Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1944 115004 113567 2026-10-19T03:35:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shirley Frimpong-Manso''' (born 16 March 1977) be a [[Ghana]]ian film director, writer, den producer. She be de founder den CEO of Sparrow Productions, a film, television den advertising production company.<ref name=":0">Amankwa, Obour (May 16, 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211108171458/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/05/16/biography-of-shirley-frimpong-manso-a-director-with-outstanding-skills/ "Biography of Shirley Frimpong-Manso: A Director with Outstanding Skills"]. GhanaCelebrities.com. Retrieved February 26, 2011.</ref> She win Best Director for de 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards.<ref name=":1">Amankwa, Obour (April 20, 2010). [https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/20054/african-movie-academy-awards-2010shirley-frimpong-manso-win.html "African Movie Academy Awards 2010: Shirley Frimpong Manso Wins Director of The Year"]. ''The Nigerian Voice''. Retrieved May 15, 2022.</ref> Frimpong-Manso sansobe a principal of Sparrow Station, a video streaming service for African entertainment from Sparrow den oda African film producers.<ref>Abotsi, Maureen (December 13, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716141515/http://www.ghananation.com/news/29625-shirley-frimpong-manso-s-sparrow-station-goes-live.html "Shirley Frimpong-Manso's Sparrow Station Goes Live!"]. Ghana Nation. Retrieved July 15, 2014.</ref> Insyd 2013, na dem rank am de 48th most influential person insyd [[Ghana]] according to E.tv Ghana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162720/http://www.etvghana.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3634:etv-ghana-holds-maiden-edition-of-ghanas-most-influential-awards&catid=96:etvgh-blog-news&Itemid=484 "Etv Ghana holds maiden edition of Ghana Most Influential People"]. etvghana.com. April 23, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2014.</ref> ==Biography== Frimpong-Manso komot Kwahu Pepease insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> She graduate insyd 2000 from de [[University of Media, Arts and Communication- Institute of Film and Television|National Film and Television Institute]] dem popularly know as NAFTI insyd Ghana wey she work as a presenter for Radio Gold, a private station insyd [[Accra]], wey she go start Sparrow Productions insyd 2003.<ref name=":0" /> Ein husby den business partner be Ken Attoh, wey dem get one kiddie.<ref name="ghanacelebs201210022">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/10/02/photo-of-the-day-shirley-frimpong-manso-her-man-ken-attoh/|title=Shirley Frimpong Manso & Her Man-Ken Attoh...|date=2 October 2012|work=Ghanacelebrities.com|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Works== Plus producer den actress [[Juliet Asante]], Frimpong-Manso help produce de TV show ''Heart to Heart'' for two years shortly after school. She sanso produce:<ref name=":0" /> * ''Different Shades of Blue''<ref name="NigerianVoiceBlue2">{{Cite web|date=2007-09-20|author=Adwoa Serwaa Bonsu|title=In Different Shades Of Blue • Drama Is Only A Heart Beat Away|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/lifestyle/8276/in-different-shades-of-blue-drama-is-only-a-heart-beat-awa.html|access-date=2022-05-27|website=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> * ''Personalities Kitchen''<ref name=":0" /> * ''The Miss Ghana Pageant''<ref name=":0" /> ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable" !Film !Production<br>Year !Distribution<br>Companies !Production<br>Type !Ref. |- |''Life and Living it'' |2009 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="modernghanalli2">{{cite web|title=Life and Living It|url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/4615/3/life-and-living-it.html|date=22 April 2009|publisher=ModernGhana.com|work=Nollywood News|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="afdlli2">{{cite web|url=http://africa-archive.com/gh/life-and-living-it-2009|title=Life and Living It (2009)|work=African Film Database|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> |- |''Scorned'' |2009 |Sparrow Station |Film | |- |''The Perfect Picture'' |2009 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="afdapp2">{{cite web|url=http://africa-archive.com/gh/the-perfect-picture-2009|title=The Perfect Picture (2009)|work=African Film Database|accessdate=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021031446/http://africa-archive.com/gh/the-perfect-picture-2009|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc24dec102">{{cite web|last=Agyapong Febiri|first=Chris-Vincent|title=BBC's Interview With Shirley Frimpong Manso|url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/12/25/bbc’s-interview-with-shirley-frimpong-manso-was-aired-yesterday-did-you-miss-it-listen-to-it-here-now/|publisher=GhanaCelebrities.com|accessdate=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007192144/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/12/25/bbc%E2%80%99s-interview-with-shirley-frimpong-manso-was-aired-yesterday-did-you-miss-it-listen-to-it-here-now/|archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> |- |''A Sting in a Tale'' |2009 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="africareportsting2">{{cite web|title=Film reviews: Desert Flower & A Sting in a Tale|url=http://www.theafricareport.com/archives2/society-a-culture/3295797-film-reviews-desert-flower-a-a-sting-in-a-tale.html|publisher=The Africa Report|accessdate=30 December 2010|date=14 September 2010}}</ref> |- |''[[Checkmate (2010 film)|Checkmate]]'' |2010 |Sparrow Station |Film | |- |''6 Hours to Christmas'' |2010 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="modernghanasixdays2">{{cite web|url=http://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/1663/16/0396-hours-to-christmas039.html|title=6 Hours to Christmas|last=Smith|first=Hilda Lan|date=15 October 2010|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=6 September 2011}}</ref> |- |''Peep'' |2011 |Sparrow Station TV3 |TV series | |- |''Contract'' |2012 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="NYDJLive2014Awards2">{{Cite web|first=Ebenezer|last=Donkoh|date=2014-03-09|title=Shirley Frimpong-Manso wins Best Director at 2014 AfricaMagic Viewers' Choice Awards #AMCVA2014|url=https://www.nydjlive.com/shirley-frimpong-manso-wins-best-director-at-2014-africamagic-viewers-choice-awards-amcva2014/|access-date=2022-05-27|website=NY DJ Live|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="BellaNaija2014Awards2">{{Cite web|date=2014-03-09|title=And the 2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards WINNERS Are…|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/03/and-the-2014-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-winners-are/|access-date=2022-05-27|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''[[Adams Apples]]'' |2011–2013 |Sparrow Station |TV series |<ref name="adamsappleswebsite2">{{cite web|url=http://www.adamsapplesmovie.com/about.php|title=About Adams Apples|publisher=Movie web site|accessdate=6 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127222057/http://www.adamsapplesmovie.com/about.php|archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="adamsapplesfacebook2">{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/adamsapplesmovie|title=Adams Apples Movie|publisher=Facebook page}}</ref> |- |''Potomanto'' |2013 |Sparrow Station Africa Magic |Film |<ref name="PotomantoNollywoodreinvented2">{{cite web|url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/01/potomanto.html|title=Potomanto: NR Review|publisher=NollywoodREinvented|date=7 January 2014|accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref> |- |''Big for Nothing'' |2013 |Sparrow Station |Short film | |- |''Stranger in my Bed'' |2013 |Sparrow Station |Short film | |- |''Tenant'' |2013 |Africa Magic |TV series | |- |''Devil in the Detail'' |2014 |Sparrow Station Africa Magic |Film |<ref name="TalkMoviesDevil2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.talkafricanmovies.com/devil-in-the-detail/|title=Devil in the Detail|date=28 September 2014|website=Talk African Movies|language=en-US|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Love or Something Like That]]'' |2014 |Sparrow Station Africa Magic |Film | |- |''V-Republic'' |2014 |Sparrow Station |TV series | |- |''Grey Dawn'' |2015 |Sparrow Station Africa Magic |Film | |- |''Shampaign<ref name="SparrowShampaign2">{{cite web|title=Shampaign|url=http://sparrowproductions.net/shampaign/|publisher=Sparrow Station|accessdate=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012005225/http://sparrowproductions.net/shampaign/|archive-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>'' |2016 |Sparrow Station |TV series |<ref name="NollywoodShampaign2">{{Cite web|url=https://nollywoodobserver.blog/2017/03/13/series-review-shampaign/|title=Series Review: Shampaign|date=13 March 2017|website=Nollywood Observer|language=en|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723155502/https://nollywoodobserver.blog/2017/03/13/series-review-shampaign/|archive-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> |- |''Rebecca'' |2016 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="todaypost201601292">{{cite news|publisher="The Today Post"|url=http://gh.thetodaypost.com/rebecca-shirley-frimpong-mansos-movie-set-for-premiere-in-the-uk-video-11008|title='Rebecca': Shirley Frimpong Manso's movie set for premiere in the UK|date=29 January 2016|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Potato Potahto]]'' |2017 | |Film |<ref name="pulseng201707112">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/shirley-frimpong-manso-put-a-spin-on-divorce-in-potato-pothato-id7568118.html|title="Potato Potahto" - How Shirley Frimpong-Manso put a hilarious spin on divorce|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215070115/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/shirley-frimpong-manso-put-a-spin-on-divorce-in-potato-pothato-id7568118.html|archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="enewsgh201807062">{{Cite web|url=https://enewsgh.com/2018/07/2018-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-shirley-frimpong-mansos-potato-potahto-keeps-ghana-afloat/|title=2018 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards: Shirley Frimpong-Manso's POTATO POTAHTO Keeps Ghana Afloat|date=6 July 2018|first=Gabriel Myers|last=Hansen|website=Proudly Ghanaian! {{!}} EnewsGH|language=en-US|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402044901/https://enewsgh.com/2018/07/2018-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-shirley-frimpong-mansos-potato-potahto-keeps-ghana-afloat/|archive-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[The Perfect Picture: Ten Years Later]]'' |2019 | |Film |<ref name="BellaNaija201912032">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-03|title=Ghanaian Movie "The Perfect Picture – Ten Years Later" premiered with the Leading Ladies in Attendance|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/ghanaian-movie-the-perfect-picture-ten-years-later-premiered-with-the-leading-ladies-in-attendance/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="EAAWinners20212">{{Cite news|date=2021-03-27|title=Winners of Entertainment Achievement Awards 2021 [Full list]|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/winners-of-entertainment-achievement-awards-2021-full-list/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Citi FM (Ghana)|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Us In Between |2020 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="CitiUsInBetween20202">{{Cite news|first=Kwame|last=Dadzie|date=2020-11-30|title=Shirley Frimpong-Manso premieres 'Us in Between', a movie on COVID-19|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/11/shirley-frimpong-manso-premieres-us-in-between-a-movie-on-covid-19/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Citi FM (Ghana)|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Two of a Kind |2024 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/shirley-frimpong-mansos-two-of-a-kind-premieres-in-uk/</ref> |- |For Love and Country |2025 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/melvin-dains-dual-character-portrayal-shines-in-for-love-and-country/</ref> |} == Awards == * 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards - Best Director of de Year<ref name=":1" /> * 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards - ''A Sting in a Tale'' win de ''Best Soundtrack'' award<ref name=":1" /> * 18th Annual Pan African Film & Arts Festival - ''A Sting In A Tale'' take home de award for ''Audience Favorite-Narrative Feature<ref name="GhanaCelebPAFAF20102">{{Cite web|date=2010-02-26|title=Shirley Frimpong Manso's 'A Sting in a Tale' wins award|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/11441/shirley-frimpong-mansos-a-sting-in-a-tale-wins-award.html|access-date=2022-05-27|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref>'' * 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards - Best Movie Director, Best Video Editor, den (jointly plus Hertey Owusu) Best Writer (Drama), Contract win Best Movie.<ref name="NYDJLive2014Awards2" /><ref name="BellaNaija2014Awards2" /> * Insyd March 2021, na dem award am de Film Director of de Year insyd de Citi TV Entertainment Achievement Awards.