmetics wer na she graduate plus a certificate insyd makeup artistry, hair styling den special effects. She be alumna of de [[Ashesi University]] insyd Ghana.

== Ein Life matter ==
She dey stay Accra wey dey Ghana plus ein two kiddies.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230420024147/https://citifmonline.com/2017/06/the-telling-journey-of-a-sickle-strong-warrior/ &quot;The telling journey of a Sickle Strong Warrior!&quot;]. ''Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always''. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Awards den nominations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year 
!Event
!Prize
|'''Result'''
|-
|2016
|Ghana Makeup Awards
|Best Editorial Makeup Artist
|She win&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otoo |first=Lilipearl Baaba |title=Face of Make-up Blogging nominated for Makeup Blog of the Year |url=https://thebftonline.com/2019/lifestylesports/face-of-make-up-blogging-nominated-for-makeup-blog-of-the-year/ |access-date=2019-08-04 |website=Business &amp; Financial Times Online |language=en-US |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517024250/https://thebftonline.com/2019/lifestylesports/face-of-make-up-blogging-nominated-for-makeup-blog-of-the-year/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Ghana Makeup Awards
|Best Makeup Artist
|She win&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/49627/sandra-don-arthur-wins-top-ghana-makeup-award.html|title=Sandra Don-Arthur Wins Top Ghana Makeup Award|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Young Entrepreneurs Awards
|Excellence in Makeup Artistry
|She win
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Sandra_Don-Arthur|Sandra Don-Arthur]]'''''.

* [https://www.instagram.com/alexandrinamakeup/ Sandra Don-Arthur] for Instagram top

[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Make-up artists]]
[[Category:Ashesi University alumni]]
[[Category:Ghanaian women artists]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Roses Senior High school (Akwatia)]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women]]
[[Category:Women video bloggers]]
[[Category:Ghanaian women bloggers]]
[[Category:People wey komot Accra]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sylvia Boye</title>
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'''Sylvia Boye''' be [[Ghanaian]] woman, former Chief Executive den first female Registrar give West African Examination Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Don’t blame WAEC officials for paper leakage – Former WAEC registrar - citifmonline|url=http://citifmonline.com/2015/04/28/dont-blame-waec-officials-for-paper-leakage-former-waec-registrar/|access-date=2016-01-22|first=Godwin Akweiteh|last=Allotey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128113134/http://citifmonline.com/2015/04/28/dont-blame-waec-officials-for-paper-leakage-former-waec-registrar/|archive-date=2016-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wesley Girls High School - Achievement|url=http://wesleygirls.edu.gh/2-uncategorised/45-achievement|website=wesleygirls.edu.gh|access-date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131090506/http://wesleygirls.edu.gh/2-uncategorised/45-achievement|archive-date=2017-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Education ==
Boye go [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School]] wey dey [[Cape Coast]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Boye earn ein Bachelor of Arts den LLD from [[University of Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.ghanawaec.org/ABOUTWAEC/History.aspx|website=www.ghanawaec.org|access-date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621135319/http://www.ghanawaec.org/ABOUTWAEC/History.aspx|archive-date=2017-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:Ghanaian businesspeople]]
[[Category:People educated at Wesley Girls' Senior High School]]
[[Category:University of Ghana alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ursula Owusu</title>
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'''Ursula Owusu-Ekuful''' (born 20 October 1964) be a [[Ghanaian]] lawyer, women's rights activist, den a politician wey na she be actively involved insyd politics den public service. She be de former member of Parliament for Ablekuma West Constituency insyd de Greater Accra Region den former Minister of Communications and Digitalisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Members of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Ghana|url=http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/397|access-date=2015-08-01|website=parliament of Ghana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111326/http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/397|archive-date=2016-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-06-18|title=I beg for money each month to survive - Ursula Owusu|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-beg-for-money-each-month-to-survive-Ursula-Owusu-363127|access-date=2015-08-01|website=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanamps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Owusu, Ursula G.|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5451|access-date=2019-03-09|website=Ghana MPs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghananewsonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ghananewsonline.com.gh/ursula-owusu-shares-the-belief-that-muslims-are-intolerant/|title=Ursula Owusu shares the belief that Muslims are intolerant|date=2018-04-16|work=Ghananewsonline|access-date=2018-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Government will improve GMet Services - Communications Minister - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/government-will-improve-gmet-services-communications-minister/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Myjoyonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/|access-date=2022-05-28|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/|archive-date=2021-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein early life den education ==
Ursula dey hail from [[Akim Oda]] insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanamps&quot; /&gt; She attend Labone Senior High School wey she proceed to Mfantsiman Girls Secondary School for sixth form education. She continue to de [[University of Ghana]] den de Ghana School Of Law, wer she obtain an LLB. Na dem call am to de bar insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful – Communications - Government of Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications |access-date=2018-02-07 |website=Government of Ghana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085443/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications |archive-date=2019-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; She obtain a master's degree insyd Conflict, Peace and Security from de [[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful – Communications - Government of Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=Government of Ghana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085443/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications |archive-date=2019-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament of Ghana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=6 |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223043216/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=6 |archive-date=2024-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso get a certificate insyd Government Integrity from de International Law Institute. She sanso dey hold a Project Management and Planning Certificate from [[Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration|GIMPA]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minster’s Profile – Ministry of Communications and Digitalisation |url=https://moc.gov.gh/minsters-profile/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ein pre-political career ==
She job ten years as lawyer give Akufo-Addo, Prempeh &amp; Co. law firm before she komot go telecommunication industry insyd.

Ursula, job for different boards top den for different capacities insyd:&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ursula Owusu: Executive Profile &amp; Biography - Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=29973119&amp;privcapId=10530883&amp;previousCapId=10530883&amp;previousTitle=Ghana%2520Telecommunications%2520Company%2520Limited|access-date=2018-05-16|website=bloomberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Managing Consultant plus N. U. Consult Legal, Governance den Gender Consultants,
* Executive Member give International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA), Ghana,
* Former President give FIDA Ghana
* Former Vice President give de Africa Regional FIDA International.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful Awarded by FIDA {{!}} Ministry of Communications|url=https://www.moc.gov.gh/ursula-owusu-ekuful-awarded-fida|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Ministry of communication Ghana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522230045/https://www.moc.gov.gh/ursula-owusu-ekuful-awarded-fida|archive-date=2022-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Member plus de Ghana Bar Association,
* Member give de African Women Lawyers Association (AWLA)
* Acting Managing Director give Western Telesystems (Westel) (September 2005 come May 2008) den
* Corporate den External Affairs Director, ZAIN Ghana (April 2008 come January 2009)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-09|title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful|url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/ursula-owusu-ekuful|access-date=2020-12-27|website=World Bank Live|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein political life ==
Insyd 2012, dem vote give am say she for be Member of Parliament for de fresh constituency, Ablekuma West Constituency as dema first member of parliament.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Insyd 2015, she chop de NPP parliamentary primaries give de Ablekuma West Constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ursula Owusu wins controversial Ablekuma West NPP polls - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2016/April-9th/ursula-owusu-wins-controversial-ablekuma-west-npp-polls.php|access-date=2019-03-09|website=Myjoyonline.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085439/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2016/April-9th/ursula-owusu-wins-controversial-ablekuma-west-npp-polls.php|archive-date=2019-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; She retain ein parliamentary seat for de 2016 Ghanaian general elections by winning 34,376 votes out of de 60,558 valid votes cast wey dey make 56.96%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanamps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/component/search/?searchword=ursula%20owusu&amp;ordering=newest&amp;searchphrase=all&amp;limit=25|access-date=2019-03-09|website=Graphic Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem put she den ein oda female MPs for personal attacks after na dispute dey for chaw places take give female members of parliament. She talk say she wan shun politics for de future,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Myjoyonline.com|title=Ghana News - &quot;Sad&quot; Ursula Owusu to reassess political future|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/march-29th/.php|access-date=2018-02-07|website=Myjoyonline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085442/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/march-29th/.php|archive-date=2019-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; but ein next year she cam turn de Minister of Communications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2nd batch of ministerial nominees; Ursula, Akoto Osei, Joe Ghartey named|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/2nd-batch-of-ministerial-nominees-ursula-akoto-osei-joe-ghartey-in.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Effah|first=K.|date=2017-02-08|title=Photos: President Akufo-Addo swears in Otiko Djaba, et al as Ministers|url=https://yen.com.gh/88693-president-akufo-addo-swears-otiko-djaba-al-ministers.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Yen- Ghana news.|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080453/https://yen.com.gh/88693-president-akufo-addo-swears-otiko-djaba-al-ministers.html|archive-date=2017-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 insyd, dem appoint am as de Minister wey she dey go head de Ministry for Communications by President Akufo-Addo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2nd batch of ministerial nominees; Ursula, Akoto Osei, Joe Ghartey named|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/2nd-batch-of-ministerial-nominees-ursula-akoto-osei-joe-ghartey-in.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Effah|first=K.|date=2017-02-08|title=Photos: President Akufo-Addo swears in Otiko Djaba, et al as Ministers|url=https://yen.com.gh/88693-president-akufo-addo-swears-otiko-djaba-al-ministers.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Yen- Ghana news.|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080453/https://yen.com.gh/88693-president-akufo-addo-swears-otiko-djaba-al-ministers.html|archive-date=2017-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For December 2020 insyd, she go contest for re-election for de member of parliament for de 2020 Ghanaian general election as NPP demma parliamentary candidate. She retain ein seat after polling 37,363 out of 69,353 votes for de Ablekuma West Constituency. Ein closest competitor be Rev. Kweku Addo wey dey National Democratic Congress (NDC) pull 30,733 votes, whilst de oda candidates wey contest from de oda parties say, GUM, LPG den PNC pull 359, 330 den 65 respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamptey|first=Judith Lamiokor|date=8 December 2020|title=Ursula Owusu retains Ablekuma West seat|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ursula-owusu-retains-ablekuma-west-seat.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ablekuma West Constituency Results - Election 2020|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/greateraccra/ablekuma_west/|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004195440/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/greateraccra/ablekuma_west/|archive-date=2023-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ablekuma West – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report|url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/greater-accra-region/ablekuma-west/|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for Ablekuma West|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?ID=138&amp;mode=parliamentary|access-date=2023-11-08|website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein committees ===
Currently she dey serve for dese committees for Parliamentary insyd:

Constitutional, Legal den Parliamentary Affairs Committee (7th Parliament) den Appointments Committee (7th Parliament)

=== Ein socio-politics ===
For 2015 insyd, she den ein other female MPs were put for personal attacks after there was a dispute for a places take give female members of parliament. She talk say she wan shun politics for de future, but ein next year she became de Minister of Communications. as she cam chop ein current position as de Minister of Communication, she serve for  pletey boards den pletey capacities for ein professional career insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, Biography&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, Biography|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-3142|access-date=2022-07-20|website=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2018 insyd, section for Ghana put pressure for ein top say she share ein post for social media top say Ghanaian Muslims no be intolerant. On Saturday, de 29th of September 2018, Dem install am as a de Nkosuohemaa (Development Queen) by traditional leaders wey dey Akem Asuom for Eastern Region for Ghana insyd. De installment take place for de Palace of Asuomhene Osabarima Ofosuhene Apenteng II.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, Biography&quot; /&gt; 

For 2021 insyd, she go criticize de Ghanaian anti-LGBT bill say de bill go promote laziness den dishonesty so dem for change am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-30|title=Wording of LGBT Bill may lead to criminalisation of laziness, untruthfulness - Ursula Owusu - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/wording-of-lgbt-bill-may-lead-to-criminalisation-of-laziness-untruthfulness-ursula-owusu/|access-date=2022-09-17|website=Myjoyonline.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-12|title=Anti-gay bill will go through changes – Ursula Owusu Ekuful|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Anti-gay-bill-will-go-through-changes-Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-1400398|access-date=2022-09-17|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921214404/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Anti-gay-bill-will-go-through-changes-Ursula-Owusu-Ekuful-1400398|archive-date=2022-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; She san go advised LGBT+ menners for Ghana insyd May 2021, to keep dema activities private sake of Ghanaians no dey accept same-sex relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-29|title=Don't publicise your sexuality - Ursula Owusu-Ekuful tells Ghana LGBT community - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/dont-publicise-your-sexuality-ursula-owusu-ekuful-tells-ghana-lgbt-community/|access-date=2022-09-17|website=Myjoyonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Abedu-Kennedy|first=Dorcas|date=2021-04-29|title=Ursula Owusu sends message to LGBT community|url=https://www.adomonline.com/ursula-owusu-sends-message-to-lgbt-community/|access-date=2022-09-17|website=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein life matter ==
She marry plus one Ghanaian optometrist wey dey [[United Kingdom|UK]] Dr Sam Ekuful, dem get  one kiddie plus one child to UK-based Ghanaian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ursula Owusu-Ekuful – Communications - Government of Ghana|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications|access-date=2018-02-07|website=Government of Ghana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724085443/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3426-ursula-owusu-ekuful-communications|archive-date=2019-07-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-07-14|title=I Want To Give My Husband A Child - Ursula Owusu-Ekuful|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201707/320589.php|access-date=2019-03-07|website=peace fm online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504144225/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201707/320589.php|archive-date=2023-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/i-would-not-have-been-married-but-for-skype-ursula-owusu-ekuful.html|title=I would not have been married but for Skype - Ursula Owusu-Ekuful|first=Kweku|last=Zurek|date=2017-02-01|website=Graphic Online|access-date=2019-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theheraldghana.com/ursula-owusu-make-amends-with-neglected-son/|title=Ursula Owusu Make Amends With Neglected Son|last=theheraldteam|website=The Herald|date=2014-11-07|access-date=2019-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002943/http://theheraldghana.com/ursula-owusu-make-amends-with-neglected-son/|archive-date=2019-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; She talk say she be Christian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ein honours ==
For Saturday, 29 September 2018, dem install am as de Nkosuohemaa (Development Queen) by de traditional leaders den people for Akyem Asuom for de Kwaebibirem District wey dey [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] for Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Agyeman|first=Adwoa|date=2018-09-30|title=Ursula Owusu Ekuful now Nkosuohemaa of Akyem Asuom|url=https://www.adomonline.com/ghana-news/ursula-owusu-ekuful-now-nkosuohemaa-of-akyem-asuom/|access-date=2019-03-02|website=AdomOnline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Starrfmonline|title=Ursula installed devt queenmother at Asuom {{!}} Starr Fm|url=https://starrfmonline.com/2018/09/ursula-installed-devt-queenmother-at-asuom/|access-date=2019-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-09-30|title=Communications Minister Ursula Installed As Queen In Akyem Asuom|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/886572/communications-minister-ursula-installed-as-queen-in-akyem-a.html|access-date=2019-03-02|website=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-30|title=Akyem Asuom installs Ursula Nkosuohemaa|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akyem-Asuom-installs-Ursula-Nkosuohemaa-689126|access-date=2019-03-02|website=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For February 2019 insyd, International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) honour am for ein work for de protection for women den children dema right at de 2019 FIDA Africa Regional Congress wey dem hold for Abuja, [[Nigeria]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Owusu, Ursula}}
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]]
[[Category:New Patriotic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2013–2017]]
[[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women politicians]]
[[Category:University of Ghana alumni]]
[[Category:Ghana School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of de Parliament of Ghana]]
[[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025]]
[[Category:Ghanaian Christians]]
[[Category:Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre alumni]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q21063772|c=Category:Ursula Owusu-Ekuful|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Venus</title>
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'''Venus''' (symbol: [[Image:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♀]]) be de second planet for de [[sun]]. Ebe rocky planet plus de densest atmosphere of all de rocky bodies for de Solar System insyd, wey ebe de only one plus mass den size wey be close to dat of ein orbital neighbour Earth. Edey orbit inferiorly (insyd of Earth ein orbit), edey always appear for de Earth ein sky close go de Sun, as either &quot;morning star&quot; anaa &quot;evening star&quot;. While dis sanso be true give Mercury, Venus dey appear much more prominently, since ebe de third brightest object for Earth ein sky insyd afta de Moon den de Sun,&lt;ref&gt;Lawrence, Pete (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120611003523/http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html &quot;In Search of the Venusian Shadow&quot;]. ''Digitalsky.org.uk''. Archived from [http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html the original] on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walker, John. [http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/venus_daytime/ &quot;Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight&quot;]. ''Fourmilab Switzerland''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329024632/https://www.fourmilab.ch/images/venus_daytime/ Archived] from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; dey appear brighter dan any oda star-like classical planet anaa any fixed star. Plus such prominence insyd Earth ein sky, Venus historically be common den important object give humans, for both dema cultures den astronomy insyd. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* {{cite journal|last1=O'Rourke|first1=Joseph G.|last2=Wilson|first2=Colin F.|last3=Borrelli|first3=Madison E.|last4=Byrne|first4=Paul K.|last5=Dumoulin|first5=Caroline|last6=Ghail|first6=Richard|last7=Gülcher|first7=Anna J. P.|last8=Jacobson|first8=Seth A.|last9=Korablev|first9=Oleg|last10=Spohn|first10=Tilman|last11=Way|first11=M. J.|last12=Weller|first12=Matt|last13=Westall|first13=Frances|title=Venus, the Planet: Introduction to the Evolution of Earth's Sister Planet|journal=Space Science Reviews|date=6 February 2023|volume=219|issue=1|pages=10|doi=10.1007/s11214-023-00956-0|bibcode=2023SSRv..219...10O|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-023-00956-0|access-date=6 February 2025|language=en|issn=1572-9672|hdl=20.500.11850/598198|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Widemann|first1=Thomas|last2=Smrekar|first2=Suzanne E.|last3=Garvin|first3=James B.|last4=Straume-Lindner|first4=Anne Grete|last5=Ocampo|first5=Adriana C.|last6=Schulte|first6=Mitchell D.|last7=Voirin|first7=Thomas|last8=Hensley|first8=Scott|last9=Dyar|first9=M. Darby|last10=Whitten|first10=Jennifer L.|last11=Nunes|first11=Daniel C.|last12=Getty|first12=Stephanie A.|last13=Arney|first13=Giada N.|last14=Johnson|first14=Natasha M.|last15=Kohler|first15=Erika|last16=Spohn|first16=Tilman|last17=O'Rourke|first17=Joseph G.|last18=Wilson|first18=Colin F.|last19=Way|first19=Michael J.|last20=Ostberg|first20=Colby|last21=Westall|first21=Frances|last22=Höning|first22=Dennis|last23=Jacobson|first23=Seth|last24=Salvador|first24=Arnaud|last25=Avice|first25=Guillaume|last26=Breuer|first26=Doris|last27=Carter|first27=Lynn|last28=Gilmore|first28=Martha S.|last29=Ghail|first29=Richard|last30=Helbert|first30=Jörn|last31=Byrne|first31=Paul|last32=Santos|first32=Alison R.|last33=Herrick|first33=Robert R.|last34=Izenberg|first34=Noam|last35=Marcq|first35=Emmanuel|last36=Rolf|first36=Tobias|last37=Weller|first37=Matt|last38=Gillmann|first38=Cedric|last39=Korablev|first39=Oleg|last40=Zelenyi|first40=Lev|last41=Zasova|first41=Ludmila|last42=Gorinov|first42=Dmitry|last43=Seth|first43=Gaurav|last44=Rao|first44=C. V. Narasimha|last45=Desai|first45=Nilesh|title=Venus Evolution Through Time: Key Science Questions, Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations|journal=Space Science Reviews|date=October 2023|volume=219|issue=7|page=56|doi=10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w|bibcode=2023SSRv..219...56W|display-authors=1|hdl=10852/109541|hdl-access=free}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|commonscat=Venus (planet)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150906034051/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus Venus profile] at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150210163349/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/venuspage.html Missions to Venus] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20150329025335/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/thumbnail_pages/venus_thumbnails.html Image catalogue] at the National Space Science Data Center
* [http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm Soviet Exploration of Venus] and [http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm Image catalogue] at Mentallandscape.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151015045714/http://www.strykfoto.org/venera.htm Image catalogue from the Venera missions]
* [http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html Venus page] at ''The Nine Planets''
* [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalogue/VenusCatalog.html Transits of Venus] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319134106/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalogue/VenusCatalog.html Archived] 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine at NASA.gov
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150207003528/http://www.geody.com/?world=venus Geody Venus], a search engine for surface features
* [https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/pentagram-of-venus Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the pentagram that the orbit of Venus traces when Earth is held fixed at the centre of the coordinate system]

=== Cartographic resources ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005184007/http://www.mapaplanet.org/explorer/venus.html Map-a-Planet: Venus] by the U.S. Geological Survey
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160112001040/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/VENUS/target Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Venus] by the International Astronomical Union
* [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/vc/vchome.shtml Venus crater database] by the Lunar and Planetary Institute
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151106161927/http://planetologia.elte.hu/venusz-terkep-elte-ttk-kavucs.pdf Map of Venus] by Eötvös Loránd University
* [https://www.google.com/maps/space/venus/@33.5623476,-46.1493481,7057278m/data=!3m1!1e3 Google Venus 3D], interactive map of the planet
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Planets of de Solar System]]
[[Category:Terrestrial planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects dem know since antiquity]]</text>
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'''Bright Tetteh Ackwerh''' be a [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] satirical artist wey dey employ de domains of popular art, street art, painting, den illustration to voice den document ein persuasions. Na he exhibit widely insyd Ghana den [[West Africa]], wey dey build a niche as an emerging contemporary Ghanaian artist for de West African art scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2018/bright-ackwerh|title=Bright Ackwerh|date=20 April 2018|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=11 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Dem born am insyd [[Accra]], Ghana, Bright attend [[Accra Academy]] wey he study Visual Arts for ein senior high school education, before he proceed go [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST) make he study for BFA den MFA degrees insyd painting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Bright Ackwerh shares insights into the impact of popular art|url=http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/stories-and-events/2141-artist-bright-ackwerh-shares-insights-into-the-impact-of-popular-art.html|access-date=15 December 2017|website=ashesi education|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; He plete ein first degree insyd 2011 wey he serve as a teaching assistant de year wey dey follow.

== Career ==
He begin by he dey exhibit ein artworks via social media wey he sanso dey paint for wall murals top insyd de streets of Accra. Na he feature insyd chaw art exhibitions insyd Ghana den abroad. Sam dey include: Art X Lagos Exhibition insyd [[Nigeria]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://anoghana.org/art-x-lagos/|title=Art X Lagos, Exhibition of Works by Bright Tetteh Ackwerh, Latifah Iddriss, Owusu Ankomah &amp; Marigold Akufo-Addo, November 2016|publisher=ANO|accessdate=20 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320220645/http://anoghana.org/art-x-lagos/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; blockbuster exhibitions by Blaxtarlines insyd [[Kumasi]] den de Chale Wote Street Art Festival insyd Accra. 

Insyd 2016, he win de Kuenyehia Prize for Contemporary Ghanaian Art at an event dem hold at de Ringway Estates insyd Accra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2016/April-18th/bright-ackwerh-wins-2016-kuenyehia-prize-for-contemporary-ghanaian-art.php|title=Bright Ackwerh wins 2016 Kuenyehia prize for Contemporary Ghanaian Art|date=18 April 2016|access-date=15 December 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Mirror,[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/bright-ackwerh-is-art-prize-winner.html &quot;Bright Ackwerh is art prize winner&quot;], ''Graphic Online'', 22 April 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Bright thru de years use social media make he dey share ein works den dey provok ''powerful'' sentiments around de themes he dey explore insyd ein illustrations den paintings.

Na he sanso participate insyd group shows insyd Accra, Paris, Johannesburg den Los Angeles. Insyd October 2017 he feature insyd de October edition of CNN ''African Voices''.&lt;ref&gt;Es,[https://web.archive.org/web/20190320220645/https://howghana.com/7-artworks-bright-ackwerh/ &quot;7 Artworks From Bright Ackwerh&quot;] Archived 2019-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, How Ghana, 26 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Na he sanso dey for de Barclays L'Atelier Art Competition ein 2017 list of top 10 artists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2018/bright-ackwerh|title=World Press Freedom Day 2018|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Adie Vanessa Offiong,[https://web.archive.org/web/20190320220644/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/bright-ackwerh-my-art-and-i.html &quot;Bright Ackwerh: My art and I&quot;], ''Daily Trust'', 15 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/bright-ackwerh-uses-his-polarizing-satirical-illustrations-to-tell-the-hard-truths-of-the-world.amp|title=Bright Ackwerh Uses His Polarizing Satirical Illustrations To Tell the Hard Truths of the World|publisher=okayafrica|accessdate=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320220641/https://www.okayafrica.com/bright-ackwerh-uses-his-polarizing-satirical-illustrations-to-tell-the-hard-truths-of-the-world.amp|archive-date=20 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Style ==
Ein style be a satirical re-presentation of Ghanaian sociopolitical den religious issues insyd an incisive manner wey dey provoke conversations, sparks debate den elicits response. He dey draw huge inspiration from [[Fela Kuti]] den oda great African heroes as de subject of ein works dey depict de unapologetic manner insyd make he dey relay ein messages.  

He dey believe de music culture get certain power make edey influence den dey inspire people wey der be always de use of double den triples entendre wey dey provide entry points into sam of de discussions wey de artwork dey generate.

== Awards ==

* Insyd 2016 Bright Ackwerh win de Kuenyehia Prize for Contemporary Ghanaian Art award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bright Ackwerh wins 2016 Kuenyehia Prize for Contemporary Ghanaian Art|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Bright-Ackwerh-wins-2016-Kuenyehia-Prize-for-Contemporary-Ghanaian-Art-431993?gallery=1|access-date=11 July 2019|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ackwerh, Bright}}
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:Ghanaian satirists]]
[[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of de Accra Academy]]
[[Category:Ghanaian painters]]
[[Category:Ghanaian male sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian sculptors]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:People wey komot Accra]]</text>
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'''Milumbe Haimbe''' (born 1974) be a Zambian painter den digital illustrator.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://biennaledakar.org/2014/spip.php?article136|title=Milumbe Haimbe – DAK'ART 2014|website=biennaledakar.org|access-date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.astraeafoundation.org/stories/milumbe-haimbe/|title=Milumbe Haimbe|website=Astraea Lesbian Foundation For Justice|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220063914/https://www.astraeafoundation.org/stories/milumbe-haimbe/|archive-date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein work dey portray black women as superheroes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/zambia/articles/7-visual-artists-from-zambia-you-should-know/|title=7 Visual Artists From Zambia You Should Know|last=Kapambwe|first=Mazuba|website=Culture Trip|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220054900/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/zambia/articles/7-visual-artists-from-zambia-you-should-know/|archive-date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biennale.ma/portfolio-item/milumbe-haimbe/|title=Milumbe Haimbe|last=jaradmin|website=Biennale de Rabat 2019|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220063913/https://www.biennale.ma/portfolio-item/milumbe-haimbe/|archive-date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/2016/01/milumbe-haimbes-dystopian-compulsions/|title=RESCHEDULED: Milumbe Haimbe’s Dystopian Compulsions|website=africa.si.edu|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220064358/https://africa.si.edu/2016/01/milumbe-haimbes-dystopian-compulsions/|archive-date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early years den education ==
Na dem born Haimbe insyd Lusaka, [[Zambia]] insyd 1974. She attend de [[Copperbelt University]] wey she graduate plus a bachelor's degree insyd Architecture. Haimbe obtain a master's degree insyd Fine Arts from de Oslo National Academy of the Arts insyd Norway.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Career ==
Plus inspiration from superheroes den de lack of black den female characters insyd comics, Haimbe create a graphic novel dem title ''The Revolutionist'', wich dey feature a female protagonist dem dey bell ''Ananiya''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/18/opinions/where-are-black-superheroes-milumbe-haimbe/index.html|title=Where are the black superheroes?|author=Milumbe Haimbe, Special to|website=CNN|access-date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; De novel dey address issues like racism den same-sex love.

Dem know am say she exhibit ein work insyd chaw shows both locally den internationally, wey dey include for FOCUS 10 – Art Basel insyd Switzerland, for de Smithsonian insyd Washington, D.C., den de Dak'Art Biennale insyd [[Senegal]]. Oda locations wer na dem exhibit ein work dey include New York, Switzerland, [[South Africa]] den Norway.

Insyd 2015, na dem name Haimbe an Artist in Residence for de Smithsonian Institution insyd Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Awards ==

* 2015 – Bellagio Arts Fellowship Award&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* 2015 – Smithsonian Artist Research Fellowship Award&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haimbe, Milumbe}}
[[Category:Zambian people]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Zambian painters]]
[[Category:Copperbelt University alumni]]
[[Category:Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Zambian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century women painters]]
[[Category:People wey komot Lusaka]]
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201127211951/http://www.anotherafrica.net/art-culture/are-there-superheroes-that-look-like-you Are There Superheroes That Look Like You?] ''Another Africa'' Profile on Haimbe

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    <title>Bodys Isek Kingelez</title>
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'''Bodys Isek Kingelez''' anaa '''Jean Baptiste''' (1948 – 14 March 2015) na he be a Congolese sculptor den artist dem know for ein models of fantastic cities, dem make of cardboard, paper, tape den oda commonplace materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5324720/body-isek-kingelez-moma/|title=At MoMA, a Genius Finally Gets His Due|magazine=Time}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem present ein work insyd chaw exhibitions around de globe, wey dey include exhibitions for de Centre Georges Pompidou insyd Paris den de Museum of Modern Art insyd New York den for de documenta XI insyd Kassel.&lt;ref name=&quot;leMondeObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/03/17/l-artiste-congolais-bodys-isek-kingelez-est-mort_4594966_3212.html|title=L'artiste congolais Bodys Isek Kingelez est mort|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=17 March 2015|access-date=21 November 2017|via=Le Monde}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Biography ==
Na dem born Kingelez de oldest of nine siblings insyd Kimbembele-Ihunga, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (na wat then be de Belgian Congo.)&lt;ref name=&quot;leMondeObit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-MOMAReview&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/arts/design/bodys-isek-kingelez-review-moma.html|title=Fantastical Cityscapes of Cardboard and Glue at MoMA|first=Roberta|last=Smith|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; After he graduate from secondary school he move go Kinshasa insyd 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-MOMAReview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAPO-PROFILE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/everyone-in-new-york-will-be-talking-about-this-artist-soon/2018/05/23/ce665f46-5db5-11e8-9ee3-49d6d4814c4c_story.html|title=Review - Everyone in New York will be talking about this artist soon|first=Sebastian|last=Smee|date=23 May 2018|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Until 1977 he study part-time wey he support einself by he teach for a school.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-MOMAReview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WAPO-PROFILE&quot; /&gt; Na dem hire am by de National Museum insyd Kinshasa as an art restorer, particularly insyd de restoration of African masks, til 1985 na wer he begin dey pursue de sculpture-centric practice he go later be known for full time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;leMondeObit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Making Africa A Continent of Contemporary Design|last1=Kries|first1=Mateo|last2=Klein|first2=Amelie|publisher=Vitra Design Museum|year=2015|isbn=9783931936525|pages=337}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During ein lifetime he no get a commercial art dealer make he represent ein work.&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot; /&gt; He die insyd 2015 as a result of cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;leMondeObit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-MOMAReview&quot; /&gt;

== Works ==
Kingelez be known primarily for ein models of fantastic den utopian cities dem make of scrap materials like cardboard, paper den plastic; dese models dey depict an idealistic vision of society wey dey contrast wona harsh reality den dually a statement against de widespread construction fund by The World Bank in collaboration plus corrupt African regimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Making Africa A Continent of Contemporary Design|last1=Kries|first1=Mateo|last2=Klein|first2=Amelie|publisher=Vitra Design Museum|year=2015|isbn=9783931936525|pages=337|chapter=Space and Object}}&lt;/ref&gt; He seek make he establish a fairy-tale world insyd ein work wey reflect ein inner fantasies den ideals na he envision for reality wey go be open give all make dem explore;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/243|title=Projects 59: Architecture as Metaphor|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2019-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Sarah Suzuki,  curator for de Museum of Modern Art New York, say: ''Kingelez's work creates &quot;a place of optimism, a place of beauty... That feels very welcome.''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot; /&gt;

Na Kingelez bell ein art ''extrêmes maquettes'' (English: extreme models),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3889|title=Bodys Isek Kingelez: City Dreams - MoMA|website=www.moma.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/04/the-utopian-vision-of-bodys-isek-kingelez|title=The Utopian Vision of Bodys Isek Kingelez|magazine=The New Yorker}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na he say about ein artistic approach: ''“I make this most deeply imaginary, meticulous and well considered work with the aim of having more influence over life. As a black artist I must set a good example by receiving the light which pure art, this vital human instrument, kindles for the sake of all. Thanks to my deep hope for a happy tomorrow, I strive to better my quality, and the better becomes the wonderful. I exhibit a mode of expression which fits me like a glove, and I point out that I am another artist.”''&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebase&quot;&gt;Haus der Kulturen der Welt (May 2003). {{cite web|url=http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?210|title=Bodys Isek Kingelez|last=|author-link=Haus der Kulturen der Welt|date=May 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027214815/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?210|archive-date=2007-10-27|access-date=2008-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kingelez create more dan 300 models, wey dey start plus individual architectural structures. Insyd 1992 he begin dey assemble entire cities plus chaw buildings, avenues, parks, stadiums den monuments. Na dem bell ein first model of a city Kimbembele-Ihunga after de village wer na dem born am.&lt;ref name=&quot;LombaerdeMuylle2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSRZqJzG07IC&amp;pg=PA79|title=Ph.d: The Road to Knowledge|author1=Piet Lombaerde|author2=Marc Muylle|publisher=Asp / Vubpress / Upa|year=2010|isbn=978-90-5487-582-6|pages=79–}}&lt;/ref&gt; He describe ein process as firstly dey devise a name give each new project wich help make dem cultivate ideas den from der he go dive straight into fabrication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.artpapers.org/bodys-isek-kingelez-city-dreams/|title=Bodys Isek Kingelez: City Dreams|last=Wiesenberger|first=Robert|date=2018|website=Art Papers|access-date=6 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Notable works of Kingelez dey include ''Ville Fantôme'' (&quot;Phantom City,&quot; 1996) ''Kin 3ème millénaire'' (&quot;Kinshasa: Project for the Third Millennium,&quot; 1997) den ''La Ville du Futur'' (&quot;City of the Future,&quot; 2000).&lt;ref name=&quot;caac&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.caacart.com/html/kingelez_bio_english.html|title=Biography of Body Isek Kingelez|last=Contemporary African Art Collection|access-date=2008-03-29|archive-date=2012-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219194913/http://www.caacart.com/html/kingelez_bio_english.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Kingelez-Bodys-Isek&amp;bio=en&amp;m=50|title=Bodys Isek Kingelez - Pigozzi Collection 2017|website=CAACART - The Pigozzi Collection|access-date=2017-05-23|archive-date=2018-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716054132/http://caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Kingelez-Bodys-Isek&amp;bio=en&amp;m=50|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Exhibitions ==
Insyd 1989 na dem invite am to Paris make he present ein work for de Centre Georges Pompidou insyd de exhibition ''Les Magiciens de la Terre'' wey Jean-Hubert Martin curate den support by The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) of Jean Pigozzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAPO-PROFILE&quot; /&gt;

Insyd 2010 he show ein project ''Ville Fantôme'' for de Centre Pompidou, Paris insyd a solo exhibition title ''Dreamlands''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-MOMAReview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.artforum.com/news/bodys-isek-kingelez-1948-2015-51099 &quot;BODYS ISEK KINGELEZ (1948–2015)&quot;]. ''Artforum''. 2015-03-26. Retrieved 2025-01-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem present ein work insyd de retrospective exhibition ''Bodys Isek Kingelez: City Dreams'' insyd 2018 for de Museum of Modern Art, New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/07/08/619975191/the-joyful-cities-of-bodys-isek-kingelez|title=The Joyful Cities Of Bodys Isek Kingelez|website=NPR|date=8 July 2018|last1=Cole|first1=Diane}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2018/07/visionary-paper-cities-artist-bodys-isek-kingelez-moma/#gallery-0-slide-0|title=The visionary paper cities of artist Bodys Isek Kingelez come to life at the MoMA - Archpaper.com|website=archpaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13494-bodys-isek-kingelezs-art-insight-at-moma|title=Bodys Isek Kingelez's 'Art inSight' at MoMA|access-date=2018-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716054038/https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13494-bodys-isek-kingelezs-art-insight-at-moma|archive-date=2018-07-16|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; alongsyd a VR recreation of de ''Ville Fantôme'' project dem create in collaboration plus German artist Carsten Höller.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/445581/looking-back-at-bodys-isek-kingelezs-future-cities/|title=&quot;Looking Back at Bodys Isek Kingelez's Future Cities.&quot;|last=Small|first=Zachary|date=24 September 2018|website=hyperallergic.com|access-date=30 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Collections ==
Na Kingelez ein work dey insyd de Jean Pigozzi collection,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/pigozzi/kingelez.html|title=National Museum of African Art - African Art Now: Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection - Bodys Isek Kingelez|website=africa.si.edu|access-date=2025-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721152944/https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/pigozzi/kingelez.html|archive-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; de Musée International des Arts Modestes (MIAM) collection insyd Sète, France,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathonkeats/2018/05/31/kingelez-moma/#1f0a5e3b7b13|title=This MoMA Exhibit Reveals The African Fantasy Cities Of The Greatest Architect You've Never Seen|first=Jonathon|last=Keats|website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; de Cartier Foundation insyd Paris den de Ludwig Foundation insyd Cologne.&lt;ref name=&quot;leMondeObit&quot;/&gt;
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = Kingelez | first = Bodys Isek |author2=Yilmaz Dziewior  | title = Bodys Isek Kingelez | publisher = Hatje Cantz | date = September 2001 | isbn = 3-7757-1054-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Serageldin | first = Ismail |author2=Bodys Isek Kingelez  | title = Home and the World | url = https://archive.org/details/homeworldarchite0000unse | publisher = Museum for African Art | date = November 1993 | isbn = 3-7913-1326-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Subiros | first = Pep | title = Africas: The Artist and the City | url = https://archive.org/details/africasartistcit0000unse | publisher = Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona | year = 2001 | isbn = 84-95273-86-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Kingelez | first = Bodys Isek |author2=Haus der Kulturen der Welt GmbH  | title = Bodys Isek Kingelez Künstler der Welt | publisher = Haus der Kulturen der Welt GmbH and Edition Cantz,Stuttgart | date = 1992 | isbn = 3-89322-307-X}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071027214815/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?210 Body Isek Kingelez] at [http://www.culturebase.net www.culturebase.net]
* [http://www.caacart.com/html/bodys-isek-kingelez.htm Body Isek Kingelez] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220610170229/https://www.caacart.com/html/bodys-isek-kingelez.htm Archived] 2022-06-10 at the Wayback Machine at the Contemporary African Art Collection
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200702025555/http://www.patrimoniodigitaldelahumanidad.com/bodys-isek-kingelez-el-escultor-que-construia-suenos/ Bodys Isek Kingelez: the sculptor who built dreams (Bodys Isek Kingelez: el escultor que construía sueños)] en [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630194631/http://www.patrimoniodigitaldelahumanidad.com/ Patrimonio Digital de la Humanidad]
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[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo artists]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo people]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people]]
[[Category:People wey komot Kinshasa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Suhur</title>
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'''''Sahur''''', anaa '''''sahoor''''' (UK: [[:en:Help:IPA/English|/səˈhɜːr/]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/suhur|title=Suhur|work=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins|access-date=May 15, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arabic: سَحُورٌ, &lt;small&gt;romanized:&lt;/small&gt; ''saḥūr'', &lt;small&gt;lit. &lt;/small&gt;'of the dawn', 'pre-dawn meal'), dem sanso call am '''sahari''', '''sahri''', anaa '''sehri''' (Persian: سَحَری, &lt;small&gt;romanized:&lt;/small&gt; ''sahari'') be de meal Myslims consume early insyd de morning before fasting (sawm), before dawn during anaa outsyd de [[Islam|Islamic]] month of [[Ramadan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kashmir {{!}} History, People, &amp; Conflict|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|access-date=2021-05-08|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey chop de meal before Fajr prayer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml BBC - Schools - Religion - Islam]'', retrieved 11 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Suhur dey correspond to [[iftar]], de evening meal during Ramadan, wey dey replace de traditional three meals a day (breakfast, lunch, den dinner),&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; although for sam places dem sanso dey consume dinner iftar later during de night.

