Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 31032 114922 114897 2026-10-16T16:13:53Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benzonatate''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|z|oʊ|n|ə|t|eɪ|t}}), dem sell under de brand name '''Tessalon''' among odas, be a medication wey be used for de symptomatic relief of [[cough]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Benzonatate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=23 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bec2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker DE | title = Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanisms and treatment | journal = Anesthesia Progress | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 150–6; quiz 157 | date = 2010 | pmid = 21174569 | pmc = 3006663 | doi = 10.2344/0003-3006-57.4.150 }}</ref> Dem dey take benzonatate [[oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Homsi20012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA |date=November 2001 |title=Important drugs for cough in advanced cancer |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=565–574 |doi=10.1007/s005200100252 |pmid=11762966 |s2cid=25881426}}</ref> Effects generally dey begin within 20{{nbsp}}minutes den dey last between 3 den 8{{nbsp}}hours.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Tessalon label2">{{cite web |date=20 November 2019 |title=Tessalon - benzonatate capsule |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref> [[Side effect]]s dey include sleepiness, [[dizziness]], [[headache]], [[upset stomach]], [[skin rash]], [[hallucination]]s, den allergic reactions.<ref name=AHFS2019/> [[Drug overdose|Overdosage]] fi result in serious [[adverse effect]]s wey dey include [[seizures]], [[irregular heartbeat]], [[cardiac arrest]], den death.<ref name="pmid34219543" /> Overdose of only a small number of capsules fi be fatal.<ref name="pmid34219543">{{cite journal | vauthors = Minhaj FS, Leonard JB | title = A description of the clinical course of severe benzonatate poisonings reported in the literature and to NPDS: A systematic review supplemented with NPDS cases | journal = Hum Exp Toxicol | volume = 40 | issue = 12_suppl | pages = S39–S48 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34219543 | doi = 10.1177/09603271211030560 | bibcode = 2021HETox..40S..39M | s2cid = 235735410 | url = }}</ref> Chewing or sucking on the capsule, releasing the drug into the mouth, can also lead to [[laryngospasm]], [[bronchospasm]], and [[circulatory collapse]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> E be unclear if ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] while on de medication be safe.<ref name=Preg2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benzonatate.html|title=Benzonatate Use During Pregnancy|date=10 October 2019|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref> Benzonatate be a [[local anesthetic]] den [[voltage-gated sodium channel]] [[sodium channel blocker|blocker]]. E be theorized to work by inhibiting [[pulmonary stretch receptor|stretch receptors insyd de lungs]], in turn dey suppress de [[cough reflex]] insyd de brain.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Benzonatate be [[structural analog|structurally related]] to oda local anesthetics like [[procaine]] den [[tetracaine]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 870frtc26s14vpnrb3c9vv6adplk18t 114923 114922 2026-10-16T16:18:40Z DaSupremo 9 Add references 114923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benzonatate''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|z|oʊ|n|ə|t|eɪ|t}}), dem sell under de brand name '''Tessalon''' among odas, be a medication wey be used for de symptomatic relief of [[cough]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Benzonatate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=23 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bec2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker DE | title = Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanisms and treatment | journal = Anesthesia Progress | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 150–6; quiz 157 | date = 2010 | pmid = 21174569 | pmc = 3006663 | doi = 10.2344/0003-3006-57.4.150 }}</ref> Dem dey take benzonatate [[oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Homsi20012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA |date=November 2001 |title=Important drugs for cough in advanced cancer |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=565–574 |doi=10.1007/s005200100252 |pmid=11762966 |s2cid=25881426}}</ref> Effects generally dey begin within 20{{nbsp}}minutes den dey last between 3 den 8{{nbsp}}hours.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Tessalon label2">{{cite web |date=20 November 2019 |title=Tessalon - benzonatate capsule |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref> [[Side effect]]s dey include sleepiness, [[dizziness]], [[headache]], [[upset stomach]], [[skin rash]], [[hallucination]]s, den allergic reactions.<ref name=AHFS2019/> [[Drug overdose|Overdosage]] fi result in serious [[adverse effect]]s wey dey include [[seizures]], [[irregular heartbeat]], [[cardiac arrest]], den death.<ref name="ML2018">{{cite journal |vauthors= |date=December 2018 |title=Drugs for cough |journal=The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics |volume=60 |issue=1562 |pages=206–208 |pmid=30625123}}</ref><ref name="pmid34219543" /> Overdose of only a small number of capsules fi be fatal.<ref name="pmid34219543">{{cite journal | vauthors = Minhaj FS, Leonard JB | title = A description of the clinical course of severe benzonatate poisonings reported in the literature and to NPDS: A systematic review supplemented with NPDS cases | journal = Hum Exp Toxicol | volume = 40 | issue = 12_suppl | pages = S39–S48 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34219543 | doi = 10.1177/09603271211030560 | bibcode = 2021HETox..40S..39M | s2cid = 235735410 | url = }}</ref> Chewing or sucking on the capsule, releasing the drug into the mouth, can also lead to [[laryngospasm]], [[bronchospasm]], and [[circulatory collapse]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> E be unclear if ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] while on de medication be safe.<ref name=Preg2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benzonatate.html|title=Benzonatate Use During Pregnancy|date=10 October 2019|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref> Benzonatate be a [[local anesthetic]] den [[voltage-gated sodium channel]] [[sodium channel blocker|blocker]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benzonatate |url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00868 |access-date=2026-10-16 |website=go.drugbank.com |language=en}}</ref> E be theorized to work by inhibiting [[pulmonary stretch receptor|stretch receptors insyd de lungs]], in turn dey suppress de [[cough reflex]] insyd de brain.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Benzonatate be [[structural analog|structurally related]] to oda local anesthetics like [[procaine]] den [[tetracaine]].<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="pmid18771744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dicpinigaitis PV |date=April 2009 |title=Currently available antitussives |url= |journal=Pulm Pharmacol Ther |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=148–51 |doi=10.1016/j.pupt.2008.08.002 |pmid=18771744}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5v9r3d8fc78hu3rpdl6bf1r3k7x9t8b 114924 114923 2026-10-16T16:34:12Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benzonatate''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|z|oʊ|n|ə|t|eɪ|t}}), dem sell under de brand name '''Tessalon''' among odas, be a medication wey be used for de symptomatic relief of [[cough]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Benzonatate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=23 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bec2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker DE | title = Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanisms and treatment | journal = Anesthesia Progress | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 150–6; quiz 157 | date = 2010 | pmid = 21174569 | pmc = 3006663 | doi = 10.2344/0003-3006-57.4.150 }}</ref> Dem dey take benzonatate [[oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Homsi20012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA |date=November 2001 |title=Important drugs for cough in advanced cancer |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=565–574 |doi=10.1007/s005200100252 |pmid=11762966 |s2cid=25881426}}</ref> Effects generally dey begin within 20{{nbsp}}minutes den dey last between 3 den 8{{nbsp}}hours.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Tessalon label2">{{cite web |date=20 November 2019 |title=Tessalon - benzonatate capsule |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref> [[Side effect]]s dey include sleepiness, [[dizziness]], [[headache]], [[upset stomach]], [[skin rash]], [[hallucination]]s, den allergic reactions.<ref name=AHFS2019/> [[Drug overdose|Overdosage]] fi result in serious [[adverse effect]]s wey dey include [[seizures]], [[irregular heartbeat]], [[cardiac arrest]], den death.<ref name="ML2018">{{cite journal |vauthors= |date=December 2018 |title=Drugs for cough |journal=The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics |volume=60 |issue=1562 |pages=206–208 |pmid=30625123}}</ref><ref name="pmid34219543" /> Overdose of only a small number of capsules fi be fatal.<ref name="pmid34219543">{{cite journal | vauthors = Minhaj FS, Leonard JB | title = A description of the clinical course of severe benzonatate poisonings reported in the literature and to NPDS: A systematic review supplemented with NPDS cases | journal = Hum Exp Toxicol | volume = 40 | issue = 12_suppl | pages = S39–S48 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34219543 | doi = 10.1177/09603271211030560 | bibcode = 2021HETox..40S..39M | s2cid = 235735410 | url = }}</ref> Chewing or sucking on the capsule, releasing the drug into the mouth, can also lead to [[laryngospasm]], [[bronchospasm]], and [[circulatory collapse]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> E be unclear if ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] while on de medication be safe.<ref name=Preg2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benzonatate.html|title=Benzonatate Use During Pregnancy|date=10 October 2019|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref> Benzonatate be a [[local anesthetic]] den [[voltage-gated sodium channel]] [[sodium channel blocker|blocker]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benzonatate |url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00868 |access-date=2026-10-16 |website=go.drugbank.com |language=en}}</ref> E be theorized to work by inhibiting [[pulmonary stretch receptor|stretch receptors insyd de lungs]], in turn dey suppress de [[cough reflex]] insyd de brain.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Benzonatate be [[structural analog|structurally related]] to oda local anesthetics like [[procaine]] den [[tetracaine]].<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="pmid18771744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dicpinigaitis PV |date=April 2009 |title=Currently available antitussives |url= |journal=Pulm Pharmacol Ther |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=148–51 |doi=10.1016/j.pupt.2008.08.002 |pmid=18771744}}</ref> Na dem discover benzonatate insyd 1956 wey na dem approve am for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1958.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Homsi2001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA |date=November 2001 |title=Important drugs for cough in advanced cancer |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=565–574 |doi=10.1007/s005200100252 |pmid=11762966 |s2cid=25881426}}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=ML2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Drugs for cough | journal = The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics | volume = 60 | issue = 1562 | pages = 206–208 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30625123 }}</ref> Availability worldwide be limited, plus de drug remain marketed only insyd de United States den [[Mexico]].<ref name="pmid18771744" /><ref name=Wal2008>{{cite book | vauthors = Walsh TD, Caraceni AT, Fainsinger R, Foley KM, Glare P, Goh C, Lloyd-Williams M, Olarte JN, Radbruch L |title=Palliative Medicine E-Book |date=2008 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781437721942 |page=751 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0xgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA751 }}</ref><ref name="SchweizerischerApotheker-Verein2000">{{cite book |author=Schweizerischer Apotheker-Verein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA109 |title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory |publisher=Medpharm Scientific Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-88763-075-1 |page=109 |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 122nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more tdan 5{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ClinCalc Benzonatate">{{cite web | title = Benzonatate Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Benzonatate | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> Na a 2023 [[systematic review]] find say der be inadequate evidence to support de effectiveness den safety of benzonatate for cough den highlighted rising safety concerns.<ref name="pmid36688284">{{cite journal | vauthors = Costantino RC, Leonard J, Gorman EF, Ventura D, Baltz A, Gressler LE | title = Benzonatate Safety and Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of the Literature | journal = Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 57 | issue = 10 | pages = 1221–1236 | date = October 2023 | pmid = 36688284 | doi = 10.1177/10600280221135750 | s2cid = 256102939 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] g67x0sbca0j8yq51otcy00d0kra4mwd 114925 114924 2026-10-16T16:40:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benzonatate''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|z|oʊ|n|ə|t|eɪ|t}}), dem sell under de brand name '''Tessalon''' among odas, be a medication wey be used for de symptomatic relief of [[cough]].<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Benzonatate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benzonatate.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=23 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bec2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker DE | title = Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanisms and treatment | journal = Anesthesia Progress | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 150–6; quiz 157 | date = 2010 | pmid = 21174569 | pmc = 3006663 | doi = 10.2344/0003-3006-57.4.150 }}</ref> Dem dey take benzonatate [[oral administration|by mouth]].<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Homsi20012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA |date=November 2001 |title=Important drugs for cough in advanced cancer |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=565–574 |doi=10.1007/s005200100252 |pmid=11762966 |s2cid=25881426}}</ref> Effects generally dey begin within 20{{nbsp}}minutes den dey last between 3 den 8{{nbsp}}hours.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Tessalon label2">{{cite web |date=20 November 2019 |title=Tessalon - benzonatate capsule |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8edd07a0-5f5b-9000-bafb-dbf8ff7609d4 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref> [[Side effect]]s dey include sleepiness, [[dizziness]], [[headache]], [[upset stomach]], [[skin rash]], [[hallucination]]s, den allergic reactions.