<ref name="EAAWinners20212" /><ref name="CitiUsInBetween20202" /> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * [[imdbname:4444248|Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] at IMDb {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frimpong-Manso, Shirley}} [[Category:Ghana celeb]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian film directors]] [[Category:Ghanaian women film directors]] [[Category:Ghanaian film producers]] [[Category:Ghanaian writers]] [[Category:Ghanaian women writers]] [[Category:Best Director Africa Movie Academy Award winners]] [[Category:People wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]] opjgednagdtsmllerakwli1kxqqwzh6 0 6056 115003 106230 2026-10-19T03:08:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pwani University''' be public university<ref>[http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 "Commission for University Education - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya)"]. ''www.cue.or.ke''. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> insyd de Kilifi County insyd de coastal region of [[Kenya]], wey dey locate 60&nbsp;km north of Mombasa insyd de resort town of Kilifi, within de larger Kilifi County. Prior to de award of charter, na de university be constituent college of [[Kenyatta University]]. De college, formerly de Kilifi Institute of Agriculture, na dem establish am for 23 August 2007 by order sign by H.E Presido Mwai Kibaki.<ref>PU, Pwani University. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20250613011221/https://www.pu.ac.ke/forms/Pwani%20University%20Strategic%20Plan%202014-2024.pdf Strategic Plan 2014-2024]'' (PDF). Pwani University. p. 5.</ref> <mapframe latitude="-3.616388888888889" longitude="39.84388888888889" zoom="5" width="400" height="300" align="right" /> == Location == Pwani University dey position close to de Kilifi bay along de Mombasa-Malindi highway. E dey occupy approximately 239&nbsp;hectares of land, dey give room for future expansion. Na dem establish Pwani University for 23 August 2007. Dem register de first group of around 200 students for 20 October 2007, mainly insyd de field of Education (Science) den Education (Arts).<ref>PU, Pwani University. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20250613011221/https://www.pu.ac.ke/forms/Pwani%20University%20Strategic%20Plan%202014-2024.pdf Strategic Plan 2014-2024]'' (PDF). Pwani University. p. 1.</ref> == Schools == * School of Education<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230746/http://soe.pu.ac.ke/ "Home"]. ''soe.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Humanities den Social Sciences<ref>[http://shhs.pu.ac.ke/ "SHHS"]. ''shhs.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Business den Economics<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102328/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sbe "School of Business and Economics"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * school of Pure den Applied Sciences (SPAS)<ref>[http://spas.pu.ac.ke/ "SPAS"]. ''spas.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Agricultural Sciences den Agribusiness Studies<ref>[http://sasa.pu.ac.ke/ "SASA"]. ''sasa.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Environmental den Earth Sciences<ref>[http://sees.pu.ac.ke/ "SEES"]. ''sees.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Graduate Studies (SGS)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102318/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sgs "School of Graduate Studies"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Health and Human Sciences<ref>[https://www.pu.ac.ke/ "Pwani University"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</ref> == Research == Pwani University sign MOUs, wey dey touch for diverse areas of interest top as way of make dem dey enhance beneficial interactions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241115214207/http://mailto:j.chege@pu.ac.ke/forms/Strategic%20Plan%202014%20-%202024%20(RE2020).pdf "Strategic plan"] (PDF). ''Pwani University''. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</ref> De University get collaboration plus research institutions insyd Kenya den around de world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240620231920/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations "Collaborations"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 15 May 2023.</ref> Dese dey include: * Kenya Agricultural Research Institution, * Kenya Medical Research Institute, * National Council for Science and Technology, * Florida State University, * Technische Universitat Dortmund<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102317/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/technische-universitat-dortmund "Collaborations"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> * University of East Anglia, * The John Innes Centre in the UK, * The University of Glasgow, * International Livestock Research Institute * Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service. * [[University of Eldoret]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102326/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/university-of-eldoret "Collaborations"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> * Sun Yet Sen University<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240624112804/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/sun-yet-sen-university "Collaboration"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> For collaboration plus de National Council for Science and Technology, de university convene stakeholders forum make e address de problem of poor performance insyd sciences subjects for KSCE examinations den low conversion rates from primary to secondary den University level for Coastal Kenya insyd. Make e reach more people plus de message of development insyd de region, de university dey participate insyd de Mombasa International Agricultural Show since 2008. For dis trade fair insyd, de university dey display scientific research findings den applied technologies wich dem fi use by farmers make dem address challenges insyd agricultural productivity, food insecurity den agribusiness.<ref>[https://www.pu.ac.ke/ "Pwani University"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> == References == [[Category:Education insyd Kenya]] <references /> == External links == * [http://www.pu.ac.ke/ Pwani University webpage] [[Category:Universities insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2007]] [[Category:2007 establishments insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2007]] [[Category:Kenyatta University]] bc10vg0he0bdkq7u6qtxj507kec8cz9 0 16654 115005 110803 2026-10-19T04:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Gustavus Allen''' ({{circa|1820}} – 1 May 1888) na he be an African-American academic, intellectual, den lecturer. For a time na he co-edit ''The National Watchman,'' an abolitionist newspaper. While na he dey study law insyd Boston he lecture widely on abolition, equality, den integration. Ba dem then appoint am a professor of rhetoric den Greek at New-York Central College, de second African-American college professor insyd de United States.<ref name="Blackett"/>(Na de first be ein predecessor at Central College, Charles L. Reason.) Na he see einself as an academic den intellectual. Na Frederick Douglass describe am as "a gentleman, a scholar, den a Christian. He be an ornament to society."<ref>{{cite news|title=A Brutal and Scandalous Outrage|newspaper=Frederick Douglass's Paper (Rochester, New York)|date=March 4, 1853|first=Frederick|last=Douglass|author-link=|url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1853030433.46009|via=accessiblearchives.com|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721092444/https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1853030433.46009|url-status=live}}</ref> Na he meet den fall in love plus a white student, Mary King, na de couple marry in secret insyd 1853. Na dis be one of de first legal marriages between a "colored" man den a Caucasian woman to take place insyd de United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Viñas-Nelson |first=Jessica |date=September 2017 |title=Interracial Marriage in 'Post-Racial' America |url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/interracial-marriage-post-racial-america |url-status=live |journal=Origins |volume=10 |issue=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109155647/http://www.origins.osu.edu/article/interracial-marriage-post-racial-america |archive-date=2020-01-09 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> Na dem immediately lef de country, never to return, secof de violent prejudice against dema relationship. While for a time na he continue dey lecture insyd both England den Ireland, wey na he wrep an autobiographical account wey dey include ein marriage, wich na e sell well, he den ein family eventually fall into obscurity dem near-poverty.<ref name="Welbourne">{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2006|title=Allan William G|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895 : from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass|publisher=Oxford University Press|last=Welbourne|first=Penny Anne|editor-last=Finkleman|volume=1|pages=49–50|isbn=0195167775|oclc=62430770}}</ref> == Biography == === Early life === Na dem born Allen free around 1820 insyd Urbana, Virginia,<ref name="Blackett"/> to a free mixed-race mommie den a Welsh American poppie, both of whom die early insyd Allen ein life.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2021|title=William G. Allen: Tarred, Feathered & Beaten all in the Name of Love|url=https://blackthen.com/william-g-allen-tarred-feathered-beaten-name-love/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622152954/https://blackthen.com/william-g-allen-tarred-feathered-beaten-name-love/|archive-date=2021-06-22|access-date=2021-06-22}}</ref> As na he einself note, na he be a quadroon: na ein ancestry be 75% white den 25% black.<ref name="Prejudice">{{cite book|last=Allen|first=William G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LNcAAAAcAAJ|title=The American Prejudice against Color; an authentic narrative, showing how easily the nation got into an uproar|publisher=W. and F. G. Cash|year=1853|location=London|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216021919/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9LNcAAAAcAAJ|archive-date=2019-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref> Na he be light skinned,<ref name=":0">Mabee, Carleton (1979). ''Black Education in New York State: From Colonial to Modern Times''. Syracuse University Press. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/j.ctv9b2x9d.9|10.2307/j.ctv9b2x9d.9]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9b2x9d.9 j.ctv9b2x9d.9].</ref> wey na he reject de label of "negro";<ref>{{cite news|title=To the public|first=Wm G.|last=Allen|author-link=|via=newspapers.com|newspaper=The Liberator|date=18 February 1853|page=3|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33791633/statement-of-william-g-allen-about/|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721092444/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33791633/statement-of-william-g-allen-about/|url-status=live}}</ref> nevertheless, na under Virginia law he be black ("colored"). Na Allen be adopted by a free black couple wey own "a flourishing business" at Fort Monroe, Virginia.<ref name="Allen">{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=William G.|url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery;cc=mayantislavery;q1=Monroe;rgn=full%20text;idno=17864909;didno=17864909|title=A Short Personal Narrative|publisher=The author|year=1860|location=Dublin|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721092446/https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/may864909|archive-date=2021-07-21|url-status=live}} Reprinted in ''The American Prejudice Against Color: William G. Allen, Mary King, Louisa May Alcott''.</ref> Na Allen be raised by ein birth parents insyd Norfolk, wer na he attend a school give African-American kiddies for two years. Na dem close de school down secof part of de reaction to Nat Turner ein slave rebellion of 1831. Na no school dey give colored kiddies insyd Fort Monroe, buh na he receive sam informal education from Federal soldiers, wey dey include sam French den German. Na he get access to libraries den na to sam degree self-educated, buh na he take advantage of de few educational opportunities available to a black boy.<ref name="Blackett">{{cite journal |last=Blackett |first=R. J. M. |date=March 1980 |title=William G. Allen: The Forgotten Professor |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_1980-03_26_1/page/39 |journal=Civil War History |volume=26 |pages=39–52 |doi=10.1353/cwh.1980.0018 |s2cid=144941523 |number=1}}</ref> Na a teacher recommend am to Gerrit Smith, a wealthy abolitionist den philanthropist, wey ein help, along plus dat of Lewis Tappan,<ref name=":0" /> make am possible give Allen make he attend de Oneida Institute. Na Oneida be de first college insyd de country wey accept African Americans as a matter of policy; na e be a hotbed of abolitionism.<ref name="Axe">{{cite book|last=Sernett|first=Milton C.|url=https://archive.org/details/abolitionsaxeber00sern/|title=Abolition's axe: Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggle|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1986|isbn=9780815623700|access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523200150/https://archive.org/details/abolitionsaxeber00sern/|archive-date=2020-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref> === College den career === At Oneida, like chaw college students for de time, William receive wat insyd de 20th century go be called ministerial training: Hebrew, Biblical Greek, theology, den philosophy, plus small amounts of science, algebra, den public speaking (declamation). During de summer of 1841 na he "teach insyd a school give fugitive slaves insyd [[Canada]]"<ref name="Elbert">{{cite book|title=The American Prejudice against Color. William G. Allen, Mary King, Louisa May Alcott|publisher=Northeastern University Press|year=2002|isbn=1555535453|editor-last=Elbert|editor-first=Sarah|location=Boston|pages=1–34|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> (spy Hiram Wilson). Na Allen get fond memories of Oneida,<ref name="Elbert"/> from wich he graduate insyd 1844.