Ebe de last meal wey Muslims dey chop before fasting from dawn to sunset during de month of Ramadan, dem dey regard suhur by Islamic traditions as a benefit of de blessings insyd wey dey allow de person fasting make e avoid de crankiness anaa de weakness cause by de fast. According to a [[hadith]] insyd ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', Anas ibn Malik narrate, &quot;Na de Prophet say, 'take suhur as der be a blessing insyd am.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Bukhari'': Book 3: Vol. 31: Hadith 146 (Fasting).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musaharati ==

De musaharati&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pictures: Celebrating Ramadan Around the World|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/pictures/140719-ramadan-islam-muslim-holiday-festival-culture/#/173261229-10_81773_600x450.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720183030/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/pictures/140719-ramadan-islam-muslim-holiday-festival-culture/#/173261229-10_81773_600x450.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2014|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=10 August 2014|date=July 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a public waker for suhur den dawn prayer during Ramadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Linda Wong|title=Sentence essentials: a grammar guide|url=https://archive.org/details/sentenceessentia0000wong|year=2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin, 2002|isbn=9780618154821|page=[https://archive.org/details/sentenceessentia0000wong/page/100 100]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Angelo Colorni|title=Israel for Beginners: A Field Guide for Encountering the Israelis in Their Natural Habitat|url=https://archive.org/details/israelforbeginne0000colo|year=2011|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd, 2011|isbn=9789652294838|page=[https://archive.org/details/israelforbeginne0000colo/page/84 84]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Jamāl Ghīṭānī|translator=Farouk Abdel Wahab|title=The Zafarani Files|year=2009|publisher=American Univ in my world Cairo Press, 2009|isbn=9789774161902|page=333}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to de history books, na Bilal ibn Rabah be de first musaharati insyd Islamic history, as na he use to roam de streets den roads thru out de night make he wake people up.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabnews&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author1=Rima Al-Mukhtar|title=Ramadan Mesaharati|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/387195|access-date=10 August 2014|publisher=Arab News|date=10 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De occupation be described by a Damascene musaharati: &quot;''My duty during the holy month of Ramadhan is to wake people up in the old city of Damascus for prayers and Suhur meal''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=HUMMAM SHEIKH ALI|title=Charm of Ramadhan in Damascus|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/08/19/charm-ramadhan-damascus|access-date=10 August 2014|work=Xinhua|publisher=Brunei Times Sdn Bhd|date=August 19, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203527/http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/08/19/charm-ramadhan-damascus|archive-date=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a Tripoli musaharati, de attributes every musaharati for possess be physical fitness den good health, &quot;''because he is required to walk long distances every day. He should also have a loud voice and good lungs, as well as an ability to read poems. A musaharati should supplicate God throughout the night to wake the sleepers''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Vivian Haddad|title=The Musaharati, Still Part of Sidon's Ramadan Tradition|url=http://eng-archive.aawsat.com/vivian-haddad/lifestyle-culture/the-mesaharati-still-part-of-sidons-ramadan-tradition|access-date=10 August 2014|publisher=Asharq Al-Awsat|date=23 Jul 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem dey practice de tradition insyd [[Egypt]], Syria, [[Sudan]], Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, den Palestine. However, der be a gradual disappearance of de musaharati secof chaw factors, wey dey include: Muslims dey stay up later; dey use technology such as alarm clocks make dem wake for suhur; den louder den larger homes den cities wey dey make de voice of de musaharati harder to hear.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabnews&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author1=Rima Al-Mukhtar|title=Ramadan Mesaharati|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/387195|access-date=10 August 2014|publisher=Arab News|date=10 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, dem still fi find de old Dhakaiya tradition of make dem dey sing qasidas insyd de streets of Old Dhaka insyd Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpedia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Sirajul Islam|author-link=|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Qasida|title=Qasida|publisher=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227121155/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Qasida|archive-date=27 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd Indonesia, dem dey use a kentongan take wake households up make dem chop de suhur meal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Aman Rochman|title=Malang village children find joy in 'sahur' activity during Ramadhan|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/05/20/malang-village-children-find-joy-in-sahur-activity-during-ramadhan.html|access-date=17 April 2021|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=20 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
{{Commons}}

[[Category:Breakfast]]
[[Category:Fasting insyd Islam]]
[[Category:Ramadan]]
[[Category:Islamic cuisine]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Altaf Mahmud</title>
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'''Altaf Mahmud''' (dem born am 23 December 1933 – he die September 1971) na he be musician, cultural activist, den martyred freedom fighter of de Bangladesh Liberation War. Na he be language activist of de Language Movement den composer of &quot;Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano&quot;, de famous song wey he rep so say dem go take commemorate de event. De government of Bangladeshaward am plus Ekushey Padak insyd 1977 den Independence Day Award insyd 2004 posthumously.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210410053142/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahmud,_Shaheed_Altaf &quot;Mahmud, Shaheed Altaf&quot;]. ''Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh'' (Online&amp;nbsp;ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6|984-32-0576-6]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562 52727562]. OL&amp;nbsp;[[openlibrary:books/OL30677644M|30677644M]]. Retrieved 30 March 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Early life ==
Dem born Altaf Mahmud insyd Patarchar village of Muladi thana under Bakerganj (wey now be Barisal, Bangladesh). He plete ein matriculation from Barisal Zilla School. Dem Mahmud admit for BM College before he go Kolkata go learn painting for Calcutta Arts School.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mahmud start dey sing as na he be school boy. He first learn music from famous violin player Suren Roy. He learn sing gana sangit (menners demma song - people's song), wey bring ampopularity for dat tym insyd.

== Ein Career ==
Mahmud cam Dhaka insyd 1950 wey he join insyd Dhumketu Shilpi Shongho. Later he cam turn music director  give institution. Insyd 1956, dem invite Mahmud say make he go Vienna Peace Conference. But he no fi go secof de government seize ein passport for Karachi. For der, he stay till 1963 wey he take talim of classical music go Ustad Abdul Kader Khan. He sana associate ein body plus dance director Ghanashyam den music director Debu Bhattacharya. After he return from Karachi go Dhaka, Mahmud work insyd 19 different films. Along plus de famous ''Jibon Theke Neya'', he sana work insyd films like ''Kaise Kahu'', ''Kar Bau'', den ''Tanha''. He sana still associate ein body plus politics den different cultural organizations. In addition plus talent insyd music, na Mahmud sana be fluent insyd painting.

== Ein Language Movement den Liberation War ==
For 1950 tym insyd, he sing ''gonoshongit'' for chao places so say he go inspire de activists of de Language Movement. Along plus ein singing, Mahmud continue say he go support de movement. He compose de music give de song ''Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano'' insyd 1969, for Zahir Raihan ein film ''Jibon Theke Neya'' insyd.

Mahmud take part for de Bangladesh Liberation War insyd 1971. He create sam secret camp insyd ein house for de freedom fighters. As dem reveal location of dis camp, de Pakistan Army catch am for 30 August 1971 insyd. Dem torture Mahmud, wey de Pakistan Army capture chao other guerrilla fighters like Shafi Imam Rumi for dat day insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Imam, Jahanara &quot;Ekattorer Dinguli&quot;, Shondhani Prokashoni, pp. 187-189; {{ISBN|984-480-000-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem capture den kill Mahmud den chao other fighters insyd dis incident.&lt;ref&gt;Ahmed, Monwar, Bhasha Andoloner Pramanno Dolil, Agamee Prokashani, pp.111&lt;/ref&gt; Ein patriotic songs, wey dem broadcast for  Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra, sana inspire de independence fighters for dat war tym insyd.

== Ein life matter den legacy ==
Altaf Mahmud marry Sara Ara Mahmud (d. 2025); she serve as director give de Department of Drama den Film for Shilpakala Academy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-02-23|title=Sara Mahmud passes away|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/obituary/news/sara-mahmud-passes-away-3831716|access-date=2025-03-12|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 18 July 2013, dem find Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed  guilty wey dem give am life sentence secof dem charge am say he kill Rumi along plus Badi, Jewel, Azad den Altaf Mahmud for de army camp wey dem set up insyd Nakhalpara, Dhaka, for de Liberation War tym insyd.

== References ==
[[Category:Language activists]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Barishal Zilla School alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Ekushey Padak insyd arts]]
[[Category:20th-century composers]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Independence Award]]
[[Category:Government College of Art &amp; Craft alumni]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Martyred intellectuals of de Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male singers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi composers]]
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==

* [http://shahidaltafmahmud.com/ Official website]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:People wey komot Barisal District]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chawk Mosque, Dhaka</title>
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De '''Chawkbazar Shahi Mosque''' (Bengali: চকবাজার শাহী মসজিদ) dem sanso know am as '''Chawk Mosque''' be a mosque wey dey locate insyd de Chowk Bazaar area insyd de old city of Dhaka, Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpedia&quot;&gt;MA Bari, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250601203124/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chawk_Mosque%2C_Dhaka Chawk Mosque (Dhaka)], Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2012-09-18''&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

Na dem construct de mosque insyd 1664 by Subahdar Shaista Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Husain, A. B. (2007). Architecture – A History Through Ages. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (page 287).&lt;/ref&gt; De mosque be known as de Shahi Mosque secof na ebe founded by Subahdar Shaista Khan. Na dem build de mosque above a raised platform. De three domed mosque above de platform, dem now transform am into a multi-storied structure na ebe originally a copy of Shaista Khan ein oda three domed mosque for de Mitford Hospital compound near de Buriganga River. Der be sam square-shaped rooms dem build give de Imam den give students of de madrasa. Today na de original building design loose chaw of ein original form thru multiple renovations den extensions. Dem dey note de mosque for e get a rainbow minaret.

== Architecture ==

De promenade around de three domed prayer chamber, since na der be no separate structure for study purpose, na dem fi be used for open-air classes den de vaulted room plus book-shelves for dema walls underneath de platform na dem fi be designed make e provide residential accommodation give those wey use to teach den study hie. Insyd dat context na dem di regard ''Chawk Mosque'' as de first known example of Residential Madrasa Mosque.

Ebe an ingenious way of accommodating two structures-a madrasa den a mosque insyd a single building wich na e no save space per buh sanso a considerable amount of money.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Husain, A. B. (2007). Architecture – A History Through Ages. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (page 287).&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem date de construction from 1664 CE, as dem note by an inscription insyd Persian over a doorway. De inscription dey attribute de project to Subahdar Shaista Khan. So far dem know dis be de earliest dated mosque insyd de History of Muslim Architecture insyd Bengal dem build on a high vaulted platform. Na perhaps ein architectural design be influenced by ''Tughlaq Architecture''s; such as Khirki Masjid anaa Kalan Mosque of Delhi. Influenced by dis structure na dem build sam oda mosques insyd Dhaka den Murshidabad.

Na ebe suggested dat Shaista Khan einself compose de versified inscription, as na ein poetic nom de plume be &quot;Talib&quot;. De inscription dey read:&lt;ref&gt;Karim, Abdul. (1992) Corpus of the Arabic and Persian Inscriptions of Bengal. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (page 469).&lt;/ref&gt;

{{blockquote|''&quot;The rightly guided Amīr al-Umarā Shaista Khan - built this mosque for the sake of God / To the seeker (t̤ālib) enquiring its date - I said, &quot;God's bidding is accomplished&quot; / Year 1086 Hijri (1675-76 CE).&quot;''}}

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Central Mihrab of the Chawkbazar Shahi Mosque.jpg|De central ''Mihrab''
The three domes of the Chawkbazar Shahi Mosque.jpg|De three domes
চকবাজার শাহী মসজিদ 001.jpg|De interior of de mosque insyd May 2019
Bibi Mariam Cannon.jpg|De mosque (on de upper-left), wey Johnston den Hoffmann photograph insyd 1885
Persian Inscription inside the Chawk Bajar Shahi Mosque.jpg|De inscription
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==Read further==
* Mamoon, M. (1993). Dhaka-Smriti Bismritir Nogori. Dhaka: Anannya (page 78)
* Husain, A. B. (2007). Architecture – A History Through Ages. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (page 287)
* Karim, Abdul. (1992) Corpus of the Arabic and Persian Inscriptions of Bengal. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (page 469)

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]]
[[Category:17th-century mosques insyd Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings plus domes insyd Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings plus minarets insyd Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mosques dem plete insyd de 1670s]]
[[Category:Mosques insyd Dhaka]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Old Dhaka]]
[[Category:Religious buildings den structures dem plete insyd 1676]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Big Six (Ghana)</title>
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Na '''The Big Six''' be six leaders of de United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), one of de leading political parties insyd de [[United Kingdom|British]] colony of de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], dem know after independence as [[Ghana]]. Na dem detain dem by de colonial authorities insyd 1948 dey follow disturbances wey lead to de killing of three World War II veterans. Dem be pictured on de front of de Ghana cedi notes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822374961-052 &quot;Report on the Riots of 1948&quot;], ''The Ghana Reader'', Duke University Press, pp. 259–264, 2016, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1215/9780822374961-052|10.1215/9780822374961-052]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7496-1|978-0-8223-7496-1]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt;

== The Big Six ==
Dem consider dem de founding fathers of present-day Ghana,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Ghana|url=https://www.ghanaembassy.nl/about-ghana/|access-date=2020-08-01|website=www.ghanaembassy.nl|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na de members of de Big Six be:&lt;ref name=&quot;dedey3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Kosi Dedey|date=8 March 2007|title=The &quot;Big Six&quot;, Myth or Reality?|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=120440|access-date=3 April 2007|work=Feature article|publisher=Ghana Home Page}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Kwame Nkrumah]] – first prime minister den first [[President of Ghana|presido of Ghana]]&lt;ref&gt;Rathbone, Richard (2004-09-23). [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/31504 &quot;Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana&quot;]. ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31504|10.1093/ref:odnb/31504]]. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Pobee, John S.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/476349273|title=Kwame Nkrumah and the Church in Ghana, 1949-1966 : a study in the relationship between the Socialist Government of Kwame Nkrumah, the first Prime Minister and first President of Ghana, and the Protestant Christian Churches in Ghana|date=1988|publisher=Asempa Publishers, Christian Council of Ghana|isbn=9964-78-168-7|oclc=476349273}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ako Adjei]] – founding member of de UGCC&lt;ref&gt;Sherwood, Marika (2015-05-31), [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50496 &quot;Adjei, Ako&quot;], ''African American Studies Center'', Oxford University Press, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50496|10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50496]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530173-1|978-0-19-530173-1]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt;
* Edward Akufo-Addo – founding member of de UGCC den subsequently chief justice den presido of Ghana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=GHANA: Akufo-Addo Takes Oath |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2017.07449.x |journal=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=21280A–21280C |doi=10.1111/j.1467-825x.2017.07449.x |issn=0001-9844 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[J. B. Danquah|Joseph Boakye Danquah]] – founding member of de UGCC&lt;ref&gt;Osei, Akwasi (2010-04-27), [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.47822 &quot;Danquah, Joseph Boakye&quot;], ''African American Studies Center'', Oxford University Press, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.47822|10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.47822]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530173-1|978-0-19-530173-1]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey]] – founding member of de UGCC&lt;ref&gt;Akansina Aziabah, Maxwell (2011-12-08), [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49678 &quot;Obetsebi-Lamptey, Emmanuel Odarquaye&quot;], ''African American Studies Center'', Oxford University Press, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49678|10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49678]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530173-1|978-0-19-530173-1]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[William Ofori Atta]] – founding member of de UGCC&lt;ref&gt;[https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064 &quot;Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa&quot;], ''Who Was Who'', Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064|10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064]], retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==

=== AWAM boycott ===
Na an organized boycott of European imports take place insyd January 1948. Na de aim be say make dem get de foreign traders dem know as de Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) make dem reduce de prices of dema goods.&lt;ref name=&quot;dedey3&quot; /&gt; Na dis be followed by a series of riots insyd early February 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;allan2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Allan D. Ohene|date=March 2002|title=Ghana before Independence|url=http://www.info-ghana.com/history.htm|access-date=3 April 2007|work=Ghana General Info-History|publisher=Lion's Den Ltd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502180852/http://www.info-ghana.com/history.htm|archive-date=2 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem schedule de boycotts make e end on 28 February 1948, a day wey cam be significant insyd de history of Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dedey3&quot; /&gt; AWAM cam be a term synonymous plus cheating anaa profiteering insyd Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ghana Dictionary A|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/dictionary/|access-date=3 April 2018|website=Ghana Web|publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ghanaian Slang|url=https://www.timeout.com/accra/travel/ghanaian-slang-tribal-terms|access-date=3 April 2018|website=Ghana Web|publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Christianborg cross-roads shooting ===
On 20 February 1948, na Dr. Nkrumah den Dr. J. B. Danquah meet den address World War II veterans wey na dem dey agitate for dema end-of-service benefits following World War II at de Palladium Cinema, [[Accra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dedey3&quot; /&gt; Na dese veterans fight plus de Gold Coast Regiment of de Royal West African Frontier Force wey na dem no bia dema gratuities on dema return home.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christianborg2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Christianborg Crossroad Shooting Incident marked|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=139954|access-date=28 February 2008|work=General News of Thursday, 28 February 2008|publisher=Ghana Home Page}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nkrumah den Danquah both give dema support wey na dem encourage de veterans insyd dema protest over dema post-war neglect.&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/editorial_detail.php?newsid=159&amp;section=0|title=Ghana is 50, UGCC is 60, too|access-date=3 April 2007|date=26 March 2007|work=News:Editorials|publisher=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 28 February, wat cam be known as de &quot;Christianborg Cross-Roads shooting&quot; occur. Na sam Second World War veterans march go de [[Osu Castle|Christianborg Castle]], de seat of de colonial government.&lt;ref&gt;[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1dfnv0s.10 &quot;&quot;Savages Again&quot;&quot;], ''Medicine Bags and Dog Tags'', UNP - Nebraska, pp.&amp;nbsp;114–134, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctt1dfnv0s.10|10.2307/j.ctt1dfnv0s.10]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1629-7|978-0-8032-1629-7]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem intend make dem submit a petition to de Governor, Sir Gerald Creasy about dema poor conditions, unpaid war benefits den neglect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Christianborg2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BizGhana2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Independence|url=http://www.businessghana.com/portal/aboutghana/index.php?op=indepen|access-date=3 April 2007|work=History of Ghana|publisher=BusinessGhana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Police Superintendent Colin Imray, a British police officer, order de veterans make dem disperse, buh na dem refuse. Na he then order ein men make dem open fire on de unarmed soldiers, wen na dem refuse, he open fire einself killing three of dem namely, Sergeant Cornelius Frederick Adjetey, Private Odartey Lamptey den Corporal Attipoe.&lt;ref name=&quot;dedey3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BizGhana2&quot; /&gt; Na dis lead to anoda round of riots den looting insyd Accra during wich na dem loot foreign (European den Asian) stores. Na de riots last for five days.&lt;ref name=&quot;dedey3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;allan2&quot; /&gt;

== De arrest of The Big Six ==
Dat same day, after all de wahala, de UGCC leaders send message straight to Secretary of State for London.&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;If dem no change Colonial Government sharp-sharp, den bring real Government wey go serve de people den dema Chiefs, wahala go dey! Masses dey loose control, strike dey loom for Police area, wey Police no dey answer Officer orders! Dis one fi lead to more violent den bad behaviour from people wey no get control again.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Na Working Committee wey dey represent United Gold Coast Convention talk say dem ready to take over interim Government.&lt;ref&gt;[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvg2535n.6 &quot;PEOPLE GET READY&quot;], ''People Get Ready!'', OR Books, pp.&amp;nbsp;23–44, 2019-05-01, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctvg2535n.6|10.2307/j.ctvg2535n.6]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-68219-198-9|978-1-68219-198-9]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt; We dey ask in de name of de people wey dey suffer, wey no fi talk, wey dey misrule den misgovern, den dema Chiefs say make dem send Special Commissioner sharp-sharp to hand over de Government to de interim Government of Chief den de People, den to witness make dem call de Constituent Assembly gree, quick quick.&lt;ref&gt;[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511528668.007 &quot;&quot;We More Immediately Represent the People&quot;&quot;], ''Foundations of Representative Government in Maryland, 1632–1715'', Cambridge University Press, pp.&amp;nbsp;183–232, 1988-01-29, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/cbo9780511528668.007|10.1017/cbo9780511528668.007]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32941-5|978-0-521-32941-5]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Na dem sanso blame Sir Gerald Creasy (whom na dem call &quot;Crazy Creasy&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;allan2&quot; /&gt; for de riots secof how na he handle de country ein problems.

On 1 March 1948, na dem read de Riot Act. After dat, na Sir Gerald issue a Removal Order for de arrest of de six leaders of de UGCC wey na dem hold insyd de remote northern part of de Gold Coast dey follow dema arrests.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u227799 &quot;Kinloch, Sir George, (1 March 1880–16 March 1948)&quot;], ''Who Was Who'', Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u227799|10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u227799]], retrieved 2020-08-24&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem establish wey dem name a commission of enquiry de Watson Commission wey be chaired by Mr Brian Otwerebemah make e investigate de riots. Na members of de Watson commission include Dr Keith Murray, Mr Andrew Dalgleish den Mr E. G. Hanrott.&lt;ref name=&quot;dedey3&quot; /&gt;

Dey follow dema incarceration, na de nationalists cam be known as de Big Six while na dema popularity increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;BizGhana2&quot; /&gt;

On 8 March 1948, na sam teachers den students demonstrate against de detention of de Big Six buh na dem dismiss dese demonstrators. Upon ein release, na Dr. Nkrumah set up a secondary school, Ghana National College insyd [[Cape Coast]], give de dismissed staff den students.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* Pictures of &quot;The Big Six&quot;

:* [http://www.africawithin.com/nkrumah/big_six.htm AfricaWithin.com]
:* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207142849/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/dsp_image.php?id=60272765 GhanaWeb.com]
:* [http://bp3.blogger.com/_zqpA7o7qIBI/RcxXA_8mgnI/AAAAAAAAAGY/LVg-t-6PvVg/s1600-h/ghanacedi.jpg Ten Thousand Cedis note]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Six}}
[[Category:1948 insyd Gold Coast (British colony)]]
[[Category:1940s insyd Gold Coast (British colony)]]
[[Category:Kwame Nkrumah]]
[[Category:African den Black nationalism]]
[[Category:20th century insyd Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>African Americans in California</title>
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      <text bytes="53688" sha1="74tucfe3x7vlmcfzb03dwcjb1pexl4d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''African American Californians''' anaa '''Black Californians''' be people wey dey live for California wey get African roots. According to 2019 United States Census Bureau estimate, about 5.8% of people for California (that be like 2,282,144) identify only as Black or African American. Plus extra 1.2% wey say dem get part African blood, e go reach 7.0% (that be around 2.8 million people).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Black%20or%20African%20American&amp;g=0100000US.04000.001&amp;tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02009&amp;hidePreview=true |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2021, California get the highest number of mixed-race African American people for whole America. Black people be the fourth biggest ethnic group for California, after Hispanics, Whites, and Asians. Since the 1980s, Asians pass Black people for number.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Greenwood|first=Shannon|date=2021-03-25|title=The Growing Diversity of Black America|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=Pew Research Center’s Social &amp; Demographic Trends Project|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tamir |first=Christine |date=2021-03-25 |title=The Growing Diversity of Black America |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Black people dey plenty for places like Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, and Solano Counties wey dey inside the San Francisco Bay Area, plus Sacramento and San Joaquin Counties. For Southern California, most of dem dey for Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=California Black Population By County, 2018|url=https://beautifydata.com/us-black-population/california-black-population-by-county-2018/|access-date=2025-06-19|website=beautifydata.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

California too get growing number of Afro-Caribbean and African immigrants wey come USA. Most of the African immigrants for California be from [[Nigeria]], [[Ethiopia]], and [[Eritrea]]. Plenty Ethiopians dey live for Little Ethiopia inside West Los Angeles. California be one of the states for Western USA wey get high number of black Africans. About 41,249 Afro-Asians dey live for California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Resident Population Data - 2010 Census|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031104/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|archive-date=25 December 2010|access-date=22 May 2022|website=2010.census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also get Blaxican people (people wey be part Black and part Mexican).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Romo |first=Rebecca |date=April 2011 |title=Between Black and Brown: Blaxican (Black-Mexican) Multiracial Identity in California |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021934710376172 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=402–426 |doi=10.1177/0021934710376172 |issn=0021-9347 |pmid=21905327 |s2cid=38217029 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; The number of Blaxicans dey increase for places like Los Angeles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=February 12, 2016|title='Blaxicans of L.A.' Instagram project comes to life as an exhibit in Highland Park|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-blaxicans-of-la-is-coming-to-life-20160211-story.html|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, California get 113,255 people wey be born for Africa mostly from Ethiopia, Nigeria, and [[South Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Reimers|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06HVt0Ft7GYC&amp;dq=%22california%22+african+immigrants+ethiopia+egypt&amp;pg=PA243|title=Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People|last2=Reimers|first2=Professor David|date=2005|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-7535-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; California too get large Jamaican, Haitian, Afro-Latino, Belizean, and Caribbean population.&lt;ref name=&quot;data.census.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry%20california&amp;g=0400000US06&amp;tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04004&amp;t=Ancestry&amp;vintage=2018&amp;hidePreview=true}}&lt;/ref&gt; You go find small groups from places like Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British and Dutch West Indies, and Trinidad.&lt;ref name=&quot;data.census.gov&quot; /&gt; Southern California too get big Garifuna community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dolan h. Eargle|first=Jr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SmTBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85|title=Native California|date=January 2008|publisher=Trees Company Press|isbn=978-0-937401-11-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De first Black people wey come California be Afro-Latino slaves or mixed-race (mulatto) people wey Spanish people bring come during de early settlement times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Afro-Latinos|url=https://www.nps.gov/juba/learn/historyculture/afro-latinos.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712213925/https://www.nps.gov/juba/learn/historyculture/afro-latinos.htm|archive-date=July 12, 2019|website=NPS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Menchaca|first=Martha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rdaBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT242|title=Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans|date=15 January 2002|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-77848-1|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Second Great Migration (1940s–1970s), African Americans plus Louisiana Creoles move from places like Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Oklahoma and South Carolina come California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The African-American Migration Experience (AAME)|url=http://www.inmotionaame.org/print.cfm@migration=9.html|publisher=Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dewitt|first=Mark F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ls-TEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=african+americans+california+louisiana+creoles+great+migration&amp;pg=PT115|title=Cajun and Zydeco Dance Music in Northern California: Modern Pleasures in a Postmodern World|date=February 17, 2010|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=9781628467758}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2016, the number of Black people for California dey go down. Some dey move comot the state together with some White people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Racial/Ethnic Differences in Who's Leaving California|url=https://www.ppic.org/blog/racial-ethnic-differences-in-whos-leaving-california/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=Public Policy Institute of California|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gentrification cause some Black people to lose demma homes and push dem comot from historic Black areas like Oakland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles go cheaper places like East Contra Costa, Inland Empire, and Central Valley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 28, 2019|title=The California Black Census &amp; Redistricting Hub {{!}} California Calls|url=https://www.cacalls.org/ca-black-census-redistricting-hub/|access-date=2023-01-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, many Black people from Los Angeles move go desert areas like Palmdale and Lancaster in the 1990s. Los Angeles County and San Francisco demma Black population dey reduce fast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2014-02-07|title=Black population in L.A. County declines as more return to South|url=http://ourweekly.com/news/2014/02/07/black-population-l-county-declines-more-return-sou/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=Our Weekly LA|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  African Americans get the second highest poverty rate for California, after Hispanics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Poverty in California|url=https://www.ppic.org/publication/poverty-in-california/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=Public Policy Institute of California|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; This make many Black Californians move back to Southern states like Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, Birmingham, Memphis, San Antonio, and Jackson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hepler|first=Lauren|date=2020-07-15|title=The hidden toll of California's Black exodus|language=en-US|work=CalMatters|url=http://calmatters.org/projects/california-black-population-exodus/|access-date=2023-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=August 13, 2021|title=Latinos, Blacks Show Strong Growth in San Antonio as White Population Declines|newspaper=San Antonio Express-News|url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Latinos-Black-communities-grow-in-San-Antonio-16385595.php|last1=O'Hare|first1=By Peggy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Places like Compton, Inglewood, and Watts wey before be mostly Black now dey mostly Latino. Mexicans and Central Americans don take over many of the areas wey Black people dey live before.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Reich|first=Steven A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGqEAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=african+american+cities+compton+inglewood+population+loss+predominately+laTino&amp;pg=PA197|title=The Great Black Migration: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic|date=April 17, 2014|publisher=Abc-Clio|isbn=9781610696661}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Noguera|first=Pedro A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08DvDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=areas+predominately+black+compton+watts+latino&amp;pg=PA124|title=City Schools and the American Dream 2: The Enduring Promise of Public Education|last2=Syeed|first2=Esa|publisher=Teachers College Press|year=2020|isbn=9780807778555}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Halle|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3xqiMUC0WwC&amp;dq=areas+predominately+black+compton+watts+latino&amp;pg=PA164|title=New York and Los Angeles: Politics, Society, and Culture--A Comparative View|date=August 15, 2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226313702}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Black people for California get higher chance to turn homeless.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Cimini|first=Kate|date=2019-10-05|title=Black people disproportionately homeless in California|language=en-US|work=CalMatters|url=http://calmatters.org/california-divide/2019/10/black-people-disproportionately-homeless-in-california/|access-date=2023-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the Black people for California come from Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. 3% of the Black population no be citizens, and 4% be naturalized immigrants. Most Black people dey stay for Los Angeles, the East Bay area of San Francisco, and Sacramento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=California's African American Community|url=https://www.ppic.org/blog/californias-african-american-community/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Solano County get the highest percentage of Black people per county.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/2021/most-california-county/|title=What's the most California county in California?|website=San Francisco Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the Bay Area, cities like Oakland, Vallejo, Antioch, Suisun City, and Richmond get the most Black people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Racial Segregation in the San Francisco Bay Area, Part 2|url=https://belonging.berkeley.edu/racial-segregation-san-francisco-bay-area-part-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== History ==
California get ein name from one fictional Black queen, Queen Calafia, wey show for one Spanish novel from the 1500s, &quot;Las sergas de Esplandián&quot; by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 6, 2024|title=Fact Check: California Was Supposedly Named After Fictional Isle of Black Women Who Kept Griffins as Pets. Here's the Story|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/fact-check-california-supposedly-named-130000451.html?guccounter=1&amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAACGZvhUnXH5FlgLfsL_xWUVkE6MmNAevTgL9Q88FIRsZ8qmOLIRR4MV51b0srGeVqSLzNzsYTV_-qK9OeiVyEzznLVpcKIFTiyhgT7gstB38osT3hweVQ912TLDf8Qcmdu8t2jxxfjyAPuBc9sYNJRFQ1efFUD_Eeuten9QLTNAK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 18th century ===
People wey get African roots first land for California from Mexico during the time Spanish people dey conquer the land.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Quintard |author-link=Quintard Taylor |date=2000-01-01 |title=African American Men in the American West, 1528-1990 |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=569 |pages=102–119 |doi=10.1177/000271620056900108 |jstor=1048813 |s2cid=145420060}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Damany M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqeUSQAACAAJ|title=Discovering Early California Afro-Latino Presence|date=2010|publisher=Heyday|isbn=978-1-59714-145-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Spanish soldiers, priests, and settlers bring both free Black people and slaves come California in the 1700s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; People wey build towns like San Jose, San Francisco (Yerba Buena), Monterey, San Diego, and Los Angeles mostly be mixed-race (Negro and Native American) from Sonora and Sinaloa for Mexico. Plenty mulatto (half-Black, half-Spanish) people too dey inside Alta California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Honig|first=Sasha|title=The Presidios of Alta California|url=https://californiamissionsfoundation.org/articles/the-presidios-of-alta-california/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=California Missions Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 19th century ===
Some important early California settlers and landowners get African roots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mills|first=Michelle|date=February 4, 2016|title=Exhibit explores the African ancestry of the founders of Los Angeles|url=https://www.sgvtribune.com/arts-and-entertainment/20160204/exhibit-explores-the-african-ancestry-of-the-founders-of-los-angeles|website=San Gabriel Valley Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pío Pico, one mixed-race Californio politician, ranch owner, and businessperson, be the last governor of Alta California before U.S. take over in 1846.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-10-10|title=The Life and Times of Pío Pico, Last Governor of Mexican California|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-life-and-times-of-pio-pico-last-governor-of-mexican-california|access-date=2023-01-16|website=KCET PBS|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Juana Briones de Miranda, another mixed-race woman wey get African roots, be one of the early businesswomen for San Francisco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kamiya|first=Gary|date=2013-08-23|title=Juana Briones - San Francisco's founding mother|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Juana-Briones-San-Francisco-s-founding-mother-4757183.php|access-date=2021-02-16|website=[[SFGATE]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; William Leidesdorff, one Black man of mixed race, be one of the founders of San Francisco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Schneider|first=Benjamin|date=December 8, 2021|title=The incredible story of William Leidesdorff, San Francisco's Black founding father|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/the-city/the-incredible-story-of-william-leidesdorff-san-francisco-s-black-founding-father/article_10a7cbbd-b999-5e69-af0c-73bbd8777266.html|access-date=2023-01-16|website=[[San Francisco Examiner]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After gold discover for California on January 24, 1848, many African Americans come the state during the Gold Rush wey dem dey find freedom and wealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=Jerry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGnGQgAACAAJ|title=Hurry Freedom: African Americans in Gold Rush California|date=2000|publisher=Crown Publishers|isbn=978-0-517-80096-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=February 9, 2022|title=African Americans in the California Gold Rush (1848-1860) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/events-african-american-history/african-americans-in-the-california-gold-rush-1848-1860/|website=BlackPast}}&lt;/ref&gt; White people from southern U.S. bring Black slaves come dig for gold from 1849, mostly from Texas, Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Americans in the Gold Rush|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldrush-stephen-hill/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=American Experience, PBS|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; One gold mine called Sweet Vengeance for Browns Valley be found by Black miners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=DeWitt|first=Howard A.|url=https://archive.org/details/fragmenteddream00howa/page/84/mode/2up|title=The Fragmented Dream: Multicultural California|publisher=Kendall/Hunt Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0-7872-6287-0|location=Dubuque, Iowa|pages=78–79, 84}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moses Rodgers be one of the top miners for California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beasley|first=Delilah L.|url=https://archive.org/details/negrotrailblazer0000beas_o5c3/page/104/mode/2up|title=The Negro Trail Blazers of California|publisher=G. K. Hall|year=1919|isbn=9780783814261|edition=1997|location=New York|pages=104}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some of the oldest Black churches for California include the Saint Andrews African Methodist Episcopal Church, Sacramento, wey dem found in 1850, before dem know am as Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church. the Third Baptist Church, San Francisco (1852), Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Bethel AME Church) ,San Francisco (1852), African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion Church), San Francisco (1852),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Montesano |first=Philip M. |date=1973-07-01 |title=San Francisco Black Churches in the Early 1860's: Political Pressure Group |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article/52/2/145/30958/San-Francisco-Black-Churches-in-the-Early-1860-s |journal=California Historical Quarterly |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.2307/25157430 |issn=0097-6059 |jstor=25157430 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; and First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles (1872).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=St. Andrews AME Church (Sacramento), is Founded|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/st-andrews-ame-church-of-sacramento-founded/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=African American Registry (AAREG)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stanford|first=Karin L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1c-9yAKqIcYC|title=African Americans in Los Angeles|date=2010|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-8094-4|pages=25|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-11-16|title=SF's oldest African-American church designated as landmark|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/bayarea/article/City-s-Oldest-African-American-Church-Designated-12361320.php|access-date=2023-01-16|website=[[SFGATE]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1870s, Rev. Peter William Cassey help form two Black Episcopalian churches for San Francisco, like Christ Mission Church and early version of St. Cyprian’s Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Jessie Carney|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93SDBwAAQBAJ|title=Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events|date=2012-12-01|publisher=Visible Ink Press|isbn=978-1-57859-424-5|pages=578|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1855 to 1902, early African Americans organize State Convention of Colored Citizens. Dem elect delegates from different counties to talk about slavery, education, and voting rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herron&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Herron |first=Paul E. |date=April 2022 |title=&quot;This Crisis of Our History&quot;: The Colored Conventions Movement and the Temporal Construction of Southern Politics |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X21000122 |issn=0898-588X |s2cid=246985506 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lapp|first=Rudolph M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GALEv2uoSJkC|title=Blacks in Gold Rush California|date=1977-01-01|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06545-9|pages=160|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Archy Lee be one enslaved Black man wey become part of important court cases for civil rights by 1858.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Shirley Ann Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8wjDQAAQBAJ|title=Sweet Freedom's Plains: African Americans on the Overland Trails, 1841–1869|date=2016-10-20|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-5685-9|pages=7, 200–201|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Wee|first=Eliza|date=2018-06-28|title=Archy Lee - Gold Chains: The Hidden History of Slavery in California|url=https://www.aclunc.org/sites/goldchains/explore/archy-lee.html|access-date=2023-01-16|website=ACLU of Northern CA|language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edward Duplex be first Black mayor for California, elected for Wheatland in 1888.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2008-11-26|title=Edward Park Duplex (1831–1900)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/edward-park-duplex-1831-1900/|access-date=2023-01-29|website=BlackPast|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gardner|first=Eric|date=May 31, 2013|title=Duplex, Edward P.|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36744|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 30, 2022|website=Oxford African American Studies Center|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.36744|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 1850, the census count 962 Black people. By 1860, dem be 4,086&lt;ref&gt;Bradford, Eric.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1910, de number rise to 22,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore-1996&quot;/&gt;