<ref name=AHFS2019/> [[Drug overdose|Overdosage]] fi result in serious [[adverse effect]]s wey dey include [[seizures]], [[irregular heartbeat]], [[cardiac arrest]], den death.<ref name="ML2018">{{cite journal |vauthors= |date=December 2018 |title=Drugs for cough |journal=The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics |volume=60 |issue=1562 |pages=206–208 |pmid=30625123}}</ref><ref name="pmid34219543" /> Overdose of only a small number of capsules fi be fatal.<ref name="pmid34219543">{{cite journal | vauthors = Minhaj FS, Leonard JB | title = A description of the clinical course of severe benzonatate poisonings reported in the literature and to NPDS: A systematic review supplemented with NPDS cases | journal = Hum Exp Toxicol | volume = 40 | issue = 12_suppl | pages = S39–S48 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34219543 | doi = 10.1177/09603271211030560 | bibcode = 2021HETox..40S..39M | s2cid = 235735410 | url = }}</ref> Chewing or sucking on the capsule, releasing the drug into the mouth, can also lead to [[laryngospasm]], [[bronchospasm]], and [[circulatory collapse]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> E be unclear if ein use insyd [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] while on de medication be safe.<ref name=Preg2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benzonatate.html|title=Benzonatate Use During Pregnancy|date=10 October 2019|website=Drugs.com|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref> Benzonatate be a [[local anesthetic]] den [[voltage-gated sodium channel]] [[sodium channel blocker|blocker]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benzonatate |url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00868 |access-date=2026-10-16 |website=go.drugbank.com |language=en}}</ref> E be theorized to work by inhibiting [[pulmonary stretch receptor|stretch receptors insyd de lungs]], in turn dey suppress de [[cough reflex]] insyd de brain.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Benzonatate be [[structural analog|structurally related]] to oda local anesthetics like [[procaine]] den [[tetracaine]].<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="pmid18771744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dicpinigaitis PV |date=April 2009 |title=Currently available antitussives |url= |journal=Pulm Pharmacol Ther |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=148–51 |doi=10.1016/j.pupt.2008.08.002 |pmid=18771744}}</ref> Na dem discover benzonatate insyd 1956 wey na dem approve am for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1958.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Homsi2001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Homsi J, Walsh D, Nelson KA |date=November 2001 |title=Important drugs for cough in advanced cancer |journal=Supportive Care in Cancer |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=565–574 |doi=10.1007/s005200100252 |pmid=11762966 |s2cid=25881426}}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=ML2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Drugs for cough | journal = The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics | volume = 60 | issue = 1562 | pages = 206–208 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30625123 }}</ref> Availability worldwide be limited, plus de drug remain marketed only insyd de United States den [[Mexico]].<ref name="pmid18771744" /><ref name=Wal2008>{{cite book | vauthors = Walsh TD, Caraceni AT, Fainsinger R, Foley KM, Glare P, Goh C, Lloyd-Williams M, Olarte JN, Radbruch L |title=Palliative Medicine E-Book |date=2008 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9781437721942 |page=751 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0xgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA751 }}</ref><ref name="SchweizerischerApotheker-Verein2000">{{cite book |author=Schweizerischer Apotheker-Verein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA109 |title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory |publisher=Medpharm Scientific Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-88763-075-1 |page=109 |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 122nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more tdan 5{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ClinCalc Benzonatate">{{cite web | title = Benzonatate Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Benzonatate | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> Na a 2023 [[systematic review]] find say der be inadequate evidence to support de effectiveness den safety of benzonatate for cough den highlighted rising safety concerns.<ref name="pmid36688284">{{cite journal | vauthors = Costantino RC, Leonard J, Gorman EF, Ventura D, Baltz A, Gressler LE | title = Benzonatate Safety and Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of the Literature | journal = Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 57 | issue = 10 | pages = 1221–1236 | date = October 2023 | pmid = 36688284 | doi = 10.1177/10600280221135750 | s2cid = 256102939 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:4-Aminobenzoate esters]] [[Category:Antitussives]] [[Category:Glycol ethers]] [[Category:Local anesthetics]] [[Category:Methoxy compounds]] [[Category:Secondary amines]] [[Category:Sodium channel blockers]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ovv0fn7h6007h6zxebotz4tqhj8iutl 14 31033 114926 2026-10-16T16:41:03Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114926 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31034 114927 2026-10-16T16:54:34Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504456|Pneumothorax]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114927 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114928 114927 2026-10-16T17:21:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''pneumothorax''' be a collection of air insyd de [[pleural space]] between de [[lung]] den de [[chest wall]].<ref name="BMJ20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bintcliffe O, Maskell N |date=May 2014 |title=Spontaneous pneumothorax |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue=may08 1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2928 |pmid=24812003 |s2cid=32575512 |article-number=g2928}}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp, one-sided [[chest pain]] den [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]].<ref name="NIH2011Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061144/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> Insyd a minority of cases, a one-way valve be formed by an area of damaged [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], insyd wich case de air pressure insyd de space between chest wall den lungs fi be higher; dis be historically referred to as a tension pneumothorax, although ein existence among spontaneous episodes be a matter of debate.<ref name="BMJ20142" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson G, Vincent S, Ferns J | title = Spontaneous tension pneumothorax: what is it and does it exist? | journal = Intern Med J | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 1157–60 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23227475 | doi = 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02910.x }}</ref> Dis fi cause a steadily worsening [[Hypoxia (medical)|oxygen shortage]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], wey dey lead to a potentially-fatal [[obstructive shock]] unless dem reverse.<ref name="BMJ20142" /> Very rarely, both lungs fi be affected by a pneumothorax.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morjaria JB, Lakshminarayana UB, Liu-Shiu-Cheong P, Kastelik JA | title = Pneumothorax: a tale of pain or spontaneity | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 269–273 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25364493 | pmc = 4205574 | doi = 10.1177/2040622314551549 }}</ref> E be often called a "'''collapsed lung'''", although dat term sanso fi refer to [[atelectasis]].<ref name="Or2004">{{cite book| vauthors = Orenstein DM |title=Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-4152-1|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212134/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|archive-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 0qgz595m776y5edd08cb4wljqz9rtjg 114929 114928 2026-10-16T17:30:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''pneumothorax''' be a collection of air insyd de [[pleural space]] between de [[lung]] den de [[chest wall]].<ref name="BMJ20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bintcliffe O, Maskell N |date=May 2014 |title=Spontaneous pneumothorax |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue=may08 1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2928 |pmid=24812003 |s2cid=32575512 |article-number=g2928}}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp, one-sided [[chest pain]] den [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]].<ref name="NIH2011Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061144/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> Insyd a minority of cases, a one-way valve be formed by an area of damaged [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], insyd wich case de air pressure insyd de space between chest wall den lungs fi be higher; dis be historically referred to as a tension pneumothorax, although ein existence among spontaneous episodes be a matter of debate.<ref name="BMJ20142" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson G, Vincent S, Ferns J | title = Spontaneous tension pneumothorax: what is it and does it exist? | journal = Intern Med J | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 1157–60 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23227475 | doi = 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02910.x }}</ref> Dis fi cause a steadily worsening [[Hypoxia (medical)|oxygen shortage]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], wey dey lead to a potentially-fatal [[obstructive shock]] unless dem reverse.<ref name="BMJ20142" /> Very rarely, both lungs fi be affected by a pneumothorax.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morjaria JB, Lakshminarayana UB, Liu-Shiu-Cheong P, Kastelik JA | title = Pneumothorax: a tale of pain or spontaneity | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 269–273 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25364493 | pmc = 4205574 | doi = 10.1177/2040622314551549 }}</ref> E be often called a "'''collapsed lung'''", although dat term sanso fi refer to [[atelectasis]].<ref name="Or2004">{{cite book| vauthors = Orenstein DM |title=Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-4152-1|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212134/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|archive-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> A primary spontaneous pneumothorax be one wey dey occur widout an apparent cause den insyd de absence of significant [[lung disease]].<ref name=BMJ2014/> Ein occurrence be fundamentally a nuisance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Light RW | title = Management of spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = Am Rev Respir Dis | date = 1993 | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 245–8 | pmid = 8317808 | doi = 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.245}}</ref> A secondary spontaneous pneumothorax dey occur insyd de presence of existing lung disease.<ref name="BMJ2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bintcliffe O, Maskell N | title = Spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | article-number = g2928 | date = May 2014 | issue = may08 1 | pmid = 24812003 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.g2928 | s2cid = 32575512 }}</ref><ref name="Weinberger">{{cite book | vauthors = Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandel J |title=Principles of Pulmonary Medicine |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-52371-4 |pages=215–216 |edition=7th}}</ref> Smoking dey increase de risk of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, while de main underlying causes for secondary pneumothorax be [[COPD]], [[asthma]], den [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=BMJ2014/><ref name=NIH2011Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061131/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> A traumatic pneumothorax fi develop from [[physical trauma]] to de [[chest]] (wey dey include a [[blast injury]]) anaa from a [[iatrogenesis|complication of a healthcare intervention]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slade M | title = Management of pneumothorax and prolonged air leak | journal = Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 706–714 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25463161 | doi = 10.1055/s-0034-1395502 | s2cid = 35518356 }}</ref><ref name="Wolf2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf SJ, Bebarta VS, Bonnett CJ, Pons PT, Cantrill SV | title = Blast injuries | journal = Lancet | volume = 374 | issue = 9687 | pages = 405–415 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19631372 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60257-9 | s2cid = 13746434 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s0hcebawr58d186iwk638r2zgeo31yw 114930 114929 2026-10-16T17:35:33Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''pneumothorax''' be a collection of air insyd de [[pleural space]] between de [[lung]] den de [[chest wall]].<ref name="BMJ20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bintcliffe O, Maskell N |date=May 2014 |title=Spontaneous pneumothorax |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue=may08 1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2928 |pmid=24812003 |s2cid=32575512 |article-number=g2928}}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp, one-sided [[chest pain]] den [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]].<ref name="NIH2011Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061144/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> Insyd a minority of cases, a one-way valve be formed by an area of damaged [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], insyd wich case de air pressure insyd de space between chest wall den lungs fi be higher; dis be historically referred to as a tension pneumothorax, although ein existence among spontaneous episodes be a matter of debate.<ref name="BMJ20142" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson G, Vincent S, Ferns J | title = Spontaneous tension pneumothorax: what is it and does it exist? | journal = Intern Med J | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 1157–60 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23227475 | doi = 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02910.x }}</ref> Dis fi cause a steadily worsening [[Hypoxia (medical)|oxygen shortage]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], wey dey lead to a potentially-fatal [[obstructive shock]] unless dem reverse.<ref name="BMJ20142" /> Very rarely, both lungs fi be affected by a pneumothorax.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morjaria JB, Lakshminarayana UB, Liu-Shiu-Cheong P, Kastelik JA | title = Pneumothorax: a tale of pain or spontaneity | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 269–273 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25364493 | pmc = 4205574 | doi = 10.1177/2040622314551549 }}</ref> E be often called a "'''collapsed lung'''", although dat term sanso fi refer to [[atelectasis]].