<ref name="Prejudice"/><ref name="Blackett"/> Na he settle insyd Troy, New York, wer na he be active insyd a black suffrage organization.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Sufrage [sic] Meeting|newspaper=Lansingburgh Democrat and Rensselaer County Gazette (Lansingburgh, New York)|date=March 14, 1846|page=2|url=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84031751/1846-03-14/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=01%2F01%2F1825&index=0&date2=12%2F31%2F1858&words=Allen+G+William&to_year2=1858&searchType=advanced&sequence=0&from_year2=1825&proxdistance=5&page=1&county=Rensselaer&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=William+g.+Allen&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&SearchType2=prox5|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721092447/https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84031751/1846-03-14/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=01%2F01%2F1825&index=0&date2=12%2F31%2F1858&words=Allen+G+William&to_year2=1858&searchType=advanced&sequence=0&from_year2=1825&proxdistance=5&page=1&county=Rensselaer&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=William+g.+Allen&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&SearchType2=prox5|url-status=live}}</ref> Together plus Henry Highland Garnet, wey sanso be an Oneida alumnus, he edit den publish de abolitionist newspaper ''National Watchman'', insyd wich "de selections den editorials dey show dat he [Allen] be a man of sense, education, den good temper".<ref>{{cite news|title=Our Exchanges|via=accessible-archives.com|page=2|newspaper=The National Era (Washington, D.C.)|date=June 24, 1847|url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=THENATIONALERA.FR1847062441.07188|access-date=May 8, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721092507/https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=THENATIONALERA.FR1847062441.07188|url-status=live}}</ref> No surviving copies of de newspaper be known.Wen na e cease publication insyd 1847,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Negroes of New York in the Emancipation Movement|first=Charles H.|last=Wesley|magazine=Journal of Negro History|page=[https://archive.org/details/lccn_70102634/page/90 90]|volume=24|year=1939|url=https://archive.org/details/lccn_70102634}}</ref> Allen move to Boston, wey he study under den dey work as a clerk give de abolitionist lawyer Ellis Gray Loring.<ref name="elbert">{{cite journal |last1=Elbert |first1=Sarah |date=2002 |title=An Inter-Racial Love Story in Fact and Fiction: William and Mary King Allen's Marriage and Louisa May Alcott's Tale, 'M.L.' |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=17–42 |doi=10.1093/hwj/53.1.17 |jstor=4289772}}</ref><ref name="Union">{{cite news|title=From the Washington Union|newspaper=The Liberator|date=3 January 1851|page=1|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49978472/appointment-of-william-g-allen-to-be/|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721092513/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49978472/appointment-of-william-g-allen-to-be/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Missouri Whig (Palmyra, Missouri)|date=January 2, 1851|page=3|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-jan-02-1851-1716821/|title=(Untitled)|via=newspaperarchive.com|access-date=May 5, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721092446/https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-jan-02-1851-1716821/|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd Boston, Allen cam be well known as a lecturer (spy below). === Marriage to Mary King === Before de Civil War, na sexual union between white male den black female, usually be forced, na ebe common. (Spy Children of the plantation, Sally Hemings, den Lydia Hamilton Smith.) Na sexual contact between black male den white female exist buh na ebe less common; insyd slave states na ebe considered to always be rape—de white woman never fi consent to am—wey na e result insyd de black man ein immediate execution. While na less serious relations be tolerated insyd sam parts, wey na Massachusetts (per) repeal ein ban on interracial marriage insyd 1843,<ref>{{cite book|last=Nash|first=Gary B.|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/nash.html|title=Forbidden Love|publisher=WGBH|year=1999|chapter=Mixed-Race Couples in Early America|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130125325/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/nash.html|archive-date=2020-01-30|url-status=live}}</ref> na actual marriage between black den white be so unusual na dem dey report am insyd de newspaper.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Colored Vote|newspaper=The Columbia Washingtonian|location=Hudson, New York|date=November 12, 1846|page=1|via=NYS Historic Newspapers|url=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84027449/1846-11-12/ed-1/seq-1/#|access-date=2022-04-07|archive-date=2022-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408193200/https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn84027449/1846-11-12/ed-1/seq-1/|url-status=live}}</ref> (Na African Americans no be U.S. citizens wey na dem generally believe dem be genetically inferior to whites.) Na Zephaniah Kingsley, marry outsyd de U.S. to an African woman wey na he purchase as a slave insyd Cuba, na he for lef Florida after na e cam be a U.S. territory insyd 1821. Na e no be til Frederick Douglass ein marriage to Helen Pitts insyd 1884 wey na a married white–black couple fi live openly insyd Washington, D.C., widout violence, although na dem receive much vituperation. ===Allen ein pamphlets=== Na all of Allen ein pamphlets be self-published wey na he intend make he sell for ein lectures to earn watever he fi by dat route, besides na dem send am out to potential lecture venues. Insyd chronological order, dem be: * ''The African race : an essay for the times'' (Boston, 1848). Of dis pamphlet of 20 pages na two copies per be known. E dey state dat de "article be from de ''Christian Examiner''." * ''Wheatley, Banneker and Horton. With selections from the poetical works of Wheatley and Horton, and the letter of Washington to Wheatley, and of Jefferson to Banneker'' (Boston, 1849). Reprinted in 1970 by Books for Libraries Press, {{ISBN|0836986571}}. Studies Phyllis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, and George Moses Horton, adding that "we regard Horton as decidedly the superior genius" (p.&nbsp;7). In addition to the poems and the letters from Washington and Jefferson, he includes "sketches" of the authors "written by white persons distinguished for character and standing" (p.&nbsp;7). ** "Introduction", by Allen (pp.&nbsp;3–7). ** "Phillis Wheatley", a slightly abbreviated and edited version of the text found in the Boston, 1837 edition of Wheatley's poetry<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Phillis|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/wheatley/wheatley.html|title=Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, A Native African and a Slave|publisher=George W. Light|year=1837|location=Boston|access-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102221012/https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/wheatley/wheatley.html|archive-date=2020-11-02|url-status=live}}</ref> (pp.&nbsp;9–20) ** Letter of George Washington (p.&nbsp;20) ** Poems of Phillis Wheatley (pp.&nbsp;21–27) ** "Benjamin Banneker", by John H. B. Latrobe (pp.&nbsp;28–31), a slightly abbreviated version of a paper read before the Maryland Historical Society<ref>{{cite book|last=Latrobe|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n4/mode/2up|title=Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read Before the Maryland Historical Society, at the monthly meeting, May 1, 1845'|publisher=Maryland Historical Society|year=1845|location=Baltimore}}</ref> ** Letter of Banneker to Thomas Jefferson (pp.&nbsp;31–34) ** Reply of Jefferson to Banneker (p.&nbsp;35) ** More by Latrobe? (pp.&nbsp;35–38) ** Brief introduction to Horton by Allen (p.&nbsp;39) ** "Explanation", taken from first publication of Horton's poetry (pp.&nbsp;39–41) ** Poems of Horton (pp.&nbsp;42–48) * {{cite book |title=The American Prejudice Against Color: An Authentic Narrative, Showing How Easily the Nation Got into an Uproar |year=1853 |first=William G., "a refugee from American despotism" |last=Allen |author-link=William G. Allen |location=London |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17875}} * {{cite book|author-last1=Horton|author-first1=George Moses|url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery&cc=mayantislavery&idno=19868808&view=image&seq=1&size=100|title=The African poets, Horton and Placido: with an introduction by Professor Allen|author2=Plácido (Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés)|year=1856|editor-last=Allen|editor-first=[William G.]|editor-link=William G. Allen|location=Dublin|author-link2=:es:Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220518/http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery&cc=mayantislavery&idno=19868808&view=image&seq=1&size=100|archive-date=2023-09-27|access-date=2025-06-06}} * {{cite book|last=Allen|first=William G.|url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery;cc=mayantislavery;rgn=full%20text;idno=17864909;didno=17864909|title=A Short Personal Narrative|year=1860|location=Dublin|author-link=William G. Allen}} (sold by the author) == Allen ein topics == === The African race === === Origin of the African race === === Characteristics of the African "race" === === Nations require the combination of races === === Characteristics of the African race === === "American Slavery, the present aspects of the anti-slavery cause, and our duty in relation thereto" === === America and the Americans === === "The great men of a nation are a nation's vitality" === === Orators and oratory === ==Writings== *Books den pamphlets ** {{cite book |first=William G. |last=Allen |author-link=William G. Allen |location=Dublin |url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery;cc=mayantislavery;rgn=full%20text;idno=17864909;didno=17864909 |year=1860 |title=A Short Personal Narrative}} (sold by the author) **{{cite book|title=The African poets, Horton and Placido: with an introduction by Professor Allen|location=Dublin|year=1856|editor-first=[William G.]|editor-last=Allen|editor-link=William G. Allen|author-first1=George Moses|author-last1=Horton|author2=Plácido (Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés)|author-link2=:es:Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés|url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery&cc=mayantislavery&idno=19868808&view=image&seq=1&size=100|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220518/http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery&cc=mayantislavery&idno=19868808&view=image&seq=1&size=100|archive-date=2023-09-27|access-date=2025-06-06}} ** {{cite book |title=The American Prejudice Against Color: An Authentic Narrative, Showing How Easily the Nation Got into an Uproar |year=1853 |first=William G., "a refugee from American despotism" |last=Allen |author-link=William G. Allen |location=London |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17875}} ** {{cite book |first=William G. |last=Allen |author-link=William G. Allen |title=Wheatley, Banneker and Horton. With selections from the poetical works of Wheatley and Horton, and the letter of Washington to Wheatley, and of Jefferson to Banneker |year=1849 |location=Boston }} Reprinted in 1970 by Books for Libraries Press, {{ISBN|0836986571}} Studies Phyllis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, and George Moses Horton. **{{cite book |title=The African race: an essay for the times. |location=Boston |year=1848 |oclc=480197709 |first=William G. |last=Allen |author-link=William G. Allen}} * Published correspondence **{{cite news |first=Wm. G. |last=Allen |title=Letter to William B. Garrison |url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1853080529.46967 |date=August 15, 1853 |via=accessiblearchives.com |url-access=subscription |newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper}} **{{cite news |date=July 22, 1853 |title=Letter from Professor Wm. G. Allen |newspaper=The Liberator |page=4 |first=Wm. G. |last=Allen |url=http://theliberatorfiles.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/The-Liberator-1853-07-22-Page-4.png |format=PNG}} Comments on England. Reprinted in ''Frederick Douglass' Paper'', August 5, 1853. ** {{cite news |title=To the public |first=Wm G. |last=Allen |author-link=William G. Allen |via=newspapers.com |newspaper=The Liberator |date=18 February 1853 |page=3 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33791633/statement-of-william-g-allen-about/}} ** {{cite news |title=Letter from Prof. Wm. G. Allen |first=William G. |last=Allen |newspaper=The Liberator |date=November 26, 1852 |page=2 |url=http://theliberatorfiles.