=== 20th century ===
Insyd de 1920s, one place called Terrific Street for San Francisco be where Black culture shine for clubs called Black and Tan (where all races dey mix)..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bern|first=Medea Isphording|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zft0BgAAQBAJ|title=San Francisco Jazz|date=2015-01-05|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-4396-4928-2|pages=9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During Second Great Migration (1940–1970), African Americans move from the South to California for better jobs and to escape [[Jim Crow laws]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tolnay |first=Stewart E. |date=August 2003 |title=The African American &quot;Great Migration&quot; and Beyond |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009 |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=209–232 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009 |issn=0360-0572 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many work for defense and shipyard industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Second Great Migration|url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/african_american_MIG.pdf|access-date=2025-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529042525/https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/african_american_MIG.pdf|archive-date=2025-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Norris|first=Keenan|date=27 March 2019|title=African American StudiesAfrican Americans in Los Angeles|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190280024/obo-9780190280024-0069.xml|access-date=2020-03-19|website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780190280024-0069}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Louisiana Creoles also join.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jolivétte|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9fS-2bO3jYC&amp;dq=louisiana+creoles+in+california+second+migration&amp;pg=PA85|title=Louisiana Creoles: Cultural Recovery and Mixed-Race Native American Identity|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2007|isbn=9780739118962}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before World War II, African Americans be less than 1% of California population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore-1996&quot;/&gt;  By 1910, only 21,645 Black residents dey compared to 2 million White people&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Marne L. |date=2012-01-01 |title=African American Women, Wealth Accumulation, and Social Welfare Activism in 19Th-Century Los Angeles |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-american-history_fall-2012_97_4/page/376 |journal=The Journal of African American History |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=376–400 |doi=10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.4.0376 |jstor=10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.4.0376 |s2cid=149013832}}&lt;/ref&gt; . But after World War II, Black population grow fast.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore-1996&quot; /&gt;

Insyd de late 1940s–1960s, Black musicians for San Francisco and Los Angeles start West Coast jazz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Salerni |first=Paul |date=1995 |title=Review of West Coast Jazz |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29776316 |journal=Italian Americana |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=232–234 |issn=0096-8846 |jstor=29776316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 1968, Yusuf Bey start Your Black Muslim Bakery for Santa Barbara, but later e move to Oakland in 1971.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=DelVecchio|first=Rick|date=2003-10-02|title=Black Muslim leader Bey dies; battled cancer / Remembered for opening doors to down-and-out|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Black-Muslim-leader-Bey-dies-battled-cancer-2584698.php|access-date=2023-01-16|website=[[SFGATE]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The bakery be symbol of Black economic power but later collapse due to crimes like abuse and murder. Dem close am in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Henry K.|date=2007-12-15|title=Life sentence for Oakland man who killed Black Muslim Bakery head|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Life-sentence-for-Oakland-man-who-killed-Black-3299497.php|access-date=2023-01-16|website=[[SFGATE]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Henry K.|date=2011-03-21|title=Prosecutor: Evidence links bakery, Bailey killing|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Prosecutor-Evidence-links-bakery-Bailey-killing-2388545.php|access-date=2023-01-16|website=[[SFGATE]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1991, Rodney King, one African American man, suffer police brutality when three police officers from the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) beat am during ein arrest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=|first=|date=1991-03-18|title=Seven Minutes In Los Angeles - A special report.; Videotaped Beating by Officers Puts Full Glare on Brutality Issue|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/18/us/seven-minutes-los-angeles-special-report-videotaped-beating-officers-puts-full.html|access-date=2023-01-16|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Margolick|first=David|date=1991-03-17|title=Beating Case Unfolds, as Does Debate on Lawyer|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/17/us/beating-case-unfolds-as-does-debate-on-lawyer.html|access-date=2023-01-16|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 3, 2016|title=March 3, 1991: Rodney King beating caught on video|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/march-3rd-1991-rodney-king-lapd-beating-caught-on-video/|access-date=2023-01-16|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem catch the beating on video. After court free the police officers, the thing lead to the 1992 Los Angeles riots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mydans|first=Seth|date=April 30, 1992|title=THE POLICE VERDICT; Los Angeles Policemen Acquitted in Taped Beating|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/08/home/rodney-verdict.html|access-date=2023-01-16|website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the riots, about 50 people die, around 2,000 people injure, and 8,000 people dem arrest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Femi|date=December 16, 2020|title=39 Events that Occurred in the 1990s|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-history-timeline-1990-1999-45447|access-date=2023-01-16|website=ThoughtCo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Affirmative action be set of laws, policies, guidelines, plus administrative ways wey dem put down to stop and fix di bad things wey come from one kind discrimination.&lt;ref name=&quot;Feinberg 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feinberg |first=Walter |date=September 15, 2005 |editor-last=Lafollette |editor-first=Hugh |title=Affirmative Action |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284238.003.0012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inside November 1996, California cancel Affirmative Action with Proposition 209.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Carey|first=Kevin|date=2020-08-21|title=A Detailed Look at the Downside of California's Ban on Affirmative Action|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/21/upshot/00up-affirmative-action-california-study.html|access-date=2023-01-16|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 21st century ===
Insyd 2000, California get 113,255 African immigrants, with 29,930 wey live for Bay Area. Most of dem come from Ethiopia, Nigeria, Egypt, and South Africa. About 45,000 Ethiopians and 6,000 Eritreans dey Los Angeles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Reimers|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06HVt0Ft7GYC&amp;pg=PA243|title=Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People|date=September 27, 2023|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814775356}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egyptians and South Africans too dey settle for California.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Konadu-Agyemang|first=Kwadwo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEZDrZls-AAC&amp;pg=PA60|title=The New African Diaspora in North America: Trends, Community Building, and Adaptation|last2=Takyi|first2=Baffour K.|last3=Arthur|first3=John A.|date=September 27, 2023|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739111512}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd de 2010s, more Black people start move comot California go places like Texas and Atlanta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Politics {{!}} News from The Advocate|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/|access-date=2020-11-05|work=The Advocate|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2018, Black neighborhoods still dey for places like Compton, South LA, Inglewood, Stockton,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://antiochherald.com/2019/02/05ah01acc/|title=Antioch Council hires first African American as City Attorney|last=Payton|first=Allen|date=February 5, 2019|work=The Antioch Herald|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oakland, and Vallejo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-09|title=These Are The 10 California Cities With The Largest Black Population For 2019|url=https://www.roadsnacks.net/most-african-american-cities-in-california/|access-date=2019-05-13|website=RoadSnacks|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oakland get about 25% Black people as of 2020. Plenty Black people wey settle for Oakland work for railroad back in mid 1900s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tramble|first=Thomas and Wilma|title=The Pullman Porters and West Oakland|url=https://archive.org/details/pullmanporterswe0000tram|publisher=Arcadia Pub.|year=2007|location=Charleston, SC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2020, anti-Black hate crimes rise for California.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|agency=AP|title=Anti-Black, gay, Asian bias fuel California hate crime surge|url=https://omaha.com/lifestyles/health-med-fit/anti-black-gay-asian-bias-fuel-california-hate-crime-surge/article_721618a0-839c-5b36-a52e-202749b50c5b.html|access-date=2022-07-03|work=Omaha World-Herald|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|agency=AP|title=Anti-Black and Asian bias fuel California hate crime surge|url=https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/anti-black-and-asian-bias-fuel-california-hate-crime-surge/|access-date=2022-07-03|work=Durango Herald|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2021-06-30|title=California hate crime up 31% in 2020, led by anti-Black bias|url=https://apnews.com/article/california-hate-crimes-race-and-ethnicity-health-coronavirus-pandemic-a11dd9bca4c5ab589f0e41bff137fb97|access-date=2022-07-03|work=AP NEWS|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/anti-black-and-asian-bias-fuel-california-hate-crime-surge/2022/06/28/49600a64-f707-11ec-81db-ac07a394a86b_story.html|title=Anti-Black, gay, Asian bias fuel California hate crime surge|date=2022-06-28|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|place=Washington, D.C.|issn=0190-8286|oclc=1330888409}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2020 to 2022, [[COVID-19]] kill more African Americans for the state, partly because dem get the lowest vaccination rates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hwang|first=Kristen|date=2022-02-25|title=COVID-19 has turned deadlier for Black Californians, who have the state's lowest vaccination rate|language=en-US|work=CalMatters|url=http://calmatters.org/health/coronavirus/2022/02/covid-black-california-deaths/|access-date=2022-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2020-04-16|title=African-American COVID-19 deaths 'disproportionately' high in California|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/16/coronavirus-african-american-covid-19-deaths-disproportionately-high-in-california|access-date=2022-07-03|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|title=African-American COVID-19 deaths 'disproportionately' high in California|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/16/coronavirus-african-american-covid-19-deaths-disproportionately-high-in-california|access-date=2022-07-03|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Media ==
Dem believe say the first African American newspaper for California be Mirror of the Times, wey dem publish around di mid-1850s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Snorgrass |first=J. William |date=1981 |title=The Black Press in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1856-1900 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25158067 |journal=California History |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=306–317 |issn=0162-2897 |jstor=25158067}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other early Black newspapers for Northern California include Pacific Appea'''l''' and The Elevato'''r''';&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-18|title='Since Before the Beginning': The Black Pioneers of the South Bay|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11860455/since-before-the-beginning-the-black-pioneers-of-the-south-bay|access-date=2023-08-09|website=KQED|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Southern California, e include California Eagle, California Voice, and Los Angeles Sentinel.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore-1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Shirley Ann Wilson |date=1996-01-01 |title=African Americans in California: A Brief Historiography |journal=California History |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=194–197 |doi=10.2307/25177592 |jstor=25177592}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''

Dem first mention African American people wey dey live for California in 1919 by one Black historian from California, Delilah Beasley. Later on, people like Rudolph Lapp and others also write about dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore-1996&quot;/&gt; More info show for journals like The Journal of Negro History and ''The'' Journal of African American History''.(3)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=V. P. |date=2006-01-01 |title=Introduction: The African American Experience in the Western States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-american-history_winter-2006_91_1/page/1 |journal=The Journal of African American History |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1086/JAAHv91n1p1 |jstor=20064043 |s2cid=149288451}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

De biggest film festival wey dey focus on Black filmmaking be Pan African Film Festival, wey dem start for 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=King|first=Susan|date=February 6, 2013|title=The world comes calling at the Pan African Film &amp; Arts Festival|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-feb-06-la-et-cm-pan-african-20130207-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other important film festivals wey dey support Black filmmakers demma career include San Diego Black Film Festival and Hollywood Black Film Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Beth Accomando|author-link=Beth Accomando|date=April 27, 2017|title=San Diego Black Film Festival Celebrates 15th Year|publisher=[[KPBS Public Media|KPBS]]|url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2017/apr/27/san-diego-black-film-festival-celebrates-15th-year/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Beth Wood|date=April 20, 2017|title=San Diego Black Film Festival has new venues|newspaper=[[San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/movies/sd-et-black-film-fest-20170420-story.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2022-07-21|title=Tanya Kersey, founder of the Hollywood Black Film Festival, dies at 61|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-07-20/tanya-kersey-dead-obituary-hollywood-black-film-festival|access-date=2023-01-16|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Education ==
Elizabeth Thorn Scott Flood be one of the early African American teachers for Sacramento, wey she start teach from 1854. Later on, she move go teach for Oakland too.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wagner|first=Tricia Martineau|url=http://archive.org/details/isbn_9780762739004|title=African American Women of the Old West|date=2007|publisher=TwoDot, an imprint of The Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-0-7627-3900-4|location=Guilford, Conn.|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth Thorn Scott Flood, Educator born|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/elizabeth-thorn-scott-flood-educator-born/|access-date=2023-01-29|website=African American Registry (AAREG)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For May 1854, dem open one private school for Black people called San Francisco Colored School inside the basement of St. Cyprian AME Church wey dey Jackson and Virginia Streets for San Francisco. John Jamison Moore na the person wey start the school, he be the first teacher plus principal and Rev. Thomas Marcus Decatur Ward help lead the school too.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adkins-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Adkins|first=Jan Batiste|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/African_Americans_of_San_Francisco/uJAsfkUUqOoC|title=African Americans of San Francisco|date=2012|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-7385-7619-0|pages=12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Martha C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsHPDAAAQBAJ|title=From Labor to Reward: Black Church Beginnings in San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, and Richmond, 1849-1972|date=2016-06-24|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-3281-4|pages=5–6, 11–12|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Willard|first=Ruth Hendricks|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sacred_Places_of_San_Francisco/291OAAAAMAAJ|title=Sacred Places of San Francisco|last2=Wilson|first2=Carol Green|last3=Baird|first3=Joseph Armstrong|date=1985|publisher=Presidio Press|isbn=978-0-89141-192-5|pages=78|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Phoenixonian Institute for San Jose be the first high school for African American students for the state. Dem open am in 1861 as private boarding school, but e close around the mid-1870s when public schools for the state no longer dey separate Black and White students.&lt;ref name=&quot;FiveViews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJt5AAAAMAAJ|title=Five Views|date=1988|publisher=[[State of California]], Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation|page=78|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The money and support for the Phoenixonian Institute first come from the California State Convention of Colored Citizens plus the African American community wey dey live for the West Coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;FiveViews&quot; /&gt;

For 1874, the California Supreme Court talk say schools fit be &quot;separate but equal&quot; inside one case dem call ''Ward v. Flood''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ficker |first=Douglas J. |date=Autumn 1999 |title=From Roberts to Plessy: Educational Segregation and the &quot;Separate but Equal&quot; Doctrine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2649034 |journal=The Journal of Negro History |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=301–314 |doi=10.2307/2649034 |jstor=2649034 |s2cid=156545977 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The number of African American students for primary school level grow from 24 students in 1870 to 183 students by the end of the 1800s. By 1900, Black students be some of the best performing students for reading and writing subjects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell-2012&quot;/&gt;

De first university Black studies department for de United States start for San Francisco State University after de ''Third World Liberation Front'' strikes wey happen for 1968.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rooks|first=Nowlie|date=February 10, 2006|title=The Beginnings of Black Studies|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-beginnings-of-black-studies/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Chronicle of Higher Education|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994, African American students for California make up about 7% of the people wey dey go higher education, compared to 9% for the whole United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1994-01-01 |title=Serious Erosion of African-American Enrollment in California Higher Education |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |issue=3 |pages=11 |doi=10.2307/2963084 |jstor=2963084}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Health ==
Black people for California get the highest death rates from breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity in California: Pattern of Inequity|url=https://www.chcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/DisparitiesAlmanacRaceEthnicity2021.pdf|website=www.chcf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  For 2022, Black people for California die more from COVID-19 pass other ethnic groups, and dem also get the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://calmatters.org/health/coronavirus/2022/02/covid-black-california-deaths/|title=COVID-19 has turned deadlier for Black Californians, who have the state's lowest vaccination rate|newspaper=Calmatters|date=February 25, 2022|last1=Hwang|first1=Kristen}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Black Californians too dey more likely to get obesity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|date=September 28, 2006|title=In California… Who's Obese, Who's Not, And Why|url=https://www.ppic.org/press-release/in-california-whos-obese-whos-not-and-why/|publisher=Public Policy Institute of California}}&lt;/ref&gt; Homicide rates for African Americans in California also high pass other groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kim|first=Mina|date=2012-01-26|title=Homicide Rate Among Calif. African-Americans Significantly Higher Than National Average|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/54551/calif-african-americans-disproportionately-effected-by-homicides|access-date=2023-12-27|website=KQED|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Black people for California dey more likely to face depression, psychological distress, and other mental health problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cummings|first=Linda|date=August 3, 2023|title=Listening to Black Californians with Mental Health Conditions|url=https://www.chcf.org/publication/listening-black-californians-mental-health-conditions/#related-links-and-downloads|access-date=2025-01-06|website=California Health Care Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pederson |first=A. B. |date=2023 |title=Management of Depression in Black People: Effects of Cultural Issues |journal=Psychiatric Annals |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=122–125 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20230215-01 |pmc=10312036 |pmid=37396678}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CBHN Perspectives: The State of Black Mental Health in California|url=https://www.cablackhealthnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CBHN-Perspectives-Black-Mental-Health.pdf|website=www.cablackhealthnetwork.org|access-date=2025-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626204759/http://www.cablackhealthnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CBHN-Perspectives-Black-Mental-Health.pdf|archive-date=2024-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; De suicide rate for Black Californians high pass the one for White Californians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sánchez-Tello|first=George B.|date=2023-03-03|title=California's Black youth mental health crisis|url=https://imprintnews.org/top-stories/californias-balck-youth-mental-health-crisis/238925#:~:text=Suicide%20rates%20among%20Black%20youth,white,%20Hispanic%20and%20Asian%20peers|access-date=2025-01-06|website=The Imprint|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Roberts|first=Nigel|date=January 26, 2023|title=Study: Black Youth In California See Double The Statewide Suicide Rate|url=https://www.bet.com/article/o6dhzp/black-youth-suicide-rate-california-trending-high|access-date=2025-01-06|website=BET|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218152617/https://www.bet.com/article/o6dhzp/black-youth-suicide-rate-california-trending-high|archive-date=2025-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lund |first=J. J. |last2=Tomsich |first2=E. |last3=Schleimer |first3=J. P. |last4=Pear |first4=V. A. |date=2023 |title=Changes in suicide in California from 2017 to 2021: A population-based study |journal=Injury Epidemiology |volume=10 |page=19 |doi=10.1186/s40621-023-00429-6 |pmc=10041498 |pmid=36973826 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Reparations ==
California be the first state wey start to consider reparations for Black people. Dem form one group called the California Reparations Task Force to prepare recommendations give the state legislature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Fry|first1=Wendy|last2=Yee|first2=Erica|last3=Jetha|first3=Rya|date=2023-06-29|title=California is the first state to tackle reparations for Black residents. What that really means|language=en-US|work=CalMatters|url=http://calmatters.org/explainers/reparations-california/|access-date=2023-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Economists tell the state say Black Californians fit dey owe around $800 billion in reparations. This $800 billion be more than 2.5 times the whole yearly budget of California, wey be $300 billion. Inside the estimate, $246 billion go be compensation give Black Californians wey live for areas wey police dey harass dem and arrest dem too much during the &quot;war on drugs&quot; from 1970 to 2020. That one alone fit be like $125,000 for each person wey qualify. Economists also talk say $569 billion fit go for people wey suffer from redlining, that be when dem deny Black people housing loans just because of dem skin color. That compensation go reach about $223,000 per person wey live for California between 1933 den 1977 den qualify.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Black Californians may be owed $800bn in reparations, economists tell state|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/29/california-reparations-cost-state-panel|agency=The Guardian|date=30 Mar 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to one 2023 poll wey UC Berkeley do, most California voters no support cash reparations as compensation give people wey be descendants of enslaved African Americans wey dey live for the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Florido|first=Adrian|date=September 11, 2023|title=Most California voters oppose cash reparations for slavery, poll finds|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/09/11/1198805444/most-california-voters-oppose-cash-reparations-for-slavery-poll-finds}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politics ==
For 2016, 82% of African American voters for California register as Democrats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=September 2016|title=Just the Facts: Race and Voting in California|url=https://www.publicceo.com/2016/09/just-the-facts-race-and-voting-in-california/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamala Harris be the first African American woman wey become Vice President of the U.S., and she born plus grow for California.

Exit polls show say for 2024, 86% of African Americans for California vote for Kamala Harris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024|title=Election 2024: Exit polls|url=https://www.cnn.com/election/2024/exit-polls/national-results/general/president/0|access-date=|website=CNN Politics|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2020, 82% vote for Joe Biden,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/interactive/2020/exit-polls/california-exit-polls/|title=Exit poll results and analysis for the 2020 presidential election|date=2020-11-07|orig-date=2020-11-02|author1=Brittany Mayes, Leslie Shapiro, Chris Alcantara, Scott Clement, Emily Guskin|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|place=Washington, D.C.|issn=0190-8286|oclc=1330888409}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=California 2020 President exit polls|url=https://edition.cnn.com/election/2020/exit-polls/president/california|website=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den for 2016, 88% vote for Hillary Clinton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=November 28, 2016|title=California Results 2016|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/ca/|website=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Kenneth P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cobxDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=california+2016+black+vote+hillary+clinton&amp;pg=PA49|title=Texas Vs. California: A History of Their Struggle for the Future of America|date=August 2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-007736-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discrimination ==
For 2021, de total number of hate crime cases reported be the sixth-highest ever recorded, and the highest since after the September 11, 2001 attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey‌-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Harvey‌|first=Antonio‌ ‌Ray‌ ‌|date=July 14, 2022|title=Incidents of Hate Crimes Against Blacks Highest in California|url=https://lasentinel.net/incidents-of-hate-crimes-against-blacks-highest-in-california%E2%80%AF.html|website=Los Angeles Sentinel}}&lt;/ref&gt; One study by the California Department of Justice (DOJ) show say anti-Black hate crimes increase by 27% from 2021 to 2022. Hate crimes in general also go up by 20% for the whole state.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey‌-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Flores|first=Hilda|date=2023-06-28|title=Hate crime reports in CA increased 20% from 2021 to 2022, report shows. Here's a closer look|url=https://www.kcra.com/article/hate-crimes-california-increased-2021-2022-attorney-general-report/44361606|access-date=2023-07-21|website=KCRA|language=en|quote=Hate crime reports in California increased about 20%; anti-Black hate crimes remain the most prevalent, with an increase of 27.1%}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Black people get higher arrest rates pass White people for all 58 counties wey dey California..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Racial Disparities in California Arrests|url=https://www.ppic.org/publication/racial-disparities-in-california-arrests/}}&lt;/ref&gt; African Americans too dey often suffer racial profiling for the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Californians Fear Being a Victim of Crime, and Some Have Been Victims of Racial Profiling|url=https://www.ppic.org/blog/californians-fear-being-a-victim-of-crime-and-some-have-been-victims-of-racial-profiling/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

California be the first state wey ban discrimination based on natural Black hair and hairstyles. Governor Gavin Newsom sign the bill into law.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/us/natural-hair-discrimination-ban.html|title=California Is First State to Ban Discrimination Based on Natural Hair|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2019|last1=Stack|first1=Liam}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/caps_thes_all/article/1466/&amp;path_info=The_Movement_and_Culture_of_African_Americans_in_California.pdf The Movement and Culture of African Americans in California]
* [https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/c.php?g=903071&amp;p=6500032 African Americans in California - Bancroft Library]
* [https://mklopez.humspace.ucla.edu/seeing-the-past/african-american-history-in-mexican-california/ African American History in Mexican California]
* [https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11467974 Black-Latino tensions on rise in California]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/02/20/us/hispanics-californias-next-majority.html?_r=0 Hispanics: California's Next Majority], ''The New York Times''
* {{Cite web|date=10 November 2015|title=Afro-Latinos|url=https://www.nps.gov/juba/learn/historyculture/afro-latinos.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031044903/https://www.nps.gov/juba/learn/historyculture/afro-latinos.htm|archive-date=31 October 2021|access-date=9 December 2023|website=Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)}}
* {{Cite web|last=Waite|first=Kevin|date=8 June 2023|title=The little-known story of how slavery infiltrated California and the American west|url=https://theconversation.com/the-little-known-story-of-how-slavery-infiltrated-california-and-the-american-west-165705|access-date=9 December 2023|website=The Conversation}}
* [https://www.history.com/.amp/news/california-once-tried-to-ban-black-people California Once Tried to Ban Black People]
* [https://calmatters.org/projects/california-black-population-exodus/ The hidden toll of California’s Black exodus]
* {{Cite book|last=Wheeler|first=B.G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To13wGCf-9UC|title=Black California: The History of African-Americans in the Golden State|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=1993|isbn=978-0-7818-0074-7}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=NFUlDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=african+americans+latinos+california Black and Brown in Los Angeles: Beyond Conflict and Coalition]
* [https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2007/latino-gang-members-southern-california-are-terrorizing-and-killing-blacks LATINO GANG MEMBERS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ARE TERRORIZING AND KILLING BLACKS]
* {{Cite web|title=California Cultures: African Americans|url=https://calisphere.org/exhibitions/t8/california-cultures-african-americans/|access-date=9 December 2023|website=Calisphere}}
* [https://www.ppic.org/blog/racial-ethnic-differences-in-whos-leaving-california/ Racial/Ethnic Differences in Who’s Leaving California]
* {{Cite book|last=Gordon Wheeler|first=B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To13wGCf-9UC&amp;q=african+americans+in+california|title=Black California: The History of African-Americans in the Golden State|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=1993|isbn=9780781800747}}
* {{Cite book|last=McGriff-Payne|first=Sharon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saG0kc0lG7wC&amp;q=african+americans+in+california|title=African Americans in Vallejo|publisher=Arcadia|year=2012|isbn=9780738595818}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011053921/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol9no10/9.10-30-CaliforniaCultures.pdf California Cultures: African Americans]
* [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/5views/5views2.htm An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Black Americans)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250120152709/http://www.usa.com/rank/california-state--black-population-percentage--city-rank.htm California Black Population Percentage City Rank]
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title= Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California| date=September 27, 2023 | publisher=University of Washington Press | isbn=9780295980829 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2eH35EuLuUsC&amp;dq=african+americans+in+California+caribbean+haitian+descent&amp;pg=PA76}}

[[Category:African Americans insyd California| ]]</text>
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'''Shadrack Lapologang Tlhaole''' be a South African politician den a party member of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF).

E be de provincial chairperson for de EFF plus now now Member of de Northern Cape Provincial Legislature for de party, after e take office for November 2017. Before, e serve as de provincial secretary of de party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Kwon Hoo|first1=Sandi|title=ANC defector returns as EFF MPL|url=https://www.dfa.co.za/news/anc-defector-returns-as-eff-mpl-11588387|accessdate=29 March 2020|newspaper=DFA|date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tlhaole na former provincial chair for de African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL). E lef de ANC for 2016 den after dat e join de EFF. Tlhaole turn MP for de EFF for February 2017 den e serve till dem move am go de legislature for October 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Kwon Hoo|first1=Sandi|title=EFF MPs 'instructed to resign'|url=https://www.dfa.co.za/news/eff-mps-instructed-to-resign-11738458|accessdate=29 March 2020|newspaper=DFA|date=27 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For November 2010, Sunday Times name Tlhaole as &quot;Mampara of de week&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mampara of the week: Shadrack Tlhaole|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-11-14-mampara-of-the-week-shadrack-tlhaole/|accessdate=29 March 2020|newspaper=Sunday Times|date=14 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd October 2022, Tlhaole win as provincial chairperson for de EFF.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sithole |first=Siyabonga |date=2022-10-03 |title=EFF elects its top five in NC, leaders urged to take fight to mines and banks |url=https://www.dfa.co.za/news/eff-elects-its-top-five-in-nc-leaders-urged-to-take-fight-to-mines-and-banks-417c2bde-ac79-48df-8024-03892ed94ea9/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=DFA |language=en-ZA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122190239/https://www.dfa.co.za/news/eff-elects-its-top-five-in-nc-leaders-urged-to-take-fight-to-mines-and-banks-417c2bde-ac79-48df-8024-03892ed94ea9/ |archive-date=2022-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; E take over from de former chairperson Aubrey Baartman as de party ein leader for de legislature after Baartman resign.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
*[https://www.pa.org.za/person/shadrack-lapologang-tlhaole/ Shadrack Lapologang Tlhaole – People's Assembly]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tlhaole, Shadrack}}
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[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Members of de Northern Cape Provincial Legislature]]
[[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Economic Freedom Fighters politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</text>
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'''Sandrine Martinet''' (dem born am 10 November 1982,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=MARTINET Sandrine |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/sandrine-martinet_2493950 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=Paris 2024 Paralympics |quote=Date of Birth: 10 Nov 1982}} ([https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/sandrine-martinet_2493950 alternate link], [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024-paralimpicos/atleta/sandrine-martinet_2493950 alternate link 2])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beijing2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Athlete Biography – AURIERES-MARTINET Sandrine |url=http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/3/1209833.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113729/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/3/1209833.shtml |archive-date=13 October 2008 |access-date=30 September 2008 |work=Beijing 2008  Paralympics |publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad |quote=Date of Birth: Nov 10 1982}}&lt;/ref&gt; insyd Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis), '''Sandrine Aurières''' alias '''Sandrine Aurières-Martinet''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Beijing2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sandrine Aurières-Martinet, une maman qui rêve d'or|trans-title=Sandrine Aurières-Martinet, a mom who dreams of gold|language=French|work=Le Parisien|accessdate=30 August 2012|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/sports/sandrine-aurieres-martinet-une-maman-qui-reve-d-or-30-08-2012-2142625.php}} [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=fr&amp;u=http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/sports/sandrine-aurieres-martinet-une-maman-qui-reve-d-or-30-08-2012-2142625.php Google translation]&lt;/ref&gt; be Paralympic judoka wey win gold medal for France at de 2016 Summer Paralympics. She sana win four silver medals for France at Paralympic games.