<ref name="Or2004">{{cite book| vauthors = Orenstein DM |title=Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-4152-1|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212134/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|archive-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> A primary spontaneous pneumothorax be one wey dey occur widout an apparent cause den insyd de absence of significant [[lung disease]].<ref name=BMJ2014/> Ein occurrence be fundamentally a nuisance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Light RW | title = Management of spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = Am Rev Respir Dis | date = 1993 | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 245–8 | pmid = 8317808 | doi = 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.245}}</ref> A secondary spontaneous pneumothorax dey occur insyd de presence of existing lung disease.<ref name="BMJ2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bintcliffe O, Maskell N | title = Spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | article-number = g2928 | date = May 2014 | issue = may08 1 | pmid = 24812003 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.g2928 | s2cid = 32575512 }}</ref><ref name="Weinberger">{{cite book | vauthors = Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandel J |title=Principles of Pulmonary Medicine |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-52371-4 |pages=215–216 |edition=7th}}</ref> Smoking dey increase de risk of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, while de main underlying causes for secondary pneumothorax be [[COPD]], [[asthma]], den [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=BMJ2014/><ref name=NIH2011Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061131/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> A traumatic pneumothorax fi develop from [[physical trauma]] to de [[chest]] (wey dey include a [[blast injury]]) anaa from a [[iatrogenesis|complication of a healthcare intervention]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slade M | title = Management of pneumothorax and prolonged air leak | journal = Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 706–714 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25463161 | doi = 10.1055/s-0034-1395502 | s2cid = 35518356 }}</ref><ref name="Wolf2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf SJ, Bebarta VS, Bonnett CJ, Pons PT, Cantrill SV | title = Blast injuries | journal = Lancet | volume = 374 | issue = 9687 | pages = 405–415 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19631372 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60257-9 | s2cid = 13746434 }}</ref> Diagnosis of a pneumothorax by [[physical examination]] alone fi be difficult (particularly insyd smaller pneumothoraces).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D | title = Pneumothorax in the critically ill patient | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 4 | pages = 1098–1105 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22474153 | doi = 10.1378/chest.11-1691 | s2cid = 207386345 }}</ref> A [[chest radiograph|chest X-ray]], [[X-ray computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scan, anaa [[ultrasound]] usually be used to confirm ein presence.<ref name="Chen2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen L, Zhang Z | title = Bedside ultrasonography for diagnosis of pneumothorax | journal = Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 618–623 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26435925 | pmc = 4559988 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.05.04 }}</ref> Oda conditions wey fi result in similar symptoms dey include a [[hemothorax]] (buildup of [[blood]] insyd de pleural space), [[pulmonary embolism]], den [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref name=NIH2011Sym/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Peters JR, Egan D, Mick NW | veditors = Nadel ES |title=Blueprints Emergency Medicine|date=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4051-0461-6|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&pg=PA44|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041122/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&pg=PA44|archive-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> A large [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease#Pathophysiology|bulla]] fi look similar on a chest X-ray.<ref name=BMJ2014/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2foxehb80k2k5yhz0dfe6eqw4wibqfm 114931 114930 2026-10-16T17:41:39Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''pneumothorax''' be a collection of air insyd de [[pleural space]] between de [[lung]] den de [[chest wall]].<ref name="BMJ20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bintcliffe O, Maskell N |date=May 2014 |title=Spontaneous pneumothorax |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue=may08 1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2928 |pmid=24812003 |s2cid=32575512 |article-number=g2928}}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp, one-sided [[chest pain]] den [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]].<ref name="NIH2011Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061144/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> Insyd a minority of cases, a one-way valve be formed by an area of damaged [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], insyd wich case de air pressure insyd de space between chest wall den lungs fi be higher; dis be historically referred to as a tension pneumothorax, although ein existence among spontaneous episodes be a matter of debate.<ref name="BMJ20142" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson G, Vincent S, Ferns J | title = Spontaneous tension pneumothorax: what is it and does it exist? | journal = Intern Med J | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 1157–60 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23227475 | doi = 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02910.x }}</ref> Dis fi cause a steadily worsening [[Hypoxia (medical)|oxygen shortage]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], wey dey lead to a potentially-fatal [[obstructive shock]] unless dem reverse.<ref name="BMJ20142" /> Very rarely, both lungs fi be affected by a pneumothorax.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morjaria JB, Lakshminarayana UB, Liu-Shiu-Cheong P, Kastelik JA | title = Pneumothorax: a tale of pain or spontaneity | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 269–273 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25364493 | pmc = 4205574 | doi = 10.1177/2040622314551549 }}</ref> E be often called a "'''collapsed lung'''", although dat term sanso fi refer to [[atelectasis]].<ref name="Or2004">{{cite book| vauthors = Orenstein DM |title=Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-4152-1|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212134/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|archive-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> A primary spontaneous pneumothorax be one wey dey occur widout an apparent cause den insyd de absence of significant [[lung disease]].<ref name=BMJ2014/> Ein occurrence be fundamentally a nuisance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Light RW | title = Management of spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = Am Rev Respir Dis | date = 1993 | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 245–8 | pmid = 8317808 | doi = 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.245}}</ref> A secondary spontaneous pneumothorax dey occur insyd de presence of existing lung disease.<ref name="BMJ2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bintcliffe O, Maskell N | title = Spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | article-number = g2928 | date = May 2014 | issue = may08 1 | pmid = 24812003 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.g2928 | s2cid = 32575512 }}</ref><ref name="Weinberger">{{cite book | vauthors = Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandel J |title=Principles of Pulmonary Medicine |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-52371-4 |pages=215–216 |edition=7th}}</ref> Smoking dey increase de risk of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, while de main underlying causes for secondary pneumothorax be [[COPD]], [[asthma]], den [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=BMJ2014/><ref name=NIH2011Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061131/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> A traumatic pneumothorax fi develop from [[physical trauma]] to de [[chest]] (wey dey include a [[blast injury]]) anaa from a [[iatrogenesis|complication of a healthcare intervention]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slade M | title = Management of pneumothorax and prolonged air leak | journal = Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 706–714 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25463161 | doi = 10.1055/s-0034-1395502 | s2cid = 35518356 }}</ref><ref name="Wolf2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf SJ, Bebarta VS, Bonnett CJ, Pons PT, Cantrill SV | title = Blast injuries | journal = Lancet | volume = 374 | issue = 9687 | pages = 405–415 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19631372 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60257-9 | s2cid = 13746434 }}</ref> Diagnosis of a pneumothorax by [[physical examination]] alone fi be difficult (particularly insyd smaller pneumothoraces).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D | title = Pneumothorax in the critically ill patient | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 4 | pages = 1098–1105 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22474153 | doi = 10.1378/chest.11-1691 | s2cid = 207386345 }}</ref> A [[chest radiograph|chest X-ray]], [[X-ray computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scan, anaa [[ultrasound]] usually be used to confirm ein presence.<ref name="Chen2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen L, Zhang Z | title = Bedside ultrasonography for diagnosis of pneumothorax | journal = Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 618–623 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26435925 | pmc = 4559988 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.05.04 }}</ref> Oda conditions wey fi result in similar symptoms dey include a [[hemothorax]] (buildup of [[blood]] insyd de pleural space), [[pulmonary embolism]], den [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref name=NIH2011Sym/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Peters JR, Egan D, Mick NW | veditors = Nadel ES |title=Blueprints Emergency Medicine|date=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4051-0461-6|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&pg=PA44|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041122/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&pg=PA44|archive-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> A large [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease#Pathophysiology|bulla]] fi look similar on a chest X-ray.<ref name=BMJ2014/> A small spontaneous pneumothorax go typically resolve widout treatment den dey require only monitoring.<ref name=BMJ2014/> Dis approach fi be most appropriate insyd people wey no get underlying lung disease.<ref name=BMJ2014/> Insyd a larger pneumothorax, anaa if der be shortness of breath, de air fi be removed plus a [[syringe]] anaa a [[chest tube]] connected to a one-way valve system.<ref name=BMJ2014/> Occasionally, [[surgery]] fi be required if tube drainage be unsuccessful, anaa as a preventive measure, if der be repeated episodes.<ref name=BMJ2014/> De surgical treatments usually dey involve [[pleurodesis]] (insyd wich de layers of [[pleura]] be induced to stick togeda) anaa [[pleurectomy]] (de surgical removal of pleural membranes).<ref name=BMJ2014/> Conservative management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax be noninferior to interventional management, plus a lower risk of serious adverse events.<ref> {{ cite journal | vauthors = Brown SG, Ball EL, Perrin K, Asha SE, etal | title = Conservative versus Interventional Treatment for Spontaneous Pneumothorax | journal = N Engl J Med | date = 2020 | volume = 382 | issue = 5 | pages = 405–415 | pmid = 31995686 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1910775 }}</ref> About 17–23 cases of pneumothorax dey occur per 100,000 people per year.<ref name=BMJ2014/><ref name=Chen2015/> Dem be more common insyd men dan women.<ref name=BMJ2014/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] liefed6u4734aqrieltpa7vozukeozu 114932 114931 2026-10-16T17:47:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''pneumothorax''' be a collection of air insyd de [[pleural space]] between de [[lung]] den de [[chest wall]].<ref name="BMJ20142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bintcliffe O, Maskell N |date=May 2014 |title=Spontaneous pneumothorax |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue=may08 1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g2928 |pmid=24812003 |s2cid=32575512 |article-number=g2928}}</ref> Symptoms typically dey include sudden onset of sharp, one-sided [[chest pain]] den [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]].<ref name="NIH2011Sym">{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061144/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/signs|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> Insyd a minority of cases, a one-way valve be formed by an area of damaged [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]], insyd wich case de air pressure insyd de space between chest wall den lungs fi be higher; dis be historically referred to as a tension pneumothorax, although ein existence among spontaneous episodes be a matter of debate.<ref name="BMJ20142" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Simpson G, Vincent S, Ferns J | title = Spontaneous tension pneumothorax: what is it and does it exist? | journal = Intern Med J | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 1157–60 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23227475 | doi = 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02910.x }}</ref> Dis fi cause a steadily worsening [[Hypoxia (medical)|oxygen shortage]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], wey dey lead to a potentially-fatal [[obstructive shock]] unless dem reverse.<ref name="BMJ20142" /> Very rarely, both lungs fi be affected by a pneumothorax.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morjaria JB, Lakshminarayana UB, Liu-Shiu-Cheong P, Kastelik JA | title = Pneumothorax: a tale of pain or spontaneity | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 269–273 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25364493 | pmc = 4205574 | doi = 10.1177/2040622314551549 }}</ref> E be often called a "'''collapsed lung'''", although dat term sanso fi refer to [[atelectasis]].<ref name="Or2004">{{cite book| vauthors = Orenstein DM |title=Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-4152-1|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212134/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BGefk9zBqlgC&pg=PA62|archive-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> A primary spontaneous pneumothorax be one wey dey occur widout an apparent cause den insyd de absence of significant [[lung disease]].<ref name=BMJ2014/> Ein occurrence be fundamentally a nuisance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Light RW | title = Management of spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = Am Rev Respir Dis | date = 1993 | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 245–8 | pmid = 8317808 | doi = 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.245}}</ref> A secondary spontaneous pneumothorax dey occur insyd de presence of existing lung disease.