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/The-Liberator-1852-11-26-Page-2.png |format=PNG}} On Horace Mann. ** {{cite news |newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper |date=November 12, 1852 |via=accessiblearchives.con |first=Wm. G. |last=Allen |title=Letter from Wm. G. Allen |url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1852111221.35328}} On Beriah Green. **{{cite news |title=Jerry rescue celebration |first=William G. |last=Allen |date=October 29, 1852 |newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper |page=1 |url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1852102901.35069 |via=accessiblearchives.com}} Reprinted from the Pennsylvania Freeman. ** {{cite news |title=Letter from William G. Allen |first=William G. |last=Allen |newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper |page=3 |date=August 13, 1852 |url= https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1852081325.33990 |via=accessiblearchives.com}} **{{cite news |first=William G. |last=Allen |title=Letter from William G. Allen |date=June 30, 1852 |via=accessible-archives.com |url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1852073003.33750 |newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper}} On Jews and on races. **{{cite news |first=William G. |last=Allen |title=Letter from William G. Allen |date=June 10, 1852 |via=accessible-archives.com |url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1852061008.33066 |newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper}} On the Anglo-Saxon and African "nationalities". ** {{cite news|first=William G.|last=Allen|title=Letter from Wm. G. Allen|newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper|url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1852052027.26038|via=accessiblearchives.com|quote=[I]ts descriptions stir the blood" and "indeed almost make it leap out of the heart". However, he regretted "that the chapter favoring colonization was ever written.|date=May 20, 1852}} Includes discussion of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' ** {{cite news|first=William G.|last=Allen|newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper|title=Letter from William G. Allen|date=April 29, 1852|via=accessible-archives.com|url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1852042921.25910}} On Benjamin Banneker ** {{cite news|first=William G.|last=Allen|title=Letter from William G. Allen|newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper|date=January 1, 1852|page=1|via=accessiblearchives.com|url=https://accessible.com/accessible/emailedURL?AADoc=FREDERICKDOUGLASSPAPER.FR1852010110.24940}} On the Hungarian hero Lajos Kossuth. Reprinted in The Liberator, January 9, 1852. ** {{cite news|first=William G.|last=Allen|title=Letter from William G. allen|newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper|date=December 11, 1851|via=accessiblearchives.com}} Pledges $10 as support "for the establishing of a Semi-Weekly paper published by yourself". ** {{cite news|first=William G.|last=Allen|title=[Letter to the editor]|newspaper=Frederick Douglass' Paper|date=June 26, 1851|via=accessiblearchives.com}} Forwards "some lines written by a young lady of this Institution, upon the death of Miss Anna E. Pierce and Joseph P. Purvis, students of New York Central College". ** {{cite news|first=William G.|last=Allen|title=Letter to the editor|newspaper=Voice of the Fugitive|date=June 1, 1851|url=https://dds.crl.edu/item/235547|via=Center for Research Libraries|access-date=May 20, 2020}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20250429014132/http://special-collections.commons.udmercy.edu/2014/06/12/new-york-central-college-1851/ Editorial note on Allen in same issue] * Manuscript ** {{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=William G.|title=Sea-weeds collected on the British coast, presented to the Boston Anti-Slavery Bazaar|last2=Allen|first2=Mary King|date=c. 1853|location=Leeds, England|oclc=63891436|author-link1=William G. Allen}} "30 leaves, 20 of them with delicately mounted sea weed specimens with mss. descriptions, poetry, religious sentiments interspersed." Held by Cornell University Library. ==Studies of Allen== * {{cite journal |last=Sherwood |first=Marika |title=William G. Allen in Britain |journal=Ethnicity and Race in a Changing World |volume=2 |number=2 |year=2011 |page=53+ |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA388826543&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=17588685&p=AONE&sw=w |via=Gale Academic OneFile |access-date=5 May 2020}} * {{cite journal |last1=McClish|first1=Glen|title=William G. Allen's 'Orators and Oratory': Inventional Amalgamation, Pathos, and the Characterization of Violence in African-American Abolitionist Rhetoric|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rhetoric-society-quarterly_winter-2005_35_1/page/47|journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly|date=2005|volume=35 |pages=47–72|issue=1|doi=10.1080/02773940509391303|jstor=40232452|s2cid=143786341}} * {{cite journal|last1=Elbert|first1=Sarah|title=An Inter-Racial Love Story in Fact and Fiction: William and Mary King Allen's Marriage and Louisa May Alcott's Tale, 'M.L.'|journal=History Workshop Journal|date=2002|volume=53|issue=1|pages=17–42|doi=10.1093/hwj/53.1.17|jstor=4289772}} * {{cite journal |title=William G. Allen: The Forgotten Professor |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_1980-03_26_1/page/39 |first=R. J. M. |last=Blackett |journal=Civil War History |volume=26 |number=1 |date=March 1980 |pages=39–52 |doi=10.1353/cwh.1980.0018|s2cid=144941523 }} == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, William G.}} [[Category:1820s births]] [[Category:African-American abolitionists]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:American abolitionists]] [[Category:American expatriate academics insyd de United Kingdom]] [[Category:American newspaper editors]] [[Category:19th-century African-American academics]] [[Category:19th-century American academics]] [[Category:New York Central College faculty]] [[Category:1888 deaths]] [[Category:Oneida Institute alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Urbanna, Virginia]] [[Category:African-American history of New York (state)]] [[Category:African-American college graduates before 1865]] [[Category:American lecturers]] [[Category:Free people of color]] 99dajkozja6v4b00mdvobw1cthxwjnb 0 19289 115001 79104 2026-10-18T23:27:01Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nevie Aubrey Baartman''' (born 4 October 1958) be South African politician from Northern Cape. He be de provincial leader of Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) plus EFF representative insyd Northern Cape Provincial Legislature. Before dat, he be senior provincial member of African National Congress (ANC). == Political career == Baartman be former member of de ANC. He join de party insyd de 1990s den serve on multiple party structures. He serve as mayor of Namakwa District Municipality plus as regional secretary of de party ein Namakwa region. Baartman be member of National Executive Committee of South African Football Association (SAFA).<ref name="politiweb">{{cite web |title=Our top ten candidates - EFF |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/party/our-top-ten-candidates--eff |accessdate=22 September 2019 |website=Politicsweb}}</ref> Baartman join de EFF insyd 2013 when dem form de party. He turn de first provincial leader of de party. Before dem elect am go Northern Cape Provincial Legislature, he serve as municipal manager of Nama Khoi Local Municipality. He take office as member of de provincial legislature insyd May 2014.<ref name="politiweb" /> Insyd 2019, Baartman get re-elected for second term as member of de provincial legislature.<ref>{{cite news|title=ANC comes out tops in Northern Cape|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-comes-out-tops-in-northern-cape-22971973|accessdate=22 September 2019|newspaper=IOL|date=10 May 2019}}</ref> For 2 October 2022, provincial secretary Shadrack Tlhaole get elected to take over from Baartman as provincial chairperson of de EFF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sithole |first=Siyabonga |date=2022-10-03 |title=EFF elects its top five in NC, leaders urged to take fight to mines and banks |url=https://www.dfa.co.za/news/eff-elects-its-top-five-in-nc-leaders-urged-to-take-fight-to-mines-and-banks-417c2bde-ac79-48df-8024-03892ed94ea9/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=DFA |language=en-ZA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122190239/https://www.dfa.co.za/news/eff-elects-its-top-five-in-nc-leaders-urged-to-take-fight-to-mines-and-banks-417c2bde-ac79-48df-8024-03892ed94ea9/ |archive-date=2022-11-22}}</ref> Baartman resign from de provincial legislature insyd 31 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nevie Aubrey Baartman |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/nevie-aubrey-baartman/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}</ref> == Legal issues == Insyd 2016, dem accuse Baartman say he commit fraud during ein time as municipal manager. Baartman deny dem claims.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kwon Hoo|first1=Sandi|date=23 June 2016|title=EFF leader rubbishes fraud claims|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/eff-leader-rubbishes-fraud-claims-2037782|accessdate=22 September 2019|newspaper=IOL}}</ref> For 2024, Baartman get sentenced to three years of correctional supervision for no follow correct tender procedures when he dey award one tender during ein time as municipal manager.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marriah-Maharaj |first=Jolene |date=2024-01-24 |title=Former municipal manager Aubrey Baartman sentenced for not following ‘correct tender procedures’ in R80 million deal |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-and-courts/former-municipal-manager-aubrey-baartman-sentenced-for-not-following-correct-tender-procedures-in-r80-million-deal-238d3397-aec6-45c2-8dee-45a6595a9b12 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=IOL}}</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Baartman, Aubrey}} [[Category:South African people]] [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Economic Freedom Fighters politicians]] [[Category:Members of de Northern Cape Provincial Legislature]] [[Category:21st-century South African politicians]] 0er4z5giivz58axaxnvdz2ojesqlxvd 0 27581 115006 105004 2026-10-19T05:51:44Z ~2026-55969-55 8429 115006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na de civilization of ancient Egypt be indebted to de [[Nile|Nile River]] den ein dependable seasonal flooding. Thus, dey relying on de Nile River for ein periodic flooding. De river ein predictability den fertile soil allow de indigenous Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians be credited ae possible secof de ingenuity of de Egyptians as dem develop basin irrigation.<ref name= "book">Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.</ref> Dema farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.<ref name="Origins2">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * Jared Diamond, ''Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years'', 1997. [[Category:Agriculture by culture|Egypt]] [[Category:Ancient Egypt]] [[Category:History of agriculture]] [[Category:Agriculture insyd Egypt]] 8w4id842934d8ou57udrv5k6f1gbxw6 115009 115006 2026-10-19T09:13:07Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-55969-55|~2026-55969-55]] ([[User talk:~2026-55969-55|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] 105004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na de civilization of ancient Egypt be indebted to de [[Nile|Nile River]] den ein dependable seasonal flooding. Thus, dey relying on de Nile River for ein periodic flooding. De river ein predictability den fertile soil allow de indigenous Egyptians to build an empire on de basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians be credited as dem be one of de first groups of people to practice agriculture on a large scale. Na dis be possible secof de ingenuity of de Egyptians as dem develop basin irrigation.<ref name= "book">Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.</ref> Dema farming practices allow dem to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat den barley, den industrial crops, such as flax den papyrus.<ref name="Origins2">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * Jared Diamond, ''Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years'', 1997. [[Category:Agriculture by culture|Egypt]] [[Category:Ancient Egypt]] [[Category:History of agriculture]] [[Category:Agriculture insyd Egypt]] b4zwcieo5nryt1lrkwefy1ghhz3xctt 0 27964 115002 107433 2026-10-18T23:37:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' be one of de highest commercial bungy jumping sites for de world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape den Western Cape, insyd Tsitsikamma area for [[South Africa]] Garden Route. Face Adrenalin dey run de site for commercial purpose since 1997.<ref>[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250826200635/https://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&sn=Detail&pid=90676&Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> == History == For 1990, Bloukrans River Bridge cam be de first bridge for Africa wey people start dey do bungee jumping from. Face Adrenalin, wey Devan tuohey found, dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy since 1997 widout any accident.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120701121316/http://www.mydestination.com/gardenroute/things-to-do/110216/bungee-jumping-at-the-bloukrans-bridge My Destination Website], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> == World records == Mohr Keet set Guinness World Record<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180219172035/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-429989 CNN], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> as de oldest person wey ever do bungy jump wen he jump from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at de age of 96.