== Ein Early life ==
Dem born Sandrine Aurières for 1982 insyd Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis. Dem born am visually impaired plus achromatopsia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Duverger|first=Sarah|date=2023-07-31|title=Sandrine Martinet, la parajudokate française au mental d'acier|url=https://www.journaldesfemmes.fr/societe/guide-sportives/2939327-sandrine-martinet-la-parajudokate-francaise-au-mental-d-acier/|access-date=2025-07-01|website=Journal des Femmes|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; She start judo as na she be nine years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Le jeudi fou des athlètes de Seine-Saint-Denis ! – J.O.P Paris 2024 en Seine-Saint-Denis|url=https://jopparis2024.seinesaintdenis.fr/actualites/le-jeudi-fou-des-athletes-de-seine-saint-denis/|access-date=2025-07-01|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520191209/https://jopparis2024.seinesaintdenis.fr/actualites/le-jeudi-fou-des-athletes-de-seine-saint-denis/|archive-date=2025-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Burgaud|first=Florian|date=2024-08-21|title=Paris 2024 Paralympics {{!}} Sandrine Martinet, French Para judo legend: &quot;I'll do everything I can to win this gold medal in front of my family and friends&quot;|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-paralympics-interview-sandrine-martinet-para-judo-legend-gold-medal-family-friends|access-date=2025-07-01|website=olympics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Career ==
Martinet compete ein first para judo competition for Germany as na she be 16, wey she compete for de junior category.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; She join de French national team 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Martinet make ein Paralympic debut for de [[2004 Summer Paralympics]], de first Paralympic Games wey include shoddies demma para judo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dumont|first=Floriane|date=2024-07-10|title=PARIS : Sandrine MARTINET, ceinture noire de la résilience|url=https://presseagence.fr/paris-sandrine-martinet-ceinture-noire-de-la-resilience/|access-date=2025-07-01|website=Presse Agence|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; She win silver medal for de 2004 Games wey she sana win again for de [[2008 Summer Paralympics]] insyd shoddies demma -52 kg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-11-12|title=Judoka Martinet ‘still hungry for victory’|url=https://ibsasport.org/judoka-martinet-still-hungry-for-victory/|access-date=2025-07-01|website=IBSA International Blind Sports Federation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She place fifth for de [[2012 Summer Paralympic Games|2012 Summer Paralympics]] after ankle injury force am drop out from de bronze medal match.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Burza|first=Rafal|title=Sandrine Martinet ends injury period with ultimate judo gold|url=https://www.judoinside.com/news/1644/Sandrine_Martinet_ends_injury_period_with_ultimate_judo_gold|access-date=2025-07-01|website=Judo Inside|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Martinet win bronze for judo for de 2015 IBSA World Games.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-18|title=JUDO - Le Bronze pour Sandrine Aurières-Martinet !|url=https://extranet.handisport.org/documents/viewDocument/1276|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20210827172812/https://extranet.handisport.org/documents/viewDocument/1276|archive-date=2021-08-27|website=Comité paralympique et sportif français|access-date=2025-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; She win gold for de 2016 Visually Impaired Grand Prix&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Three golds for Brazil at Visually Impaired judo Grand Prix|url=https://www.judoinside.com/news/1618/Three_golds_for_Brazil_at_Visually_Impaired_judo_Grand_Prix|access-date=2025-07-01|website=Judo Inside|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den for de [[2016 Summer Paralympics]] insyd women's -52 kg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Smétanine earns France first gold in the pool|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080907-smetanine-earns-france-first-gold-pool-beijing-2008-paralympics&amp;navi=SPORTS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520131031/http://www.france24.com/en/20080907-smetanine-earns-france-first-gold-pool-beijing-2008-paralympics%26navi%3DSPORTS|archive-date=20 May 2011|work=France 24|quote=Meanwhile, fellow French athlete Sandrine Aurrières won the silver medal in the women’s 52kg judo contest.}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Paralympic medal be France ein first gold medal for Paralympic Games.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-09-09|title=Blind judoka wins France’s first Paralympic gold in Rio|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20160909-blind-judoka-auriere-martinet-wins-france-first-paralympic-gold-rio|access-date=2025-07-01|website=France 24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2021 insyd, dem designate Martinet as France ein flag bearer for de 2020 Summer Paralympics, alongside Stéphane Houdet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-07-12|title=Sandrine Martinet, porte-drapeau de l’Equipe de France Paralympique pour Tokyo!|url=https://www.groupebpce.com/toute-l-actualite/sandrine-martinet-porte-drapeau-de-lequipe-de-france-paralympique-pour-tokyo/|access-date=2025-07-01|website=Groupe BPCE|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; She win silver medal insyd women's -48 kg, as she move down from -52 kg weight category wey she compete insyd de previous Games.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=French stalwart Sandrine Martinet goes down fighting to Shahana Hajiyeva|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/french-stalwart-sandrine-martinet-goes-down-fighting-shahana-hajiyeva|access-date=2025-07-01|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She announce say de 2020 Summer Paralympics go be ein last, but she cam out from retirement 2022 plus de plan say she go compete for de 2024 Paralympics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nony|first=Celine|title=Sandrine Martinet, le plaisir et l'ambition retrouvés à l'aube des Mondiaux|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Judo/Actualites/Sandrine-martinet-le-plaisir-et-l-ambition-retrouves-a-l-aube-des-mondiaux/1363720|access-date=2025-07-01|website=L'Équipe|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She win silver for de [[2024 Summer Paralympics]] insyd women's -48 kg J2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paris 2024: Silver lining for Sandrine Martinet as Paris hails Para judo hero|url=https://www.paralympic.org/paris-2024/news/silver-lining-sandrine-martinet-paris-hails-para-judo-hero|access-date=2025-07-01|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Personal life ==
She meet ein husby, Nicholas, insyd 2002 through judo. Dem get two kiddies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-09-07|title=INTERVIEW - Sandrine Martinet : &quot;Mes enfants sont mes guides&quot;|url=https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/interview-sandrine-martinet-mes-enfants-sont-mes-guides_550723|access-date=2025-07-01|website=Gala|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Martinet dey works as physiotherapist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.paralympic.org/sandrine-aurieres Sandrine Aurieres] at the [[:en:International_Paralympic_Committee|International Paralympic Committee]] (2004)
* [https://www.paralympic.org/sandrine-aurieres-martinet Sandrine Aurieres-Martinet] at the [[:en:International_Paralympic_Committee|International Paralympic Committee]] (2008)
* [https://www.paralympic.org/sandrine-martinet Sandrine Martinet] at the [[:en:International_Paralympic_Committee|International Paralympic Committee]] (2012–present)
* [https://france-paralympique.fr/paralympiens/sandrine-martinet/ Sandrine Martinet] at ''[[:en:French_Paralympic_and_Sports_Committee|France Paralympique]]'' (in French)
* [https://www.equipedefrance.com/athlete/sandrine-martinet Sandrine Martinet] at ''Équipe de France'' (in French)
* [https://www.instagram.com/sandrinemartinetofficiel/ Sandrine Martinet] on [[:en:Instagram_(identifier)|Instagram]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martinet, Sandrine}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:French female judoka]]
[[Category:Paralympic judoka for France]]
[[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for France]]
[[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for France]]
[[Category:Judoka at de 2004 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Judoka at de 2008 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Judoka at de 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Judoka at de 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2004 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2008 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd judo]]
[[Category:21st-century French sportswomen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Angelique Kerber</title>
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'''Angelique Kerber''' (German: [ʔan.d͡ʒɛˈliːk ˈkɛɐ̯bɐ] &lt;sup&gt;ⓘ&lt;/sup&gt;; born 18 January 1988) be a German former professional tennis player. Na dem rank am as de world No. 1 insyd women's singles by de Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for 34 weeks, wey dey include as de year-end No. 1 insyd 2016. Kerber win 14 WTA Tour-level singles titles, wey dey include three majors at de 2016 Australian Open, de 2016 US Open, den de 2018 Wimbledon Championships. She sanso win a silver medal insyd women's singles at de 2016 Rio Olympics.

Kerber make ein professional debut insyd 2003 wey na she begin ein rise to prominence upon she reach de semifinals of de 2011 US Open as de world No. 92. An accomplished left-handed player, na Kerber first crack de top 5 insyd de rankings insyd 2012 wey she go eventually cam be world No. 1 on 12 September 2016, wey she cam be de 22nd den oldest player to achieve de top ranking. Dey follow a maternity leave, Kerber retire from de sport after de [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympics]].

== Early life ==

Na dem born Kerber on 18 January 1988 insyd Bremen to Polish-German parents&lt;ref name=&quot;tennismagazin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 July 2011 |title=Angelique Kerber |url=https://www.tennismagazin.de/profil/damen/angelique-kerber/ |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rp.pl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Angelique Kerber, Niemka polskiego pochodzenia |url=http://www.rp.pl/Plus-Minus/302059988-Angelique-Kerber-Niemka-polskiego-pochodzenia.html |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sławomir Kerber, wey komot Poznań, den Beata (née Rzeźnik), wey sanso be ein manager. She get one sisto, Jessica. She grow up insyd Kiel, wer na ein family stay insyd an apartment insyd a training academy wer na ein parents work,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angelique Kerber: Is this the beginning of the end? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/angelique-kerber-is-this-the-beginning-of-the-end/a-50178435 |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=Deutsche Welle}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she start dey play tennis at age three, she eventually join de junior circuit. Although dem born am right-handed, Kerber dey play left-handed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/angelique-kerber-finds-plenty-right-in-going-left-1.2712825|title=Angelique Kerber finds plenty right in going left|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=2019-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==

=== 2003–2011: First WTA Tour final den US Open semifinals ===
Na Kerber make ein first attempt to qualify for a WTA tournament insyd January 2005, at de Auckland Open, wey she fall to Janette Husárová insyd de final round. Insyd 2007, she make ein Grand Slam main-draw debut at de French Open wer na she loose to 13th seed Elena Dementieva insyd de opening round. Shortly after, she appear insyd de main draw of a WTA tournament for de first time, insyd Birmingham, wer na she reach de third round, wey she loose to fifth seed Marion Bartoli, wey na be de eventual runner-up at Wimbledon dat year. De week after Birmingham, na she reach ein first main draw quarterfinal at de Rosmalen Open wer na eventual champion Anna Chakvetadze beat am, wey she then fall to Chakvetadze once more, insyd de first round of Wimbledon. At de US Open, Kerber draw [[Serena Williams]] insyd de first round wey she loose insyd straight sets. Kerber achieve ein first top-100 season finish insyd 2007, at world No. 84.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; She win eight titles on de ITF circuit from 2004 to 2007.

Kerber achieve ein first Grand Slam victory insyd 2008 at de Australian Open by she defeat Maret Ani, before she loose to 25th seed Francesca Schiavone. She sanso make de third round at Indian Wells wer na she loose to sixth seed Bartoli. Na Kerber no progress much dat year after dat, besides she win a further two ITF titles. Ein struggles go continue insyd 2009 as na she manage just three wins insyd WTA main draws. Na she qualify for de US Open dat year, wer she make de second round. She sanso win ein 11th den final ITF title dat year. She fini 2008 den 2009 respectively ranked barely outsyd de top 100, at No. 108 den No. 106, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2010, Kerber qualify for de Australian Open wer na she reach de third round of a major for de first time, wey she loose to third seed Svetlana Kuznetsova insyd a close three-setter, from a set up. She then reach ein maiden WTA final, insyd Bogotá, wey she fini runner-up to home star Mariana Duque Mariño, wey na she upset top-seed Gisela Dulko insyd de semifinals. Kerber proceed to reach two oda quarterfinals dat year, insyd Fes den Copenhagen, wey she samso reach de third round of Wimbledon, wer she defeat Sania Mirza den upset 13th seed Shahar Pe'er before she loose to Jarmila Groth. At de end of de year, she make de third round insyd Beijing wer na she loose to Li Na, den cap off ein season plus a semifinal run insyd Luxembourg. She end de year ranked No. 47.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angelique_Kerber_2011.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Kerber at de 2011 US Open, wer na she make ein first Grand Slam semifinal]]
Na Kerber no win back-to-back matches insyd de first seven months of 2011 except once, at ein first tournament of de year, insyd Hobart. At Wimbledon, na she loose to youngster Laura Robson insyd de first round.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Wimbledon 2011: Laura Robson's big win nets tie with Maria Sharapova|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 June 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jun/22/laura-robson-wimbledon-maria-sharapova}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd Dallas, de week before de US Open, she record a semifinal run, wer na she loose to Aravane Rezaï.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tennis: Lisicki to face Rezai in final|work=Express Tribune|access-date=28 August 2011|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/240721/tennis-lisicki-to-face-rezai-in-final}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kerber enter de US Open ranked world No. 92, wey na she pass de first hurdle plus a win insyd three sets over Lauren Davis insyd three sets. Next, she face 12th seed Agnieszka Radwańska wey she pull off a shock three-set victory before she go on to beat both Alla Kudryavtseva den Monica Niculescu to reach ein maiden Grand Slam quarterfinal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Angelique Kerber reaches quarterfinals|work=ESPN|access-date=5 September 2011|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6930388/2011-us-open-angelique-kerber-reaches-quarterfinals}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der, Kerber surprise multiple-time quarterfinalist Flavia Pennetta insyd three sets to advance to de semifinal,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kerber beats Pennetta in US Open quarterfinals|work=Tennis.com|access-date=10 September 2011|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/kerber-beats-pennetta-in-us-open-quarterfinals}}&lt;/ref&gt; wer she loose to ninth seed den eventual champion Samantha Stosur insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Stosur beats Kerber to reach U.S. Open women's final|work=Reuters|access-date=11 September 2011|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-open-stosur-idUSTRE78A00J20110911}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber reach a new career-high ranking of world No. 34 after de tournament.

She then qualify for de Pan Pacific Open wey na she reach de second round, wey she loose to eventual champion Radwańska from a set up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Wozniacki eases into third round against Gajdosova|work=Irish Times|access-date=28 September 2011|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/wozniacki-eases-into-third-round-against-gajdosova-1.611621}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dat, she reach de semifinals insyd Osaka wer she loose to eventual champion Bartoli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bartoli sees off Stosur in straight sets|work=RTE|access-date=16 October 2011|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/tennis/2011/1016/286069-japanopen_bartolim/}}&lt;/ref&gt; She fini de year as world No. 32, ein second finish insyd a row insyd de top 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2012: Wimbledon semifinals, first title, top 5 ===
Na Kerber ein first tournament of 2012 be de Auckland Open wer na she reach de semifinals, wey she fall to eventual runner-up Pennetta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pennetta cruises into Auckland Classic final|work=Stuff|access-date=6 January 2012|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/6222466/Pennetta-cruises-into-Auckland-Classic-final}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de Australian Open, na dem seed Kerber at a Grand Slam tournament for de first time, wey na she make de third round wer she loose to fourth seed [[Maria Sharapova]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maria Sharapova: Brutal Draw Won't Keep Red-Hot Russian from Aussie Open Title|work=Bleacher Report|access-date=6 January 2012|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1033547-maria-sharapova-brutal-draw-wont-keep-red-hot-russian-from-aussie-open-title}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, Kerber rise to a new career-high ranking of world No. 27. She then compete insyd ein first Fed Cup tie insyd almost five years, wer na Germany face defending champions Czech Republic insyd de quarterfinals, wey she win ein rubber per, wey she defeat Lucie Hradecká insyd straight sets buh na de Germans loose de tie 1–3.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Fed Cup: Czech Republic 3, Germany 1 |date=5 February 2012 |work=Taiwan News |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/1833118 |access-date=5 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; At ein next tournament be insyd Paris, Kerber lift ein maiden WTA singles title. After seeing off Lucie Šafářová den Niculescu to make de last eight, she upset top seed Sharapova insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Kerber tops Sharapova in Paris |date=10 February 2012 |work=UPI |url=https://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2012/02/10/Kerber-tops-Sharapova-in-Paris/34011328917812/?ur3=1 |access-date=10 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber then beat Yanina Wickmayer insyd de last four, wey she face second seed Bartoli insyd de final, wey she see off de home player insyd three sets to win de title.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Angelique Kerber wins Open GDF Suez |date=13 February 2012 |work=ESPN |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/7568010/angelique-kerber-drops-marion-bartoli-open-gdf-suez-paris-first-wta-title |access-date=13 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then suffer an early loss at de Qatar Open insyd hands of unseeded Bulgarian Tsvetana Pironkova insyd de second round.

Na Kerber continue ein surge up de rankings thru de coming three months, wey culminate insyd ein cracking de top 10 rankings for de first time insyd ein career. She start plus a semifinal appearance at de Indian Wells Open. Dem seed am 18th plus a bye insyd de first round, she move past three Americans insyd Sloane Stephens, Vania King den Christina McHale, de second one via a walkover. Kerber then upset eighth seed Li Na insyd de quarterfinals,&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Azarenka demolishes Radwanska, Li goes out |date=15 March 2012 |work=China Daily |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2012-03/15/content_14843904.htm |access-date=15 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na world No. 1 den eventual champion [[Victoria Azarenka]] stop am insyd de last four.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Azarenka to meet Sharapova in Indian Wells final |date=17 March 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/azarenka-to-meet-sharapova-in-indian-wells-final/story-MJn4XEwQsT0CAlRFa9KeBJ.html |access-date=17 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein ranking improve to a career-high world No. 14 as a result. Insyd Miami, na dem upset Kerber insyd ein opener by Zheng Jie. Na ein next stop be indoors, at de Danish Open wer na she be de second seed. Insyd ein opener, she struggle past Stéphanie Foretz Gacon wey she then defeat Anne Keothavong den fellow German Mona Barthel. After dat, she defeat third seed Jelena Janković to reach ein second final of de year. She win de title by she defeat de top seed den defending champion [[Caroline Wozniacki]] insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Angelique Kerber beats Caroline Wozniacki to take Copenhagen title |date=15 April 2012 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/15/angelique-kerber-caroline-wozniacki |access-date=15 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Flickr_-_Carine06_-_Angelique_Kerber_wins.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Kerber at de 2012 Wimbledon Championships, wer na she reach ein second Grand Slam semifinal]]
Dey start off ein clay season on home soil, insyd Stuttgart, Kerber advance to de quarterfinals plus wins over Roberta Vinci den sixth seed Wozniacki, before she loose to third seed [[Petra Kvitová]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Azarenka, Sharapova advance to Stuttgart semis |date=27 April 2012 |magazine=Sports Illustrated |url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2012/04/27/stuttgart-friday |access-date=27 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; After an early exit insyd Madrid,&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Li Na makes quarterfinals at Madrid Open |date=10 May 2012 |work=China Daily |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2012-05/10/content_15256083.htm |access-date=10 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber advance to de semifinals insyd Rome after she avenge ein Stuttgart loss to Kvitová insyd de last eight, wich ensure einself a rise to de top 10 rankings for de first time insyd ein career.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Angelique Kerber breaks into Top 10 |date=19 May 2012 |work=Porsche Tennis |url=https://www.porsche-tennis.com/prod/pag/tennis.nsf/web/english-porscheteam_news_T12_0576_en |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182957/https://www.porsche-tennis.com/prod/pag/tennis.nsf/web/english-porscheteam_news_T12_0576_en |archive-date=9 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de last four, she loose to Sharapova insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Impressive Sharapova reaches Rome final |date=19 May 2012 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/ct-xpm-2012-05-19-sns-rt-us-tennis-rome-womenbre84h0mz-20120518-story.html |access-date=19 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de French Open, na 10th-seeded Kerber amass back-to-back wins hie for de first time after she beat Zhang Shuai den Olga Govortsova. She then beat 18th seed Pennetta insyd three sets before she see off Petra Martić insyd de fourth round to reach de quarterfinals,&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Kerber reaches French Open quarter-finals for first time |date=3 June 2012 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-open-kerber-idUSBRE85205M20120603 |access-date=3 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; wer na she loose to eventual runner-up Sara Errani.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=French Open 2012: Sam Stosur &amp; Sara Errani into semis |date=5 June 2012 |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/18331810 |access-date=5 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kerber continue ein steady rise of 2012 on grass, firstly by she post a runner-up appearance insyd Eastbourne, wey she loose to a close final to Tamira Paszek, wey na she serve for de championship insyd de deciding set den missing five match points.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/18565133|title=Andy Roddick and Tamira Paszek seal Eastbourne titles|access-date=23 June 2012|work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de Wimbledon Championships, na dem seed Kerber eighth. She advance to ein second Grand Slam quarterfinal insyd a row, dis time widout losing set, by she beat Lucie Hradecká, Ekaterina Makarova, 28th seed Christina McHale den former world No. 1 Kim Clijsters.,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/02/wimbledon-2012-kim-clijsters-exit|title=Wimbledon 2012: Kim Clijsters bows out from special 'Disneyland'|date=2 July 2012|work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; de latter insyd 49 minutes. Der, she defeat fellow German den 15th seed Sabine Lisicki insyd three sets, na she be down a break insyd de third.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/03/wimbledon-2012-angelique-kerber-sabine-lisicki|title=Wimbledon 2012: Angelique Kerber triumphs in all-German quarter-final|date=3 July 2012|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de semifinals, she loose to Agnieszka Radwańska.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/05/wimbledon-agnieszka-radwanska-angelique-kerber|title=Wimbledon 2012: Agnieszka Radwanska beats Kerber in semi-final|access-date=5 July 2012|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/radwanska-outplays-germanys-kerber-in-wimbledon-semi/a-16074480|title=Radwanska outplays Germany's Kerber in Wimbledon semi|access-date=5 July 2012|work=Deutsche Welle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis be Kerber ein then most recent equal-best Grand Slam result, for anoda three years til Australian Open insyd 2016.

At de London Olympics, Kerber make ein first appearance at dis stage, wey na dem seed am seventh. On July 26th 2012 insyd ein pre tournament press conference na Kerber launch a lengthy obscenity filled tirade at de then Washington Post Tennis writer Brad Parks wey she accuse am of he dey try to undermine am. According to de Washington Post Kerber swear 52 times insyd one 5 minute period  wey na she use de F-word 53 times insyd de first 42 minutes of de press conference. Na de press officer try to order de assembled journalists make dem no publish any extracts from de tirade, buh Kerber einself give de journalists permission to write up watever na dem wan from ein remarks. Later insyd de interview, na she announce say she no longer go speak to de Washington Post while na she dey on de tour. Der, she beat de former world No. 1 insyd two tiebreak sets,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/tennis/story/_/id/8221528/2012-summer-olympics-venus-williams-falls-angelique-kerber-sister-serena-williams-reaches-quarterfinals|title=Venus ousted by Angelique Kerber|access-date=1 August 2012|work=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; to make de quarterfinals wer she loose to top seed den eventual bronze medallist Victoria Azarenka insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/tennis/story/_/id/8225330/2012-london-olympics-serena-williams-top-seeded-victoria-azarenka-reach-olympic-semifinals|title=Serena, Victoria Azarenka move on|access-date=2 August 2012|work=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de oda disciplines, Kerber partner Philipp Petzschner insyd mixed doubles den Lisicki insyd women's doubles, wey she fall insyd de first den second rounds, respectively.

Competing at de Canadian Open to open ein US Open Series campaign, Kerber loose early buh she bounce back at de Cincinnati Open plus anoda strong result. First, she beat Babos den Andrea Hlaváčková to reach de quarterfinals, wer na she defeat Serena Williams for de first time, wey she win insyd straight sets, thus dey snap Williams ein 19-match winning streak. She continue plus a win over Kvitová insyd de semifinals, to book a spot insyd ein first Premier 5 final, buh she loose to Li from a set up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/instant-article/idUSBRE87I0BO20120819|title=China's Li beats Kerber to win Cincinnati title|access-date=20 August 2012|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de US Open, na sixth-seeded Kerber win a close match against Venus Williams insyd de second round en route to de fourth round,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen12/story/_/id/8317738/2012-us-open-venus-williams-falls-angelique-kerber-second-round|title=Venus Williams ousted early|access-date=31 August 2012|work=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh she fail to defend ein semifinal points from a year ago wen na she loose to eventual semifinalist Errani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/errani-beats-kerber-for-third-slam-qf-of-season|title=Errani beats Kerber for third Slam QF of season|access-date=3 September 2012|work=Tennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Kerber ein next tournament be de Pan Pacific Open wer na she make am to de semifinals before she loose to defending champion Radwańska.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2012/09/29/2003543927|title=Radwanska cruises past Kerber, advances to final|access-date=29 September 2012|work=Taipei Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso reach de quarterfinals of de China Open, buh she fall to eventual runner-up Sharapova. Na ein breakthru season ensure einself qualification for ein maiden appearance at de WTA Tour Championships. She sanso hit de world ein top 5 rankings for de first time insyd ein career, at world No. 5, wey she enter de week of de season-ending championships, wer na dem seed am fifth. Der, however, she exit de tournament insyd de round robin stage, widout winning any matches, wey na de losses cam insyd de hands of Serena Williams, Azarenka den Li.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2012/10/23/serena-williams-wta-championships|title=Minus her best weapon, Serena wins first match since U.S. Open|access-date=23 October 2012|work=SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/wta-championships/2012/azarenka-v-kerber-live_sto3469008/story.shtml|title=Azarenka battles past Kerber in Istanbul|access-date=25 October 2012|work=Eurosport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2012-10/26/content_15849239.htm|title=Li Na keeps WTA semifinals hope alive|access-date=26 October 2012|work=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, Kerber end de 2012 season at world No. 5,&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus 60 wins she amass thru out de season.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot; /&gt;

=== 2013–2014: Continued success, steady ranking insyd top 10 ===
Kerber begin 2013 at de Brisbane International wer na dem seed am fourth, wey she make de quarterfinals wer na eventual runner-up Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova stop am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 January 2013 |title=Short and sharp: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova |url=https://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2013/01/short-and-sharp-anastasia-pavlyuchenkova/ |website=Brisbane International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem seed second am insyd Sydney, Kerber make de last four buh na she loose to anoda eventual runner-up once more, dis time insyd Dominika Cibulková.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 January 2013 |title=Radwanska, Cibulkova to face off in Sydney final |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/01/10/sydney-international-agnieszka-radwanska-dominika-cibulkova/1822543/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then reach de fourth round of de Australian Open, wey she plete de set of second-week appearances at all four Grand Slams. Along de way, she defeat Elina Svitolina, Lucie Hradecká, den wildcard Madison Keys. Na dem subsequently defeat am by 19th seed Ekaterina Makarova after she struggle plus a back injury.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=Makarova wields Melbourne magic with Kerber win |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-open-kerber/makarova-wields-melbourne-magic-with-kerber-win-idUSBRE90J02F20130120 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After a dry winless spell insyd de Middle East, Kerber bounce back plus a second consecutive semifinal result at de Indian Wells Open, wer na eighth seed Caroline Wozniacki stop am insyd three sets, despite na she win de first set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2013/03/16/wozniacki-sharapova-bnp-paribas-open-final|title=Caroline Wozniacki, Maria Sharapova to face off in BNP final|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=16 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like de previous year, na an early exit insyd Miami follow suit, dis time to Sorana Cîrstea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 March 2013 |title=WTA Miami: Maria Sharapova on a roll. Angelique Kerber loses to Sorana Cîrstea |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Stories/9047/wta-miami-maria-sharapova-on-a-roll-angelique-kerber-loses-to-sorana-cirstea/ |website=Tennis World USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber then reach ein first final of 2013 insyd Monterrey wer na she be de top seed buh na she loose to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 April 2013 |title=Monterrey Open: Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova beats top seed Angelique Kerber for third title |url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/8625367/monterrey-open-anastasia-pavlyuchenkova-beats-top-seed-angelique-kerber-for-third-title |publisher=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Kerber post strong results on clay insyd 2013. Firstly, on Fed Cup, she help Germany regain ein place insyd de World Group by she win ein rubber against Bojana Jovanovski, de German eventually win de tie 3–2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 April 2013 |title=Germany beat Serbia 3-2, advance in Fed Cup |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/germany-beat-serbia-3-2-advance-in-fed-cup-604544.html |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then record a run to de semifinals insyd Stuttgart, wey she go one round better dan de previous year, wer na she fall insyd three sets to defending champion Maria Sharapova.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 April 2013 |title=Sharapova beats Kerber to reach Stuttgart final |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-sharapova-beats-kerber-to-reach-stuttgart-final-2013apr27-story.html |website=San Diego Union Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de Madrid Open, na sixth-seeded Kerber move into de quarterfinals hie for de first time after she defeat top-40 opposition insyd Hsieh Su-wei, Alizé Cornet den Svetlana Kuznetsova. Der, she loose to Ana Ivanovic insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 May 2013 |title=Madrid: Ivanovic d. Kerber |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/madrid-ivanovic-d-kerber#.UY0leMqoqSo |website=Tennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de French Open, Kerber reach de fourth round for de second year in a row buh na she no go further dis time as na former champion Kuznetsova beat am insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 June 2013 |title=Svetlana Kuznetsova beats Angelique Kerber at French Open |url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2013/06/02/svetlana-kuznetsova-angelique-kerber-french-open |website=SI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she no enjoy much success on grass next, however, as she fail to post back-to-back wins insyd ein tournament appearances on de surface, she fall at de second hurdles of both Eastbourne den Wimbledon, to Makarova den Kaia Kanepi, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Wimbledon 2013: Angelique Kerber beaten by Kaia Kanepi |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/23103703 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she fail to defend ein semifinal result at Wimbledon from de year, Kerber fall to world No. 9 insyd de rankings after de tournament ein conclusion.

After she post a quarterfinal at de Washington Open,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2013 |title=Rybarikova ousts Kerber in DC quarters |url=https://www.9news.com/article/sports/tennis/rybarikova-ousts-kerber-in-dc-quarters/73-308948649 |website=9NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber make ein only appearance of de US Open Series insyd Cincinnati buh she loose insyd third round to Li Na, insyd a rematch of last year ein championship match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Williams and Azarenka progress |url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/tennis/422476/Williams-and-Azarenka-progress |website=Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de US Open, na eighth seed Kerber post ein third fourth-round result at de Grand Slams dis year, den second insyd a row hie, after she defeat Hradecká, Eugenie Bouchard den 25th seed Kanepi buh then she loose to 18th seed Carla Suárez Navarro dis time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 September 2013 |title=US Open 2013: Novak Djokovic cruises into last 16 in New York |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/23924345 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de Asian swing, na Kerber ein form improve as she reach ein second final of 2013, at de Pan Pacific Open, wey she defeat Ivanovic, Wozniacki den Radwańska en route, buh der, she loose to Petra Kvitová insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Kvitova defeats Kerber to win tennis Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo |url=https://www.dw.com/en/kvitova-defeats-kerber-to-win-tennis-pan-pacific-open-in-tokyo/a-17120655 |website=Deutsche Welle}}&lt;/ref&gt; De week wey dey follow at de China Open, she reach de quarterfinals wer na she loose to Radwańska,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=4 October 2013 |title=Sizzling Serena cruises into Beijing semis |url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/sports/tennis/sizzling-serena-cruises-into-beijing-semis/67-326561464 |website=WTSP}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey then she advance into ein third final of de season, at de Linz Open. Der, Kerber score ein third career title, den third indoors, as she defeat two-time champion Ivanovic, thus den dey fill up de last spot at de WTA Tour Championships.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=Angelique Kerber through to WTA Championships in Istanbul |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/24500390 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd ein second outing at de Championships, Kerber fail to get past de round robin stage, once more, plus losses to Serena Williams den Kvitová.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=23 October 2013 |title=Williams eases past Kerber in WTA Championships |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-women/williams-eases-past-kerber-in-wta-championships-idUSBRE99L17M20131022 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, na she record ein maiden victory at dis stage by she defeat Radwańska, insyd ein second round robin match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Li Na, Angelique Kerber win at WTA Championships |url=https://news.yahoo.com/li-na-angelique-kerber-win-wta-championships-190454783--spt.html |website=Yahoo!}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber go fini de year as world No. 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Nürnberger_Versicherungscup_2014-Angelique_Kerber_by_2eight_DSC2742.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Kerber at de 2014 Nuremberg Cup]]
Kerber begin 2014 de same way she do insyd 2013, wey she log insyd quarterfinal anaa better results insyd both Brisbane den Sydney,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 January 2014 |title=Victoria Azarenka makes life extremely difficult for herself en route to the Brisbane International semis |url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/tennis/victoria-azarenka-makes-life-extremely-difficult-for-herself-en-route-to-the-brisbane-international-semis/news-story/4bc428e5ff8d4dabe9b9fa2a64995921 |website=Courier Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she go one round better insyd de latter dis time around by she make de final buh der, na qualifier Tsvetana Pironkova stun am insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 January 2014 |title=Tsvetana Pironkova wins Sydney International, beating Angelique Kerber for maiden WTA title |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-10/pironkova-wins-maiden-title-in-sydney/5195240 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; She make de fourth round of de Australian Open once more, wey she fall to 28th seed Flavia Pennetta insyd three sets dis time around.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=19 January 2014 |title=Pennetta enjoying Grand Slam success past 30 |url=https://www.courant.com/sdut-pennetta-enjoying-grand-slam-success-past-30-2014jan18-story.html |website=Hartford Courant}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de Open GdF Suez, na former champion Kerber make de quarterfinals wer na she loose to eventual champion Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=31 January 2014 |title=Sharapova, Pavlyuchenkova into Open GDF semis |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/518506/%7B%7B |website=Arab News |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021115841/https://www.arabnews.com/node/518506/%7B%7B |archive-date=21 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd Fed Cup quarterfinal play against Slovakia, Kerber contribute to de German team dema victory by she win both ein singles rubbers, over Dominika Cibulková den Daniela Hantuchová.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=9 February 2014 |title=Germany beats Slovakia 3-0 in Fed Cup |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2408920 |website=Taiwan News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At de Qatar Open, Kerber sail into ein first quarterfinal insyd de Middle East plus wins over Karolína Plíšková den Klára Koukalová.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=13 February 2014 |title=Li suffers first loss of season to qualifier Cetkovska in Doha |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/li-suffers-first-loss-of-season-to-qualifier-cetkovska-in-doha |website=Tennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She subsequently move into ein second final of 2014 plus wins over qualifier Petra Cetkovská den fifth seed Jelena Janković.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title=Halep tops Radwanska; Kerber beats Jankovic in Doha semis |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/halep-tops-radwanska-kerber-beats-jankovic-in-doha-semis |website=Tennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der, she loose to Simona Halep insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 February 2014 |title=Halep confirms class with crushing of Kerber |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/tennis/2014/02/17/halep-confirms-class-with-crushing-of-kerber/ |website=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a two-match losing streak across Dubai den Indian Wells, na fifth-seeded Kerber make eim first quarterfinal showing insyd Miami, wer na she loose to defending champion Serena Williams insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=25 March 2014 |title=Serena, Sharapova to meet in Miami semifinals |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/serena-sharapova-to-meet-in-miami-semifinals |website=Tennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd April, Kerber help put ein country insyd de Fed Cup final, wey Germany take on Australia insyd de last four, by she win both ein singles rubbers, against Samantha Stosur den Casey Dellacqua.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 April 2014 |title=Germany end Australia's Fed Cup hopes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/apr/20/germany-australia-fed-cup |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, she then endure a three-match losing streak to begin ein season on clay, wey she snap am on home soil insyd Nuremberg plus a quarterfinal appearance, wer na Plíšková beat am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=23 May 2014 |title=Top-seeded Angelique Kerber ousted |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/10969137/top-seeded-angelique-kerber-ousted-nuremberg-cup |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de French Open, Kerber make de last 16 for de second year running, wey she fall to rising star den 18th-seeded Bouchard dis time around.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 June 2014 |title=Bouchard blazes past Kerber into French Open quarters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tennis-open-bouchard/bouchard-blazes-past-kerber-into-french-open-quarters-idINKBN0EC1BR20140601 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; On grass, na Kerber enjoy better results dis year, dey start off plus ein second appearance insyd de championship match at de Eastbourne International buh na she fini runner-up once more, ein third of 2014, dis time to youngster Madison Keys insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title=Keys beats Kerber to conquer Eastbourne |url=http://en.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/317683.html |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; At Wimbledon, na dem seed Kerber ninth wey na she enter de second week for de fourth Grand Slam tournament running, plus victories over de likes of defeated Urszula Radwańska, Heather Watson, den previous year ein semifinalist Kirsten Flipkens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 June 2014 |title=Angelique Kerber fights back to dispatch Kirsten Flipkens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jul/01/maria-sharapova-knocked-out-wimbledon-angelique-kerber |website=Wimbledon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de round of 16, she prevail over reigning French Open champion den fifth seed Sharapova insyd three sets to move into de second last eight showing hie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 July 2014 |title=Maria Sharapova knocked out of Wimbledon by Angelique Kerber |url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2014-06-28/20140628_flipkens_kerber.html |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der, she loose to eventual runner-up Bouchard insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title=Eugenie Bouchard beats Angelique Kerber to reach Wimbledon semi-finals |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/jul/02/eugenie-bouchard-angelique-kerber-wimbledon-semi-finals |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kerber open ein US Open Series campaign insyd Stanford wer na she be de third seed. She defeat CoCo Vandeweghe insyd three sets insyd ein opener,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Williams, Ivanovic reach Bank of West quarters |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/williams-ivanovic-reach-bank-west-043018574--ten.html |website=Yahoo! |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602080107/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/williams-ivanovic-reach-bank-west-043018574--ten.html |archive-date=2 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; to reach quarterfinals wer na she see off Garbiñe Muguruza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Petkovic beats Venus Williams at Stanford |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2014/08/01/petkovic-beats-venus-williams-at-stanford/13496385/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; A win over Varvara Lepchenko, wer na she for save a match point, put am insyd ein fourth final of de year,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=3 August 2014 |title=Serena storms past Petkovic into Stanford final |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/serena-storms-past-petkovic-stanford-final-233224160--ten.html |website=New Straits Times |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510153007/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/serena-storms-past-petkovic-stanford-final-233224160--ten.html |archive-date=10 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na she san for settle for de runner-up position, for de fourth time insyd 2014 wen na she loose to Serena Williams.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Serena Williams beats Angelique Kerber in Stanford final |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/28635704 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a string of early exits insyd Montreal den Cincinnati,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Venus Williams and Angelique Kerber play the match of the tournament at the Rogers Cup in Montreal |url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/blogs/eh-game/venus-williams-angelique-kerber-play-match-tournament-rogers-061001037.html |website=Yahoo!}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=15 August 2014 |title=Novak Djokovic upset by Robredo at Cincinnati Open |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/novak-djokovic-upset-by-robredo-at-cincinnati-open-707968.html |website=News 18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber make de third round of de US Open plus wins over Russian qualifiers, Ksenia Pervak den Alla Kudryavtseva, buh na she loose to unseeded youngster Belinda Bencic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=30 August 2014 |title=Swiss Bencic teen topples sixth seed Kerber |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tennis-open-bencic/swiss-bencic-teen-topples-sixth-seed-kerber-idUSKBN0GT2LI20140829 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kerber post deep runs insyd Tokyo den de inaugural Wuhan Open de month wey dey follow, wey na she reach de semifinals den quarterfinals, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 September 2014 |title=Ivanovic downs Kerber, to meet Wozniacki in Tokyo final |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tennis-women-japan-idUKKBN0HF08M20140920 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=25 September 2014 |title=Kvitova ends Garcia's dream run to enter Wuhan semis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tennis-women-wuhan-idUKKCN0HK13720140925 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd ein final tournament of de season, na Kerber make de third round of de China Open wer na she loose to Svetlana Kuznetsova. Na Kerber no qualify for de WTA Finals insyd 2014 buh na she enter de tournament as an alternate, wey na she go fini de season ranked world No. 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber fini de year by she represent Germany insyd de Fed Cup final, wer na de team take on de Czech Republic. After she drop ein first match to Lucie Šafářová, she cam up against Petra Kvitová. Der, na Kerber drop de first set tiebreak, wey na then she avoid a bagel down 0–3 insyd de second set by she cam back to win am 6–4. She cam up short insyd de decider, however, as Kvitová launch ein comeback from 1–4 down to win am 6–4, wey dey ensure de Czech team an unassailable 3–0, den de title.