<ref name="BMJ2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bintcliffe O, Maskell N | title = Spontaneous pneumothorax | journal = BMJ | volume = 348 | article-number = g2928 | date = May 2014 | issue = may08 1 | pmid = 24812003 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.g2928 | s2cid = 32575512 }}</ref><ref name="Weinberger">{{cite book | vauthors = Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandel J |title=Principles of Pulmonary Medicine |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-52371-4 |pages=215–216 |edition=7th}}</ref> Smoking dey increase de risk of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, while de main underlying causes for secondary pneumothorax be [[COPD]], [[asthma]], den [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=BMJ2014/><ref name=NIH2011Cau>{{cite web|title=What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=31 October 2016|date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008061131/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pleurisy/causes|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> A traumatic pneumothorax fi develop from [[physical trauma]] to de [[chest]] (wey dey include a [[blast injury]]) anaa from a [[iatrogenesis|complication of a healthcare intervention]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slade M | title = Management of pneumothorax and prolonged air leak | journal = Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 35 | issue = 6 | pages = 706–714 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25463161 | doi = 10.1055/s-0034-1395502 | s2cid = 35518356 }}</ref><ref name="Wolf2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf SJ, Bebarta VS, Bonnett CJ, Pons PT, Cantrill SV | title = Blast injuries | journal = Lancet | volume = 374 | issue = 9687 | pages = 405–415 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19631372 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60257-9 | s2cid = 13746434 }}</ref> Diagnosis of a pneumothorax by [[physical examination]] alone fi be difficult (particularly insyd smaller pneumothoraces).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D | title = Pneumothorax in the critically ill patient | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 4 | pages = 1098–1105 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22474153 | doi = 10.1378/chest.11-1691 | s2cid = 207386345 }}</ref> A [[chest radiograph|chest X-ray]], [[X-ray computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scan, anaa [[ultrasound]] usually be used to confirm ein presence.<ref name="Chen2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen L, Zhang Z | title = Bedside ultrasonography for diagnosis of pneumothorax | journal = Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 618–623 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26435925 | pmc = 4559988 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.05.04 }}</ref> Oda conditions wey fi result in similar symptoms dey include a [[hemothorax]] (buildup of [[blood]] insyd de pleural space), [[pulmonary embolism]], den [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref name=NIH2011Sym/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Peters JR, Egan D, Mick NW | veditors = Nadel ES |title=Blueprints Emergency Medicine|date=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4051-0461-6|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&pg=PA44|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041122/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&pg=PA44|archive-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> A large [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease#Pathophysiology|bulla]] fi look similar on a chest X-ray.<ref name=BMJ2014/> A small spontaneous pneumothorax go typically resolve widout treatment den dey require only monitoring.<ref name=BMJ2014/> Dis approach fi be most appropriate insyd people wey no get underlying lung disease.<ref name=BMJ2014/> Insyd a larger pneumothorax, anaa if der be shortness of breath, de air fi be removed plus a [[syringe]] anaa a [[chest tube]] connected to a one-way valve system.<ref name=BMJ2014/> Occasionally, [[surgery]] fi be required if tube drainage be unsuccessful, anaa as a preventive measure, if der be repeated episodes.<ref name=BMJ2014/> De surgical treatments usually dey involve [[pleurodesis]] (insyd wich de layers of [[pleura]] be induced to stick togeda) anaa [[pleurectomy]] (de surgical removal of pleural membranes).<ref name=BMJ2014/> Conservative management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax be noninferior to interventional management, plus a lower risk of serious adverse events.<ref> {{ cite journal | vauthors = Brown SG, Ball EL, Perrin K, Asha SE, etal | title = Conservative versus Interventional Treatment for Spontaneous Pneumothorax | journal = N Engl J Med | date = 2020 | volume = 382 | issue = 5 | pages = 405–415 | pmid = 31995686 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1910775 }}</ref> About 17–23 cases of pneumothorax dey occur per 100,000 people per year.<ref name=BMJ2014/><ref name=Chen2015/> Dem be more common insyd men dan women.<ref name=BMJ2014/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chest trauma]] [[Category:Disorders of fascia]] [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0ggiku073gbdsloqh9n2wba2hh7a1ar 14 31035 114933 2026-10-16T17:48:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114933 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31036 114934 2026-10-16T18:28:27Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500178|Adenosine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114935 114934 2026-10-16T18:33:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adenosine''' be a [[endogeny (biology)|chemical dem find insyd mammals]] wich sanso be used as a medication.<ref name=AP2014>{{cite book |title=Adenosine Receptors in Neurology and Psychiatry |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801318-2 |page=XV |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205455/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014135440/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |date=2022-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> As a medication e be used to treat anaa diagnosis certain forms of [[supraventricular tachycardia]] wey no dey improve plus [[vagal maneuver]]s.<ref name=AHFS2020>{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}</ref> E generally be used by rapid injection into a vein.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Onset of action be within 40 seconds den effects dey last for less dan 2 minutes.<ref name=Ae2015>{{cite book |last1=Aehlert |first1=Barbara J. |title=ECGs Made Easy - E-Book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-39150-4 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |page=116 |year=2015 |access-date=29 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |date=27 August 2021 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 6yb8z2zsyui1xk4rcqi7ls022f897c3 114936 114935 2026-10-16T18:35:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adenosine''' be a [[endogeny (biology)|chemical dem find insyd mammals]] wich sanso be used as a medication.<ref name=AP2014>{{cite book |title=Adenosine Receptors in Neurology and Psychiatry |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801318-2 |page=XV |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205455/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014135440/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |date=2022-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> As a medication e be used to treat anaa diagnosis certain forms of [[supraventricular tachycardia]] wey no dey improve plus [[vagal maneuver]]s.<ref name=AHFS2020>{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}</ref> E generally be used by rapid injection into a vein.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Onset of action be within 40 seconds den effects dey last for less dan 2 minutes.<ref name=Ae2015>{{cite book |last1=Aehlert |first1=Barbara J. |title=ECGs Made Easy - E-Book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-39150-4 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |page=116 |year=2015 |access-date=29 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |date=27 August 2021 }}</ref> Common side effects dey include chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, den [[Hypoesthesia|tingling of de skin]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Serious side effects dey include a worsening [[Arrhythmia|dysrhythmia]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> While e fi be used during [[pregnancy]], safety no be entirely clear.<ref name=Preg2020>{{cite web |title=Adenosine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=28 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |date=5 December 2020 }}</ref> Adenosine be one of four [[nucleoside]] building blocks to [[RNA]].<ref name=AP2014/> E dey work by decreasing de frequency by wich electrical signals fi go thru de [[Atrioventricular node|AV node]] of de heart.<ref name=AHFS2020/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7ahidque3m07c6lsut6zpzu9hrpd8a3 114937 114936 2026-10-16T18:39:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adenosine''' be a [[endogeny (biology)|chemical dem find insyd mammals]] wich sanso be used as a medication.<ref name=AP2014>{{cite book |title=Adenosine Receptors in Neurology and Psychiatry |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801318-2 |page=XV |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205455/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014135440/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |date=2022-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> As a medication e be used to treat anaa diagnosis certain forms of [[supraventricular tachycardia]] wey no dey improve plus [[vagal maneuver]]s.<ref name=AHFS2020>{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}</ref> E generally be used by rapid injection into a vein.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Onset of action be within 40 seconds den effects dey last for less dan 2 minutes.<ref name=Ae2015>{{cite book |last1=Aehlert |first1=Barbara J. |title=ECGs Made Easy - E-Book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-39150-4 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |page=116 |year=2015 |access-date=29 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |date=27 August 2021 }}</ref> Common side effects dey include chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, den [[Hypoesthesia|tingling of de skin]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Serious side effects dey include a worsening [[Arrhythmia|dysrhythmia]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> While e fi be used during [[pregnancy]], safety no be entirely clear.<ref name=Preg2020>{{cite web |title=Adenosine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=28 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |date=5 December 2020 }}</ref> Adenosine be one of four [[nucleoside]] building blocks to [[RNA]].<ref name=AP2014/> E dey work by decreasing de frequency by wich electrical signals fi go thru de [[Atrioventricular node|AV node]] of de heart.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Adenosine be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1989.<ref name=AHFS2020/> E; however, be studied within living systems since de 1920s.<ref name=AP2014/> Adenosine be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF79>{{cite book |title=BNF 79 |date=March 2020 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London |isbn=978-0857113658 |page=110}}</ref> It is not expensive.<ref name=Hitch2019>{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=34-35|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] insyd 2020 a 6 mg dose costs de NHS about a pound.<ref name=BNF79/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ejqhg385ladxh1gib4e7wp7yp4uju7h 114938 114937 2026-10-16T18:42:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adenosine''' be a [[endogeny (biology)|chemical dem find insyd mammals]] wich sanso be used as a medication.<ref name=AP2014>{{cite book |title=Adenosine Receptors in Neurology and Psychiatry |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801318-2 |page=XV |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205455/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014135440/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |date=2022-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> As a medication e be used to treat anaa diagnosis certain forms of [[supraventricular tachycardia]] wey no dey improve plus [[vagal maneuver]]s.<ref name=AHFS2020>{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}</ref> E generally be used by rapid injection into a vein.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Onset of action be within 40 seconds den effects dey last for less dan 2 minutes.<ref name=Ae2015>{{cite book |last1=Aehlert |first1=Barbara J. |title=ECGs Made Easy - E-Book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-39150-4 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |page=116 |year=2015 |access-date=29 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |date=27 August 2021 }}</ref> Common side effects dey include chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, den [[Hypoesthesia|tingling of de skin]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Serious side effects dey include a worsening [[Arrhythmia|dysrhythmia]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> While e fi be used during [[pregnancy]], safety no be entirely clear.<ref name=Preg2020>{{cite web |title=Adenosine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=28 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |date=5 December 2020 }}</ref> Adenosine be one of four [[nucleoside]] building blocks to [[RNA]].<ref name=AP2014/> E dey work by decreasing de frequency by wich electrical signals fi go thru de [[Atrioventricular node|AV node]] of de heart.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Adenosine be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1989.<ref name=AHFS2020/> E; however, be studied within living systems since de 1920s.<ref name=AP2014/> Adenosine be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF79>{{cite book |title=BNF 79 |date=March 2020 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London |isbn=978-0857113658 |page=110}}</ref> It is not expensive.<ref name=Hitch2019>{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=34-35|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] insyd 2020 a 6 mg dose costs de NHS about a pound.<ref name=BNF79/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Adenosine receptor agonists]] [[Category:Antiarrhythmic agents]] [[Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]] [[Category:Drugs acting on de cardiovascular system]] [[Category:Ghrelin receptor agonists]] [[Category:Nucleosides]] [[Category:Purines]] [[Category:Neurotransmitters]] [[Category:Vasodilators]] [[Category:Hydroxymethyl compounds]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] m5eggb6ul8vsvr8ooz08807xip093x7 114940 114938 2026-10-16T18:44:45Z DaSupremo 9 Change category 114940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adenosine''' be a [[endogeny (biology)|chemical dem find insyd mammals]] wich sanso be used as a medication.<ref name=AP2014>{{cite book |title=Adenosine Receptors in Neurology and Psychiatry |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801318-2 |page=XV |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205455/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014135440/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |date=2022-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> As a medication e be used to treat anaa diagnosis certain forms of [[supraventricular tachycardia]] wey no dey improve plus [[vagal maneuver]]s.