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/97-year-old-mohr-keet-to-make-4th-bungy-jump/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/oldest_bungee_jumper_world_record_set_by_Mohr_Keet_101633.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> Scott Huntly break de world record for de most bungee jumps wey one person do for one day when he jump from Bloukrans Bridge 107 times insyd nine hours on 11 May 2011. Scott finish de project make he raise money support local communities.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_a_day_Scott_Huntly_sets_world_record_112244.html World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> De world record for de most bungy jumps insyd 24 hours dey plus South African Bill Boshoff, wey do 101 bungy jumps insyd 14 hours den 23 minutes for Bloukrans on 10 May 2002. De record stand till 16 August 2008, wen Mike Heard break am plus 103 bungy jumps insyd 24 hours from Auckland Harbour Bridge.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_24_hours-world_record_set_by_Mike_Heard_80354.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Veronica Dean-Boshoff set world record after she do 19 jumps insyd one hour on 9 May 2002. == Responsible tourism == De people wey dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy, Face Adrenalin, employ 60 people from nearby communities like Coldstream, Thornham, Storms River, Covie den The Crags as part of de Bloukrans Bridge Bungy operation.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> Since 1998, dem pay big percentage of dema turnover give de local community trust.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> ==References== <references /> ==External links== * [http://www.FaceAdrenalin.com Face Adrenalin website] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd de Eastern Cape]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd de Western Cape]] [[Category:Entertainment companies of South Africa]] [[Category:Bungee jumping sites]] [[Category:1990 establishments insyd South Africa]] p73esyyencuxb43kum1wxkfnwynt18o 0 31057 114978 114977 2026-10-18T13:15:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Disseminated intravascular coagulation''' ('''DIC''') be a condition insyd wich [[blood clot]]s form thru out de body, blocking [[Microvessel|small blood vessels]].<ref name=nih/> Symptoms fi include [[chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], leg pain, problems speaking, anaa problems moving parts of de body.<ref name=nih/> As [[clotting factors]] den [[platelet]]s be used up, [[bleeding]] fi occur.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|title=What Are Blood Clotting Disorders? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/clotting-disorders |publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=9 September 2026|date=2026}}</ref> Dis fi include [[hematuria|blood insyd de urine]], [[GI bleed|blood insyd de stool]], anaa bleeding into de skin.<ref name=nih/> Complications fi include [[organ failure]].<ref name="Mer20162">{{cite web |date=September 2016 |title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - Hematology and Oncology |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/coagulation-disorders/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic |access-date=20 December 2017 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition |language=en-CA}}</ref> Relatively common causes dey include [[sepsis]], [[surgery]], [[major trauma]], [[cancer]], den [[complications of pregnancy]].<ref name=nih/> Less common causes dey include [[snake bites]], [[frostbite]], den [[burn]]s.<ref name=nih/> Der be two main types: acute (rapid onset) den chronic (slow onset).<ref name=nih/> Diagnosis typically be based on [[blood tests]].<ref name=Mer2016/> Findings fi include [[thrombocytopenia|low platelets]], low [[fibrinogen]], high [[International normalized ratio|INR]], anaa high [[D-dimer]].<ref name=Mer2016>{{cite web|title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - Hematology and Oncology|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/coagulation-disorders/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=20 December 2017|language=en-CA|date=September 2016}}</ref> Treatment mainly be directed towards de underlying condition.<ref name=Mer2016/><ref name=Levi2007>{{cite journal|last=Levi|first=M|s2cid=7158989|title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|journal=Critical Care Medicine|year=2007|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2191–2195|pmid=17855836|doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000281468.94108.4B}}</ref> Oda measures fi include giving [[platelet transfusion|platelets]], [[cryoprecipitate]], anaa [[fresh frozen plasma]].<ref name=Mer2016/> Evidence to support dese treatments, however, be poor.<ref name=Mer2016/> [[Heparin]] fi be useful insyd de slowly developing form.<ref name=Mer2016/> About 1% of people dem admit to hospital be affected by de condition.<ref name=Nat2016/> Insyd those plus sepsis, rates be between 20% den 50%.<ref name=Nat2016/> De risk of death among those wey be affected dey vary from 20% to 50%.<ref name=Nat2016>{{cite journal|last1=Gando|first1=Satoshi|last2=Levi|first2=Marcel|last3=Toh|first3=Cheng-Hock|s2cid=4059451|title=Disseminated intravascular coagulation|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|date=2 June 2016|volume=2|article-number=16037|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.37|pmid=27250996}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5m6qok5483vfi8nax2upb2kq7qxmsq1 114979 114978 2026-10-18T13:32:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Disseminated intravascular coagulation''' ('''DIC''') be a condition insyd wich [[blood clot]]s form thru out de body, blocking [[Microvessel|small blood vessels]].<ref name=nih/> Symptoms fi include [[chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], leg pain, problems speaking, anaa problems moving parts of de body.<ref name=nih/> As [[clotting factors]] den [[platelet]]s be used up, [[bleeding]] fi occur.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|title=What Are Blood Clotting Disorders? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/clotting-disorders |publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=9 September 2026|date=2026}}</ref> Dis fi include [[hematuria|blood insyd de urine]], [[GI bleed|blood insyd de stool]], anaa bleeding into de skin.<ref name=nih/> Complications fi include [[organ failure]].<ref name="Mer20162">{{cite web |date=September 2016 |title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - Hematology and Oncology |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/coagulation-disorders/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic |access-date=20 December 2017 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition |language=en-CA}}</ref> Relatively common causes dey include [[sepsis]], [[surgery]], [[major trauma]], [[cancer]], den [[complications of pregnancy]].<ref name=nih/> Less common causes dey include [[snake bites]], [[frostbite]], den [[burn]]s.<ref name=nih/> Der be two main types: acute (rapid onset) den chronic (slow onset).<ref name=nih/> Diagnosis typically be based on [[blood tests]].<ref name=Mer2016/> Findings fi include [[thrombocytopenia|low platelets]], low [[fibrinogen]], high [[International normalized ratio|INR]], anaa high [[D-dimer]].<ref name=Mer2016>{{cite web|title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - Hematology and Oncology|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/hematology-and-oncology/coagulation-disorders/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-dic|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=20 December 2017|language=en-CA|date=September 2016}}</ref> Treatment mainly be directed towards de underlying condition.<ref name=Mer2016/><ref name=Levi2007>{{cite journal|last=Levi|first=M|s2cid=7158989|title=Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|journal=Critical Care Medicine|year=2007|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2191–2195|pmid=17855836|doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000281468.94108.4B}}</ref> Oda measures fi include giving [[platelet transfusion|platelets]], [[cryoprecipitate]], anaa [[fresh frozen plasma]].<ref name=Mer2016/> Evidence to support dese treatments, however, be poor.<ref name=Mer2016/> [[Heparin]] fi be useful insyd de slowly developing form.<ref name=Mer2016/> About 1% of people dem admit to hospital be affected by de condition.<ref name=Nat2016/> Insyd those plus sepsis, rates be between 20% den 50%.<ref name=Nat2016/> De risk of death among those wey be affected dey vary from 20% to 50%.<ref name=Nat2016>{{cite journal|last1=Gando|first1=Satoshi|last2=Levi|first2=Marcel|last3=Toh|first3=Cheng-Hock|s2cid=4059451|title=Disseminated intravascular coagulation|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|date=2 June 2016|volume=2|article-number=16037|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2016.37|pmid=27250996}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation}} [[Category:Coagulopathies]] [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Oncological emergencies]] [[Category:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] csi2pkllvnonv815oj1u1mpsy6kdq1w 0 31058 114980 2026-10-18T13:37:59Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456542|Beta_blocker_toxicity]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114981 114980 2026-10-18T14:49:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beta blocker toxicity''' be de result of taking too much of de medication dem know as [[beta blocker]]s, either by accident anaa on purpose. Dis often dey cause a [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]]. Sam beta blockers sanso fi cause an [[irregular heartbeat]] anaa [[low blood sugar]]. Symptoms usually dey occur insyd de first two hours buh plus sam forms of de medication no fi start til 20 hours. A person medically be cleared if dem no get symptom 6 hours after taking an immediate release preparation. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == p6ydcvrkqcavfcejg0nqty2913aqwc1 114982 114981 2026-10-18T14:51:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beta blocker toxicity''' be de result of taking too much of de medication dem know as [[beta blocker]]s, either by accident anaa on purpose. Dis often dey cause a [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]]. Sam beta blockers sanso fi cause an [[irregular heartbeat]] anaa [[low blood sugar]]. Symptoms usually dey occur insyd de first two hours buh plus sam forms of de medication no fi start til 20 hours. A person medically be cleared if dem no get symptom 6 hours after taking an immediate release preparation. Beta blockers dey include [[metoprolol]], [[bisoprolol]], [[carvedilol]], [[propranolol]], den [[sotalol]]. [[Electrocardiography|ECG]] changes fi include [[PR interval|PR prolongation]] den a [[wide QRS]]. Measuring blood levels of beta blockers no be useful. Oda conditions wey fi present similarly dey include [[calcium channel blocker toxicity]], [[acute coronary syndrome]], den [[high potassium]]. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] niswww69zaywhc4gqivkrns04ry56fe 114983 114982 2026-10-18T14:54:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beta blocker toxicity''' be de result of taking too much of de medication dem know as [[beta blocker]]s, either by accident anaa on purpose. Dis often dey cause a [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]]. Sam beta blockers sanso fi cause an [[irregular heartbeat]] anaa [[low blood sugar]]. Symptoms usually dey occur insyd de first two hours buh plus sam forms of de medication no fi start til 20 hours. A person medically be cleared if dem no get symptom 6 hours after taking an immediate release preparation. Beta blockers dey include [[metoprolol]], [[bisoprolol]], [[carvedilol]], [[propranolol]], den [[sotalol]]. [[Electrocardiography|ECG]] changes fi include [[PR interval|PR prolongation]] den a [[wide QRS]]. Measuring blood levels of beta blockers no be useful. Oda conditions wey fi present similarly dey include [[calcium channel blocker toxicity]], [[acute coronary syndrome]], den [[high potassium]]. Treatment fi include efforts to reduce [[Absorption (pharmacology)|absorption]] of de medication wey dey include: [[activated charcoal]] taken by mouth if given shortly after de ingestion anaa [[whole bowel irrigation]] if na dem take an [[extended release]] formula. Efforts to bring about vomiting no be recommended. Medications to treat de toxic effects dey include: [[intravenous fluids]], [[sodium bicarbonate]], [[glucagon_(medication)|glucagon]], high dose [[insulin]], [[vasopressors]] den [[lipid emulsion]]. [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] den [[electrical pacing]] sanso fi be options. Sam beta blockers fi be removable by [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]]. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] n6p82aapbhgsbcx4d4naxmmemnwqoda 114984 114983 2026-10-18T15:01:46Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beta blocker toxicity''' be de result of taking too much of de medication dem know as [[beta blocker]]s, either by accident anaa on purpose.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Dis often dey cause a [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Sam beta blockers sanso fi cause an [[irregular heartbeat]] anaa [[low blood sugar]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Symptoms usually dey occur insyd de first two hours buh plus sam forms of de medication no fi start til 20 hours.