=== 2015: Four career titles ===
Kerber start ein year of 2015 by she post deep runs insyd both Brisbane den Sydney International, plus quarterfinal den semifinal results, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 January 2015 |title=Svitolina fightback stuns Kerber |url=https://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2015/01/svitolina-fightback-stuns-kerber/ |website=Brisbane International}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=15 January 2015 |title=All-Czech final in Sydney |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/Tennis/WTATour/All-Czech-final-in-Sydney-20150115 |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, at de Australian Open, she crash out insyd de opening round to Irina-Camelia Begu, wey na e be de first time Kerber loose at de first hurdle of a Grand Slam tournament since Wimbledon insyd 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=Seeds fall at first round of Australian Open |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2015-01/20/content_19354579.htm |website=China Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; Representing Germany insyd de Fed Cup quarterfinals wer na de Germans face Australia, Kerber score a win out of ein two matches she play, over Samantha Stosur, buh de 2014 runner-ups go progress by winning de tie 4–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 February 2015 |title=Australia's wait for Fed Cup title continues after defeat to Germany |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/09/tennis-fed-cup-australia-germany-report |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein form however no improve further across de months of February den March as na she net just two wins across five tournaments she play, den by de start of April, na she fall out of de top 10, for de first time since May 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=12 February 2015 |title=Top-seeded Bouchard, Kerber lose in Diamond Games second round |url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/02/13/eugenie-bouchard-angelique-kerber-lose-diamond-games-second-round |website=SI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 March 2015 |title=Serena Williams Beats 15-Year-Old Bellis 6-1, 6-1 In Miami |url=https://miami.cbslocal.com/2015/03/29/serena-williams-beats-15-year-old-bellis-6-1-6-1-in-miami/ |website=CBS Miami}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At de Charleston Open, fifth seed Kerber overcam a 4–2 third-set deficit to defeat Evgeniya Rodina insyd ein opening match, wey she then cruise past Lara Arruabarrena to reach de last eight. Na ein run continue plus a win over Begu insyd two tight sets, wey be followed by anoda straight-set victory, over fellow German den defending champion Andrea Petkovic,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=12 April 2015 |title=Angelique Kerber beats Andrea Petkovic to set up Charleston final against Madison Keys |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-12/kerber-defeats-petkovic-to-face-keys-in-charleston-final/6386494 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; to advance to ein first final of 2015. Der, Kerber face seventh seed Madison Keys wey na she fight back from a 4–1 deficit insyd de third set to claim ein fourth WTA title den ein first since de fall of 2013, besides na e be ein first tournament triumph on clay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=12 April 2015 |title=Angelique Kerber rallies past Madison Keys to win Family Circle Cup |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2015/04/12/kerber-rallies-past-madison-keys-to-win-family-circle-cup/25678871/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de Fed Cup semifinals, wer na Germany face Russia, Kerber win ein rubber play per, against Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova insyd straight sets, wey na she drop just one game. De win, however, no be enough as Germany loose de deciding doubles match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 April 2015 |title=Vesnina and Pavlyuchenkova put Russia into Fed Cup final |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kerber-pulls-germany-level-fed-cup-semi-russia-142526939--ten.html |website=Yahoo!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angelique_Kerber_(18954256629).jpg|left|thumb|Kerber at de 2015 Italian Open]]
Na dem unseed Kerber insyd Stuttgart to open ein season on red clay, wey na she defeat Alexa Glatch insyd straight sets, before she upset three-time defending champion Maria Sharapova insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 April 2015 |title=Maria Sharapova shocked in Stuttgart second round by Angelique Kerber |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/24/maria-sharapova-porsche-grand-prix-stuttgart-angelique-kerber |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de quarterfinals, she see off Ekaterina Makarova, before she beat Madison Brengle to reach ein second final of de year. Der, she fight back from a set den 5–3 down to prevail over Caroline Wozniacki, thus dey score ein fifth career title, sanso be ein first on home soil, wich see am extend ein winning streak on clay to 11 matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 April 2015 |title=Angelique Kerber beats Caroline Wozniacki in Stuttgart final |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/32474210 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dat streak, however, expire insyd de hands of Stosur insyd de opening round of Madrid. At de Italian Open, Kerber reach de second round after she defeat Alizé Cornet buh she loose to Begu once more. After a semifinal run insyd Nuremberg, Kerber exit de French Open insyd de third round from a set up, insyd de hands of Garbiñe Muguruza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 May 2015 |title=Muguruza advances to French Open 4th round; Suarez Navarro ousted |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/sports/muguruza-advances-to-french-open-4th-round-suarez-navarro-ousted/50000266-2626564 |website=EFE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On grass, na Kerber get a bright start, by she lift de title at de Birmimgham Classic wer na she be de fourth seed. En route, she advance to de quarterfinals after she defeat Tsvetana Pironkova den Jelena Janković. She then beat Kateřina Siniaková insyd straight sets to set up an all-German semifinal wer na she face Sabine Lisicki, dema first meeting since Wimbledon insyd 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 June 2015 |title=Pliskova beats Mladenovic, Kerber ousts Lisicki to fill WTA final in Birmingham |url=https://www.foxnews.com/sports/pliskova-beats-mladenovic-kerber-ousts-lisicki-to-fill-wta-final-in-birmingham |website=Fox News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber win insyd straight sets wey na she subsequently advance to ein third final of de season wer she defeat Karolina Plíšková insyd a tight three-setter for ein sixth career title, ein first on grass.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=21 June 2015 |title=Aegon Classic: Angelique Kerber wins title in Birmingham |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/33218286 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis mark de first time Kerber win more dan two titles insyd a season. At de Wimbledon Championships, Kerber advance to de third round wer na she cross paths plus Muguruza once more, wey she loose to de eventual runner-up insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=4 July 2015 |title=Muguruza claims Kerber upset |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/othersport/arid-30685063.html |website=Irish Examiner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kicking off ein US Open Series campaign insyd Stanford, na fifth-seeded Kerber defend ein runner-up result from a year ago by she beat Daria Gavrilova den Ana Konjuh to make de last eight wer na she edge past second seed Agnieszka Radwańska insyd a three-set marathon to reach de last four.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 August 2015 |title=Bank of the West Classic: Kerber beats Radwanska in slugfest |url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2015/08/07/bank-of-the-west-classic-kerber-beats-radwanska-in-slugfest/ |website=East Bay Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then beat Elina Svitolina to make de final wer na she meet Plíšková, wey she san defeat de Czech insyd three sets, dis time to lift ein seventh career title, wey she cam be de player per to win titles across all surfaces insyd 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=9 August 2015 |title=Kerber outlasts Pliskova to win Bank of the West Classic |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2015/08/09/kerber-outlasts-pliskova-to-win-bank-of-the-west-classic/ |website=The Mercury News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Kerber no enjoy better results on American hard courts insyd ein following tournaments plus early losses insyd Toronto den Cincinnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=14 August 2015 |title=Rogers Cup: Serena cruises past Petkovic, Halep edges past Kerber in quarters |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/rogers-cup-serena-cruises-past-petkovic-halep-edges-past-kerber-quarters-2392692.html |website=First Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=19 August 2015 |title=Withdrawals hit Cincinnati event as Bencic rolls on |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tennis-women-cincinnati/withdrawals-hit-cincinnati-event-as-bencic-rolls-on-idUKKCN0QN2CP20150819 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de US Open, na she be de 11th seed san cam up short insyd de third round, dis time insyd a three-set defeat to 20th seed den two-time runner-up Victoria Azarenka insyd an epic encounter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 September 2015 |title=Victoria Azarenka outlasts No. 11 Angelique Kerber in three sets |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen15/story/_/id/13591550/us-open-victoria-azarenka-defeats-angelique-kerber-third-round-match |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kerber bounce back plus stronger results insyd de Asian swing, dey start off plus a quarterfinal showing insyd Tokyo wer na she loose to Wozniacki insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Wozniacki beats Kerber, advances to Pan Pacific semi-final |url=https://autos.yahoo.com/news/wozniacki-beats-kerber-advances-pan-pacific-semi-final-140810363--ten.html |website=Yahoo! |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608133905/https://autos.yahoo.com/news/wozniacki-beats-kerber-advances-pan-pacific-semi-final-140810363--ten.html |archive-date=8 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de Wuhan Open, Kerber reach de last eight after she dispatch Jelena Janković den Camila Giorgi, before she move past Coco Vandeweghe via retirement. Insyd de semifinals, she san loose to Muguruza, dis time insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 October 2015 |title=Muguruza to meet Venus in Wuhan final |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/tennis/2015/10/02/venus-downs-vinci-to-reach-wuhan-final/ |website=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de China Open next, Kerber advance to de last eight wer na she loose to Radwańska insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 October 2015 |title=Radwanska a big step closer to S'pore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/tennis/radwanska-a-big-step-closer-to-spore |website=The Straits Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber go then reach ein fifth final of de year at de Hong Kong Open buh na she fini runner-up for de first time dis season, wey she fall to Janković insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 October 2015 |title=Jankovic wins Hong Kong Open for 15th WTA title |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/jankovic-wins-hong-kong-open-for-15th-wta-title |website=Tennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem announce on 21 October say na Kerber qualify for de WTA Finals, wey dey mark ein third appearance hie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Kerber, Pennetta Qualify for Singapore, One Spot Remains |url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2015/October/Kerber,-Pennetta-Qualify-for-Singapore,-One-Spot-R.aspx |website=Tennis Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; As de sixth seed, na dem draw am into de same group plus Muguruza den fellow left-handed players Petra Kvitová den Lucie Šafářová. She exit insyd de round-robin stage, wey she manage just one win dat cam over Petra Kvitová.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 October 2015 |title=WTA Finals: Garbine Muguruza, Angelique Kerber take down Lucie Safarova, Petra Kvitova respectively |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-27/muguruza-and-kerber-bounce-czechs-at-wta-finals/6887262 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she spend patches of 2015 out of de top 10, Kerber eventually conclude de season as world No. 10, wey dey maintain ein season finish from 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2016: Australian Open &amp; US Open champion, world No. 1 ===
[[File:Kerber_US16_(40)_(29780303211).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Kerber at de 2016 US Open, wer na she win de second of ein two Grand Slam titles dat year, wey she seal de world No. 1 ranking]]
Kerber begin de year at de Brisbane International, wey she post a runner-up result, plus wins over Camila Giorgi, Madison Brengle, Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova den Carla Suárez Navarro en route to de final, wer na she loose to former champion Victoria Azarenka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=9 January 2016 |title=Victoria Azarenka wins Brisbane International with victory over Angelique Kerber |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-09/azarenka-claims-brisbane-international-with-victory-over-kerber/7078868 |work=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd Sydney, Kerber defeat Elina Svitolina insyd de opening round buh then she withdraw plus an illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=Sydney International: Angelique Kerber beats the heat in Sydney |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/sydney-international-angelique-kerber-beats-the-heat-in-sydney-20160111-gm3mn7.html |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2017: Struggles plus form den out of top 20 ===
[[File:Angelique_Kerber_Fed_Cup_2017.jpg|thumb|Kerber at de 2017 Fed Cup World Group Play-offs against Ukraine]]
At de start of de 2017 season, Kerber compete at de Brisbane International as de top seed, wey na she win ein opening match against Ashleigh Barty insyd three sets buh then she loose to Elina Svitolina insyd de quarterfinals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=4 January 2017 |title=Ash Barty gives world No1 a big scare during Brisbane International comeback |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jan/05/barty-world-no1-scare-brisbane-international-comeback |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 January 2017 |title=Top-ranked Kerber loses to Svitolina in Brisbane quarterfinals |url=https://www.theoaklandpress.com/2017/01/05/top-ranked-kerber-loses-to-svitolina-in-brisbane-quarterfinals/ |website=The Oakland Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; De following week insyd Sydney, na she drop opening match to Daria Kasatkina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 January 2017 |title=Johanna Konta into Sydney quarters as world No1 Angelique Kerber crashes out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jan/10/johanna-konta-sydney-angelique-kerber-tennis |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; As de top-seeded player den defending champion at de Australian Open, Kerber overcam a mid-match lapse to see off Lesia Tsurenko insyd de first round, wer na she squander a match point insyd de second set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Defending Australian Open champion Angelique Kerber survives scare |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jan/16/defending-australian-open-champion-angelique-kerber-tennis-survives-scare |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber then defeat compatriot Carina Witthöft insyd de second round den Kristýna Plíšková insyd de third round. Insyd de fourth round, Kerber loose to eventual semifinalist CoCo Vandeweghe insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 January 2017 |title=Australian Open 2017: Champion Angelique Kerber loses to Coco Vandeweghe |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38709341 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serena Williams, wey loose to Kerber insyd de championship match hie 12 months ago, she win de tournament dis time wey she amass enough points to take back de top ranking from Kerber.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2018: Wimbledon champion, world No. 2 ===
[[File:Angelique_Kerber_(41544526520).jpg|left|thumb|280x280px|Kerber at de 2018 Wimbledon Championships, wer na she win ein third den most recent Grand Slam title]]
Kerber start ein 2018 season plus a first ever appearance at de Hopman Cup, wer na she partner plus Alexander Zverev. She go undefeated insyd ein singles matches wey na she help de team cruise into de final wer dem loose to Switzerland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 January 2018 |title=Swiss precision lands third Hopman Cup title |url=https://hopmancup.com/2018/01/kerber-zone-level-final/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518180647/https://hopmancup.com/2018/01/kerber-zone-level-final/ |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=Hopman Cup}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber follow up dat performance plus ein first title insyd more dan a year, at de Sydney International next. To make de final, she edge past Lucie Šafářová den Venus Williams, wey she save a match point against de former,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=12 November 2018 |title=Top 5 WTA 2018 Matches (No.5): Kerber stops Safarova in Sydney |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1437978/top-5-wta-2018-matches-no5-kerber-stops-safarova-in-sydney |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Unstoppable Kerber steams past Venus in Sydney |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1445033/unstoppable-kerber-steams-past-venus-in-sydney |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; to make de quarterfinals wer na she beat Dominika Cibulková. She set up a championship match plus home star Ashleigh Barty after she move past Camila Giorgi. Der, she beat de Aussie insyd straight sets for ein 11th career title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=13 January 2018 |title=Kerber beats Barty to claim Sydney title |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/kerber-beats-barty-claim-sydney-title |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de Australian Open, na 21st-seeded Kerber move into de fourth round plus wins over Anna-Lena Friedsam, Donna Vekić den former world No. 1 Maria Sharapova, all insyd straight sets wey she drop no more dan four games a set.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 January 2018 |title=Angelique Kerber smashes Maria Sharapova to make fourth round |url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/australian-open/2018/angelique-kerber-smashes-maria-sharapova-to-make-fourth-round_sto6487977/story.shtml |website=Eurosport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dere, she see off Hsieh Su-wei insyd three sets to move into ein second quarterfinal hie,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 January 2018 |title=Kerber shakes off tricky Hsieh |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/match-report/kerber-shakes-tricky-hsieh |website=Australian Open}}&lt;/ref&gt; wer na she sweep aside Madison Keys.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 January 2018 |title=Australian Open: Angelique Kerber beats Madison Keys to reach semi-finals |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-24/angelique-kerber-into-australian-open-semi-finals/9356138 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de semifinal, a clash against world No. 1, Simona Halep, na both get two match points insyd de third set buh dem neither convert. De match then end 9–7 insyd de third set, wey Halep prevail.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Halep saves match points, ousts Kerber in epic Aussie SF |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/halep-saves-match-points-ousts-kerber-epic-aussie-sf |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dey follow ein strong Australian summer, Kerber san return to de top 10, ranked world No. 9.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 January 2018 |title=Ranking Movers: Wozniacki leads the pack, Mertens making moves |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/ranking-movers-wozniacki-leads-pack-mertens-making-moves |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd ein fifth appearance at de season-ending WTA Finals, de final edition dem go hold insyd Singapore, na dem draw Kerber into de same group as Osaka, Stephens den Bertens. Der, she get ein sole win of de tournament over de former, wey she defeat de Japanese player insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 October 2018 |title=Bertens battles past Kerber in Singapore stunner |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1438427/bertens-battles-past-kerber-in-singapore-stunner |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 October 2018 |title=Resilient Kerber overcomes Osaka in Singapore classic |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/sports/2018/10/24/resilient-kerber-overcomes-osaka-in-singapore-classic/1686292 |website=Malay Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 October 2018 |title=Stephens stops Kerber to complete Singapore semifinal lineup |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1438301/stephens-stops-kerber-to-complete-singapore-semifinal-lineup |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber subsequently conclude 2018 as world No. 2, ein second-best finish to a season.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd November, Kerber announce a new partnership plus Rainer Schüttler as ein new coach, na she split plus Fisette a month prior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2018 |title=Angelique Kerber on new coach Rainer Schüttler: 'It all starts with me' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/angelique-kerber-on-new-coach-rainer-sch%C3%BCttler-it-all-starts-with-me/a-46398643 |website=Deutsche Welle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2019–2020: Inconsistencies den out of top 20 ===
[[File:Sydney_International_Tennis_WTA_(46001164735)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Kerber at de 2019 Sydney International]]
Kerber kick off de 2019 season plus ein second appearance at de Hopman Cup, alongsyd Alexander Zverev once again; na dem loose insyd de final to Switzerland insyd a rematch of last year ein final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 January 2019 |title=Hopman Cup: Roger Federer &amp; Belinda Bencic retain title for Switzerland |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/46768533 |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd Sydney, Kerber fail insyd ein title defence bid plus a loss to eventual champion Petra Kvitová insyd de quarterfinals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 January 2019 |title='It was worth the wait' – Kvitová shines to beat Kerber in Sydney |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/it-was-worth-wait-kvitova-shines-beat-kerber-sydney |access-date=10 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de Australian Open, na second-seeded Kerber move into de last 16 plus straight-set wins over de likes of Polona Hercog, Beatriz Haddad Maia (wey she gain ein 100th Grand Slam match win) den Kimberly Birrell,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=Major milestone: Kerber wins 100th match at Slams |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/match-report/major-milestone-kerber-wins-100th-match-slams |access-date=16 January 2019 |work=Australian Open}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Australian Open 2019: Angelique Kerber celebrates 31st birthday with third-round demolition of Kimberly Birrell |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/australian-open-2019-angelique-kerber-celebrates-31st-birthday-with-third-round-demolition-of-kimberly-birrell-5921921.html |access-date=18 January 2019 |work=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; only to be upset by eventual semifinalist Danielle Collins insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 January 2019 |title=Collins stuns Kerber to make quarters |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/match-report/collins-stuns-kerber-make-quarters |access-date=20 January 2019 |work=Australian Open}}&lt;/ref&gt; De following month, Kerber make de semifinals at de Qatar Open wer na she loose to eventual champion Elise Mertens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Mertens holds off Kerber for biggest final in Doha |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/mertens-holds-kerber-biggest-final-doha |access-date=15 February 2019 |work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de Dubai Tennis Championships, Kerber loose insyd de third round to eventual semifinalist Hsieh Su-wei insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 February 2019 |title=Hsieh springs surprise on Kerber to reach Dubai QF |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1450049/hsieh-springs-surprise-on-kerber-to-reach-dubai-qf |access-date=20 February 2019 |work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Australian_Open_2020_(49837296096)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Kerber at de 2020 Australian Open]]
Insyd late July, Kerber reunite plus ein former coach, Torben Beltz, plus whom she capture ein first two Grand Slam titles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kerber seeking to recapture top form with Beltz |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/1744690/kerber-seeking-to-recapture-top-form-with-beltz |access-date=2021-02-08 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein first appearance since na dem lift de tour suspension cam at de US Open wer na she loose to eventual semifinalist Jennifer Brady insyd de fourth round.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title=Jennifer Brady has gone from under-the-radar to contender at the 2020 US Open |url=https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/29801211/jennifer-brady-gone-radar-contender-2020-us-open |access-date=7 September 2020 |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; She fini ein season plus back-to-back defeats at de Italian den French Opens, insyd de hands of Siniaková den Kaja Juvan, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=15 September 2020|title=Rome Masters Kerber bows out Rublev advances|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/kerber-bows-out-rublev-advances/article32614472.ece|access-date=16 September 2020|website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juvan claims first Roland Garros victory with Kerber stunner |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/1847128/juvan-claims-first-roland-garros-victory-with-kerber-stunner |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; She go subsequently end de year ranked world No. 25, ein lowest since 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;wta-rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/angelique-kerber/rankings-history|title=Angelique Kerber Rankings History|access-date=3 July 2021|work=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2021: Brief top 10 comeback ===
Kerber open ein 2021 season insyd Melbourne, wey she enter de Gippsland Trophy, a modified warm-up tournament as part of de 2021 Melbourne Summer Series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Melbourne Summer Series kicks off on Sunday |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/melbourne-summer-series-kicks-on-sunday |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=ausopen.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, na dem later discover say na ein flight to Melbourne carry a COVID-19 infected passenger,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-16 |title=47 Australian Open players forced into quarantine after COVID-19 cases detected on flights |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-16/coronavirus-cases-onboard-australian-open-chartered-flight/13063920 |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=www.abc.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey force am into a mandatory den strict hotel quarantine for two weeks wich severely limit ein practicing opportunities besides e prevent am from participating insyd de aforementioned tournament.

[[File:2021-06_Angelique_Kerber_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Kerber at de 2021 Bad Homburg Open, wer na she win ein first title since Wimbledon insyd 2018]]
Na Kerber ein resurgence insyd 2021, however, cam, on de grass. After an early exit to Victoria Azarenka insyd Berlin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2021 |title=Azarenka maintains Kerber mastery, Muguruza withstands Rybakina in Berlin |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2173735/azarenka-maintains-kerber-mastery-muguruza-withstands-rybakina-in-berlin |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; she win de title at de inaugural Bad Homburg Open,&lt;ref name=&quot;WLM Tennis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=27 June 2021 |title=Kerber salutes in Bad Homburg debut |url=https://wlmtennis.com/kerber-salutes-in-bad-homburg-debut/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |work=WLM Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she need to cam back from a set down insyd each of ein quarterfinal den semifinal matches, against Amanda Anisimova den Petra Kvitová, respectively, to make ein third final insyd a row on grass, den ein first since Eastbourne two years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2021 |title=Angelique Kerber, Petra Kvitova to meet in Bad Homburg semi-finals |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/Tennis/WTATour/angelique-kerber-petra-kvitova-to-meet-in-bad-homburg-semi-finals-20210625 |website=Sport24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2021 |title=Bad Homburg Open: Angelique Kerber downs Petra Kvitova on grass to reach final |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/bad-homburg-open-angelique-kerber-downs-petra-kvitova-on-grass-to-reach-final-9753761.html |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; She defeat Siniaková insyd de final for ein third title on grass, ein first since Wimbledon insyd 2018 den de 13th of ein career.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2021 |title=Kerber triumphs on home soil in Bad Homburg for 13th career title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2179163/kerber-claims-13th-career-title-on-home-soil-in-bad-homburg |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secof ein success thru out de season, Kerber return to de top 10 for de first time since July 2019, wey she reach No. 9 on 1 November 2021.

=== 2022–2023: 14th career title den pregnancy ===
Kerber start off de year she for cancel ein preparations for de first Grand Slam of de year wen a positive test for coronavirus force am to skip Sydney. Then, insyd de first round of de 2022 Australian Open, she fall to Kaia Kanepi by a score of 4–6, 3–6.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Trollope |first1=Matt |date=19 January 2022 |title=Giant-killer Kanepi back on the prowl |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/features/giant-killer-kanepi-back-on-prowl |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=AO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber then withdraw from Dubai wey na she loose 6–4, 3–6, 2–6 against Jil Teichmann insyd Doha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mesic |first=Dzevad |date=2022-02-11 |title=Angelique Kerber withdraws from Dubai |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/WTA_Tennis/109052/angelique-kerber-withdraws-from-dubai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210000748/https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/WTA_Tennis/109052/angelique-kerber-withdraws-from-dubai/ |archive-date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Tennis World USA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Doha: Teichmann claims second straight win over Kerber in three sets |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/2497278/doha-teichmann-claims-second-straight-win-over-kerber-in-three-sets |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kerber reach de fourth round for de fifth consecutive time at Indian Wells, she defeat Zheng Qinwen den Daria Kasatkina. She loose 6–4, 2–6, 3–6 to eventual champion Iga Świątek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Swiatek claims comeback win over Kerber in Indian Wells |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2535808/swiatek-claims-comeback-win-over-kerber-in-indian-wells |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210000748/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2535808/swiatek-claims-comeback-win-over-kerber-in-indian-wells |archive-date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber loose insyd Miami against eventual finalist Naomi Osaka insyd de first round, wey she loose 2–6, 3–6.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2022 |title=Osaka eases by Kerber to advance at Miami Open |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2549172/osaka-eases-by-kerber-to-advance-at-miami-open |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210000750/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2549172/osaka-eases-by-kerber-to-advance-at-miami-open |archive-date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2024: Comeback, United Cup champion, retirement ===
After a year den a half hiatus, Kerber return to de tour at de 2024 United Cup insyd Australia as part of Team Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 June 2023 |title=New-mom Angelique Kerber reveals 'dream' comeback date after giving birth |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/new-mom-angelique-kerber-dream-comeback-date-birth |website=Tennis365}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Angelique Kerber's comeback plans revealed &amp; German hires Emma Raducanu's ex-coach |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/WTA_Tennis/137306/angelique-kerber-s-comeback-plans-revealed-amp-german-hires-emma-raducanu-s-excoach/ |website=Tennis World USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Djokovic, Swiatek Headline New-Look United Cup |url=https://www.unitedcup.com/en/media/news/djokovic-swiatek-headline-2024-united-cup |website=United Cup |access-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519113712/https://www.unitedcup.com/en/media/news/djokovic-swiatek-headline-2024-united-cup |archive-date=19 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd ein first match since Wimbledon 2022, Kerber loose to Jasmine Paolini insyd straight sets, 4–6, 5–7, buh na she win ein mixed doubles encounter against Lorenzo Sonego den Angelica Moratelli, wey na she partner plus Alexander Zverev for de first time since 2019. She proceed to loose ein succeeding singles matches to Caroline Garcia den Maria Sakkari insyd de round robin den quarterfinals, respectively, as well as ein mixed doubles match against Team France. Despite dis, Team Germany qualify for de semifinals against Australia wer na Kerber defeat Ajla Tomljanović insyd three sets, wey na she save two match points insyd de process wey na she score a critical match dat allow Team Germany to qualify for de final against Team Poland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=ATP/WTA |title=Alexander Zverev does double duty to lead Germany to United Cup final {{!}} United Cup {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.unitedcup.com/en/media/news/australia-germany-united-cup-2024-sf |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=United Cup}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus de win, she record ein first win since Wimbledon insyd 2022 den ein first win insyd Australia since 2021. Insyd de final, Kerber loose insyd straight sets, 3–6, 0–6, against world No. 1 Iga Świątek; Team Germany nevertheless go on to win de tournament after she win de final two matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=ATP/WTA |title=Germany rallies, stuns Poland for United Cup title {{!}} United Cup {{!}} Tennis |url=http://www.unitedcup.com/en/media/news/poland-germany-united-cup-2024-final |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=United Cup}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secof de late conclusion insyd Sydney, Kerber withdraw from de Adelaide International.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=The United Cup effect as Angelique Kerber and Ajla Tomljanovic withdraw from Adelaide International |url=https://tennisuptodate.com/atp/the-united-cup-effect-as-angelique-kerber-and-ajla-tomljanovic-withdraw-from-adelaide-international |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Tennisuptodate.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber then head to Melbourne, for de first time since 2022, plus a protected ranking wey na she loose to Danielle Collins insyd three sets, wey end ein Australian summer season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Takeaways: Collins tops Kerber at Australian Open to set Swiatek showdown |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3859216/takeaways-collins-tops-kerber-at-australian-open-to-set-swiatek-showdown |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At Indian Wells, Kerber reach de fourth round, she defeat Petra Martić, tenth seed Jeļena Ostapenko, ein first top-10 win insyd more dan two years since 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Kerber upsets Ostapenko in Indian Wells for first Top 10 win since 2021 |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3925894/kerber-upsets-ostapenko-in-indian-wells-for-first-top-10-win-since-2021 |accessdate=9 March 2024 |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; den 17th seed Veronika Kudermetova, before she loose to Caroline Wozniacki.

Kerber enter de 2024 Miami Open dey use ein protected ranking, buh na she loose insyd de first round to Sloane Stephens, a setback after a successful tournament at Indian Wells a week earlier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=Stephens celebrates birthday with win over Kerber in Miami |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3937816/stephens-celebrates-birthday-with-win-over-kerber-in-miami |accessdate=20 March 2024 |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem give am a wildcard entry to de 2024 Wimbledon Championships&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Osaka, Kerber, Raducanu, Wozniacki receive Wimbledon wild cards |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4041143/osaka-kerber-raducanu-wozniacki-receive-wimbledon-wild-cards |accessdate=8 July 2024 |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na she loose insyd de first-round to Yulia Putintseva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wimbledon: Putintseva moves into second round |url=https://www.tennismajors.com/wimbledon-news/wimbledon-putintseva-moves-into-second-round-771369.html |accessdate=8 July 2024 |publisher=Tennis Majors}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 25 July 2024, Kerber announce say she go retire from professional tennis after de Paris Olympics, wey dey conclude a career wey span over two decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=25 July 2024 |title=How Angelique Kerber rose to the pinnacle of the game |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4066797/how-angelique-kerber-rose-to-the-pinnacle-of-the-game |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; She play ein last match on 31 July 2024 at de Olympics wer na she reach de quarterfinals, wey she loose to eventual Olympic champion Zheng Qinwen dey follow a tight final set tiebreak during wich na Kerber save three match points.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ankita Dawar|date=July 31, 2024|title=&quot;Smiling &amp; crying at same time&quot;- Andrea Petkovic, Boris Becker, Zheng Qinwen &amp; others congratulate Angelique Kerber on end of career at Paris Olympics|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news-smiling-crying-time-andrea-petkovic-boris-becker-zheng-qinwen-others-congratulate-angelique-kerber-end-career-paris-olympics|work=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;retirement&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=31 July 2024 |title=Angelique Kerber, late-blooming contender turned champion, plays her last tennis match |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/angelique-kerber-late-blooming-contender-turned-champion-plays-her-last-tennis-match |website=Tennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Angelique_Kerber_(51316464439).jpg|left|thumb|Kerber ein squatting backhand position]]
Kerber be a defensive baseliner, wey na dem note am for ein speed, agility, athleticism, den footwork.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=14 July 2018 |title=Wimbledon 2018: Angelique Kerber's athleticism told in final victory over Serena Williams |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/angelique-kerber-serena-williams-wimbledon-2018-final-nick-bollettieri-column-a8447661.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/angelique-kerber-serena-williams-wimbledon-2018-final-nick-bollettieri-column-a8447661.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; She be known for ein counterpunching style of play, wey dey extend rallies to attempt to draw an error out of more aggressive players, wey she be able to hit low-risk winners plus ease.

Kerber get powerful groundstrokes, wey dey allow am to hit winners from frequently defensive positions. Dem widely consider ein forehand be ein most dangerous weapon, wey she be able to hit powerful shots plus disguise den speed; she be capable of hitting extreme angles plus ein forehand, wich be responsible give chaw of de winners she dey accumulate on de court. Ein forehand dey hit plus a short backswing, wey dey allow am to flatten out ein forehand, den dey generate considerable power. Ein best shot be ein forehand down-the-line. Dem know Kerber for hitting ein backhand whilst she squat, wey dey allow am to generate considerable power den to create sharp angles on de court; she typically dey utilise ein backhand for defensive purposes, however. Ein serve be considered ein major weakness, she rarely dey serve aces den hitting, on average, fewer service winners dan chaw of ein fellow players, plus ein first serve speed typically dey peak at just {{convert|104|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Ein second serve be a particular weakness, wey e be highly susceptible to attack, wey dey mean say she rarely dey win more dan 50 percent of second serve points.