<ref name=AHFS2020>{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}</ref> E generally be used by rapid injection into a vein.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Onset of action be within 40 seconds den effects dey last for less dan 2 minutes.<ref name=Ae2015>{{cite book |last1=Aehlert |first1=Barbara J. |title=ECGs Made Easy - E-Book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-39150-4 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |page=116 |year=2015 |access-date=29 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |date=27 August 2021 }}</ref> Common side effects dey include chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, den [[Hypoesthesia|tingling of de skin]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Serious side effects dey include a worsening [[Arrhythmia|dysrhythmia]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> While e fi be used during [[pregnancy]], safety no be entirely clear.<ref name=Preg2020>{{cite web |title=Adenosine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=28 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205062314/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/adenosine.html |date=5 December 2020 }}</ref> Adenosine be one of four [[nucleoside]] building blocks to [[RNA]].<ref name=AP2014/> E dey work by decreasing de frequency by wich electrical signals fi go thru de [[Atrioventricular node|AV node]] of de heart.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Adenosine be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1989.<ref name=AHFS2020/> E; however, be studied within living systems since de 1920s.<ref name=AP2014/> Adenosine be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=BNF79>{{cite book |title=BNF 79 |date=March 2020 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London |isbn=978-0857113658 |page=110}}</ref> It is not expensive.<ref name=Hitch2019>{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=34-35|language=en|access-date=2021-11-09|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] insyd 2020 a 6 mg dose costs de NHS about a pound.<ref name=BNF79/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Adenosine receptor agonists]] [[Category:Antiarrhythmic agents]] [[Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]] [[Category:Drugs wey dey act on de cardiovascular system]] [[Category:Ghrelin receptor agonists]] [[Category:Nucleosides]] [[Category:Purines]] [[Category:Neurotransmitters]] [[Category:Vasodilators]] [[Category:Hydroxymethyl compounds]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9brfcn3ln97s4u2s3tfg1g5d1507cd7 14 31037 114939 2026-10-16T18:43:46Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114939 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31038 114941 2026-10-16T18:45:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114941 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31039 114942 2026-10-16T18:45:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114942 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31040 114943 2026-10-16T18:45:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114943 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31041 114944 2026-10-16T18:46:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114944 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31042 114945 2026-10-16T18:47:56Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1502059|Flunitrazepam]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114946 114945 2026-10-16T18:54:53Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adenosine''' be a [[endogeny (biology)|chemical dem find insyd mammals]] wich sanso be used as a medication.<ref name=AP2014>{{cite book |title=Adenosine Receptors in Neurology and Psychiatry |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801318-2 |page=XV |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2021-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205455/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014135440/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pgZ0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |date=2022-10-14 }}</ref><ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite book|title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-3-88763-075-1|pages=18–|access-date=2016-01-05|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504043944/https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref> As a medication e be used to treat anaa diagnosis certain forms of [[supraventricular tachycardia]] wey no dey improve plus [[vagal maneuver]]s.<ref name=AHFS2020>{{cite web|title=Adenosine|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=Sep 27, 2020|archive-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143734/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/adenosine.html |date=December 23, 2014 }}</ref> E generally be used by rapid injection into a vein.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Onset of action be within 40 seconds den effects dey last for less dan 2 minutes.<ref name=Ae2015>{{cite book |last1=Aehlert |first1=Barbara J. |title=ECGs Made Easy - E-Book |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-39150-4 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |page=116 |year=2015 |access-date=29 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827205456/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/ECGs_Made_Easy_E_Book/jg9qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=adenosine+onset+of+action&pg=PA116 |date=27 August 2021 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 6yb8z2zsyui1xk4rcqi7ls022f897c3 114947 114946 2026-10-16T19:12:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Flunitrazepam''', dem sanso know as '''Rohypnol''' among oda names, be a [[benzodiazepine]] wich be used to treat [[insomnia|trouble sleeping]] den to assist plus [[anesthesia]].<ref name="NSW-PSB">{{cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pharmaceutical/Documents/guide-flunitraz-alpraz.pdf|title=Prescribing of Benzodiazepines Alprazolam and Flunitrazepam|work=Pharmaceutical Services Branch|publisher=New South Wales Health|date=November 2013|access-date=October 4, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020093546/https://www0.health.nsw.gov.au/pharmaceutical/Documents/guide-flunitraz-alpraz.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Gah2003>{{cite book |last1=Gahlinger |first1=Paul |title=Illegal Drugs |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-5024-6 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kPszgXPVQAsC&pg=PA279 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085744/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kPszgXPVQAsC&pg=PA279 |url-status=live }}</ref> E no be an initially recommended treatment wey only be recommended for short-term use.<ref name="NSW-PSB"/><ref name=Mu2014>{{cite book |last1=Muir-Cochrane |first1=Eimear |last2=Barkway |first2=Patricia |last3=Nizette |first3=Debra |title=Mosby's Pocketbook of Mental Health - E-Book |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7295-8224-7 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=5DwPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085744/https://books.google.ca/books?id=5DwPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |url-status=live }}</ref> Side effects dey include a risk of abuse, night time eating, confusion, den withdrawal symptoms if dem stop suddenly after long term use.<ref name="NSW-PSB"/><ref name=Mey2016/><ref name=Ig2012/> Insyd high doses decreased efforts to breath den death fi result.<ref name=Ig2012>{{cite book |last1=Ignatavicius |first1=Donna D. |last2=Workman |first2=M. Linda |last3=Winkelman |first3=Chris |title=Clinical Companion for Medical-Surgical Nursing - E-Book: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care |date=2012 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4557-7257-5 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=lFwCKRCwAGsC&pg=PA81 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://books.google.ca/books?id=lFwCKRCwAGsC&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}</ref> After prolonged use de medication needs to be slowly stopped.<ref name=Ig2012/> Flunitrazepam be patented insyd 1962 wey e cam into medical use insyd 1974.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Jnos |last2=Ganellin |first2=C. Robin |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=53X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA53X |access-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Analogue_based_Drug_Discovery/FjKfqkaKkAAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA53X&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> E no be legally available insyd de [[United States]], [[Australia]], den New Zealand wey e be restricted insyd parts of [[Europe]].<ref name=Mey2016>{{cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=Jeffrey K. |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions |page=364 |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-53716-4 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NOKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA364 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NOKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA364 |url-status=live }}</ref> E be referred to as a [[date rape drug]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=R. H.|last2=Milteer|first2=R.|last3=LeBeau|first3=M. A.|date=June 2000|title=Drug-facilitated sexual assault ('date rape')|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=93|issue=6|pages=558–561|issn=0038-4348|pmid=10881768|doi=10.1097/00007611-200093060-00002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gautam|first1=Lata|last2=Sharratt|first2=Sarah D.|last3=Cole|first3=Michael D.|date=2014-02-19|title=Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault: Detection and Stability of Benzodiazepines in Spiked Drinks Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|pages=e89031|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0089031|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3929633|pmid=24586489|bibcode=2014PLoSO...989031G}}</ref> though de percentage of reported rape cases insyd wich e be involved be small.<ref name=EU>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines drug profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227191331/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/benzodiazepine |date=February 27, 2020 }}. Page last updated January 8, 2015</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] q6xwp0c5wvv9pzj4mrbwgwfvvqcgq84 114948 114947 2026-10-16T19:32:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Flunitrazepam''', dem sanso know as '''Rohypnol''' among oda names, be a [[benzodiazepine]] wich be used to treat [[insomnia|trouble sleeping]] den to assist plus [[anesthesia]].<ref name="NSW-PSB">{{cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pharmaceutical/Documents/guide-flunitraz-alpraz.pdf|title=Prescribing of Benzodiazepines Alprazolam and Flunitrazepam|work=Pharmaceutical Services Branch|publisher=New South Wales Health|date=November 2013|access-date=October 4, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020093546/https://www0.health.nsw.gov.au/pharmaceutical/Documents/guide-flunitraz-alpraz.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Gah2003>{{cite book |last1=Gahlinger |first1=Paul |title=Illegal Drugs |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-5024-6 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kPszgXPVQAsC&pg=PA279 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085744/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kPszgXPVQAsC&pg=PA279 |url-status=live }}</ref> E no be an initially recommended treatment wey only be recommended for short-term use.<ref name="NSW-PSB"/><ref name=Mu2014>{{cite book |last1=Muir-Cochrane |first1=Eimear |last2=Barkway |first2=Patricia |last3=Nizette |first3=Debra |title=Mosby's Pocketbook of Mental Health - E-Book |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7295-8224-7 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=5DwPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085744/https://books.google.ca/books?id=5DwPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |url-status=live }}</ref> Side effects dey include a risk of abuse, night time eating, confusion, den withdrawal symptoms if dem stop suddenly after long term use.<ref name="NSW-PSB"/><ref name=Mey2016/><ref name=Ig2012/> Insyd high doses decreased efforts to breath den death fi result.<ref name=Ig2012>{{cite book |last1=Ignatavicius |first1=Donna D. |last2=Workman |first2=M. Linda |last3=Winkelman |first3=Chris |title=Clinical Companion for Medical-Surgical Nursing - E-Book: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care |date=2012 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4557-7257-5 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=lFwCKRCwAGsC&pg=PA81 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://books.google.ca/books?id=lFwCKRCwAGsC&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}</ref> After prolonged use de medication needs to be slowly stopped.<ref name=Ig2012/> Flunitrazepam be patented insyd 1962 wey e cam into medical use insyd 1974.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Jnos |last2=Ganellin |first2=C. Robin |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=53X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA53X |access-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Analogue_based_Drug_Discovery/FjKfqkaKkAAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA53X&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> E no be legally available insyd de [[United States]], [[Australia]], den New Zealand wey e be restricted insyd parts of [[Europe]].<ref name=Mey2016>{{cite book |last1=Aronson |first1=Jeffrey K. |title=Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions |page=364 |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-53716-4 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NOKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA364 |language=en |access-date=October 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828085745/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NOKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA364 |url-status=live }}</ref> E be referred to as a [[date rape drug]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=R. H.|last2=Milteer|first2=R.|last3=LeBeau|first3=M. A.|date=June 2000|title=Drug-facilitated sexual assault ('date rape')|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=93|issue=6|pages=558–561|issn=0038-4348|pmid=10881768|doi=10.1097/00007611-200093060-00002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gautam|first1=Lata|last2=Sharratt|first2=Sarah D.|last3=Cole|first3=Michael D.|date=2014-02-19|title=Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault: Detection and Stability of Benzodiazepines in Spiked Drinks Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=2|pages=e89031|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0089031|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3929633|pmid=24586489|bibcode=2014PLoSO...989031G}}</ref> though de percentage of reported rape cases insyd wich e be involved be small.