<ref name="Stat2020" /> A person medically be cleared if dem no get symptom 6 hours after taking an immediate release preparation.<ref name="Ros2017" /> Beta blockers dey include [[metoprolol]], [[bisoprolol]], [[carvedilol]], [[propranolol]], den [[sotalol]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> [[Electrocardiography|ECG]] changes fi include [[PR interval|PR prolongation]] den a [[wide QRS]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Measuring blood levels of beta blockers no be useful.<ref name="EBM2020" /> Oda conditions wey fi present similarly dey include [[calcium channel blocker toxicity]], [[acute coronary syndrome]], den [[high potassium]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Treatment fi include efforts to reduce [[Absorption (pharmacology)|absorption]] of de medication wey dey include: [[activated charcoal]] taken by mouth if given shortly after de ingestion anaa [[whole bowel irrigation]] if na dem take an [[extended release]] formula.<ref name="EBM2020" /> Efforts to bring about vomiting no be recommended.<ref name="EBM2020" /> Medications to treat de toxic effects dey include: [[intravenous fluids]], [[sodium bicarbonate]], [[glucagon_(medication)|glucagon]], high dose [[insulin]], [[vasopressors]] den [[lipid emulsion]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] den [[electrical pacing]] sanso fi be options.<ref name="EBM2020" /> Sam beta blockers fi be removable by [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Beta blocker toxicity be relatively uncommon.<ref name=EBM2020>{{cite web |last1=Palatnick |first1=Wesley |title=Calcium-Channel Blocker, Beta Blocker, and Digoxin Toxicity Management Strategies |url=https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/pharmacology/cardiac-drug-toxicity |website=www.ebmedicine.net |access-date=27 December 2020 |language=en |date=September 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514075336/https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=396 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along plus [[calcium channel blockers]] den [[digoxin]] beta blockers get one of de highest rates of death in overdose.<ref name=Rosen2014>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1455706051|pages=Chapter 152|edition=8th|chapter=Cardiovascular Drugs}}</ref> Dese medications first cam be available insyd de 1960s den 1970s.<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite journal |last1=Khalid |first1=MM |last2=Galuska |first2=MA |last3=Hamilton |first3=RJ|journal=StatPearls |title=Beta-Blocker Toxicity |date=January 2020 |pmid=28846217}}</ref><ref name=Ros2017>{{cite book |last1=Wall |first1=Ron |title=Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0323354790 |page=1881 |edition=9}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ozlu57tjzsh235aa792xoqsq6blad5c 114985 114984 2026-10-18T15:07:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beta blocker toxicity''' be de result of taking too much of de medication dem know as [[beta blocker]]s, either by accident anaa on purpose.<ref name="Stat2020" /> Dis often dey cause a [[bradycardia|slow heart rate]] den [[hypotension|low blood pressure]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Sam beta blockers sanso fi cause an [[irregular heartbeat]] anaa [[low blood sugar]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Symptoms usually dey occur insyd de first two hours buh plus sam forms of de medication no fi start til 20 hours.<ref name="Stat2020" /> A person medically be cleared if dem no get symptom 6 hours after taking an immediate release preparation.<ref name="Ros2017" /> Beta blockers dey include [[metoprolol]], [[bisoprolol]], [[carvedilol]], [[propranolol]], den [[sotalol]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> [[Electrocardiography|ECG]] changes fi include [[PR interval|PR prolongation]] den a [[wide QRS]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Measuring blood levels of beta blockers no be useful.<ref name="EBM2020" /> Oda conditions wey fi present similarly dey include [[calcium channel blocker toxicity]], [[acute coronary syndrome]], den [[high potassium]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Treatment fi include efforts to reduce [[Absorption (pharmacology)|absorption]] of de medication wey dey include: [[activated charcoal]] taken by mouth if given shortly after de ingestion anaa [[whole bowel irrigation]] if na dem take an [[extended release]] formula.<ref name="EBM2020" /> Efforts to bring about vomiting no be recommended.<ref name="EBM2020" /> Medications to treat de toxic effects dey include: [[intravenous fluids]], [[sodium bicarbonate]], [[glucagon_(medication)|glucagon]], high dose [[insulin]], [[vasopressors]] den [[lipid emulsion]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] den [[electrical pacing]] sanso fi be options.<ref name="EBM2020" /> Sam beta blockers fi be removable by [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]].<ref name="EBM2020" /> Beta blocker toxicity be relatively uncommon.<ref name=EBM2020>{{cite web |last1=Palatnick |first1=Wesley |title=Calcium-Channel Blocker, Beta Blocker, and Digoxin Toxicity Management Strategies |url=https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/pharmacology/cardiac-drug-toxicity |website=www.ebmedicine.net |access-date=27 December 2020 |language=en |date=September 2020 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514075336/https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=396 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along plus [[calcium channel blockers]] den [[digoxin]] beta blockers get one of de highest rates of death in overdose.<ref name=Rosen2014>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=John A. Marx|title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=1455706051|pages=Chapter 152|edition=8th|chapter=Cardiovascular Drugs}}</ref> Dese medications first cam be available insyd de 1960s den 1970s.<ref name=Stat2020>{{cite journal |last1=Khalid |first1=MM |last2=Galuska |first2=MA |last3=Hamilton |first3=RJ|journal=StatPearls |title=Beta-Blocker Toxicity |date=January 2020 |pmid=28846217}}</ref><ref name=Ros2017>{{cite book |last1=Wall |first1=Ron |title=Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0323354790 |page=1881 |edition=9}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Beta blockers]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lubw6ffgxqn5h14s3hr2dtqnz7twhae 0 31059 114986 2026-10-18T16:47:22Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1512900|Fluconazole]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114987 114986 2026-10-18T16:54:03Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fluconazole''' be an [[antifungal medication]] dem use for a number of [[fungal infections]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dis dey include [[candidiasis]], [[blastomycosis]], [[coccidiodomycosis]], [[cryptococcosis]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[dermatophytosis]], den [[pityriasis versicolor]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> E sanso be used to prevent candidiasis insyd those wey be at high risk such as following [[organ transplantation]], low birth weight babies, den those plus [[neutropenia|low blood neutrophil counts]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem dey give am either by mouth anaa by [[intravenous|injection into a vein]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 6nfpb6yq29cwp8v2reghga1qs17do50 114988 114987 2026-10-18T17:21:53Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fluconazole''' be an [[antifungal medication]] dem use for a number of [[fungal infections]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dis dey include [[candidiasis]], [[blastomycosis]], [[coccidiodomycosis]], [[cryptococcosis]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[dermatophytosis]], den [[pityriasis versicolor]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> E sanso be used to prevent candidiasis insyd those wey be at high risk such as following [[organ transplantation]], low birth weight babies, den those plus [[neutropenia|low blood neutrophil counts]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem dey give am either by mouth anaa by [[intravenous|injection into a vein]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Common side effects dey include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, den [[elevated transaminases|increased liver enzymes]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Serious side effects fi include [[liver problems]], [[Long QT syndrome|QT prolongation]], den [[seizures]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> During pregnancy e fi increase de risk of [[miscarriage]] while large doses fi cause [[birth defects]].<ref name=FDA2016Preg>{{cite web|title=Fluconazole (Diflucan): Drug Safety Communication - FDA Evaluating Study Examining Use of Oral Fluconazole (Diflucan) in Pregnancy|url=https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm497656.htm|website=FDA|access-date=29 April 2016|date=2016-04-26|archive-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429171031/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm497656.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2016/> Ein use insyd de [[first trimester]] thus no be recommended.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Fluconazole: teratogenic, even with as little as just one 150 mg dose |journal=english.prescrire.org |date=February 2021 |issue=223 |pages=45-46 |url=https://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=223 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129111835/https://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fluconazole dey insyd de [[azole antifungal]] family of medication.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem believe e dey work by affecting de fungal [[cellular membrane]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hq5wbo0c4azpvwk1dsq9hvi5k5eo5cz 114989 114988 2026-10-18T17:24:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fluconazole''' be an [[antifungal medication]] dem use for a number of [[fungal infections]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dis dey include [[candidiasis]], [[blastomycosis]], [[coccidiodomycosis]], [[cryptococcosis]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[dermatophytosis]], den [[pityriasis versicolor]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> E sanso be used to prevent candidiasis insyd those wey be at high risk such as following [[organ transplantation]], low birth weight babies, den those plus [[neutropenia|low blood neutrophil counts]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem dey give am either by mouth anaa by [[intravenous|injection into a vein]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Common side effects dey include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, den [[elevated transaminases|increased liver enzymes]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Serious side effects fi include [[liver problems]], [[Long QT syndrome|QT prolongation]], den [[seizures]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> During pregnancy e fi increase de risk of [[miscarriage]] while large doses fi cause [[birth defects]].<ref name=FDA2016Preg>{{cite web|title=Fluconazole (Diflucan): Drug Safety Communication - FDA Evaluating Study Examining Use of Oral Fluconazole (Diflucan) in Pregnancy|url=https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm497656.htm|website=FDA|access-date=29 April 2016|date=2016-04-26|archive-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429171031/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm497656.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2016/> Ein use insyd de [[first trimester]] thus no be recommended.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Fluconazole: teratogenic, even with as little as just one 150 mg dose |journal=english.prescrire.org |date=February 2021 |issue=223 |pages=45-46 |url=https://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=223 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129111835/https://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fluconazole dey insyd de [[azole antifungal]] family of medication.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem believe e dey work by affecting de fungal [[cellular membrane]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Na fluconazole be patented insyd 1981 wey e cam into commercial use insyd 1988.<ref name=Fis503>{{cite book|last1=Fischer|first1=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=503|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA503|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172625/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA503|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Fluconazole is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Fluconazole|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluconazole.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231218/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluconazole.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> De wholesale cost insyd de [[developing world]] be about US$0.05–0.10 per day.<ref name=ERC2014>{{cite web|title=Fluconazole|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=906&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=8 December 2016|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175620/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=906&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de United States de wholesale price be about US$1.14–1.75 per day as of 2016.