Despite ein weaknesses on serve, Kerber be proficient at defending ein serve plus ein outstanding athleticism. Kerber, however, be one of de best returners on de WTA Tour, wey dey rank consistently insyd de top 50 players base on percentage of return points dem win. Kerber dey experience ein greatest success wen she dey play plus an aggressive mindset, despite ein defensive playing style; ein occasional slumps in form fi be attributed to an over-reliance upon ein defensive skills, den an unwillingness to play points aggressively. Kerber ein favourite surface be grass, as de fast pace den low bounce she afford on grass courts dey suit ein flat-hitting playing style, although na she get success on hard courts, as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kane |first1=David |date=19 June 2020 |title=Kerber aims to grow German tennis with grass court warm-ups |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1686356/kerber-aims-to-grow-german-tennis-with-grass-court-warm-ups |access-date=16 June 2021 |work=Women's Tennis Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein life matter ==
Kerber currently dey base insyd de Polish town of Puszczykowo, a suburb of Poznań, wer na ein maternal grandpoppie own an indoor tennis facility.&lt;ref name=&quot;tennismagazin&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/news/news/Tennis_Interviews/36771/agnieszka-radwanska-angelique-kerber-and-the-polish-fed-cup-connection|title=Agnieszka Radwanska, Angelique Kerber and the Polish Fed Cup Connection!|newspaper=Tennis World USA|date=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kerber dey speak German, Polish den English,&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.angelique-kerber.de/en/about-eng/ |access-date=15 July 2018 |website=Angelique-kerber.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123308/http://www.angelique-kerber.de/en/about-eng/ |archive-date=15 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she sanso dey hold dual German-Polish citizenship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Who is Angelique Kerber |url=http://archiverio.nbcolympics.com/news/who-angelique-kerber |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=NBCOlympics.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615151748/http://archiverio.nbcolympics.com/news/who-angelique-kerber |archive-date=15 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; She compete give Germany thru out ein career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Angelique Kerber zwyciężczynią Australian Open |url=http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/angelique-kerber-zwyciezczynia-australian-open,artykul,642013,1,12805.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204102200/http://www.przegladsportowy.pl/angelique-kerber-zwyciezczynia-australian-open,artykul,642013,1,12805.html |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Przegląd Sportowy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd an interview, Kerber clarify say, despite strong Polish connection, she dey consider einself German: &quot;I be German. I play give Germany, I grow up insyd Germany, wey my heart dey beat give Germany&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tennis.com 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=Kerber clarifies that, despite a strong Polish connection, she considers herself German |url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/02/kerber-clarifies-despite-strong-polish-connection-she-considers-himself-german/57527/ |access-date=2016-08-14 |website=Tennis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A huge football fan, na Kerber cite German club FC Bayern Munich as ein favourite team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bundesliga clubs hail Australian Open winner Angelique Kerber {{!}} bundesliga.com |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/noblmd19-bundesliga-clubs-congratulate-angelique-kerber-aus-open.jsp |access-date=2018-06-29 |website=bundesliga.com – the official Bundesliga website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713232731/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/noblmd19-bundesliga-clubs-congratulate-angelique-kerber-aus-open.jsp |archive-date=2018-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kerber frequently cite former German tennis player [[Steffi Graf]] as ein kiddie time idol den ein motivation for pursuing tennis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 September 2016 |title=Angelique Kerber inspired to US Open glory by Steffi Graf |url=https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/32833/10573964/angelique-kerber-inspired-to-us-open-glory-by-steffi-graf |publisher=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Angelique Kerber Wishes Steffi Graf on Her 50th Birthday |url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Stories/72081/angelique-kerber-wishes-steffi-graf-on-her-50th-birthday/ |publisher=Tennis World USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem raise Kerber Catholic buh she cam be sceptical by ein late teens, dey tell ''Emotion'' Magazine: &quot;Wen you dey think about am rationally, e dey seem incredibly improbable dat der be God.&quot; She since dey describe einself as &quot;probably agnostic, buh practically an atheist&quot;, wey na she express contentment plus ein current worldview, dey state &quot;I feel internally happier dan at any time of my life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241012042834/https://www.emotion.de/leben-arbeit/gesellschaft/angelique-kerber-interview &quot;Angelique Kerber im Interview: 'Still sitzen war noch nie mein Ding'&quot;] by Ulrike Bremm ''emotion.de'' (May 8, 2022); retrieved August 25, 2022 ''in German''&lt;/ref&gt;

On August 24, 2022, Kerber announce say na she dey take a break from tennis secof pregnancy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Angelique Kerber to take break from tennis for 'best possible reason' after announcing pregnancy ahead of US Open |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/us-open/2022/angelique-kerber-to-take-break-from-tennis-for-best-possible-reason-after-announcing-pregnancy-ahead_sto9098517/story.shtml |accessdate=24 August 2022 |website=eurosport.com |publisher=Eurosport}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Bild'' dey report de poppie of Kerber ein kiddie be Franco Bianco, manager of a sporting facility insyd Königstein im Taunus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Angelique Kerber ist schwanger: Franco Bianco ist der geheimnisvolle Vater |url=https://www.bild.de/sport/mehr-sport/tennis/angelique-kerber-ist-schwanger-franco-bianco-ist-der-geheimnisvolle-vater-81102910.bild.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=bild.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; She give birth to a daughter insyd 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=Kerber announces birth of daughter Liana |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3087650/kerber-announces-birth-of-daughter-liana |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Endorsements ==
Kerber get endorsement deals plus Adidas, ein clothing den shoe sponsor, den Yonex, ein racquet sponsor. Kerber dey use a discontinued Yonex Vcore SI 100. Insyd early 2015, she cam be global ambassador of Stuttgart car manufacturer Porsche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angelique Kerber – Timeline |url=https://www.facebook.com/AngeliqueKerberOfficial/photos/a.153791464698322.39272.112796148797854/763631963714266/?type=3&amp;theater |access-date=2016-07-18 |website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd late 2016 she sign a deal plus insurance group Generali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-10-30 |title=For Tennis Star Angelique Kerber, Sponsorship Millions Beckon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellerossingh/2016/10/30/for-tennis-star-angelique-kerber-sponsorship-millions-beckon/#e4f9a5010657 |access-date=2017-01-15 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd late 2016, she cam be beauty ambassador give de US cosmetics company Bare Minerals, a Shiseido brand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=bareMinerals |url=http://www.bareminerals.de/on/demandware.store/Sites-BareEscentualsDE-Site/default/Landing-Show?cid=CA_BM_BrandAmbassador |access-date=22 June 2017 |publisher=bareMinerals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626140342/http://www.bareminerals.de/on/demandware.store/Sites-BareEscentualsDE-Site/default/Landing-Show?cid=CA_BM_BrandAmbassador |archive-date=26 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2017, she cam be de global brand ambassador give Australian health snack brand Slim Secrets&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The 'Secrets' Out – International Sporting Star Angelique Kerber Partners with Australian Brand |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/secrets-international-sporting-star-angelique-042300964.html |website=Yahoo! Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she sign plus both de Swiss luxury watchmaker Rolex&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rolex TV Commercial, 'One to Watch' Featuring Angelique Kerber |url=https://www.ispot.tv/ad/A8tw/rolex-one-to-watch-featuring-angelique-kerber |publisher=iSpot}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de software corporation SAP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 April 2017 |title=SAP Welcomes Angelique Kerber as Brand Ambassador |url=https://news.sap.com/sap-welcomes-angelique-kerber-as-brand-ambassador/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203947/https://news.sap.com/sap-welcomes-angelique-kerber-as-brand-ambassador/ |archive-date=17 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na dem sanso name Kerber ambassador give kiddies dema charity UNICEF.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kerber named as UNICEF ambassador |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/kerber-named-unicef-ambassador |publisher=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd August 2019, Kerber announce say she cam be a brand ambassador give Head and Shoulders Suprême.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angelique Kerber |url=https://www.facebook.com/AngeliqueKerberOfficial/posts/2420359604708152 |access-date=2019-09-06 |website=www.facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd November 2019, Kerber announce say she cam be a brand ambassador give Ole Lynggaard Copenhagen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Angelique Kerber on Instagram: &quot;Incredibly proud to call myself part of the @OleLynggaardCopenhagen family for the years to come ...&quot; |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B5ShklEh9Pl/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514050416/https://www.instagram.com/p/B5ShklEh9Pl/ |archive-date=2025-05-14 |access-date=2020-05-01 |website=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd December 2019, na dem name am tournament ambassador of de inaugural Bad Homburg Open,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schueller |first=Sarah |date=2019-12-12 |title=Angelique Kerber is tournament ambassador |url=https://badhomburg-open.de/en/2019/12/12/angelique-kerber-is-tournament-ambassador/ |access-date=2020-05-01 |website=Bad Homburg Open |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123193253/https://badhomburg-open.de/en/2019/12/12/angelique-kerber-is-tournament-ambassador/ |archive-date=2021-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich secof de COVID-19 pandemic, na e no occur til 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;WLM Tennis&quot; /&gt;

Na ein portfolio of endorsements make am de second highest-paid female athlete insyd de world insyd de annual ''Forbes'' list of 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Serena Williams Heads The Highest-Paid Female Athletes 2017 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2017/08/14/the-highest-paid-female-athletes-2017/#7a87a42c3d0b |work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coaches ==
Na Kerber be coached insyd de past by Torben Beltz (2003—2004, 2011–2013, 2015–2017), Wim Fissette (November 2017–October 2018), Rainer Schüttler (November 2018–July 2019) den Dieter Kindlmann (November 2019–July 2020). Insyd July 2020, she san begin dey work plus Beltz, til dem split insyd November 2021.

== Career statistics ==

=== Grand Slam singles performance timeline ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Key
|'''W'''
| F 
|SF
|QF
|#R
|RR
|Q#
|DNQ
|A
|NH
|}
(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) she no qualify; (A) absent; (NH) dem no hold; (SR) strike rate (events she win / she compete); (W–L) win–loss record.

To avoid confusion den double counting, dem dey update dese charts at de conclusion of a tournament anaa wen na de player ein participation end.
{| class=&quot;wikitable nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size:96%;text-align:center&quot;
!Tournament
!2007
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
!SR
!W–L
!Win %
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Australian Open
| bgcolor=&quot;ecf2ff&quot; |Q1
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |2R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
|1 / 16
|32–15
|68%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |French Open
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;ecf2ff&quot; |Q2
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |2R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
|0 / 16
|19–16
|54%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Wimbledon
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;ecf2ff&quot; |Q2
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |2R
| bgcolor=&quot;ffebcd&quot; |QF
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;thistle&quot; |F
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |2R
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
|A
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
|1 / 15
|38–14
|'''73%'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |US Open
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;ecf2ff&quot; |Q1
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |2R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;lime&quot; |'''W'''
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |3R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |1R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
| bgcolor=&quot;afeeee&quot; |4R
|A
|A
|A
|1 / 14
|31–13
|'''70%'''
|- style=&quot;font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Win–loss
|0–3
|1–3
|1–2
|5–4
|5–4
|14–4
|10–4
|12–4
|6–4
|20–2
|6–4
|18–3
|4–4
|6–3
|8–4
|4–3
|0–0
|0–3
|3 / 61
|120–58
|'''67%'''
|}

=== Grand Slam tournament finals ===

==== Singles: 4 (3 titles, 1 runner-up) ====
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable nowrap&quot;
!Result
!Year
! style=&quot;width:135px;&quot; |Championship
!Surface
! style=&quot;width:140px&quot; |Opponent
! style=&quot;width:110px&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Score
|-
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|2016
| style=&quot;background:#ffffcc;&quot; |Australian Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]]
|6–4, 3–6, 6–4
|-
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2016
| style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |Wimbledon
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams
|5–7, 3–6
|-
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|2016
| style=&quot;background:#ccccff;&quot; |US Open
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CZE}} Karolína Plíšková
|6–3, 4–6, 6–4
|-
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Win
|2018
| style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |Wimbledon
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams
|6–3, 6–3
|}

=== WTA Championships finals ===

==== Singles: 1 (runner-up) ====
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable nowrap&quot;
!Result
!Year
! style=&quot;width:135px;&quot; |Championship
!Surface
! style=&quot;width:140px&quot; |Opponent
! style=&quot;width:90px&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Score
|-
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Loss
|2016
| style=&quot;background:#ffff99;&quot; |WTA Finals, Singapore
|Hard (i)
|Dominika Cibulková
|3–6, 4–6
|}

=== Olympic finals ===

==== Singles: 1 (silver medal) ====
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable nowrap&quot;
!Result
!Year
! style=&quot;width:135px;&quot; |Location
!Surface
! style=&quot;width:140px&quot; |Opponent
! style=&quot;width:95px&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Score
|-
| style=&quot;background:#c0c0c0;&quot; |Silver
|2016
| style=&quot;background:#ffea5c;&quot; |Rio Summer Olympics
|Hard
|Monica Puig
|4–6, 6–4, 1–6
|}

== Awards den recognition ==
Kerber receive de following awards:

* WTA Player of de Year (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=21 October 2016 |title=Kerber: WTA Player of the Year |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/kerber-wta-player-year |website=Women's Tennis Association (WTA Tennis)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* German Sportswoman of de Year (2016, 2018)&lt;ref name=&quot;sportler&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Wahl – Ergebnisse |url=https://www.sportler-des-jahres.de/index.php/wahl/ergebnisse |website=Sportler des Jahres |language=de |access-date=2025-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415014754/https://www.sportler-des-jahres.de/index.php/wahl/ergebnisse |archive-date=2025-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=&quot;Sportlerin des Jahres 2018&quot;: Angelique Kerber |url=https://www.sportler-des-jahres.de/index.php/component/k2/item/501-sportlerin-des-jahres-2018 |website=Sportler des Jahres |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* US Open Sportsmanship Award (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=E.J. Crawford |date=8 September 2016 |title=Kerber named top sportswoman |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2016-09-08/kerber_named_top_sportswoman.html |website=US Open}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ITF World Champion (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=13 December 2016 |title=Murray and Kerber named 2016 ITF World Champions |url=https://www.itftennis.com/news/247752.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016034349/https://www.itftennis.com/news/247752.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=International Tennis Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dem nominate am for de Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of de Year (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kerber scores Laureus Award nomination |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/kerber-scores-laureus-award-nomination |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dem name am among espnW's Impact25 (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 December 2016 |title=espnW unveils 2016 IMPACT25 honorees for Woman of the Year consideration |url=http://www.espn.com/espnw/culture/impact25/article/18224331/espnw-unveils-2016-impact25-honorees |website=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dem name am &quot;Europe's 30 under 30&quot; by Forbes (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World No.1 Kerber named among Forbes' 30 Under 30 |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/world-no1-kerber-named-among-forbes-30-under-30 |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |editor2=Madeline Berg |title=Forbes 30 under 30 Europe: Entertainment |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-europe-2017/entertainment/ |website=Forbes |editor1=Natalie Robehmed}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* World's second highest-paid female athlete by Forbes (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Kurt Badenhausen |date=14 August 2017 |title=Serena Williams heads the highest-paid female athletes 2017 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2017/08/14/the-highest-paid-female-athletes-2017/ |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dem nominate am 2018 WTA Player of de Year&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=WTA Player Awards 2018: nominations |url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/wta-player-awards-2018-nominations |website=WTA Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q77178|c=Category:Angelique Kerber|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}

* [https://www.wtatennis.com/players/311470/- Angelique Kerber] at the Women's Tennis Association 
* [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/angelique-kerber/800227588/ger Angelique Kerber] at the International Tennis Federation 
* [https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/players/9ee4f3a7-3fb9-4b96-8312-03b6f2d36703 Angelique Kerber] at the Billie Jean King Cup ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230828/https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/player/800227588 archived former page])
* [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/123599 Angelique Kerber] at Olympedia 
* [https://www.teamdeutschland.de/team/details/angelique-kerber Angelique Kerber] at ''Team Deutschland'' (in German) 
* [http://www.angelique-kerber.de/ Official website] (in German, English, and Polish)
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerber, Angelique}}
[[Category:Angelique Kerber| ]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]]
[[Category:German expatriate sportspeople insyd Poland]]
[[Category:German female tennis players]]
[[Category:German people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions insyd women's singles]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists for Germany insyd tennis]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Germany]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for Germany]]
[[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Bremen (city)]]
[[Category:Tennis players at de 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at de 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at de 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]]
[[Category:Wimbledon champions]]
[[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]]
[[Category:20th-century German women]]
[[Category:WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players]]
[[Category:ITF World Champions]]
[[Category:21st-century German sportswomen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Precipitated sulfur</title>
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'''Sulfur''' (American spelling den de preferred IUPAC name) anaa '''sulphur''' (Commonwealth spelling)&lt;ref&gt;''Nature Chemistry'' 1, 333 (2009). [http://www.nature.com/nchem/journal/v1/n5/full/nchem.301.html doi:10.1038/nchem.301]&lt;/ref&gt; be a chemical element; e get symbol '''S''' den atomic number 16. E be abundant, multivalent den nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms dey form cyclic octatomic molecules plus de chemical formula S&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;. Elemental sulfur be a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature. 

Sulfur be de tenth most abundant element by mass insyd de universe den de fifth most common on [[Earth]]. Though dem sam times find am insyd pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually dey occur as sulfide den sulfate minerals. Na e be abundant insyd native form, na dem know sulfur insyd ancient times, na dem mention am for ein uses insyd ancient India, ancient Greece, China, den ancient Egypt. Historically den insyd literature sulfur sanso be called '''brimstone''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenwood-1997a2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=N. N. |title=Chemistry of the Elements |last2=Earnshaw |first2=A. |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=1997 |isbn=0-7506-3365-4 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich dey mean &quot;burning stone&quot;. Dem dey produce almost all elemental sulfur as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas den petroleum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knight-2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Laurence Knight |date=Jul 19, 2014 |title=Sulphur surplus: Up to our necks in a diabolical element |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28369829 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Elements-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2014 |title=Sulfur |url=https://stitcher.acast.com/livestitches/34faa1f8-ba99-4502-a98e-bbdf7563f510/d1a4ad2b6baa9a8907369d1485ad4417.mp3?aid=34faa1f8-ba99-4502-a98e-bbdf7563f510&amp;chid=8a7db9c6-f12c-4a01-8469-8845f242921e&amp;ci=QXPFSGQQ5jePurnLkmLpCiAGbJrzj-HGpQkXlJzEZlWovtV5WoxRGw==&amp;pf=rss&amp;sv=sphinx@1.72.0&amp;uid=d45333af7474b2388f3905addcfe7a47&amp;Expires=1640778861&amp;Signature=b2fp-1SaLMzYpnO~9hLYm~7A0c~FN533O2of1Qzt0Q3vf3WG~WOrlhMlDU2a1Qi87OrfkXsVY1BqlYr3NypRd4ic~ojpZxdz-lLggOKbRbYNS48sYOyDRWqcl~o-28cQaB~~N8vQlMmRzGf3EAAQSzUytTJEOGVm7PGL5KQTCYMxNc4x~evM5JPXKSfGyVtfMc5wqC7KNf18nltkJH4rVBcWTNapkg~wV7OtSna1uonWvwNGN43CaJbpcjbRv12dqgJadS~s1gd0o-t-edJbUm483TgLylnAednhtdLYjgnlPyb4avhMlacWpQJ~bBnf5-OPu1PSM~rAfYtxG1LqPQ__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJXAFARUOTJQ3BLOQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226113921/https://stitcher.acast.com/livestitches/34faa1f8-ba99-4502-a98e-bbdf7563f510/d1a4ad2b6baa9a8907369d1485ad4417.mp3?aid=34faa1f8-ba99-4502-a98e-bbdf7563f510&amp;chid=8a7db9c6-f12c-4a01-8469-8845f242921e&amp;ci=QXPFSGQQ5jePurnLkmLpCiAGbJrzj-HGpQkXlJzEZlWovtV5WoxRGw==&amp;pf=rss&amp;sv=sphinx@1.72.0&amp;uid=d45333af7474b2388f3905addcfe7a47&amp;Expires=1640778861&amp;Signature=b2fp-1SaLMzYpnO~9hLYm~7A0c~FN533O2of1Qzt0Q3vf3WG~WOrlhMlDU2a1Qi87OrfkXsVY1BqlYr3NypRd4ic~ojpZxdz-lLggOKbRbYNS48sYOyDRWqcl~o-28cQaB~~N8vQlMmRzGf3EAAQSzUytTJEOGVm7PGL5KQTCYMxNc4x~evM5JPXKSfGyVtfMc5wqC7KNf18nltkJH4rVBcWTNapkg~wV7OtSna1uonWvwNGN43CaJbpcjbRv12dqgJadS~s1gd0o-t-edJbUm483TgLylnAednhtdLYjgnlPyb4avhMlacWpQJ~bBnf5-OPu1PSM~rAfYtxG1LqPQ__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJXAFARUOTJQ3BLOQ |archive-date=2021-12-26 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=stitcher.acast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; De greatest commercial use of de element be de production of sulfuric acid for sulfate den phosphate fertilizers, den oda chemical processes. Dem dey use sulfur insyd matches, insecticides, den fungicides. Chaw sulfur compounds be odoriferous, den de smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, bad breath, grapefruit, den garlic be secof organosulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide dey give de characteristic odor to rotting eggs den oda biological processes. 

Sulfur be an essential element for all life, almost always insyd de form of organosulfur compounds anaa metal sulfides. Amino acids (two proteinogenic: cysteine den methionine, den chaw oda non-coded: cystine, taurine, etc.) den two vitamins (biotin den thiamine) be organosulfur compounds crucial for life. Chaw cofactors sanso dey contain sulfur, wey dey include glutathione, den iron–sulfur proteins. Disulfides, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength den insolubility of de (among odas) protein keratin, dem find insyd outer skin, hair, den feathers. Sulfur be one of de core chemical elements den need for biochemical functioning wey e be an elemental macronutrient for all living organisms. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Read further==
{{cite book |editor1-last=Sigel |editor1-first=Astrid |editor2-last=Freisinger |editor2-first=Eva |editor3-last=Sigel |editor3-first=Roland K.O. |title=Transition Metals and Sulfur: A Strong Relationship for Life |date=2020 |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin/Boston |isbn=978-3-11-058889-7 |pages=xlv+455|others=Guest Editors Martha E Sosa Torres and Peter M.H.Kroneck}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q682|c=Category:Sulfur|n=no|b=The Elements/Sulfur|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=sulfur|species=no}}
*[http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/016.htm Sulfur] at ''The Periodic Table of Videos'' (University of Nottingham)
*[https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Handbook/Tables/sulfurtable1.htm Atomic Data for Sulfur], NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100223201329/http://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol2/allotropy/z129.htm Sulfur phase diagram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223201329/http://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol2/allotropy/z129.htm |date=23 February 2010 }}, Introduction to Chemistry for Ages 13–17
*[https://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/vulcano/sulphur-vulcano-en.html Crystalline, liquid and polymerization of sulfur on Vulcano Island, Italy]
*[https://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/sulfur.htm Sulfur and its use as a pesticide]
*[https://www.sulphurinstitute.org/ The Sulphur Institute]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221502/http://www.nutrientstewardship.com/partners/products-and-services/sulfur-institute Nutrient Stewardship and The Sulphur Institute]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Sulfur| ]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Chalcogens]]
[[Category:Reactive nonmetals]]
[[Category:Polyatomic nonmetals]]
[[Category:Agricultural chemicals]]
[[Category:Anti-acne preparations]]
[[Category:Dietary minerals]]
[[Category:Industrial minerals]]
[[Category:Inorganic polymers]]
[[Category:Native element minerals]]
[[Category:Orthorhombic minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals insyd space group 70]]
[[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]]
[[Category:Chemical elements plus primitive orthorhombic structure]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mariam El-Boakye Gyasi</title>
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Prof. '''Mariam El-Boakye Gyasi''' be Associate Professor for Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). She dey teach Pharmaceutics plus Pharmaceutical Technology for both undergraduate den postgraduate students.

She get ein first degree, MPhil, den PhD for related fields, all from de KNUST.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|title=Profile of Prof. (Mrs.) Mariam El, Boakye-Gyasi - Staff Web Directory, KNUST|url=https://webapps.knust.edu.gh/staff/dirsearch/profile/summary/80c362e858f6.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619155729/https://webapps.knust.edu.gh/staff/dirsearch/profile/summary/80c362e858f6.html|archive-date=2025-06-19|access-date=2026-03-12|website=webapps.knust.edu.gh|language=en-gb|date=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
She graduate from the [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)]] plus a Bachelors degree for Pharmacy for year 2008. Later, she get Master of Philosophy (MPhil) for pharmaceutics for year 2011, den doctor of Philosophy insyd pharmaceutics for year 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Prof. Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanapharmaceuticaljournal.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Editorial Board {{!}} Ghana Pharmaceutical Journal |url=https://ghanapharmaceuticaljournal.com/ojs/index.php/gpj/editorialboard |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=ghanapharmaceuticaljournal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; plete ein entire higher education for [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|KNUST]] for [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]].

== Career ==
She be Pharmacist wey she be member of Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana. She sanso be Chairperson of Lady Pharmacists Association of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LADY STUDENT PHARMACIST ASSOCIATION – KNUST – GPSA KNUST|url=https://gpsaknust.org/lady-student-pharmacist-association-ghana|access-date=2026-03-12|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416063148/https://gpsaknust.org/lady-student-pharmacist-association-ghana|archive-date=2026-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prof. Boakye-Gyasi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honoring Two Pillars Of Excellence: Prof. Mariam El Boakye-Gyasi &amp; Dr. Evelyn Asante-Kwatia – GPSA KNUST |url=https://gpsaknust.org/honoring-two-pillars-of-excellence-prof-mariam-el-boakye-gyasi-dr-evelyn-asante-kwatia |access-date=2026-03-12 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411151944/https://gpsaknust.org/honoring-two-pillars-of-excellence-prof-mariam-el-boakye-gyasi-dr-evelyn-asante-kwatia |archive-date=2026-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; be fellow of University of Michigan African Presidential Scholars’  Program.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile of Prof. (Mrs.) Mariam El, Boakye-Gyasi - Staff Web Directory, KNUST |url=https://webapps.knust.edu.gh/staff/dirsearch/profile/summary/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prof. Mariam be Senior Lecturer for Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology for Kumasi, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanapharmaceuticaljournal.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Larnyoh|first=Magdalene|date=2023-07-05|title=Meet Prof. Mariam El-Boakye Gyasi, The First Female Associate Professor Of Pharmaceutics In Ghana - YEN.COM.GH|url=https://yen.com.gh/education/236831-meet-prof-mariam-el-boakye-gyasi-female-associate-professor-pharmaceutics-ghana/|access-date=2026-03-12|website=yen.com.gh|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently, she be Head of Monitoring and Evaluation for Quality Assurance and Planning Office (QAPO-KNUST). She be Academic Capacity Lead for FIP-UNESCO UNITWIN Centre of Excellence for Africa wey she sanso be member of FIP-WISE. Prof. Boakye-Gyasi be Associate Editor of Tek Connect, wey be official alumni newsletter for KNUST Alumni and Friends.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Books den Research ==
She get plenty publications den research interests for different areas wey dey include Drug Formulation, Drug Quality Control, and Natural Polymers as Drug Excipients.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

These dey include:

* Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of cocoa pod husk pectin intended as a versatile pharmaceutical excipient and nutraceutical&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=X7GKsz4AAAAJ&amp;hl=en |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Development and evaluation of natural gum-based extended release matrix tablets of two model drugs of different water solubilities by direct compression&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot; /&gt;
* Development of Oral Dissolvable Films of Diclofenac Sodium for Osteoarthritis Using ''Albizia'' and ''Khaya'' Gums as Hydrophilic Film Formers&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot; /&gt;
* Pharmaceutical applications of glucose syrup from high quality cassava flour in oral liquid formulations&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot; /&gt;
* Potential and Comparative Tablet Disintegrant Properties of Pectin Obtained from Five Okra Genotypes in Ghana&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot; /&gt;
* Evaluation of the binding and disintegrating properties of gum obtained from the stem bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot; /&gt;
* ''In Vivo'' Antimalarial Activity of ''Polyalthia longifolia'' (Annonaceae) Leaf Extract and Assessment of Its Formulated Oral Dosage Forms&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot; /&gt;
* Biogenic Waste from Two Varieties of Plantain in Ghana Contain Pectin with Potential Binding Properties in Conventional Tablets&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot; /&gt;
* Formulation and evaluation of topical gels containing Phyllanthus muellerianus leaf extract using various gelling agents&lt;ref name=&quot;MARIAM EL BOAKYE-GYASI&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Ghanaian educators]]
[[Category:Ghanaian pharmacists]]
[[Category:Ghanaian pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oby Ezekwesili</title>
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'''Obiageli''' &quot;'''Oby'''&quot; '''Ezekwesili''' (born 28 April 1963) be a Nigerian economic policy expert, an advocate for transparency, accountability, good governance den human capital development, a humanitarian den an activist. She be a former vice president give de World Bank (Africa region), co-founder den founding director of Transparency International, co-founder of de #BringBackOurGirls movement wey she serve twice as federal Minister insyd [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Dr. Mrs. Oby Ezekwesili |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20.500.14186/1049 |journal=National Library of Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso be de founder of #FixPolitics Initiative, a research-based citizen-led initiative,&lt;ref name=&quot;Governance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Politics |first1=#Fix |title=Governance and leadership |url=https://www.fixpolitics.org |website=#FixPolitics |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112190224/https://www.fixpolitics.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; de School of Politics Policy den Governance (SPPG),&lt;ref name=&quot;SPPG&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Politics |first1=SPPG |title=SPPG |url=https://thesppg.org/ |website=School of policy and Governance |access-date=12 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Human Capital Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=HumCapAfrica |first1=Human Capital Africa |title=HCA |url=https://humcapafrica.org |website=Human Capital Africa |access-date=12 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem fondly call &quot;Oby&quot;, Ezekwesili be a member of de board of directors of Women Political Leaders,&lt;ref name=&quot;board wpl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Leaders |first1=Women Political |title=WPL |url=https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/ |website=Women Political Leaders |access-date=12 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; a member of de  Fundacao Dom Cabral,&lt;ref name=&quot;board fdc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dom Cabral |first1=Fundacao |title=FDC |url=https://www.fdc.org.br/en/aboutfdc |website=Fundacao Dom Cabral |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807052142/https://www.fdc.org.br/en/aboutfdc |archive-date=7 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de chairperson of de board of trustees of Ehizua Hub.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairperson ehizua&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ehizua |first1=Ehizua |title=Ehizua Education and Creative Technology Hub |url=https://ehizua.com/ |website=Ehizua |access-date=12 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ezekwesili sanso be a chartered accountant, public analyst, den senior economic advisor from Anambra state.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-04-18|title=Oby Ezekwesili mourns Abba Kyari|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/oby-ezekwesili-mourns-abba-kyari/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-02-10|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=DR OBIAGELI EZEKWESILI – 2020 APF Conference|url=https://conference.africanpf.org/speakers/obiageli-ezekwesili/|access-date=2021-05-19|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019121722/https://conference.africanpf.org/speakers/obiageli-ezekwesili/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesppg.org/|title=Join the Next Class|website=SPPG}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fixpolitics.org/|title=Home|website=#FixPolitics|access-date=2026-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112190224/https://www.fixpolitics.org/|archive-date=2022-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Dem born Ezekwesili insyd Anambra State to Benjamin Ujubuonu, wey die insyd 1988, den Cecilia Nwayiaka Ujubuonu.

Ezekwesili dey hold a bachelor's degree from de University of Nigeria, Nsukka, master's degree insyd International Law den Diplomacy from de [[University of Lagos]], den a Master of Public Administration degree from de Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University. She train plus de firm of Deloitte and Touche wey she qualify as a chartered accountant.&lt;ref name=&quot;wbank2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=23 March 2007 |title=Obiageli Ezekwesili Appointed As Vice President for the Africa Region |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21270986~menuPK:258657~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:258644,00.html |access-date=19 February 2010 |publisher=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2011 |title=Obiageli Ezekwesili {{!}} Africa Region Vice President |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/obiageli-ezekwesili |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016041124/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/obiageli-ezekwesili |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=blogs.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prior to working for de Government of Nigeria, Ezekwesiili work plus Professor Jeffrey Sachs at de Center for International Development at Harvard as de Director of de Harvard-Nigeria Economic Strategy Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SPE Login |url=https://www.spe.org/appssecured/login/servlet/TpSSOServlet?resource=higherlogic |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.spe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oby Ezekwesili |url=https://jackson.yale.edu/person/oby-ezekwesili/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418075806/https://jackson.yale.edu/person/oby-ezekwesili/ |archive-date=2026-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q7074927|c=Category:Oby Ezekwesili|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}

* [https://twitter.com/obyezeks Oby Ezekwesili on Twitter]
* [https://www.vitalvoices.org/people/obiageli-ezekwesili/ Obiageli Ezekwesili]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211016041124/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/obiageli-ezekwesili Obiageli Ezekwesili | Africa Region Vice President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016041124/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/obiageli-ezekwesili |date=16 October 2021 }}
* [https://archive.today/20130416060748/http://go.worldbank.org/0YXPCPBHW0 Interview with Obiageli Ezekwesili, Vice President for the World Bank Africa Region]. The World Bank, November–December 2007

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekwesili, Obiageli}}
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Nigerian people]]
[[Category:Nigerian accountants]]
[[Category:Nigerian economists]]
[[Category:Nigerian women economists]]
[[Category:World Bank people]]
[[Category:University of Lagos alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:Federal ministers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:University of Nigeria alumni]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Nigerian women activists]]
[[Category:Nigerian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Nigerian officials of de United Nations]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Nigeria]]
[[Category:People wey komot Anambra State]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mount Bazardüzü</title>
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'''Mount Bazardüzü''' (Azerbaijani: ''Bazardüzü dağı'', Azerbaijani pronunciation: [bɑzɑrdyˈzy]; Lezgian: Кичӏен сув [kiˈtʃʼe suv]; Russian: Базардюзю, Russian pronunciation: [bəzərdʲʉˈzʲu]) be a mountain peak insyd de Greater Caucasus range on de border between [[Azerbaijan]] den [[Russia]] (Dagestan). At 4,466 metres (14,652 ft) above sea level, e be de highest peak insyd both Azerbaijan den Dagestan, wey e dey locate insyd de Qusar region. De southernmost point of Dagestan (den therefore Russia) dey locate about seven kilometers southwest of de peak. Translated from Azerbaijani, Bazardüzü dey mean “market square”, more precisely as a specific landmark - “turn to de market, bazaar”. Insyd de Middle Ages insyd de Shahnabad Valley, dey locate east of dis peak, dem dey hold annual large multinational fairs.

== Climbing ==
[[File:Bazarduezue_azerbaijan.png|right|thumb|View of Mount Bazardüzü from Qabala, [[Azerbaijan]]]]
G. P. Baker den G. Yeld be de first men wey climb de Mount insyd 1890 wen dem record de first ascent. Dem dey consider summer de most appropriate period to climb de peak. Der be two approaches to de Mount: one from de northeast den anoda from de southwest. Insyd de northeast climbs fi begin from de villages of Khinalug (Quba District) den Laza (Qusar District). De southwest approach dey start from two villages insyd de center of de Qabala District: Laza (de same name as de village insyd Qusar) den Qəmərvan. De flood plain of de Yataqdərə river ([[:ceb:Yatukhdere|ceb]]) be de starting point of de summit at 2800 m.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mount Bazarduzu |url=https://www.traildino.com/trace/continents-Asia/countries-Azerbaijan/mountains-Mount_Bazarduzu#Hike_Reports |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.traildino.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915025003/https://www.traildino.com/trace/continents-Asia/countries-Azerbaijan/mountains-Mount_Bazarduzu#Hike_Reports |archive-date=2019-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10428 &quot;Bazar Dyuzi, Azerbaijan/Russia&quot; on Peakbagger]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mount Bazarduzu}}
[[Category:Mountains of Azerbaijan|Bazarduzu]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Russia border|Bazarduzu]]
[[Category:International mountains of Europe|Bazarduzu]]
[[Category:Mountains of Dagestan|Bazarduzu]]
[[Category:Four-thousanders of de Caucasus|Bazarduzu]]
[[Category:Highest points of countries|Bazarduzu]]
[[Category:Highest points of Russian federal subjects|Bazarduzu]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Europe]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SABC</title>
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'''South African Broadcasting Corporation''' ('''SABC''', '''SAUK''') be de [[public broadcaster]] for [[South Africa]], den e dey provide 19 radio stations ([[Amplitude modulation|AM]]/[[Frequency modulation|FM]]) as well as six television broadcasts den three OTT Services to de general public.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/portal/site/corporate/menuitem.f7f580ebd1506ee48891f2e75401aeb9|title=SABC Station List|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427045156/http://www.sabc.co.za/portal/site/corporate/menuitem.f7f580ebd1506ee48891f2e75401aeb9/|archive-date=27 April 2006|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be one of de largest of [[State-owned enterprises of South Africa|South Africa ein state-owned enterprises]] den de biggest state broadcaster for Africa.