<ref name=EU>European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines drug profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227191331/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/benzodiazepine |date=February 27, 2020 }}. Page last updated January 8, 2015</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category|Flunitrazepam}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]] [[Category:Glycine receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Designer prodrugs]] [[Category:Drugs wey Hoffmann-La Roche develop]] [[Category:Lactams]] [[Category:Nitrobenzodiazepines]] [[Category:2-Fluorophenyl compounds]] [[Category:Drug culture]] [[Category:Drug-facilitated sexual assault]] [[Category:Hypnotics]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] epy1oct8jxfwifykyjpw05sj66avgq6 14 31043 114949 2026-10-16T19:33:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114949 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31044 114950 2026-10-16T19:35:21Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457157|Spironolactone]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114950 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114951 114950 2026-10-16T19:43:56Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Spironolactone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aldactone''' among odas, be classed as a [[diuretic]] [[medication]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/auth |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=amhonline.amh.net.au}}</ref> E fi be used to treat [[edema|fluid build-up]] secof [[hepatic cirrhosis|liver disease]] anaa [[kidney disease]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Spironolactone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116054857/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> E sanso be used to reduce risk of disease progression, hospitalization, den death secof sam types of heart failure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li S, Zhang X, Dong M, Gong S, Shang Z, Jia X, Chen W, Yang J, Li J | title = Effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | language = en-US | journal = Medicine | volume = 97 | issue = 35 | article-number = e11942 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30170387 | pmc = 6392615 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000011942 }}</ref> Oda uses dey include acne den excessive hair growth insyd women, [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]] wey no dey improve plus [[Potassium#Supplementation|supplementation]], high blood pressure wey be difficult to treat, den early puberty insyd boys.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman AJ | title = Spironolactone for Adult Female Acne | journal = Cutis | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 216–217 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 27141564 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Maizes V | date = 2015 | title = Integrative Women's Health | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition = 2 | page = 746 | isbn = 978-0-19-021480-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uveJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA746 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinnott SJ, Tomlinson LA, Root AA, Mathur R, Mansfield KE, Smeeth L, Douglas IJ | title = Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line antihypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = European Journal of Preventive Cardiology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–238 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27856806 | doi = 10.1177/2047487316675194 | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3157879/1/Comparative%20effectiveness%20of%204th%20line%20anti-hypertensive%20agents%20in%20resistant%20hypertension%3B%20A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20.pdf }}</ref> E sanso be used to [[Antiandrogen|block de effects]] of [[testosterone]] as a part of [[feminizing hormone therapy]]. Spironolactone usually be available insyd tablets, dem take [[oral administration|by mouth]], though topical forms sanso be available.<ref name=AHFS2015/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 49d1qkku4opbpgx7g5rux9hzq0k0r39 114952 114951 2026-10-16T19:49:56Z DaSupremo 9 Add references 114952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Spironolactone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aldactone''' among odas, be classed as a [[diuretic]] [[medication]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/auth |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=amhonline.amh.net.au}}</ref> E fi be used to treat [[edema|fluid build-up]] secof [[hepatic cirrhosis|liver disease]] anaa [[kidney disease]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Spironolactone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116054857/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> E sanso be used to reduce risk of disease progression, hospitalization, den death secof sam types of heart failure.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J |date=September 1999 |title=The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=341 |issue=10 |pages=709–717 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199909023411001 |pmid=10471456}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li S, Zhang X, Dong M, Gong S, Shang Z, Jia X, Chen W, Yang J, Li J | title = Effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | language = en-US | journal = Medicine | volume = 97 | issue = 35 | article-number = e11942 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30170387 | pmc = 6392615 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000011942 }}</ref> Oda uses dey include acne den excessive hair growth insyd women, [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]] wey no dey improve plus [[Potassium#Supplementation|supplementation]], high blood pressure wey be difficult to treat, den early puberty insyd boys.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman AJ | title = Spironolactone for Adult Female Acne | journal = Cutis | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 216–217 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 27141564 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Maizes V | date = 2015 | title = Integrative Women's Health | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition = 2 | page = 746 | isbn = 978-0-19-021480-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uveJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA746 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinnott SJ, Tomlinson LA, Root AA, Mathur R, Mansfield KE, Smeeth L, Douglas IJ | title = Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line antihypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = European Journal of Preventive Cardiology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–238 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27856806 | doi = 10.1177/2047487316675194 | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3157879/1/Comparative%20effectiveness%20of%204th%20line%20anti-hypertensive%20agents%20in%20resistant%20hypertension%3B%20A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20.pdf }}</ref> E sanso be used to [[Antiandrogen|block de effects]] of [[testosterone]] as a part of [[feminizing hormone therapy]].<ref name="WPATH-SOC8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries AL, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TL, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BP, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J |date=19 August 2022 |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 |url= |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |volume=23 |issue=sup1 |pages=S1–S259 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644 |issn=2689-5269 |pmc=9553112 |pmid=36238954 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HembreeCohen-KettenisGooren2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG |date=November 2017 |title=Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3869–3903 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |pmid=28945902 |s2cid=3726467 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Deutsch2016">{{cite web |date=17 June 2016 |title=Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005034705/https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=24 April 2026 |publisher=Center of Excellence for Transgender Health |page=28 |edition=2nd |vauthors=Deutsch M |location=University of California, San Francisco}}</ref> Spironolactone usually be available insyd tablets, dem take [[oral administration|by mouth]], though topical forms sanso be available.<ref name=AHFS2015/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 9ulr85d9jl1nczgpn82od3mvpumnhma 114953 114952 2026-10-16T19:54:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Spironolactone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aldactone''' among odas, be classed as a [[diuretic]] [[medication]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/auth |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=amhonline.amh.net.au}}</ref> E fi be used to treat [[edema|fluid build-up]] secof [[hepatic cirrhosis|liver disease]] anaa [[kidney disease]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Spironolactone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116054857/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> E sanso be used to reduce risk of disease progression, hospitalization, den death secof sam types of heart failure.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J |date=September 1999 |title=The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=341 |issue=10 |pages=709–717 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199909023411001 |pmid=10471456}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li S, Zhang X, Dong M, Gong S, Shang Z, Jia X, Chen W, Yang J, Li J | title = Effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | language = en-US | journal = Medicine | volume = 97 | issue = 35 | article-number = e11942 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30170387 | pmc = 6392615 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000011942 }}</ref> Oda uses dey include acne den excessive hair growth insyd women, [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]] wey no dey improve plus [[Potassium#Supplementation|supplementation]], high blood pressure wey be difficult to treat, den early puberty insyd boys.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman AJ | title = Spironolactone for Adult Female Acne | journal = Cutis | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 216–217 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 27141564 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Maizes V | date = 2015 | title = Integrative Women's Health | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition = 2 | page = 746 | isbn = 978-0-19-021480-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uveJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA746 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinnott SJ, Tomlinson LA, Root AA, Mathur R, Mansfield KE, Smeeth L, Douglas IJ | title = Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line antihypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = European Journal of Preventive Cardiology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–238 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27856806 | doi = 10.1177/2047487316675194 | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3157879/1/Comparative%20effectiveness%20of%204th%20line%20anti-hypertensive%20agents%20in%20resistant%20hypertension%3B%20A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20.pdf }}</ref> E sanso be used to [[Antiandrogen|block de effects]] of [[testosterone]] as a part of [[feminizing hormone therapy]].<ref name="WPATH-SOC8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries AL, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TL, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BP, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J |date=19 August 2022 |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 |url= |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |volume=23 |issue=sup1 |pages=S1–S259 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644 |issn=2689-5269 |pmc=9553112 |pmid=36238954 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HembreeCohen-KettenisGooren2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG |date=November 2017 |title=Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3869–3903 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |pmid=28945902 |s2cid=3726467 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Deutsch2016">{{cite web |date=17 June 2016 |title=Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005034705/https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=24 April 2026 |publisher=Center of Excellence for Transgender Health |page=28 |edition=2nd |vauthors=Deutsch M |location=University of California, San Francisco}}</ref> Spironolactone usually be available insyd tablets, dem take [[oral administration|by mouth]], though topical forms sanso be available.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common [[side effect]]s dey include [[electrolyte abnormalities]], particularly [[hyperkalemia|high blood potassium]], nausea, vomiting, headache, rashes, den a decreased desire for sex.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Insyd those plus liver anaa kidney problems, extra care for be taken.<ref name=AHFS2015/> If dem take during pregnancy, sam animal studies dey suggest say spironolactone fi affect de development of sex organs insyd babies.<ref name="pmid303522802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liszewski W, Boull C |date=April 2019 |title=Lack of evidence for feminization of males exposed to spironolactone in utero: A systematic review |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1147–1148 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.023 |pmid=30352280 |s2cid=53022388 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> While na dis no occur insyd de few human studies available,<ref name="pmid303522802" /><ref name="pmid271569052">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landau E, Amar L |date=June 2016 |title=Primary aldosteronism and pregnancy |journal=Annales d'Endocrinologie |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=148–160 |doi=10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.009 |pmid=27156905}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deng N, Zhong J, Deng Z, Chen M, Yan L, Li H, Han J, Tao E | title = Case report: A pregnant woman accidental treated with spironolactone in mid-gestation | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 15 | article-number = 1404251 | date = 25 July 2024 | pmid = 39119600 | pmc = 11306061 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2024.1404251 | doi-access = free }}</ref> women wey be pregnant anaa wey dey consider pregnancy for discuss spironolactone use plus dema doctor secof de theoretical risk.<ref name="pmid271569052" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8y3ykenyp00qa8643xdejbobzsxcw4m 114954 114953 2026-10-16T19:57:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Spironolactone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aldactone''' among odas, be classed as a [[diuretic]] [[medication]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/auth |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=amhonline.amh.net.au}}</ref> E fi be used to treat [[edema|fluid build-up]] secof [[hepatic cirrhosis|liver disease]] anaa [[kidney disease]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Spironolactone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116054857/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> E sanso be used to reduce risk of disease progression, hospitalization, den death secof sam types of heart failure.