<ref name="ref">{{cite web|title=NADAC as of 2016-12-07 {{!}} Data.Medicaid.gov|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Prices/NADAC-as-of-2016-12-07/ry9m-tx78|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=11 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221003023/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Prices/NADAC-as-of-2016-12-07/ry9m-tx78|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2017, na e be de 182nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan three million prescriptions.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web | title = The Top 300 of 2020 | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website = ClinCalc | access-date = 11 April 2020 | archive-date = 12 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{cite web | title = Fluconazole - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Fluconazole | access-date = 11 April 2020 | archive-date = 8 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071510/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Fluconazole | url-status = live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nsljlamvoizqi5e4w5v9fpyvowe9mvi 114990 114989 2026-10-18T17:27:13Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fluconazole''' be an [[antifungal medication]] dem use for a number of [[fungal infections]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dis dey include [[candidiasis]], [[blastomycosis]], [[coccidiodomycosis]], [[cryptococcosis]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[dermatophytosis]], den [[pityriasis versicolor]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> E sanso be used to prevent candidiasis insyd those wey be at high risk such as following [[organ transplantation]], low birth weight babies, den those plus [[neutropenia|low blood neutrophil counts]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem dey give am either by mouth anaa by [[intravenous|injection into a vein]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Common side effects dey include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, den [[elevated transaminases|increased liver enzymes]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Serious side effects fi include [[liver problems]], [[Long QT syndrome|QT prolongation]], den [[seizures]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> During pregnancy e fi increase de risk of [[miscarriage]] while large doses fi cause [[birth defects]].<ref name=FDA2016Preg>{{cite web|title=Fluconazole (Diflucan): Drug Safety Communication - FDA Evaluating Study Examining Use of Oral Fluconazole (Diflucan) in Pregnancy|url=https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm497656.htm|website=FDA|access-date=29 April 2016|date=2016-04-26|archive-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429171031/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm497656.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2016/> Ein use insyd de [[first trimester]] thus no be recommended.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Fluconazole: teratogenic, even with as little as just one 150 mg dose |journal=english.prescrire.org |date=February 2021 |issue=223 |pages=45-46 |url=https://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=223 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129111835/https://english.prescrire.org/en/SummaryDetail.aspx?Issueid=223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fluconazole dey insyd de [[azole antifungal]] family of medication.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Dem believe e dey work by affecting de fungal [[cellular membrane]].<ref name=AHFS2016/> Na fluconazole be patented insyd 1981 wey e cam into commercial use insyd 1988.<ref name=Fis503>{{cite book|last1=Fischer|first1=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=503|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA503|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172625/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA503|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Fluconazole is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Fluconazole|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluconazole.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231218/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluconazole.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> De wholesale cost insyd de [[developing world]] be about US$0.05–0.10 per day.<ref name=ERC2014>{{cite web|title=Fluconazole|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=906&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=8 December 2016|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175620/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=906&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de United States de wholesale price be about US$1.14–1.75 per day as of 2016.<ref name="ref">{{cite web|title=NADAC as of 2016-12-07 {{!}} Data.Medicaid.gov|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Prices/NADAC-as-of-2016-12-07/ry9m-tx78|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|access-date=11 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221003023/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Prices/NADAC-as-of-2016-12-07/ry9m-tx78|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2017, na e be de 182nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan three million prescriptions.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web | title = The Top 300 of 2020 | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website = ClinCalc | access-date = 11 April 2020 | archive-date = 12 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{cite web | title = Fluconazole - Drug Usage Statistics | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Fluconazole | access-date = 11 April 2020 | archive-date = 8 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200708071510/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Fluconazole | url-status = live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Popp C, Ramírez-Zavala B, Schwanfelder S, Krüger I, Morschhäuser J | title = Evolution of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Strains by Drug-Induced Mating Competence and Parasexual Recombination | journal = mBio | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | date = February 2019 | article-number = e02740-18 | pmid = 30723130 | pmc = 6428756 | doi = 10.1128/mBio.02740-18 | doi-access = free}} [[Category:Antiprotozoal agents]] [[Category:CYP3A4 inhibitors]] [[Category:2,4-Difluorophenyl compounds]] [[Category:Lanosterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors]] [[Category:Drugs wey Pfizer develop]] [[Category:Phenylethanolamines]] [[Category:Tertiary alcohols]] [[Category:Triazole antifungals]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:General cytochrome P450 inhibitors]] [[Category:CYP2C9 inhibitors]] [[Category:CYP2C19 inhibitors]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] f52fo3bke4446frua0rybuc9dn6f58p 14 31060 114991 2026-10-18T17:27:36Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114991 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31061 114992 2026-10-18T17:27:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114992 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31062 114993 2026-10-18T19:00:02Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456282|Angioedema]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 114994 114993 2026-10-18T19:10:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angioedema''' be an area of swelling ([[edema]]) of de [[dermis|lower layer of skin]] den [[subcutaneous tissue|tissue just under de skin]] anaa [[mucous membrane]]s.<ref name="Bern20172">{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=JA |last2=Cremonesi |first2=P |last3=Hoffmann |first3=TK |last4=Hollingsworth |first4=J |date=December 2017 |title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z |pmc=5389952 |pmid=28405953 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Hab2009>{{cite book|last1=Habif|first1=Thomas P.|title=Clinical Dermatology E-Book|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323080378|page=182|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910152025/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> De swelling fi occur insyd de face, tongue, [[larynx]], abdomen, anaa arms den legs.<ref name="Bern20172" /> Often e be associated plus [[hives]], wich be swelling within de upper [[skin]].<ref name="Bern20172" /><ref name=Hab2009/> Onset typically be over minutes to hours.<ref name="Bern20172" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 2mhms1ls4wcd9e4fbiur7zbsg011fbb 114995 114994 2026-10-18T20:39:28Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angioedema''' be an area of swelling ([[edema]]) of de [[dermis|lower layer of skin]] den [[subcutaneous tissue|tissue just under de skin]] anaa [[mucous membrane]]s.<ref name="Bern20172">{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=JA |last2=Cremonesi |first2=P |last3=Hoffmann |first3=TK |last4=Hollingsworth |first4=J |date=December 2017 |title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z |pmc=5389952 |pmid=28405953 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Hab2009>{{cite book|last1=Habif|first1=Thomas P.|title=Clinical Dermatology E-Book|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323080378|page=182|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910152025/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> De swelling fi occur insyd de face, tongue, [[larynx]], abdomen, anaa arms den legs.<ref name="Bern20172" /> Often e be associated plus [[hives]], wich be swelling within de upper [[skin]].<ref name="Bern20172" /><ref name=Hab2009/> Onset typically be over minutes to hours.<ref name="Bern20172" /> De underlying mechanism typically dey involve [[histamine]] anaa [[bradykinin]].<ref name=Bern2017/> De version wey relate to histamine be secof an [[allergic reaction]] to agents such as insect bites, foods, anaa [[medications]].<ref name=Bern2017/> De version wey relate to bradykinin fi occur secof an [[heredity|inherited]] problem dem know as [[C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency]], medications dem know as [[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors]], anaa a [[lymphoproliferative disorder]].<ref name=Bern2017>{{cite journal|last1=Bernstein|first1=JA|last2=Cremonesi|first2=P|last3=Hoffmann|first3=TK|last4=Hollingsworth|first4=J|title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management.|journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine|date=December 2017|volume=10|issue=1|pages=15|pmid=28405953|doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z|pmc=5389952 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5a8onrsy2rr7kdq5y4hzutm0oukvxb5 114996 114995 2026-10-18T20:45:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angioedema''' be an area of swelling ([[edema]]) of de [[dermis|lower layer of skin]] den [[subcutaneous tissue|tissue just under de skin]] anaa [[mucous membrane]]s.<ref name="Bern20172">{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=JA |last2=Cremonesi |first2=P |last3=Hoffmann |first3=TK |last4=Hollingsworth |first4=J |date=December 2017 |title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z |pmc=5389952 |pmid=28405953 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Hab2009>{{cite book|last1=Habif|first1=Thomas P.|title=Clinical Dermatology E-Book|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323080378|page=182|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910152025/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> De swelling fi occur insyd de face, tongue, [[larynx]], abdomen, anaa arms den legs.<ref name="Bern20172" /> Often e be associated plus [[hives]], wich be swelling within de upper [[skin]].<ref name="Bern20172" /><ref name=Hab2009/> Onset typically be over minutes to hours.<ref name="Bern20172" /> De underlying mechanism typically dey involve [[histamine]] anaa [[bradykinin]].<ref name=Bern2017/> De version wey relate to histamine be secof an [[allergic reaction]] to agents such as insect bites, foods, anaa [[medications]].<ref name=Bern2017/> De version wey relate to bradykinin fi occur secof an [[heredity|inherited]] problem dem know as [[C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency]], medications dem know as [[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors]], anaa a [[lymphoproliferative disorder]].<ref name=Bern2017>{{cite journal|last1=Bernstein|first1=JA|last2=Cremonesi|first2=P|last3=Hoffmann|first3=TK|last4=Hollingsworth|first4=J|title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management.|journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine|date=December 2017|volume=10|issue=1|pages=15|pmid=28405953|doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z|pmc=5389952 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Treatment to protect de [[airway]] fi include [[intubation]] anaa [[cricothyroidotomy]].<ref name=Bern2017/> Histamine-related angioedema fi be treated plus [[antihistamine]]s, [[corticosteroid]]s, den [[epinephrine]].<ref name=Bern2017/> Insyd those plus bradykinin-related disease a [[C1 esterase inhibitor]], [[ecallantide]], anaa [[icatibant]] fi be used.<ref name=Bern2017/> [[Fresh frozen plasma]] fi be used instead.<ref name=Bern2017/> Insyd de United States de disease dey affect about 100,000 people a year.<ref name=Bern2017/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0moi2iaxjvd7w1vqssi20bxqzl3ptbn 114997 114996 2026-10-18T20:59:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 114997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angioedema''' be an area of swelling ([[edema]]) of de [[dermis|lower layer of skin]] den [[subcutaneous tissue|tissue just under de skin]] anaa [[mucous membrane]]s.