Opposition politicians den civil society dey often criticise de SABC, dey accuse am say e be mouthpiece for whichever political party dey insyd majority power, so currently de ruling [[African National Congress]]; during de [[apartheid]] era dem accuse am say e play de same role for de [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=SABC political bias will backfire|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-16-sabc-political-bias-will-backfire|newspaper=[[Mail and Guardian]]|date=17 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Company history==
===Early years===
[[File:Corporate arms of the South African Broaadcasting Corporation (1958-1994).png|thumb|Corporate arms of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (1958–1994)|200px]]
Radio broadcasting for [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] start for 1923, under de auspices of [[South African Railways]], before dem license three radio services: de Association of Scientific and Technical Societies (AS&amp;TS) for [[Johannesburg]], de Cape Peninsular Publicity Association for [[Cape Town]] den de Durban Corporation, wey start broadcasting for 1924.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=sJh4ziYPoksC&amp;dq=%22African+Broadcasting+Company%22+formed+in+1927%2C&amp;pg=PA114 ''Culture and Customs of South Africa''], Funso S. Afọlayan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pages 114–115&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem merge dese into de African Broadcasting Company for 1927, wey [[I.W. Schlesinger]], wealthy businessman own, but for 1 August 1936, dem sell dem to de SABC, wey dem establish dat year through Act of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]].&lt;ref name=&quot;duplessis&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=dU2Yz3u9lMoC&amp;pg=PA89 ''Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising''], D F du Plessis,
Juta and Company Ltd, 2000 p. 89&lt;/ref&gt; De SABC take over de African Broadcasting Company ein staff den assets. E maintain state monopoly on radio until de launch for December 1979 of Capital Radio 604, den [[Radio 702]] for 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;louw&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=r8poAAAAIAAJ ''South African media policy: debates of the 1990s''], P. Eric Louw, Anthroppos, 1993, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt; Although de subscription-funded television service [[M-Net]] launch for 1986, de SABC get monopoly on free-to-air television until de launch of [[e.tv]] for 1998.

During [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] rule from 1948, e come under increasing accusations say e dey bias towards de ruling party. For one time most of ein senior management na members of de [[Broederbond]], de [[Afrikaner]] [[secret society]], den later from institutions like [[Stellenbosch University]].

De SABC na radio service until dem introduce television for 1976. Na three main SABC radio stations dey: de [[SAfm (South Africa)|English Service]] (later dem know am as Radio South Africa), de [[Radio Sonder Grense|Afrikaans Service]] (later dem know am as Radio Suid-Afrika den Afrikaans Stereo) den de commercial station, [[Springbok Radio]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=0lQOAQAAMAAJ ''Africa Institute Bulletin'', Volume 11], 1973, p. 155&lt;/ref&gt;

Programmes for de [[South African English|English]] den [[Afrikaans]] services mainly be news; plays like ''[[The Forsyte Saga]]'', ''Story of an African Farm'', den ''The Summons'', wey dem write den produce for [[South Africa]]; serious talk shows; BBC radio shows; children's programmes, like ''Sound Box''; den light music wey feature [[South Africa]]n orchestras, arrangers, musicians den singers. Accomplished musicians like pianist den composer [[Charles Segal (pianist)|Charles Segal]] feature for all three stations regularly for shows like ''Piano Playtime''. Accordionist [[Nico Carstens]] be regular for de Afrikaans programmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;charlessegal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.charlessegal.com/discography.html|website=charlessegal.com|title=Charles Segal Music – Discography|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526212001/http://www.charlessegal.com/discography.html|archive-date=26 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Recent history ===
[[File:SABC Sea Point.JPG|thumb|SABC offices for [[Sea Point, Cape Town]]]]
Dem release IBA report on de state of de broadcasting industry for South Africa for 29 August 1995. Dem give recommendations say de SABC lose one of ein three television channels, plus de network dem go use for private television, dey demand de creation of two or three private networks. Dem go restructure de broadcaster, den [[Sentech]] go separate. Oda recommendations include de sale of seven radio stations, while dem grant am eleven radio stations, nine of dem for individual Bantu languages, provisions of hour a day of regional programming windows for television den radio, for estimated cost of 262 million rand/year, reintroduction of third channel but for satellite television den de provision of &quot;education and information driven service&quot; to de subcontinental region.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Relaunching the SABC&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 7, October–November 1995&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem set all de channels make dem rebrand dem by March 1996, in line plus restructuring wey begin for de 1993 CODESA talks. Preliminary changes na dem set make dem take place for 1993, but dem delay am after de elections for April 1994.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;More job losses, all channels rebranded&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 7, October–November 1995&lt;/ref&gt;

For November 1995, Africa Monitor report say de SABC dey in talks plus [[Channel 4]] make e deliver ein television channels by satellite, make e cover de entire population. Up until den, dem believe say quarter of de national population receive at least one of de three channels. By January 1996 fourth channel wey dey carry Channel 4 ein programmes na dem set make e begin, den e go convert to digital for July 1996, plus de aim make e create eight-channel pay-TV service.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SABC/Channel 4 satellite TV venture&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 8, January–February 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

For de end of 1995, de SABC lose ein contract plus Sky News. Footage for news bulletins wey de corporation ein television channels broadcast now BBC World dey supply.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sky loses news slot to BBC&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 8, January–February 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

For 4 February 1996, two years after de ANC come to power, de SABC reorganise ein three TV channels, so say e go be more representative of different language groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Leaper |first=Norm |title=Ahh … the Pitfalls of International Communication |journal=Communication World |volume=13 |issue= 6 |pages=58–60 |location=San Francisco, CA |publisher=International Association of Business Communicators |date=June–July 1996 |url=http://www.iabc.com/cw/ |oclc=107299423 |access-date=14 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; De repositioning of de networks give de SABC ein television service de chance make e be &quot;de new voice den de new vision of de [[rainbow nation]]&quot;. Under de new structure, dem compare SABC TV to &quot;[[tower of Babel]]&quot; regarding SABC 1 den SABC 2 ein programming structure, for de eleven official languages, while SABC 3 na all for English. Dem also heavily criticise de relaunch party by some, like [[Angela Van Schalkwyk]], wey mention say American face present de new television offer.&lt;ref name=&quot;123SABC&quot;&gt;&quot;1, 2, 3, SABC!&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 9, April–June 1996&lt;/ref&gt; Dis result in de downgrading of [[Afrikaans]] by reducing ein airtime from 50% to 15%, move wey alienate plenty Afrikaans speakers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Louw |first1=Eric |last2=Mersham |first2=Gary |title=Packing for Perth: The Growth of a Southern African Diaspora |journal=Asian and Pacific Migration Journal |volume=10 |issue= 2 |year=2001 |pages=303–33 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11195/louw2.pdf|doi=10.1177/011719680101000204|s2cid=153693948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027175821/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11195/louw2.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Starting July 1997, dem commercialise de corporation.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mg.co.za/article/1997-06-20-sabcs-radical-changes/ SABC's radical changes]&lt;/ref&gt;

For late 1998, de SABC finally start make e broadcast ein channels for [[DStv]], per agreement plus [[Sentech]] make e convert ein channels to digital. De agreement encompass ein three national terrestrial networks, Bop TV den ein thirteen radio stations, plus de hopes of starting two pan-continental television networks, entertainment channel den news channel.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SABC bites the bullet and goes digital&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 19, November 1998-January 1999&lt;/ref&gt;

De launch of [[e.tv]] prompt de SABC make e restructure ein three television channels for late September 1998. De strategies na sake of e.tv ein promise say de service go be &quot;full-spectrum&quot; channel as opposed to de niche programming of both de SABC den M-Net. SABC 1 reposition einself as entertainment channel for South African youth den young adults, SABC 2 go carry content wey relate to educational den social issues from de rest of Africa to South African audiences, SABC 3 concentrate for mix of news, current affairs den entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SABC TV restructures to meet competition&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 19, November 1998-January 1999&lt;/ref&gt; Two satellite channels, wey dey available for DStv, open for 16 November 1998, SABC Africa den Best of Africa (later dem rename am Africa2Africa).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Finally... news channel for Africa&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 20, February–April 1999&lt;/ref&gt;

In line plus ein ambitions make e be &quot;de pulse of Africa ein creative spirit&quot; (SABC ein tagline for de turn of de millennium), de SABC open up to protocols den co-operation agreements plus partners like [[URTNA]], [[Film Resource Unit|FRU]] den de [[Television Trust for the Environment]], dey eye de rest of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Entertainment on Best of Africa&quot;, ''Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine'', nº. 20, February–April 1999&lt;/ref&gt;

For 8 August 2003, de SABC unveil ein current logo, wey coincide plus de Your SABC campaign, wey dem unveil for ein three television channels for 7:30pm dat day. At de same time, dem ditch de Topsport brand for SABC Sport.&lt;ref&gt;South Africa: SABC sets to work on hearts and minds. (2003, Aug 12). BBC Monitoring Media&lt;/ref&gt;

Since den dem don accuse de SABC say e dey favour de ruling [[African National Congress|ANC]] party, mostly for news. E still dey dominant for de broadcast media.

Criticism intensify around 2003–2005, wen dem accuse am of wide range of shortcomings wey include self-censorship, lack of objectivity den selective news coverage.

For 20 October 2020, SABC den de government dey in discussion make dem get TV den streaming providers for South Africa make dem collect TV licence on dema behalf.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/tv/news/da-starts-petition-against-sabc-tv-licence-plan-for-netflix-dstv-20201214|title=DA starts petition against SABC TV licence plan for Netflix, DStv |first=Thinus|last=Ferreira|website=News24|date=14 December 2020|access-date=4 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 27 March 2021, SABC den eMedia Investments expand dema partnership wey allow [[OVHD|OpenView]] customers make dem receive 3 additional channels as well as dema 19 radio stations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabc.co.za/sabc/sabc-and-openview-sign-a-new-channel-carriage-agreement/|title=SABC AND OPENVIEW SIGN A NEW CHANNEL-CARRIAGE AGREEMENT – SABC – Official Website|accessdate=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Leaders===
Director General of de SABC:

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; 
! align=center | Surname
! align=center | Name
! align=center | From
! align=center | To
|-
| Caprara
| René Silvio
| 1936
| 1948
|-
| Roos
| Gideon Daniel
| 1948
| 1959
|-
| [[Pieter Johannes Meyer|Meyer]]
| Pieter Johannes
| 1959
| 1980
|-
| De Villiers
| Steve
| 1980
| 1983
|-
| Eksteen
| Riaan
| 1983
| 1988
|-
|Harmse
| Wynand
| 1988
| 1994
|}
Chairman of de SABC Board:

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; 
! align=center | Surname
! align=center | Name
! align=center | From
! align=center | To
|-
| Matsepe-Casaburri 
| Ivy Florence 
|1994
| 1996
|-
| Zulu
| Paulus
| 1996
| 2000
|-
| Maphai
| Thabane Vincent 
| 2000
| 2003
|-
|  Funde 
| Sonwabo Eddie 
| 2003
| 2008
|-
|Mkhonza
| Khanyi 
|2008
| 2009
|-
|Charnley 
|Irene
|2009
|2009
|- 
| Ngubane 
| Baldwin Sipho 
| 2010
| 2013
|-
| Tshabalala 
| Zandile Ellen
| 2013
| 2014
|-
| Maguvhe 
| Mbulaheni Obert 
| 2014
| 2017
|-
|Makhathini
|Bongumusa Emmanuel 
| 2017
| 2022
|-
|Ramukumba
|Khathutshelo Mike
| 2023
| 
|}

==CEOs==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Chief executive officers of de SABC
!Term 
!Name
|-
|1994–1998
|[[Zwelakhe Sisulu|Sisulu, Z.]]
|-
|1998–2000
|Mbatha, H.
|-
|2000
|Khuzwayo, C.
|-
|2000-2005
|Matlare, P.
|-
|2002–2008
|Mpofu, D.
|-
|2008–2009
|Mampone, G.
|-
|2009–2011
|Mokoetle, S.
|-
|2011–2014
|Mokhobo, L.
|-
|2014–2015
|[[Hlaudi Motsoeneng|Motsoeneng, H.]]
|-
|2015
|Matlala, F.
|-
|2015–2016
|Matthews, J.
|-
|2017–2023
|Mxakwe, M.
|-
|2023–present
|Chabeli, N.
|}

==Radio==

===Establishment===
After dem establish am for 1936, de SABC establish services for wetin na de country ein [[official language]]s for dat time, English den [[Afrikaans]], plus dem establish de Afrikaans service for 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;rsg&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160223153528/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/21add5804ab13012b09bf050940ae043/RSGundefinedcelebratesundefined75undefinedyears-20122903 RSG celebrates 75 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223153528/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/21add5804ab13012b09bf050940ae043/RSGundefinedcelebratesundefined75undefinedyears-20122903 |date=23 February 2016 }},
SABC, 29 March 2012,&lt;/ref&gt; Broadcasts for languages like [[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Sesotho]] den [[Tswana language|Tswana]] follow for 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;louw&quot; /&gt;

=== Springbok Radio ===
[[Springbok Radio]], de SABC ein first commercial radio service, start broadcasting for 1 May 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;tomaselli&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4WAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%221+May+1950%22 ''Broadcasting in South Africa''], Keyan G. Tomaselli
Currey, 1989, page 197&lt;/ref&gt; Bilingual for English den Afrikaans, e broadcast from de Johannesburg Centre for {{frac|113|1|2}} hours a week.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yh4oAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22springbok+radio%22+ ''Press, Film, Radio'', Volume 4], Unesco, 1950, page 435&lt;/ref&gt; De service prove say e popular plus advertisers to de extent say for de time of ein launch, dem book commercial time well in advance.&lt;ref name=&quot;duplessis&quot; /&gt;

De station feature wide variety of programming, like morning talk den news, game shows, soap operas like ''Basis Bravo'',&lt;ref name=&quot;tomaselli&quot; /&gt; children's programming, music request programmes, top-ten music, talent shows den oda musical entertainment. One popular Saturday noontime comedy show na ''Telefun Time'', wey ein hosts go phone various people den conjure up situation comedy, similar brand of humour to de films of [[Leon Schuster]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=89ZZAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Telefun+Time%22 ''Scrutiny 2'', Volumes 1–2], Department of English, University of South Africa, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

By 1985, Springbok Radio na e dey operate for heavy loss.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=aopCAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Springbok+Radio%22+++31+December+1985 ''Debates of Parliament: Hansard''], Volume 8, Issues 19–21, 1988, page 12123&lt;/ref&gt; After e lose plenty listeners plus de handing over of ein shortwave frequencies to [[5FM|Radio 5]] den facing competition from television, e stop broadcasting for 31 December 1985.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171018023113/http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/springbok Springbok Radio Revisited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018023113/http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/springbok |date=18 October 2017 }}, SABC&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SABC News Service ===
Dem establish de News Service for June 1950, wey replace de programmes of de [[BBC]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=MtdDAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22springbok+radio%22+1950 ''Report of the Task Group on Broadcasting in South and Southern Africa''], Task Group on Broadcasting in South and Southern Africa, Christo Viljoen, Government Printer, 1991, page 2&lt;/ref&gt; Although dis na sake of say dem see de BBC broadcasts as dey give British viewpoint of current affairs, concern also dey say de SABC service go become overly pro-government, or &quot;Our Master's Voice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ggENAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22SABC+News+Service%22 ''South African Struggle''], J. J. McCord, J. H. De Bussy, 1952, page 432&lt;/ref&gt; By 1968, e get over 100 full-time reporters for de main cities den local correspondents all over de country, plus overseas news wey [[Reuters]], [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], [[Associated Press|AP]] den [[United Press International|UPI]] provide.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTFBAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22SABC+News+Service%22 ''Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa'', Volume 550, Issue 93], Irving Kaplan
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971, page 450&lt;/ref&gt; Na News Film Unit dey wey, before television for 1976, produce films for news agencies den television organisations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=The Johannesburg Saga | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkJBAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=News+Film+Unit | publisher=John R. Shorten Pty Ltd | author= John R. Shorten | year=1970 | page=729}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SABC Symphony Orchestra ===
De SABC Symphony Orchestra get ein origins for ein three studio ensembles for Johannesburg, Durban den Cape Town den de Municipal Orchestra of de Johannesburg City Council. Wen de SABC centralise ein broadcasting for Johannesburg, de future of de three ensembles na e dey in doubt but at de same time, dem disband de Municipal Orchestra of de Johannesburg City Council.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=3NZEAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=disbanded ''Official South African Municipal Yearbook''], S.A. Association of Municipal Employees, 1965–1966&lt;/ref&gt; De SABC manage make e form orchestra of 80 musicians from dese groupings for 1954, den while ein main base na for [[Johannesburg City Hall]], e go tour de country.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/broadcastingarou0000mcca &lt;!-- quote=&quot;SABC Symphony Orchestra&quot;. --&gt; ''Broadcasting Around the World''], William E. McCavitt
Tab Books, 1981, page 21&lt;/ref&gt; De orchestra go be led for plenty years by de SABC ein head of music, [[Anton Hartman]], but e get oda conductors as well, like Francesco Mander den Edgar Cree.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=kcBzAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22SABC+Symphony+Orchestra%22 ''South Africa: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa''], Department of Information, 1989, page 596&lt;/ref&gt; International composers like [[Igor Stravinsky]] also dey.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=QsgwAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Igor+Stravinsky%22++ ''South African Panorama'', Volume 32], South African Information Service, 1987, page 39&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also create de SABC Junior Orchestra wey begin for February 1966 under Walter Mony.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=49gwAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Walter+Mony%22 ''South African Digest''], Department of Information, 1978, page 17&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Regional radio ===
Dem start regional commercial FM music stations for de 1960s.
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;&quot;
|-
! Station
! Launch date
! Replaced by
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| Radio Highveld
| 1964
| [[947 (radio station)|947]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| Radio Good Hope
| 1965
| Good Hope FM
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| Radio Port Natal
| 1967
| [[East Coast Radio (South Africa)|East Coast Radio]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| Radio Jacaranda
| 1986
| [[Jacaranda FM]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| Radio Oranje
| 1986
| [[OFM (South Africa)|OFM]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| Radio Algoa
| 1986
| [[Algoa FM]]
|}

=== Popular music ===
After de establishment of republic den withdrawal from de [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] for 1961, de Afrikaners ein goal na make dem promote dema culture den so, for first, de SABC ein choice of popular music reflect de [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] government ein initial conservatism, especially for de Afrikaans channel, plus musicians like [[Nico Carstens]]. However dem also ostracise Carstens by de SABC, as ein music na de [[Coloured]] den [[Cape Malay|Malay]] communities of Cape Town influence am.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=2MU1vxkY16EC&amp;dq=Nico+Carstens+sabc&amp;pg=PA143 ''Sounding the Cape: Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa''], [[Denis-Constant Martin]], African Minds, 2013, page 143&lt;/ref&gt;

Eventually, musicians break through de barrier, wen de young, English-speaking Jewish musician den composer, [[Charles Segal (pianist)|Charles Segal]] collaborate plus de older Afrikaans lyric-writer, [[Anton Dewaal]], make dem write songs.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=kFfpAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Charles+Segal++Afrikaans+lyric-writer,+Anton+Dewaal,++. ''Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions''], U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957, page 582&lt;/ref&gt; Segal ein songs like &quot;Die Ou Kalahari&quot; become highly popular plus de Afrikaans-speaking public.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=8thDAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Charles+Segal+ ''The Star: an extraordinary 20th century''], James Clarke
''[[The Star (South Africa)|The Star]]'', 1999, page 173&lt;/ref&gt; However, tight censorship dey over all broadcasts, especially of pop music, plus, for example, dem ban de music of [[the Beatles]] by de SABC between 1966 den March 1971.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=yz4IAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=south+africa+ban+1966+ ''John Ono Lennon: Volume 2 1967–1980''], Muff Andersson, Ravan Press, 1981, page 281&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1966 de SABC establish external service, wey dem know am as [[Radio RSA]], wey broadcast for English, Swahili, French, Portuguese, Dutch den German. For 1969 de SABC hold national contest make dem find theme music for de service. Popular [[South Africa]]n pianist den composer, [[Charles Segal (pianist)|Charles Segal]] den co-writer, [[Dorothy Arenson]] win dis contest. Dema composition, &quot;Carousel&quot; remain de theme song for Radio RSA until 1992, wen [[Channel Africa]] replace am.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=6cRzAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Channel+Africa+replaced+the+station+Radio+RSA+in+1992%22 ''South Africa Yearbook''], South African Communication Service, 1995, page 292&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1986, de SABC run competition make e promote South African music. Each of de 15 radio stations, wey artist represent, enter song make e compete for de Song for South Africa for de National Song Festival. Dem broadcast de finals live for television. De Radio Port Natal submission win de competition plus de Don Clarke song, ''Sanbonani'', wey P J Powers den Hotline perform.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mojapelo|first=Max|title=Beyond Memory: Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music|publisher=African Minds|year=2008|isbn=978-1-920299-28-6|pages=78–79}}&lt;/ref&gt;

SABC compile de [[album]] sales chart from de end of 1981 to 1995, den de [[Single (music)|singles]] sales chart from 1958 to 1989 wen dem stop make singles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kimberley |first=Christopher |year=1997 |title=South Africa Chart Book |chapter=introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===1996 restructuring===
For 1996 de SABC carry out significant restructuring of ein services. De main English-language radio service become [[SAfm (South Africa)|SAfm]]. De new service, after some initial faltering, soon develop respectable listenership den dem regard am as flagship for de new democracy. However, government interference for de state broadcaster for 2003 see further changes to SAfm wey reverse de growth den put am in rapid decline once more. Today e dey attract only 0.6% of de total population to ein broadcasts. Dem rename de main Afrikaans radio service [[Radio Sonder Grense]] (literally 'Radio Without Borders') for 1995 den e don enjoy greater success plus de transition.

By contrast, SABC Radio ein competitors, like [[Primedia]]-owned [[Radio 702]], [[Cape Talk]] den [[94.7 Highveld Stereo]] don grow steadily for audience den revenue, while oda stations like de black-owned den focused [[YFM]] den [[Kaya FM]] also attract black audiences.

=== Programming policy ===
As of 12 May 2016, de SABC don implement policy make e promote local content. 90% of all music wey dem play for de broadcaster ein 18 radio stations go come from local artists plus focus for kwaito, jazz, reggae den gospel genres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/SABCARTICLE?id=78a944804cbb4c09b142f18d7727b2d8&amp;page_from=PRESS|title=SABC|website=www.sabc.co.za|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513131340/http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/SABCARTICLE?id=78a944804cbb4c09b142f18d7727b2d8&amp;page_from=PRESS|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Station list===
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; &quot;
|-
! Station
! Language
! Former name(s)
! Launch date
! Website
! Webcast
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[SAfm (South Africa)|SAfm]]
| English
| &quot;A&quot; Service; Radio South Africa
| 1936
| [http://www.safm.co.za/ www.safm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20100130235930/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/safm/safm_22.asx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130235930/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/safm/safm_22.asx |date=30 January 2010 }}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[5FM]]
| English
| Springbok Radio
| 1975
| [http://www.5fm.co.za/ www.5fm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20100130235828/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/5fm/5fm_22.asx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130235828/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/5fm/5fm_22.asx |date=30 January 2010 }}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Metro FM]]
| English
| Radio Metro
| 1986
| [http://www.metrofm.co.za/ www.metrofm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20130531000724/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/metrofm/metrofm_22.asx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531000724/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/metrofm/metrofm_22.asx |date=31 May 2013 }}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Radio 2000]]
| English
| Radio South Africa
| 1986
| [http://www.radio2000.co.za/ www.radio2000.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134437/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-radio2000_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Good Hope FM]]
| English and Afrikaans
| Radio Good Hope
| 1965
| [http://www.goodhopefm.co.za/ www.goodhopefm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20130828150528/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/goodhopefm/goodhopefm_22.asx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828150528/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/goodhopefm/goodhopefm_22.asx |date=28 August 2013 }}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Radio Sonder Grense|RSG]]
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]
| &quot;B&quot; Service; Radio Suid-Afrika; Afrikaans Stereo
| 1937
| [http://www.rsg.co.za/ www.rsg.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20120612142737/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/rsg/rsg_22.asx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612142737/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/rsg/rsg_22.asx |date=12 June 2012 }}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Ukhozi FM]]
| [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
| Radio Zulu
| 1960
| [http://www.ukhozifm.co.za/ www.ukhozifm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105436/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/ukhozifm/ukhozifm_22.asx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105436/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/ukhozifm/ukhozifm_22.asx |date=20 July 2011 }}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Umhlobo Wenene FM]]
| [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]
| Radio Xhosa (&amp; Radio Transkei)
| 1960
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819045019/http://www.uwfm.co.za/ www.uwfm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134501/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-umhlobowenene_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Lesedi FM]]
| [[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]]
| Radio Sesotho
| 1960
| [http://www.lesedifm.co.za/ www.lesedifm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134338/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-lesedi_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Thobela FM]]
| [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]
| Radio Lebowa
| 1960
| [http://www.thobelafm.co.za/ www.thobelafm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134451/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-thobela_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Motsweding FM]]
| [[Tswana language|Tswana]]
| Radio Setswana (&amp; Radio Mmabatho)
| 1962
| [http://www.motswedingfm.co.za/ www.motswedingfm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105515/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/motsweding/motsweding_22.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Phalaphala FM]]
| [[Venda language|Venda]]
| Radio Venda (&amp; Radio Thohoyandou)
| 1965
| [http://www.phalaphalafm.co.za/ www.phalaphalafm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134425/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-phalaphala_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Munghana Lonene FM]]
| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]
| Radio XiTsonga
| 1965
| [http://www.munghanalonenefm.co.za/ www.munghanalonenefm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134408/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-munganalonene_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Ligwalagwala FM]]
| [[Swazi language|Swazi]]
| Radio Swazi
| 1982
| [http://www.ligwalagwalafm.co.za/ www.ligwalagwalafm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134346/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-ligwalagwala_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[iKwekwezi FM]]
| [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]
| Radio Ndebele
| 1983
| [http://www.ikwekwezifm.co.za/ www.ikwekwezifm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134330/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-ikwekwezifm_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[tru fm]]
| English and Xhosa
| Radio Ciskei; CKI FM
| 1983
| [http://www.trufm.co.za/ www.trufm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134308/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-cki_int.asx]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[Lotus FM]]
| English and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] (for&lt;br /&gt;de [[Indians in South Africa|Indian]]&lt;br /&gt;community)
| Radio Lotus
| 1983
| [http://www.lotusfm.co.za/ www.lotusfm.co.za]
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20120617082852/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/lotusfm/lotusfm_22.asx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617082852/http://www.antfarm.co.za/clients/lotusfm/lotusfm_22.asx |date=17 June 2012 }}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot;
| [[X-K FM 107.9|X-K FM]]
| [[!Kung language|!Xu]] and [[Khwe language|Khwe]]
|
| 2000
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134526/http://antbiome-jhb01.antfarm.co.za/sabc/media/pbs-x-k_int.asx]
|}

==Television==

===Early history (1975–1995)===
[[File:Oldsabclogo.jpg|frame|SABC logo, used from 1976 to 1996]]
For 1975, after years of controversy over de [[Television in South Africa#Slow introduction|introduction of television]], dem finally allow de SABC make e introduce colour TV service, wey begin experimental broadcasts for de main cities for 5 May 1975, before de service go nationwide for 6 January 1976. Initially, na [[television licence fee|licence fee]] fund de TV service entirely just like de UK, but e begin advertising for 1978. De SABC (both Television den Radio) still dey partly funded by de licence fee (currently [[Rand (currency)|R]]250 a year).

De service initially broadcast only for English den [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], plus emphasis for religious programming on Sundays.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=sD4TCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=crossroads%20sabc&amp;pg=PA67 ''Black Television Travels: African American Media Around the Globe''], Timothy Havens, NYU Press, 2013, page 67&lt;/ref&gt; Local soap opera, ''The Villagers'', wey dem set for gold mine, dem receive am well while dem pan oda local productions like ''[[The Dingleys]]'' as amateurish.&lt;ref name=&quot;spectator&quot;&gt;[http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/9th-april-1977/7/boer-war-on-the-box Boer War on the box], Richard West, ''[[The Spectator]]'', 9 April 1977, page 7&lt;/ref&gt;

Majority of acquired programming for South African television come from de United States, although sake of dema opposition to [[apartheid]], some production companies stop make dem sell programmes to de country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shows Allow Blacks, Whites to Share Cultural Experiences : South African Viewers Get a Mixed TV Message From U.S. Programs|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-25-mn-7271-story.html|access-date=14 August 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=25 May 1986|author=GLENN FRANKEL (from ''The Washington Post'')}}&lt;/ref&gt;
De British actors' union [[British Actors' Equity Association|Equity]] don already start boycott of programme sales to South Africa, wey dem no lift until 1993.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ban-on-sale-of-tv-shows-to-south-africa-lifted-anti-apartheid-blockade-by-actors-union-dropped-1503272.html Ban on sale of TV shows to South Africa lifted: Anti-apartheid blockade by actors' union dropped following reform of broadcasting, but opposition to touring remains], ''[[The Independent]]'', 10 November 1993&lt;/ref&gt; However, dem show [[Thames Television]] police drama series ''[[The Sweeney]]'' den ''[[Van der Valk (1972 TV series)|Van der Valk]]'', briefly for SABC TV,&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=gP0wAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=dubbing ''The S.A. film industry''], African Studies Institute of the University of the Witwatersrand, 1979, page 106&lt;/ref&gt; as well as de original version of ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;spectator&quot; /&gt;

Dem [[dubbing (filmmaking)|dub]] plenty imported programmes into Afrikaans den oda indigenous languages, but for 1985, so say e go accommodate English speakers, de SABC begin make e [[simulcast]] de original-language audio of series for [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] service wey dem call [[Radio 2000]], wey allow viewers make dem watch dem for de original language; de first English-language series wey dem simulcast na ''[[Miami Vice]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=-NRDAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Miami+Vice ''The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation''], Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 120&lt;/ref&gt;

SABC TV also produce lavish musical shows wey feature de most popular South African composers, solo musicians, bands den orchestras. For example, dem give de pianist den composer, [[Charles Segal (pianist)|Charles Segal]], half-hour special show: ''The Music of Charles Segal'', wey various local artists like Zane Adams, SABC Orchestra den odas perform selection of ein music. However, e also broadcast pop music series like ''Pop Shop'', wey consist of overseas den local music, den ''Double Track'', wey consist entirely of local acts.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQEAAAAMBAJ&amp;dq=double+track+sabc&amp;pg=PT75 South Africa Radio Denies Local Artists Are Snubbed], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', 18 Dec 1982, page 55&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus limited budget, early programming wey dem target children tend make e be quite innovative, den programmes like de [[Afrikaans]]-language puppet shows ''[[Haas Das se Nuuskas|Haas Das se Nuus Kas]]'' den ''Oscar in Asblikfontein'' still dey fondly remembered by plenty.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160815070216/http://www.thesouthafrican.com/the-top-10-south-african-childrens-tv-shows-from-days-gone-by/ The top 10 South African children's TV shows from days gone by], ''The South African'', 29 November 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1 January 1981, dem introduce two services, TV2 broadcasting for [[Zulu language|Zulu]] den [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] den TV3 broadcasting for [[Sotho language|Sotho]] den [[Tswana language|Tswana]], both targeted at black urban audience.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=rJ-uCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=TV2+broadcasting+in+Zulu+and+Xhosa+and+TV3+broadcasting+in+Sotho+and+Tswana%2C&amp;pg=PA222 ''The Press and Apartheid: Repression and Propaganda in South Africa''], William A. Hachten, C.Anthony Giffard
Springer, 1984, page 222&lt;/ref&gt; Dem divide de main channel, den dem call am TV1, evenly between English den [[Afrikaans]], as before. For 1986, dem introduce new service wey dem call TV4, wey dey carry [[sports]] den [[entertainment]] programming, den e take over de frequencies wey TV2 den TV3 use, wey den get make dem end broadcasting for 21:00.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=NcQZ1D366t8C&amp;q=%22TV4%22++&amp;pg=PA68 ''Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa''], Robert B. Horwitz, Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 68&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1991, dem combine TV2, TV3 den TV4 into new service wey dem call CCV (Contemporary Community Values).&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=RxB1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22contemporary+community+values%22+sabc ''South Africa: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa''], Department of Information, 1992, page 131&lt;/ref&gt; Dem introduce third channel wey dem know as TSS, or Topsport Surplus Sport, Topsport being de brand name for de SABC ein sport coverage, but NNTV (National Network TV), educational, non-commercial channel, replace am for 1993.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=-NRDAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22february+11%22++ ''The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation''], Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 127&lt;/ref&gt;

===Competition and restructuring===
For 1986, de launch of subscription-based service wey dem know as [[M-Net]] challenge de SABC ein monopoly for de television industry, wey consortium of newspaper publishers back am. Dem prohibit dis service from broadcasting ein own news programmes, wey still na de SABC ein preserve. Direct-to-home satellite television for South Africa begin wen M-Net ein parent company, [[Multichoice]], launch ein first-in-the-world digital satellite TV service, [[DStv]], for 1995. For de time, dem no broadcast SABC TV channels for dis network, but dem later reach agreements wey allow DStv make e carry de SABC channels as well. For 1998, de launch of de first free-to-air private TV channel, [[etv (South Africa)|e.tv]], further erode de SABC ein dominance of free-to-air terrestrial television.