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J |date=September 1999 |title=The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=341 |issue=10 |pages=709–717 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199909023411001 |pmid=10471456}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li S, Zhang X, Dong M, Gong S, Shang Z, Jia X, Chen W, Yang J, Li J | title = Effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | language = en-US | journal = Medicine | volume = 97 | issue = 35 | article-number = e11942 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30170387 | pmc = 6392615 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000011942 }}</ref> Oda uses dey include acne den excessive hair growth insyd women, [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]] wey no dey improve plus [[Potassium#Supplementation|supplementation]], high blood pressure wey be difficult to treat, den early puberty insyd boys.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman AJ | title = Spironolactone for Adult Female Acne | journal = Cutis | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 216–217 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 27141564 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Maizes V | date = 2015 | title = Integrative Women's Health | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition = 2 | page = 746 | isbn = 978-0-19-021480-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uveJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA746 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinnott SJ, Tomlinson LA, Root AA, Mathur R, Mansfield KE, Smeeth L, Douglas IJ | title = Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line antihypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = European Journal of Preventive Cardiology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–238 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27856806 | doi = 10.1177/2047487316675194 | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3157879/1/Comparative%20effectiveness%20of%204th%20line%20anti-hypertensive%20agents%20in%20resistant%20hypertension%3B%20A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20.pdf }}</ref> E sanso be used to [[Antiandrogen|block de effects]] of [[testosterone]] as a part of [[feminizing hormone therapy]].<ref name="WPATH-SOC8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries AL, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TL, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BP, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J |date=19 August 2022 |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 |url= |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |volume=23 |issue=sup1 |pages=S1–S259 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644 |issn=2689-5269 |pmc=9553112 |pmid=36238954 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HembreeCohen-KettenisGooren2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG |date=November 2017 |title=Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3869–3903 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |pmid=28945902 |s2cid=3726467 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Deutsch2016">{{cite web |date=17 June 2016 |title=Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005034705/https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=24 April 2026 |publisher=Center of Excellence for Transgender Health |page=28 |edition=2nd |vauthors=Deutsch M |location=University of California, San Francisco}}</ref> Spironolactone usually be available insyd tablets, dem take [[oral administration|by mouth]], though topical forms sanso be available.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common [[side effect]]s dey include [[electrolyte abnormalities]], particularly [[hyperkalemia|high blood potassium]], nausea, vomiting, headache, rashes, den a decreased desire for sex.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Insyd those plus liver anaa kidney problems, extra care for be taken.<ref name=AHFS2015/> If dem take during pregnancy, sam animal studies dey suggest say spironolactone fi affect de development of sex organs insyd babies.<ref name="pmid303522802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liszewski W, Boull C |date=April 2019 |title=Lack of evidence for feminization of males exposed to spironolactone in utero: A systematic review |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1147–1148 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.023 |pmid=30352280 |s2cid=53022388 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> While na dis no occur insyd de few human studies available,<ref name="pmid303522802" /><ref name="pmid271569052">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landau E, Amar L |date=June 2016 |title=Primary aldosteronism and pregnancy |journal=Annales d'Endocrinologie |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=148–160 |doi=10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.009 |pmid=27156905}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deng N, Zhong J, Deng Z, Chen M, Yan L, Li H, Han J, Tao E | title = Case report: A pregnant woman accidental treated with spironolactone in mid-gestation | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 15 | article-number = 1404251 | date = 25 July 2024 | pmid = 39119600 | pmc = 11306061 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2024.1404251 | doi-access = free }}</ref> women wey be pregnant anaa wey dey consider pregnancy for discuss spironolactone use plus dema doctor secof de theoretical risk.<ref name="pmid271569052" /> Spironolactone be a [[steroid]] wey dey [[receptor antagonist|block]] de effects of de [[hormone]]s [[aldosterone]], den to a lesser degree, testosterone, wey dey cause sam [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]]-like effects.<ref name="Burinkul_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burinkul S, Panyakhamlerd K, Suwan A, Tuntiviriyapun P, Wainipitapong S | title = Anti-Androgenic Effects Comparison Between Cyproterone Acetate and Spironolactone in Transgender Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 1299–1307 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34274044 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.05.003 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=primary|date=July 2024}}<ref name="Sehgal_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sehgal I | title = Review of adult gender transition medications: mechanisms, efficacy measures, and pharmacogenomic considerations | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 14 | issue = | article-number = 1184024 | date = 2023 | pmid = 37476490 | pmc = 10355117 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2023.1184024 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Deedwania2014">{{cite book | vauthors = Deedwania PC | date = 30 January 2014 | title = Drug & Device Selection in Heart Failure | publisher = JP Medical Ltd | pages = 47– | isbn = 978-93-5090-723-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k8bUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | access-date = 5 July 2017 | archive-date = 7 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221007092257/https://books.google.com/books?id=k8bUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | url-status = live }}</ref> Spironolactone dey belong to a class of medications dem know as [[potassium-sparing diuretic]]s.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] td0v9uxepvx4isfzu8bm9dje9deixuh 114955 114954 2026-10-16T20:00:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Spironolactone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aldactone''' among odas, be classed as a [[diuretic]] [[medication]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/auth |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=amhonline.amh.net.au}}</ref> E fi be used to treat [[edema|fluid build-up]] secof [[hepatic cirrhosis|liver disease]] anaa [[kidney disease]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Spironolactone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116054857/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> E sanso be used to reduce risk of disease progression, hospitalization, den death secof sam types of heart failure.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J |date=September 1999 |title=The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=341 |issue=10 |pages=709–717 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199909023411001 |pmid=10471456}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li S, Zhang X, Dong M, Gong S, Shang Z, Jia X, Chen W, Yang J, Li J | title = Effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | language = en-US | journal = Medicine | volume = 97 | issue = 35 | article-number = e11942 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30170387 | pmc = 6392615 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000011942 }}</ref> Oda uses dey include acne den excessive hair growth insyd women, [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]] wey no dey improve plus [[Potassium#Supplementation|supplementation]], high blood pressure wey be difficult to treat, den early puberty insyd boys.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman AJ | title = Spironolactone for Adult Female Acne | journal = Cutis | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 216–217 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 27141564 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Maizes V | date = 2015 | title = Integrative Women's Health | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition = 2 | page = 746 | isbn = 978-0-19-021480-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uveJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA746 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinnott SJ, Tomlinson LA, Root AA, Mathur R, Mansfield KE, Smeeth L, Douglas IJ | title = Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line antihypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = European Journal of Preventive Cardiology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–238 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27856806 | doi = 10.1177/2047487316675194 | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3157879/1/Comparative%20effectiveness%20of%204th%20line%20anti-hypertensive%20agents%20in%20resistant%20hypertension%3B%20A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20.pdf }}</ref> E sanso be used to [[Antiandrogen|block de effects]] of [[testosterone]] as a part of [[feminizing hormone therapy]].<ref name="WPATH-SOC8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries AL, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TL, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BP, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J |date=19 August 2022 |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 |url= |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |volume=23 |issue=sup1 |pages=S1–S259 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644 |issn=2689-5269 |pmc=9553112 |pmid=36238954 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HembreeCohen-KettenisGooren2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG |date=November 2017 |title=Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3869–3903 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |pmid=28945902 |s2cid=3726467 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Deutsch2016">{{cite web |date=17 June 2016 |title=Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005034705/https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=24 April 2026 |publisher=Center of Excellence for Transgender Health |page=28 |edition=2nd |vauthors=Deutsch M |location=University of California, San Francisco}}</ref> Spironolactone usually be available insyd tablets, dem take [[oral administration|by mouth]], though topical forms sanso be available.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common [[side effect]]s dey include [[electrolyte abnormalities]], particularly [[hyperkalemia|high blood potassium]], nausea, vomiting, headache, rashes, den a decreased desire for sex.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Insyd those plus liver anaa kidney problems, extra care for be taken.<ref name=AHFS2015/> If dem take during pregnancy, sam animal studies dey suggest say spironolactone fi affect de development of sex organs insyd babies.<ref name="pmid303522802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liszewski W, Boull C |date=April 2019 |title=Lack of evidence for feminization of males exposed to spironolactone in utero: A systematic review |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1147–1148 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.023 |pmid=30352280 |s2cid=53022388 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> While na dis no occur insyd de few human studies available,<ref name="pmid303522802" /><ref name="pmid271569052">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landau E, Amar L |date=June 2016 |title=Primary aldosteronism and pregnancy |journal=Annales d'Endocrinologie |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=148–160 |doi=10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.009 |pmid=27156905}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deng N, Zhong J, Deng Z, Chen M, Yan L, Li H, Han J, Tao E | title = Case report: A pregnant woman accidental treated with spironolactone in mid-gestation | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 15 | article-number = 1404251 | date = 25 July 2024 | pmid = 39119600 | pmc = 11306061 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2024.1404251 | doi-access = free }}</ref> women wey be pregnant anaa wey dey consider pregnancy for discuss spironolactone use plus dema doctor secof de theoretical risk.<ref name="pmid271569052" /> Spironolactone be a [[steroid]] wey dey [[receptor antagonist|block]] de effects of de [[hormone]]s [[aldosterone]], den to a lesser degree, testosterone, wey dey cause sam [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]]-like effects.<ref name="Burinkul_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burinkul S, Panyakhamlerd K, Suwan A, Tuntiviriyapun P, Wainipitapong S | title = Anti-Androgenic Effects Comparison Between Cyproterone Acetate and Spironolactone in Transgender Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 1299–1307 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34274044 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.05.003 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=primary|date=July 2024}}<ref name="Sehgal_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sehgal I | title = Review of adult gender transition medications: mechanisms, efficacy measures, and pharmacogenomic considerations | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 14 | issue = | article-number = 1184024 | date = 2023 | pmid = 37476490 | pmc = 10355117 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2023.1184024 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Deedwania2014">{{cite book | vauthors = Deedwania PC | date = 30 January 2014 | title = Drug & Device Selection in Heart Failure | publisher = JP Medical Ltd | pages = 47– | isbn = 978-93-5090-723-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k8bUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | access-date = 5 July 2017 | archive-date = 7 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221007092257/https://books.google.com/books?id=k8bUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | url-status = live }}</ref> Spironolactone dey belong to a class of medications dem know as [[potassium-sparing diuretic]]s.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Spironolactone be discovered insyd 1957, wey na dem introduce am insyd 1959.<ref name="OttowWeinmann2008">{{cite book | vauthors = Ottow E, Weinmann H | date = 9 July 2008 | title = Nuclear Receptors As Drug Targets | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | page = 410 | isbn = 978-3-527-62330-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iATfLbPgRugC&pg=PA410 | access-date = 28 May 2012 | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621121614/http://books.google.com/books?id=iATfLbPgRugC&pg=PA410 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Wermuth2008">{{cite book | vauthors = Wermuth CG | date = 24 July 2008 | title = The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry | publisher = Academic Press | page = 34 | isbn = 978-0-12-374194-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Qmt1_DQkCpEC&pg=PA34 | access-date = 27 May 2012 | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621115634/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qmt1_DQkCpEC&pg=PA34 | url-status = live | author-link = Camille Georges Wermuth }}</ref><ref name="Sittig1988">{{cite book | vauthors = Sittig M | year = 1988 | title = Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia | publisher = William Andrew | page = 1385 | isbn = 978-0-8155-1144-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XCsJgUnclbcC&pg=PA1385 | access-date = 27 May 2012 | archive-date = 20 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620225714/http://books.google.com/books?id=XCsJgUnclbcC&pg=PA1385 | url-status = live }}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2025 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | publisher = World Health Organization | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10665/382243 | author-link = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Insyd 2023, na e be de 52nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 12{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Spironolactone Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Spironolactone | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> Spironolactone get a history of use insyd de trans community.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prior JC, Vigna YM, Watson D | title = Spironolactone with Physiological Female Steroids for Presurgical Therapy of Male-To-Female Transsexualism | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–57 | date = 1989| doi = 10.1007/BF01579291 | pmid = 2540730 }}</ref> Ein use dey continue despite de rise of various accessible alternatives such as [[bicalutamide]] den [[cyproterone acetate]] plus more precise action den fewer side effects.<ref name="Burinkul_2021" /><ref name="Sehgal_2023" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0l9fc1hu4rs07oz448f3no7uekuede0 114956 114955 2026-10-16T20:20:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Spironolactone''', dem sell under de brand name '''Aldactone''' among odas, be classed as a [[diuretic]] [[medication]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |url=https://amhonline.amh.net.au/auth |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=amhonline.amh.net.au}}</ref> E fi be used to treat [[edema|fluid build-up]] secof [[hepatic cirrhosis|liver disease]] anaa [[kidney disease]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Spironolactone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116054857/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/spironolactone.html|archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> E sanso be used to reduce risk of disease progression, hospitalization, den death secof sam types of heart failure.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J |date=September 1999 |title=The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=341 |issue=10 |pages=709–717 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199909023411001 |pmid=10471456}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li S, Zhang X, Dong M, Gong S, Shang Z, Jia X, Chen W, Yang J, Li J | title = Effects of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | language = en-US | journal = Medicine | volume = 97 | issue = 35 | article-number = e11942 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30170387 | pmc = 6392615 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000011942 }}</ref> Oda uses dey include acne den excessive hair growth insyd women, [[hypokalemia|low blood potassium]] wey no dey improve plus [[Potassium#Supplementation|supplementation]], high blood pressure wey be difficult to treat, den early puberty insyd boys.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman AJ | title = Spironolactone for Adult Female Acne | journal = Cutis | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 216–217 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 27141564 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Maizes V | date = 2015 | title = Integrative Women's Health | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition = 2 | page = 746 | isbn = 978-0-19-021480-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uveJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA746 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinnott SJ, Tomlinson LA, Root AA, Mathur R, Mansfield KE, Smeeth L, Douglas IJ | title = Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line antihypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = European Journal of Preventive Cardiology | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–238 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27856806 | doi = 10.1177/2047487316675194 | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/3157879/1/Comparative%20effectiveness%20of%204th%20line%20anti-hypertensive%20agents%20in%20resistant%20hypertension%3B%20A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20.pdf }}</ref> E sanso be used to [[Antiandrogen|block de effects]] of [[testosterone]] as a part of [[feminizing hormone therapy]].<ref name="WPATH-SOC8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries AL, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TL, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BP, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J |date=19 August 2022 |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 |url= |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |volume=23 |issue=sup1 |pages=S1–S259 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644 |issn=2689-5269 |pmc=9553112 |pmid=36238954 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HembreeCohen-KettenisGooren2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG |date=November 2017 |title=Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3869–3903 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |pmid=28945902 |s2cid=3726467 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Deutsch2016">{{cite web |date=17 June 2016 |title=Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005034705/https://transcare.ucsf.edu/sites/transcare.ucsf.edu/files/Transgender-PGACG-6-17-16.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=24 April 2026 |publisher=Center of Excellence for Transgender Health |page=28 |edition=2nd |vauthors=Deutsch M |location=University of California, San Francisco}}</ref> Spironolactone usually be available insyd tablets, dem take [[oral administration|by mouth]], though topical forms sanso be available.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Common [[side effect]]s dey include [[electrolyte abnormalities]], particularly [[hyperkalemia|high blood potassium]], nausea, vomiting, headache, rashes, den a decreased desire for sex.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Insyd those plus liver anaa kidney problems, extra care for be taken.<ref name=AHFS2015/> If dem take during pregnancy, sam animal studies dey suggest say spironolactone fi affect de development of sex organs insyd babies.<ref name="pmid303522802">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liszewski W, Boull C |date=April 2019 |title=Lack of evidence for feminization of males exposed to spironolactone in utero: A systematic review |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=1147–1148 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.023 |pmid=30352280 |s2cid=53022388 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> While na dis no occur insyd de few human studies available,<ref name="pmid303522802" /><ref name="pmid271569052">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landau E, Amar L |date=June 2016 |title=Primary aldosteronism and pregnancy |journal=Annales d'Endocrinologie |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=148–160 |doi=10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.009 |pmid=27156905}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deng N, Zhong J, Deng Z, Chen M, Yan L, Li H, Han J, Tao E | title = Case report: A pregnant woman accidental treated with spironolactone in mid-gestation | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 15 | article-number = 1404251 | date = 25 July 2024 | pmid = 39119600 | pmc = 11306061 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2024.1404251 | doi-access = free }}</ref> women wey be pregnant anaa wey dey consider pregnancy for discuss spironolactone use plus dema doctor secof de theoretical risk.<ref name="pmid271569052" /> Spironolactone be a [[steroid]] wey dey [[receptor antagonist|block]] de effects of de [[hormone]]s [[aldosterone]], den to a lesser degree, testosterone, wey dey cause sam [[estrogen (medication)|estrogen]]-like effects.<ref name="Burinkul_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burinkul S, Panyakhamlerd K, Suwan A, Tuntiviriyapun P, Wainipitapong S | title = Anti-Androgenic Effects Comparison Between Cyproterone Acetate and Spironolactone in Transgender Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 1299–1307 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34274044 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.05.003 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=primary|date=July 2024}}<ref name="Sehgal_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sehgal I | title = Review of adult gender transition medications: mechanisms, efficacy measures, and pharmacogenomic considerations | journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology | volume = 14 | issue = | article-number = 1184024 | date = 2023 | pmid = 37476490 | pmc = 10355117 | doi = 10.3389/fendo.2023.1184024 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Deedwania2014">{{cite book | vauthors = Deedwania PC | date = 30 January 2014 | title = Drug & Device Selection in Heart Failure | publisher = JP Medical Ltd | pages = 47– | isbn = 978-93-5090-723-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k8bUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | access-date = 5 July 2017 | archive-date = 7 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221007092257/https://books.google.com/books?id=k8bUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | url-status = live }}</ref> Spironolactone dey belong to a class of medications dem know as [[potassium-sparing diuretic]]s.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Spironolactone be discovered insyd 1957, wey na dem introduce am insyd 1959.<ref name="OttowWeinmann2008">{{cite book | vauthors = Ottow E, Weinmann H | date = 9 July 2008 | title = Nuclear Receptors As Drug Targets | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | page = 410 | isbn = 978-3-527-62330-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iATfLbPgRugC&pg=PA410 | access-date = 28 May 2012 | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621121614/http://books.google.com/books?id=iATfLbPgRugC&pg=PA410 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Wermuth2008">{{cite book | vauthors = Wermuth CG | date = 24 July 2008 | title = The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry | publisher = Academic Press | page = 34 | isbn = 978-0-12-374194-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Qmt1_DQkCpEC&pg=PA34 | access-date = 27 May 2012 | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621115634/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qmt1_DQkCpEC&pg=PA34 | url-status = live | author-link = Camille Georges Wermuth }}</ref><ref name="Sittig1988">{{cite book | vauthors = Sittig M | year = 1988 | title = Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia | publisher = William Andrew | page = 1385 | isbn = 978-0-8155-1144-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XCsJgUnclbcC&pg=PA1385 | access-date = 27 May 2012 | archive-date = 20 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620225714/http://books.google.com/books?id=XCsJgUnclbcC&pg=PA1385 | url-status = live }}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2025 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | publisher = World Health Organization | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10665/382243 | author-link = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> E be available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Insyd 2023, na e be de 52nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 12{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Spironolactone Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Spironolactone | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> Spironolactone get a history of use insyd de trans community.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prior JC, Vigna YM, Watson D | title = Spironolactone with Physiological Female Steroids for Presurgical Therapy of Male-To-Female Transsexualism | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–57 | date = 1989| doi = 10.1007/BF01579291 | pmid = 2540730 }}</ref> Ein use dey continue despite de rise of various accessible alternatives such as [[bicalutamide]] den [[cyproterone acetate]] plus more precise action den fewer side effects.<ref name="Burinkul_2021" /><ref name="Sehgal_2023" /> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Spironolactone| ]] [[Category:3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors]] [[Category:5α-Reductase inhibitors]] [[Category:11β-Hydroxylase inhibitors]] [[Category:17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors]] [[Category:21-Hydroxylase inhibitors]] [[Category:Acetate esters]] [[Category:Aldosterone synthase inhibitors]] [[Category:Anti-acne preparations]] [[Category:Antimineralocorticoids]] [[Category:Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme inhibitors]] [[Category:CYP17A1 inhibitors]] [[Category:Hair loss medications]] [[Category:Hair removal]] [[Category:Lactones]] [[Category:Pregnane X receptor agonists]] [[Category:Pregnanes]] [[Category:Prodrugs]] [[Category:Progestogens]] [[Category:Selective estrogen receptor modulators]] [[Category:Spiro compounds]] [[Category:Spirolactones]] [[Category:Steroidal antiandrogens]] [[Category:Thioesters]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r6l13mmapq16chlahm2jsh6jjnuiimm 14 31045 114957 2026-10-16T21:14:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114957 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31046 114958 2026-10-16T21:15:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114958 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31047 114959 2026-10-16T21:18:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114959 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31048 114960 2026-10-16T21:19:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114960 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31049 114961 2026-10-16T21:20:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114961 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31050 114962 2026-10-16T21:21:12Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114962 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31051 114963 2026-10-16T21:21:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114963 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31052 114964 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