For 1996, de SABC reorganise ein three TV channels plus de aim make e make dem more representative of de various cultural groups.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/25/world/the-voice-of-apartheid-goes-multicultural.html The Voice of Apartheid Goes Multicultural], Kimberly J. McLarin, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 25 July 1995&lt;/ref&gt; Dem call dese new channels [[SABC 1]], [[SABC 2]] den [[SABC 3]]. De SABC also absorb de [[Bop TV]] channel of de former [[Bophuthatswana]] [[bantustan]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/199811270013.html Africa: e.tv accuses SABC], ''[[Business Day (South Africa)|Business Day]]'', 27 November 1998&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1996 den 1998, de SABC get satellite television service wey dem call [[AstraSat]], wey operate two channels, AstraSport den AstraPlus. Technological problems den advertising losses lead to de scrapping of de service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=S. African sat crash|url=https://variety.com/1998/biz/news/s-african-sat-crash-1117467702/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Variety |date=11 February 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116224402/https://variety.com/1998/biz/news/s-african-sat-crash-1117467702/ |archive-date=16 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

SABC TV programmes for Afrikaans den oda languages now dem dey subtitle dem for English, but dem no dey usually subtitle programmes for English for oda languages, de perception being say all South Africans fi understand English.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=7nIpJOUcvX8C&amp;dq=sabc+tv+subtitles+afrikaans&amp;pg=PA132 ''Language Policy and Nation-Building in Post-Apartheid South Africa''], Jon Orman
Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2008, page 132&lt;/ref&gt; Previously, subtitling na dem confine am to productions like operas den operettas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=1hN1AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=subtitles ''Information Digest''], The South Africa Foundation, 1989, page 80&lt;/ref&gt;
Dem no use am for TV1, for de assumption say most viewers understand both Afrikaans den English,&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=furtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22many+South+Africans+understand+both%22 Surfing through the languages], ''[[The Economist]]'', Volume 335, Issues 7917–7920, page 152&lt;/ref&gt; nor for CCV, despite presenters dey use two or more different languages during single programme.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSoIAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=modise ''African Film and Television Magazine, Volume 7''], Z Productions, 1995&lt;/ref&gt;

===New services===
For 2005, de SABC announce proposed creation of two complementary regional television channels, SABC4 den SABC5, make dem emphasise indigenous languages.&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/200506150754.html South Africa: ICASA Grants the Public Broadcaster Licences to Cater for Marginalized Languages], ''[[AllAfrica]]'', 15 June 2005&lt;/ref&gt; SABC4, wey base for Mafikeng, na dem go broadcast am for [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]], [[Pedi language|Pedi]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Venda language|Venda]], den Afrikaans, to de northern provinces of de country, while SABC5, wey base for Cape Town, na dem go broadcast am for [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]], den [[Swazi language|Swazi]], as well as Afrikaans, to de southern provinces. Unlike oda SABC TV services, SABC4 den SABC5 no na dem go make dem available via satellite.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/SABCs-ready-to-roll-20050314 SABC's ready to roll], ''[[News24 (website)|News24]]'', 14 March 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from soundbites for news or current affairs programmes, no English-language programming na dem go show for either channel.&lt;ref&gt;[https://variety.com/2005/scene/markets-festivals/sabc-adds-channels-1117924696/ SABC adds channels], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', 19 June 2005&lt;/ref&gt; However, de plans fall through den for 2015, de SABC state say e go launch two new channels, SABC News den SABC Encore.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/Hlaudi-SABC-will-now-start-DTT-with-5-TV-channels-20150520 Hlaudi: SABC will now start DTT with 5 TV channels], ''[[News24 (website)|News24]]'', 20 May 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2013, de SABC announce plans make e launch new news channel, SABC News, wey go be available for DStv, instead of make e wait for de introduction of [[digital terrestrial television]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240119235920/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/media/2013/07/26/sabcs-24-hour-news-channel-raises-many-questions SABC's 24-hour news channel raises many questions], ''[[Business Day (South Africa)|Business Day]]'', 26 July 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2015, SABC partner up plus online TV platform Tuluntulu make dem launch two more channels wey na SABC Education den SABC Children.

According to de SABC, de factors wey dem dey consider wen dem dey decide how much time language go get for television be: how many home language speakers dey for de coverage area of channel; de geographical spread of de language; de extent to which members of language community fi understand oda languages; de extent of marginalisation of language; de extent to which oda South Africans understand de language; den whether content wey dey use de language dey available.&lt;ref name=SABCFAQ1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/SABCFAQ/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjZyd_DxcDU0N3JycXA08jw2CPMHNnL89AA6B8JC55Y0t_Q2J0G-AAjgYEdHvpR6Xn5CcBXRkOcjd-d4Dk8djk55Gfm6pfkBsaURkckA4Ab4dynA!!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|title=About the SABC &gt; Frequently Asked Questions|access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027152345/http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/SABCFAQ/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjZyd_DxcDU0N3JycXA08jw2CPMHNnL89AA6B8JC55Y0t_Q2J0G-AAjgYEdHvpR6Xn5CcBXRkOcjd-d4Dk8djk55Gfm6pfkBsaURkckA4Ab4dynA!!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|archive-date=27 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; SABC currently dey plan make e launch five channels, four of dem being language-targeted:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/sabc-wants-to-launch-5-new-tv-channels-20160425|title=SABC wants to launch 5 new TV channels|date=25 April 2016|access-date=25 September 2019|author=Thinus Ferreira|website=[[News24 (website)|Channel24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Channel wey dey target [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]] den [[Sotho language|Sotho]] speakers
*Channel wey dey target [[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Swazi language|Swazi]] den [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] speakers
*Channel wey dey target [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] den [[Venda language|Venda]] speakers
*Channel wey dey target [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] speakers
*SABC sports channel

SABC TV get audience of over 30&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref name=&quot;SABCAdBG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/wps/portal/SABC/advertising%7ctitle=ADVERTISING%7cpublisher=sabc.co.za|title=ADVERTISING|accessdate=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; SABC1 reach 89% of de public, SABC2 reach 91% of de public, den SABC3 reach 77% of de public, according to de broadcaster.&lt;ref name=SABCFAQ1/&gt; De SABC get 18 radio stations, wey get more than 25&amp;nbsp;million weekly listeners.&lt;ref name=SABCAdBG/&gt;

For 2018, SABC scrap part of de plans from 2015 den downsize dema DTT plans from 18 TV channels to just 9 TV channels sake of financial woes. De SABC get SABC 1-3 den News wey dey fall under de 9 channels plus de rest being: 
*Sports channel
*Health channel
*History channel
*Parliamentary channel
*Education channel

All dese channels need funding make dem materialize den without am de channels remain dream. Dem go craft all dese channels through partnerships den group executive for de SABC mention say if dem able make dem get de sports channel running for SD den maybe dem go able make dem get ninth channel wey be history.&lt;ref&gt;[https://teeveetee.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-sabc-downsizes-its-unfunded-digital.html?m=1: The SABC downsizes its unfunded digital TV dream for DTT from 18 to these 9 TV channels.], ''[[TV With Thinus]]'', 26 September 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

For 4 May 2020 amidst de coronavirus outbreak, de SABC launch ein educational channel wey dem call SABC Education through DTT den YouTube plus additional platforms wey go come soon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://teeveetee.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-sabc-launches-sabc-education-as-new.html?m=1|title=The SABC launches SABC Education as a new tv channel, will debut 4 May 2020 on YouTube and on DTT|date=30 April 2020|access-date=1 May 2020|author=Thinus Ferreira|website=[[TV with Thinus]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

SABC Encore shut down from de end of May apparently MultiChoice den SABC agreement for de channel end back for 2018 wey give de channel 2-year open window. De SABC talk say dem dey explore oda de idea of continuing de channel through anoda platform.

For November 2020, SABC sign channel den radio distribution agreement plus [[Telkom (South Africa)|Telkom]] for dema new streaming service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://teeveetee.blogspot.com/2020/11/telkom-launches-its-telkomone-video.html?m=1 | title=TV with Thinus: Telkom launches its TelkomONE video streaming service including linear TV channels with free package and R7 per day subscription; plans more bouquets and says 'we're here for the long run' | date=9 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also launch dema own catch-up den video on demand streaming service wey dem call SABC Plus for 17 November 2022, similar to [[BBC iPlayer]], after two years of announcements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/sabc-launches-streaming-app-sabc-plus/ | title=SABC launches streaming app SABC Plus | date=17 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reception outside South Africa==
[[File:South African Broadcast Corporation. Overseas Transcription Service - 33rpm record.jpg|thumb|1970s SABC record for overseas transcription services.]]

===Botswana, Lesotho and Eswatini===

SABC television via satellite also don dey widely available for neighbouring [[Lesotho]] den [[Eswatini]], as well as [[Botswana]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=K3URmAtiO3QC&amp;dq=botswana+gbc+tv+1988&amp;pg=PA22 ''Media Law in Botswana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018083009/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K3URmAtiO3QC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;lpg=PA22&amp;dq=botswana+gbc+tv+1988&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=p4BslKmA51&amp;sig=0WuFO9QpUYgVPrv71hZkOPpJWXE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjt37bu1PjKAhWGAJoKHUNCBIwQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&amp;q=botswana%20gbc%20tv%201988&amp;f=true |date=18 October 2017 }}, Kluwer Law International, 2011, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; During de AstraSat period, SABC 1 den SABC 3 get more audience dan [[Eswatini TV|Swazi TV]], as locals believe say de service dey bias den underdeveloped. Wen de shutdown of AstraSat signals begin for 11 September 2000 plus SABC 3, de audience lose ein access, wey reveal de limitations of de Swazi media structure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SABC Cut Reveals Swaziland's Media Gap|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200311110693.html |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=AllAfrica|date=18 September 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020705194846/https://allafrica.com/stories/200009180156.html |archive-date=5 July 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; After complaints from rights holders for Botswana, SABC encrypt ein TV channels, wey cut off viewers for those countries.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.itwebafrica.com/ict-and-governance/361-botswana/231218-sentechs-pirated-botswana-signal-finally-off-air Sentech's 'pirated' Botswana signal finally off-air], ''ITWeb Africa'', 1 July 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

===Namibia===
Until 1979, de SABC operate broadcasting services for [[Namibia]], wey na e dey under [[South-West Africa|South African rule]] for dat time, but for dat year, dem transfer dese to de [[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation#From SABC to SWABC|South West African Broadcasting Corporation]] (SWABC).&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=B-I-AQAAIAAJ ''The Laws of South West Africa''], J. Meibert, 1979&lt;/ref&gt; However, de SWABC retain technical personnel from de SABC, den dem prepare number of ein programmes for de SABC ein studios for [[Johannesburg]] before dem dispatch dem to Windhoek for transmission.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=BlhEAQAAIAAJ ''Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 80–86''], Foreign Broadcast Information Service., 1985, p. 40&lt;/ref&gt;

De SABC also help de SWABC make e establish television service for 1981.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=SkVNAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22television+service%22 ''SWA/Namibia Today''], Section Liaison Services, Department of Governmental Affairs, 1988, page 98&lt;/ref&gt; Dis comprise mix of programming for English, Afrikaans den German, 90 per cent of which come from or via de SABC.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=rl81AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22afrikaans+programmes%22 ''Economic development strategies for independent Namibia''], Harbans Singh, Wilfred W. Asombang, United Nations Institute for Namibia, 1989, page 26&lt;/ref&gt; Dem show programmes locally week after South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;guide&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0jAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Walvis+Bay%22 ''International TV &amp; Video Guide''], Richard Paterson, Tantivy Press, 1986, pages 181–183&lt;/ref&gt; De SWABC receive SABC TV programming (wey e record, edit den rebroadcast) first by using [[microwave]] link, den later via [[Intelsat]] [[satellite television|satellite]] link.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=3j7tAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=SABC+ ''Namibia Review'', Volume 11], Directorate of Production and Publicity, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 2002, page 16&lt;/ref&gt; De SWABC become de [[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation]] (NBC) after de country ein independence for 1990.

However, [[Walvis Bay]], [[enclave]] of South Africa for Namibia until 1994, receive de SABC ein TV1 for low-power repeater, wey dem broadcast live via Intelsat from 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;guide&quot; /&gt;

===Mozambique===
Wen [[Televisão de Moçambique]] (for de time Televisão Experimental de Moçambique) na e dey ein infancy, den e operate for single transmitter for Maputo, dem report say, for 1987, officials of de said country ein ruling party [[FRELIMO]] na dem report say dem tune in to stronger SABC TV signals, wey dey come from Johannesburg. For de time, de lone TVE Moçambique transmitter get weak power.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zucchino |first1=S. |title=The maiming of Mozambique; S. Africa dominates poverty-torn neighbor |work=[[The Ottawa Citizen]] |date=26 September 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De cable company [[TVCabo (Visabeira)]] offer SABC1, SABC3 den Bop TV for ein first few years of operation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tvcabo.co.mz/tvcabo/canais.asp?por= TV CABO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020609220511/http://www.tvcabo.co.mz/tvcabo/canais.asp?por= |date=9 June 2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem remove dese alongside e.tv sake of rights issues, for situation similar to wetin go happen for Botswana ten years later, den dem replace dem plus oda channels from de DStv bouquet, for August 2003,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20031104023243/http://www.maputo.co.mz/forum/message/338/ Perda dos canais 18 - 19 - 20 - 21 - 22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104023243/http://www.maputo.co.mz/forum/message/338/ |date=4 November 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cause uproar from subscribers.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20031121094933/http://www.maputo.co.mz/forum/message/343/ Perda dos canais 18 - 19 - 20 - 21 - 22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121094933/http://www.maputo.co.mz/forum/message/343/ |date=21 November 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20031121094150/http://www.maputo.co.mz/forum/message/346/ Perda dos canais 18 - 19 - 20 - 21 - 22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121094150/http://www.maputo.co.mz/forum/message/346/ |date=21 November 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==International services==

For 1998, de SABC begin make e broadcast two TV channels to de rest of Africa: SABC Africa, news service, den Africa 2 Africa, entertainment programming from South Africa den oda African countries, via [[DStv]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=XsTSXIhG2sgC&amp;dq=%22Africa+2+Africa%22+tv+channel&amp;pg=PA34 ''Media Studies: Institutions, theories, and issues''], Pieter J. Fourie, Juta and Company Ltd, 2001, page 54&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003, dem merge Africa 2 Africa plus SABC Africa make e create hybrid service, wey draw programming from both sources.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=3aYdIxYf9NoC&amp;dq=In+2003%2C+%22Africa+2+Africa%22+was+merged+with+%22SABC+Africa%22&amp;pg=PA121 ''Transnational Television Worldwide: Towards a New Media Order''], Jean K. Chalaby
I.B.Tauris, 2005, page 121&lt;/ref&gt; SABC Africa close for August 2008 after dem no renew de SABC ein contract plus DStv.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mg.co.za/article/2008-07-14-sabc-africa-to-go-off-air-for-now SABC Africa to go off air for now], ''[[Mail and Guardian]]'', 14 July 2008&lt;/ref&gt; For 2007, de SABC launch 24-hour international news channel, SABC News International, but e close for 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mg.co.za/article/2010-02-05-sabc-international-goes-bust SABC International goes bust], ''[[Mail and Guardian]]'', 5 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Criticisms and controversies ==

=== Accusations of pro-ANC bias ===
Dem don accuse de SABC say e be government den [[African National Congress|ruling party]] mouthpiece, especially for de lead-up to de [[South African general election, 2014|2014 South African elections]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ed|first=Herbst|title=ANC tightens its grip on the SABC|url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/66/101739.html#topstory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232903/http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/66/101739.html#topstory|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|publisher=BizCommunity.com|access-date=23 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SABC phone tapping revelations|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadcasting/100474-sabc-phone-tapping-revelations.html|publisher=MyBroadband|access-date=13 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially after e refuse make e air de campaign adverts of various opposition parties,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DA cries 'political censorship' as SABC refuses to air second advert|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2014/04/30/da-cries-political-censorship-as-sabc-refuses-to-air-second-advert|publisher=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SABC bans EFF advert|url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2014/04/22/sabc-bans-eff-advert---video|publisher=Sowetan Live|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033034/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2014/04/22/sabc-bans-eff-advert---video|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; den again for 2015 wen e censor de video feeds of de 2015 State of the Nation address wey portray de ANC den President Jacob Zuma for negative light.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SABC censored SONA broadcast|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadcasting/118913-sabc-censored-sona-broadcast-enca-satellite-signal-jammed.html|website=mybroadband.co.za|publisher=mybroadband|access-date=15 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
For 2015, Minister of Communications, [[Faith Muthambi]] reinforce de notion say de SABC na state-owned company, den therefore, subject to control by de Department of Communications den de [[African National Congress|ruling party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The SABC is a state owned company: Communications Minister|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/03/17/the-sabc-is-a-state-owned-company-communications-minister|access-date=17 March 2015|agency=Sapa|publisher=Times LIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For August 2005, de SABC come under heavy fire from independent media den de public sake of say e fail make e broadcast footage wey deputy president [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]] boo offstage by members of de [[ANC Youth League]], wey na dem dey show support for de newly axed ex-deputy president, [[Jacob Zuma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=248529&amp;area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/|title=Mail and Guardian article on Youth League Controversy|access-date=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rival broadcaster [[e.tv]] publicly accuse SABC of biased reporting sake of say e fail make e show de video footage of de humiliated deputy president. [[Snuki Zikalala]], Head of News den ex-ANC spokesperson retort say dema cameraman no dey for de meeting. Dem later establish say dis claim be false wen dem release e.tv footage wey show say SABC cameraman dey film de incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundayindependent.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=1042&amp;fArticleId=2872217|title=Sunday Independent|accessdate=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De SABC ein government connections also come under scrutiny wen, for April 2005, Zimbabwean president [[Robert Mugabe]] dem interview live by Zikalala, wey be former ANC [[political commissar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/2004/07/25/insight/in02.asp|title=Insight|website=suntimes.co.za|date=25 July 2004|access-date=1 October 2005|archive-date=16 February 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216154216/http://www.suntimes.co.za/2004/07/25/insight/in02.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; De public deem de interview say e sidestep 'critical issues', den say e avoid difficult questions regarding Mugabe ein radical land-reform policies den human rights violations.

=== Accusations of censorship ===

For May 2006, dem accuse de SABC of [[self censorship|self-censorship]] wen e decide say e no go air documentary on South African president [[Thabo Mbeki]], den for early June 2006, de news organisation request say de producers (from Daylight Films) no speak about am. Independent media groups widely criticise dis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=14&amp;click_id=6&amp;art_id=vn20060610091410712C874542|title=IOL News Report|accessdate=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, de [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] issue alert concerning de SABC ein apparent trend toward self-censorship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/74682/|title=IFEX Self-Censorship Warning|accessdate=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2006, de [[International Federation of Journalists]] denounce de cancelling of de Thabo Mbeki documentary, dey cite &quot;self-censorship&quot; den &quot;politically-influenced managers&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=vn20060619012849541C504021|title=IFOJ comment on Mbeki documentary|accessdate=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also for June 2006, [[SAfm (South Africa)|SAfm]] host [[John Perlman]] disclose on air say de SABC don create blacklist of commentators.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/|title=Business Day|website=BusinessLIVE|accessdate=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; SABC CEO [[Dali Mpofu]] create commission of inquiry make e investigate de allegations say dem blacklist individuals for Zikalala ein behest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=3015&amp;art_id=vn20060624083017227C257392|title=IOL on blacklisting allegations|accessdate=28 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=275243&amp;area=/insight/insight__national/|title=MG on blacklisting allegations|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215153/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=275243&amp;area=%2Finsight%2Finsight__national%2F|archive-date=27 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perlman eventually resign from SAfm, den de broadcaster come under heavy criticism from free media advocates.

Shortly before de ANC ein 2012 elective conference for Mangaung, de board of de SABC hand control of news, television, radio den sport to COO [[Hlaudi Motsoeneng]]. Some for de SABC interpret de board ein decision as calculated attempt make e ensure say dem give ANC faction close to President Jacob Zuma positive coverage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-05-00-sabc-chief-takes-control|title=SABC chief takes control|date=5 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; During press conference wey de SABC hold for 6 December 2012, make e explain why e prevent three journalists from participating for discussion on how de media go cover de ANC ein elective conference for Manguang, Hlaudi Motsoeneng talk say whenever dem discuss de ANC for de SABC, ANC party representative must dey present.

For April 2014, SABC chairperson, Ellen Zandile Tshabalala, warn journalists say de [[National Intelligence Agency (South Africa)|NIA]] dey wiretap dema phones, den remind dem make dem be loyal to de ANC ruling party. Wen dem challenge am for de matter, Tshabalala insist say dem take ein comments out of context. De scandal erupt for de same time say de DA official opposition accuse de SABC of censorship&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SABC censoring our adverts: DA|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2014/04/11/sabc-censoring-our-adverts-da|publisher=TimesLive|access-date=13 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; wen dem stop make dem air television advert wey refer to de ongoing [[Nkandlagate]] scandal.

For February 2015, dem accuse de SABC of censoring video den audio feeds of de State of the Nation address for Parliament, after opposition party [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]] forcefully eject armed plain-clothes policemen after e interrupt de President ein speech. Dem also censor footage of opposition party [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|DA]] walking out in protest over de presence of de armed personnel. Dis na in addition to de presence of signal-jamming device wey prevent journalists den MP's from being able make dem use dema mobile devices make dem post news online.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SONA: What the ANC did not let the nation see|url=http://themediaonline.co.za/2015/02/sona-what-the-anc-did-not-let-the-nation-see/|website=The Media Online|access-date=15 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem criticise de SABC for banning footage wey show protests den demonstrations for de run-up to de 2016 local elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Mahr |first1=Krista |date=13 July 2016 |title=South African public broadcaster accused of censorship |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3646af1e-490c-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3646af1e-490c-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For July 2016, eight SABC journalists challenge de broadcaster ein decision make e censor news items, den dem dismiss dem from de organisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/sabc-8-have-all-been-fired-20160719|title=SABC 8 have all been fired|newspaper=News24|access-date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2016-07-19-breaking-news-sabc-fires-two-more-journalists/|title=Two more of the #SABC8 journalists have been fired|author=News 24|newspaper=The M&amp;G Online|access-date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent hearing for de Labour Court find say de dismissals unlawful den order de reinstatement of four of de full-time SABC employees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36867985|title=South Africa sacked reporters win SABC censorship case|date=26 July 2016|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; During dis period dem subject de eight journalists, including [[Suna Venter]], to number of death threats den oda forms of intimidation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2016-09-18-death-threats-spook-sabc-staffers/|title=Death threats spook SABC staffers|last=HOFSTATTER|first=STEPHAN|date=18 September 2016|website=Timesonline.co.za|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629205558/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2016-09-18-death-threats-spook-sabc-staffers/|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=1 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For October 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.za/speeches/communications-committee-set-begin-inquiry-sabc-board-13-oct-2016-0000|title=Parliament on inquiry into SABC board &amp;#124; South African Government|website=www.gov.za|access-date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; de South African parliament begin make e investigate corruption allegations against SABC den ein Group Executive of Corporate Affairs - Hlaudi Motsoeneng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/censorship-and-corruption-whats-going-south-africas-public-broadcaster-532421?rx=us|title=Five things you should know about South Africa's scandal-hit public broadcaster|date=16 December 2016|newspaper=Newsweek|access-date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 12 December, de Western Cape High Court rule say dem remove Motsoeneng from office effective immediately.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2016/12/12/hlaudi-removed-sabc|title=High Court rules Hlaudi Motsoeneng must be removed from position|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|access-date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SABC Encore's launch party ===

For de channel ein launch event, de COO of SABC for de time use dat event make e rant about making pay-TV platforms like MultiChoice ein DStv pay for SABC 1-3 den how de SABC be 'blind person' dey run. He also take de stage make e call out those plus dema 'lack of knowledge' over de deal wey de public broadcaster get for de channel alongside SABC News.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://teeveetee.blogspot.com/2015/05/at-bizarre-sabc-encore-channel-launch.html?m=1|title = TV with Thinus: At bizarre SABC Encore channel launch event, SABC's Hlaudi Motsoeneng rants and raves, saying 'MultiChoice must pay'; SABC is 'coming for pay-TV'|date = 12 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.sabc.co.za }}
*[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=14&amp;click_id=6&amp;art_id=vn20060610091410712C874542 IOL – SABC gags Mbeki 'unauthorised' documentary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061109005832/http://www.mg.co.za/ContentImages/286709/SABCBLACKLISTREPORT.pdf Report of SABC Commission on Blacklisting]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1936 establishments insyd South Africa]]
[[Category:Broadcasting insyd South Africa]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of South Africa]]
[[Category:Censorship insyd South Africa]]
[[Category:Organisations dem associate plus apartheid]]
[[Category:Television channels den stations dem establish insyd 1975]]
[[Category:Multilingual broadcasters]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of South Africa]]
[[Category:Organizations dem establish insyd 1936]]
[[Category:Mass media companies dem establish insyd 1936]]
[[Category:Radio stations dem establish insyd 1936]]
[[Category:State media]]
[[Category:Blacklisting]]
[[Category:South African news websites]]
[[Category:Mass media insyd Johannesburg]]
[[Category:African Union of Broadcasting members|SABC]]
[[Category:Publicly funded English language broadcasters]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fatty liver disease</title>
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      <text bytes="8226" sha1="8g4ogrfut9pfcpwhkctmyy5yinn9yho" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Fatty liver disease''' ('''FLD'''), dem sanso know as '''hepatic steatosis''' den '''steatotic liver disease''' ('''SLD'''), be a condition wer excess [[fat]] dey build up insyd de [[liver]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2016 |title=Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease &amp; NASH |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/all-content |access-date=7 November 2018 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}&lt;/ref&gt; Often der be no anaa few symptoms.&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sin20172&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=S |last2=Osna |first2=NA |last3=Kharbanda |first3=KK |date=28 September 2017 |title=Treatment options for alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review. |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=23 |issue=36 |pages=6549–6570 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i36.6549 |pmc=5643281 |pmid=29085205 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Occasionally der fi be tiredness anaa pain insyd de upper right side of de [[abdomen]].&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt; Complications fi include [[cirrhosis]], [[liver cancer]], den [[esophageal varices]].&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ant2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Antunes |first1=Catiele |last2=Azadfard |first2=Mohammadreza |last3=Hoilat |first3=Gilles J. |last4=Gupta |first4=Mohit |date=2022 |title=Fatty Liver |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28723021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De main subtypes of fatty liver disease be [[metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease]] (MASLD) den [[alcoholic liver disease]] (ALD), plus de category &quot;metabolic and alcohol associated liver disease&quot; (metALD) wey dey describe an overlap of de two.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rinella |first1=Mary E. |last2=Lazarus |first2=Jeffrey V. |last3=Ratziu |first3=Vlad |last4=Francque |first4=Sven M. |last5=Sanyal |first5=Arun J. |last6=Kanwal |first6=Fasiha |last7=Romero |first7=Diana |last8=Abdelmalek |first8=Manal F. |last9=Anstee |first9=Quentin M. |last10=Arab |first10=Juan Pablo |last11=Arrese |first11=Marco |last12=Bataller |first12=Ramon |last13=Beuers |first13=Ulrich |last14=Boursier |first14=Jerome |last15=Bugianesi |first15=Elisabetta |date=2023 |title=A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=1966–1986 |doi=10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520 |issn=0270-9139 |pmc=10653297 |pmid=37363821 |s2cid=259260747 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10807/245116}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Til June 2023, na MASLD den ein more advanced form, metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), be referred to as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) den non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=DHANJAL |first1=Adonia |title=Multinational liver societies announce new &quot;Fatty&quot; liver disease nomenclature that is affirmative and non-stigmatising |url=https://easl.eu/news/new_fatty_liver_disease_nomenclature-2/ |website=EASL-The Home of Hepatology. |access-date=14 December 2025 |date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212053521/https://easl.eu/news/new_fatty_liver_disease_nomenclature-2/ |archive-date=12 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de change insyd terminology be decided insyd a modified [[Delphi method|Delphi process]] wey three large pan-national liver associations lead (de [[American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases]], de [[European Association for the Study of the Liver]] den de Latin American Association for the Study of the Liver).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

De primary risks dey include [[ethanol|alcohol]], [[type 2 diabetes]], den [[obesity]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ant2019&quot; /&gt; Oda risk factors dey include certain medications such as [[glucocorticoid]]s, den [[hepatitis C]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; E be unclear why sam people plus MASLD develop simple fatty liver den odas develop metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), wich be associated plus poorer outcomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt; Diagnosis be based on de [[medical history]] wey blood tests support, [[medical imaging]], den occasionally [[liver biopsy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot; /&gt;

Treatment of MASLD generally be by dietary changes den exercise to bring about [[weight loss]].&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt; Insyd those wey severely be affected, [[liver transplantation]] fi be an option.&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt; More dan 90% of heavy drinkers dey develop fatty liver while about 25% develop de more severe [[alcoholic hepatitis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bas2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Basra |first=Sarpreet |date=2011 |title=Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis |journal=World Journal of Hepatology |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=108–113 |doi=10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108 |pmc=3124876 |pmid=21731902 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; MASLD dey affect about 30% of people insyd Western countries den 10% of people insyd Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sin2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=S |last2=Osna |first2=NA |last3=Kharbanda |first3=KK |date=28 September 2017 |title=Treatment options for alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review. |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=23 |issue=36 |pages=6549–6570 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i36.6549 |pmc=5643281 |pmid=29085205 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; MASLD dey affect about 10% of kiddies insyd de United States.&lt;ref name=NIH2016/&gt; E dey occur more often insyd older people den males.&lt;ref name=Ant2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Iser |first1=D |last2=Ryan |first2=M |date=July 2013 |title=Fatty liver disease—a practical guide for GPs. |journal=Australian Family Physician |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=444–7 |pmid=23826593}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Diagnosis==
[[File:Liversteatosis.png|thumb|Liver [[steatosis]] (fatty liver disease) as seen on CT]]
[[File:Steatosis hepatis - Sonographie 001.jpg|thumb|Ultrasound wey dey show diffuse increased echogenicity of de liver]]
{|align=&quot;centre&quot;
|-Elevated liver enzyme
!align=&quot;center&quot;|Flow chart for diagnosis&lt;ref name=&quot;Bayard_2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bayard M, Holt J, Boroughs E |date=June 2006 |title=Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |journal=American Family Physician |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=1961–8 |pmid=16770927}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | A01| | | |A01=Elevated liver enzyme}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | B01| | | |B01=Serology to exclude viral hepatitis}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | C01| | | |C01=Imaging study showing&lt;br /&gt;fatty infiltrate}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | | | D01| | | |D01=Alcohol intake}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | |E01| |E02| | |E01=Less than two drinks per day‡|E02=More than two drinks per day‡}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|boxstyle=background:#dfd; | |F01| |F02| | |F01=Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease likely|F02=Alcoholic liver disease likely}}
{{tree chart/end}}
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|‡ &lt;small&gt;Criteria for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:&lt;br /&gt; consumption of ethanol less than 20&amp;nbsp;g/day for women and 30&amp;nbsp;g/day for men&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams _2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=L. A. |last2=Angulo |first2=P |last3=Lindor |first3=KD |date=29 March 2005 |title=Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=172 |issue=7 |pages=899–905 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.045232 |pmc=554876 |pmid=15795412}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* Photo at [http://www.pathologyatlas.ro/fatty-change-liver-steatosis-pathology.php Atlas of Pathology]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatty Liver}}
[[Category:Diseases of liver]]
[[Category:Medical conditions wey relate to obesity]]
[[Category:Histopathology]]
[[no:Steatose]]
[[pl:Alkoholowe stłuszczenie wątroby]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Carpal tunnel syndrome</title>
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'''Carpal tunnel syndrome''' ('''CTS''') be de symptoms den signs characteristic of [[nerve compression syndrome|compressive]] [[median nerve|median]] neuropathy at de [[carpal tunnel]] of de wrist. Compressive median neuropathy be a structural, largely hereditary condition wey usually be measurable insyd both wrists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Werthel |first1=J.-D. R. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. |last3=An |first3=K.-N. |last4=Amadio |first4=P. C. |date=2014 |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Pathophysiology: Role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue |journal=Journal of Wrist Surgery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1384741 |pmc=4208960 |pmid=24426962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw cases of median neuropathy at de carpal tunnel be idiopathic, wey dey mean der no be known cause. Oda causes of median nerve compression at de carpal tunnel dey include bleeding, swelling, den deformity dem associate plus a [[wrist fracture]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Burton2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Claire |last2=Chesterton |first2=Linda S. |last3=Davenport |first3=Graham |date=May 2014 |title=Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care |journal=The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=64 |issue=622 |pages=262–263 |doi=10.3399/bjgp14X679903 |issn=1478-5242 |pmc=4001168 |pmid=24771836}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Margaret E. |last2=Gu |first2=Alex |last3=Wessel |first3=Lauren E. |last4=Koo |first4=Alexander |last5=Osei |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Fufa |first6=Duretti T. |date=31 August 2023 |title=Incidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome after Distal Radius Fracture |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.08.001 |issn=2589-5141 |pmc=9678711 |pmid=36425367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carpal tunnel syndrome sanso fi occur plus [[rheumatoid arthritis]], secof de enlarged synovial lining of de tendons wey dey cause median nerve compression.

De main symptoms be [[numbness]] den [[Paresthesia|tingling]] of de thumb, index finger, middle finger, den de thumb side of de ring finger, as well as pain insyd de hand den fingers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burton2&quot; /&gt; Symptoms are typically most troublesome at night.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 28, 2016|title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm#227043049|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=4 March 2016|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw people sleep plus dema wrists bend, den de ensuing symptoms fi lead to awakening. People wake less often at night if dem wear a [[Splint (medicine)|wrist splint]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and Treatment - OrthoInfo - AAOS |url=https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.orthoinfo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Untreated, den over years to decades, CTS dey cause loss of sensitivity, weakness, den shrinkage ([[muscle atrophy|atrophy]]) of de [[thenar muscles]] at de base of de thumb.

Work-related factors such as vibration, wrist extension anaa flexion, hand force, den [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain]] be risk factors give CTS. Oda risk factors dey include being female, obesity, [[diabetes]], rheumatoid arthritis, [[thyroid disease]], den genetics.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author1=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|date=February 29, 2016|title=Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline|url=http://www.aaos.org/ctsguideline|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330022757/https://www5.aaos.org/downloadasset.aspx?id=4294967882|archive-date=March 30, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Padua2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, Pazzaglia C, Paolasso I, Loreti C, Caliandro P, Hobson-Webb LD | title = Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 1273–1284 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27751557 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30231-9 | type = Review | s2cid = 9991471 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Shi2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Shiri R | title = Hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis | journal = Muscle &amp; Nerve | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 879–883 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25204641 | doi = 10.1002/mus.24453 | s2cid = 37496158 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diagnosis fi be made plus a high probability based on characteristic symptoms den signs. E sanso fi be measured plus [[electrodiagnostic test]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graham 2587–25932&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham B |date=December 2008 |title=The value added by electrodiagnostic testing in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=2587–2593 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.G.01362 |pmid=19047703}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Injection of [[corticosteroid]]s fi anaa no fi alleviate symptoms better dan simulated ([[placebo]]) injections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adinu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adindu |first1=Ebubechi |last2=Ramtin |first2=Sina |last3=Azarpey |first3=Ali |last4=Ring |first4=David |last5=Teunis |first5=Teun |date=2024-03-28 |title=Steroid versus placebo injections and wrist splints in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1209–1217 |doi=10.1177/17531934241240380 |issn=2043-6289 |pmc=11523550 |pmid=38546484 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Huisstede BM, Randsdorp MS, van den Brink J, Franke TP, Koes BW, Hoogvliet P |date=August 2018 |title=Effectiveness of Oral Pain Medication and Corticosteroid Injections for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review |journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=1609–1622.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2018.03.003 |pmid=29626428 |s2cid=4683880}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der no be evidence wey corticosteroid injection sustainably dey alter de natural history of de disease, wich dey seem to be a gradual progression of [[neuropathy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Adinu&quot;/&gt; Surgery to cut de [[transverse carpal ligament]] be de only known [[disease modifying treatment]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AAOS2016&quot; /&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181005/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200524230750/http://www.carpal-tunnel.net/ NHS website carpal-tunnel.net provides a free to use, validated, online self diagnosis questionnaire for CTS]
* {{Cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/carpaltunnelsyndrome.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Carpal Tunnel Syndrome }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mononeuropathies of upper limb]]
[[Category:Physical ergonomics]]
[[Category:Syndromes wey dey affect de nervous system]]
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'''Benzonatate''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|z|oʊ|n|ə|t|eɪ|t}}), dem sell under de brand name '''Tessalon''' among odas, be a medication wey be used for de symptomatic relief of [[cough]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Benzonatate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=23 March 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bec2010&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker DE | title = Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanisms and treatment | journal = Anesthesia Progress | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 150–6; quiz 157 | date = 2010 | pmid = 21174569 | pmc = 3006663 | doi = 10.2344/0003-3006-57.4.150 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey take benzonatate [[oral administration|by mouth]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Homsi20012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA |date=November 2001 |title=Important drugs for cough in advanced cancer |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=565–574 |doi=10.1007/s005200100252 |pmid=11762966 |s2cid=25881426}}&lt;/ref&gt; Effects generally dey begin within 20{{nbsp}}minutes den dey last between 3 den 8{{nbsp}}hours.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tessalon label2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=20 November 2019 |title=Tessalon - benzonatate capsule |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

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