<ref name="Bern20172">{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=JA |last2=Cremonesi |first2=P |last3=Hoffmann |first3=TK |last4=Hollingsworth |first4=J |date=December 2017 |title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z |pmc=5389952 |pmid=28405953 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Hab2009>{{cite book|last1=Habif|first1=Thomas P.|title=Clinical Dermatology E-Book|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323080378|page=182|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910152025/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&pg=PA182|archive-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> De swelling fi occur insyd de face, tongue, [[larynx]], abdomen, anaa arms den legs.<ref name="Bern20172" /> Often e be associated plus [[hives]], wich be swelling within de upper [[skin]].<ref name="Bern20172" /><ref name=Hab2009/> Onset typically be over minutes to hours.<ref name="Bern20172" /> De underlying mechanism typically dey involve [[histamine]] anaa [[bradykinin]].<ref name=Bern2017/> De version wey relate to histamine be secof an [[allergic reaction]] to agents such as insect bites, foods, anaa [[medications]].<ref name=Bern2017/> De version wey relate to bradykinin fi occur secof an [[heredity|inherited]] problem dem know as [[C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency]], medications dem know as [[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors]], anaa a [[lymphoproliferative disorder]].<ref name=Bern2017>{{cite journal|last1=Bernstein|first1=JA|last2=Cremonesi|first2=P|last3=Hoffmann|first3=TK|last4=Hollingsworth|first4=J|title=Angioedema in the emergency department: a practical guide to differential diagnosis and management.|journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine|date=December 2017|volume=10|issue=1|pages=15|pmid=28405953|doi=10.1186/s12245-017-0141-z|pmc=5389952 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Treatment to protect de [[airway]] fi include [[intubation]] anaa [[cricothyroidotomy]].<ref name=Bern2017/> Histamine-related angioedema fi be treated plus [[antihistamine]]s, [[corticosteroid]]s, den [[epinephrine]].<ref name=Bern2017/> Insyd those plus bradykinin-related disease a [[C1 esterase inhibitor]], [[ecallantide]], anaa [[icatibant]] fi be used.<ref name=Bern2017/> [[Fresh frozen plasma]] fi be used instead.<ref name=Bern2017/> Insyd de United States de disease dey affect about 100,000 people a year.<ref name=Bern2017/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Effects of external causes]] [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Complement deficiency]] [[Category:Urticaria den angioedema| ]] [[Category:Drug eruptions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s1k06vuu83u8e0pvwy4a0ytiinfm9bb 14 31063 114998 2026-10-18T21:03:18Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 114998 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31064 114999 2026-10-18T21:12:37Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1504563|Povidone-iodine]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 114999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 115000 114999 2026-10-18T22:28:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Povidone-iodine''' ('''PVP-I'''), dem sanso know as '''iodopovidone''', be an [[antiseptic]] dem use for [[skin disinfection]] before den after [[surgery]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = 321–323}}</ref><ref name="BNF692">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ |title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition |date=6 March 2015 |publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |page=840 |oclc=1031488649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> E fi be used both to disinfect de hands of healthcare providers den de skin of de person dem dey care for.<ref name="BNF692" /> E sanso fi be used for minor [[wounds]].<ref name="BNF692" /> E fi be applied to de skin as a liquid, an ointment anaa a powder.<ref name="BNF692" /><ref name="Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical">{{cite web |title=Povidone iodine topical Uses, Side Effects & Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/povidone-iodine-topical.html |website=Drugs.com }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 6erpqmmg5lbymmmrn9bx0e2aw84nr0g 115007 115000 2026-10-19T09:09:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Povidone-iodine''' ('''PVP-I'''), dem sanso know as '''iodopovidone''', be an [[antiseptic]] dem use for [[skin disinfection]] before den after [[surgery]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = 321–323}}</ref><ref name="BNF692">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ |title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition |date=6 March 2015 |publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |page=840 |oclc=1031488649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> E fi be used both to disinfect de hands of healthcare providers den de skin of de person dem dey care for.<ref name="BNF692" /> E sanso fi be used for minor [[wounds]].<ref name="BNF692" /> E fi be applied to de skin as a liquid, an ointment anaa a powder.<ref name="BNF692" /><ref name="Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical">{{cite web |title=Povidone iodine topical Uses, Side Effects & Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/povidone-iodine-topical.html |website=Drugs.com }}</ref> Side effects dey include skin irritation den sam times swelling.<ref name=WHO2008/> If dem use on large wounds, [[kidney problems]], [[high blood sodium]], den [[metabolic acidosis]] fi occur.<ref name=WHO2008/> E no be recommended for use insyd [[pregnant]] women wey be under 32 weeks’ gestation.<ref name="BNF69" /> Frequent use no be recommended insyd people plus [[thyroid problems]] anaa wey dey take [[lithium (medication)|lithium]].<ref name="BNF69">{{cite book|title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition|date=6 March 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en|archive-date=22 February 2022|publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee|isbn=978-0-85711-156-2|page=840|oclc=1031488649}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mmmyudku3v2zwnpv3a7iwkfxox7aze2 115008 115007 2026-10-19T09:12:06Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Povidone-iodine''' ('''PVP-I'''), dem sanso know as '''iodopovidone''', be an [[antiseptic]] dem use for [[skin disinfection]] before den after [[surgery]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = 321–323}}</ref><ref name="BNF692">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ |title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition |date=6 March 2015 |publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |page=840 |oclc=1031488649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> E fi be used both to disinfect de hands of healthcare providers den de skin of de person dem dey care for.<ref name="BNF692" /> E sanso fi be used for minor [[wounds]].<ref name="BNF692" /> E fi be applied to de skin as a liquid, an ointment anaa a powder.<ref name="BNF692" /><ref name="Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical">{{cite web |title=Povidone iodine topical Uses, Side Effects & Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/povidone-iodine-topical.html |website=Drugs.com }}</ref> Side effects dey include skin irritation den sam times swelling.<ref name=WHO2008/> If dem use on large wounds, [[kidney problems]], [[high blood sodium]], den [[metabolic acidosis]] fi occur.<ref name=WHO2008/> E no be recommended for use insyd [[pregnant]] women wey be under 32 weeks’ gestation.<ref name="BNF69" /> Frequent use no be recommended insyd people plus [[thyroid problems]] anaa wey dey take [[lithium (medication)|lithium]].<ref name="BNF69">{{cite book|title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition|date=6 March 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en|archive-date=22 February 2022|publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee|isbn=978-0-85711-156-2|page=840|oclc=1031488649}}</ref> Povidone-iodine be a [[complex (chemistry)|chemical complex]] of [[povidone]], [[hydrogen iodide]], den elemental [[iodine]].<ref name=En2013/> De recommended strength solution dey contain 10% Povidone, plus total iodine species wey dey equal 10,000&nbsp;ppm anaa 1% total titratable iodine.<ref name=En2013>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology|date=16 October 2013|publisher=Wiley Publishing|isbn=978-0-470-07369-8|oclc=899175361|page=728|edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113101739/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> E dey work by releasing iodine wich dey result in de death of a range of [[microorganisms]].<ref name=WHO2008/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jxr21l8vrclsnolidv4ln2rs6s1u1cj 115010 115008 2026-10-19T09:15:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Povidone-iodine''' ('''PVP-I'''), dem sanso know as '''iodopovidone''', be an [[antiseptic]] dem use for [[skin disinfection]] before den after [[surgery]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = 321–323}}</ref><ref name="BNF692">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ |title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition |date=6 March 2015 |publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |page=840 |oclc=1031488649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> E fi be used both to disinfect de hands of healthcare providers den de skin of de person dem dey care for.<ref name="BNF692" /> E sanso fi be used for minor [[wounds]].<ref name="BNF692" /> E fi be applied to de skin as a liquid, an ointment anaa a powder.<ref name="BNF692" /><ref name="Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical">{{cite web |title=Povidone iodine topical Uses, Side Effects & Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/povidone-iodine-topical.html |website=Drugs.com }}</ref> Side effects dey include skin irritation den sam times swelling.<ref name=WHO2008/> If dem use on large wounds, [[kidney problems]], [[high blood sodium]], den [[metabolic acidosis]] fi occur.<ref name=WHO2008/> E no be recommended for use insyd [[pregnant]] women wey be under 32 weeks’ gestation.<ref name="BNF69" /> Frequent use no be recommended insyd people plus [[thyroid problems]] anaa wey dey take [[lithium (medication)|lithium]].<ref name="BNF69">{{cite book|title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition|date=6 March 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en|archive-date=22 February 2022|publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee|isbn=978-0-85711-156-2|page=840|oclc=1031488649}}</ref> Povidone-iodine be a [[complex (chemistry)|chemical complex]] of [[povidone]], [[hydrogen iodide]], den elemental [[iodine]].<ref name=En2013/> De recommended strength solution dey contain 10% Povidone, plus total iodine species wey dey equal 10,000&nbsp;ppm anaa 1% total titratable iodine.<ref name=En2013>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology|date=16 October 2013|publisher=Wiley Publishing|isbn=978-0-470-07369-8|oclc=899175361|page=728|edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113101739/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> E dey work by releasing iodine wich dey result in de death of a range of [[microorganisms]].<ref name=WHO2008/> Povidone-iodine cam into commercial use insyd 1955.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Sneader W |title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=31 October 2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01552-0|oclc=62301847|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA68|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113010552/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA68|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Povidone-iodine be available [[over the counter]].<ref name="Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical"/> Dem dey sell am under a number of brand names wey dey include '''Betadine'''.<ref name=BNF69/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6z7hnkmcz7b4d07ayddzlyfie6kg4m8 115011 115010 2026-10-19T09:17:47Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Povidone-iodine''' ('''PVP-I'''), dem sanso know as '''iodopovidone''', be an [[antiseptic]] dem use for [[skin disinfection]] before den after [[surgery]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = 321–323}}</ref><ref name="BNF692">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ |title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition |date=6 March 2015 |publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee |isbn=978-0-85711-156-2 |page=840 |oclc=1031488649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> E fi be used both to disinfect de hands of healthcare providers den de skin of de person dem dey care for.<ref name="BNF692" /> E sanso fi be used for minor [[wounds]].<ref name="BNF692" /> E fi be applied to de skin as a liquid, an ointment anaa a powder.<ref name="BNF692" /><ref name="Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical">{{cite web |title=Povidone iodine topical Uses, Side Effects & Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/povidone-iodine-topical.html |website=Drugs.com }}</ref> Side effects dey include skin irritation den sam times swelling.<ref name=WHO2008/> If dem use on large wounds, [[kidney problems]], [[high blood sodium]], den [[metabolic acidosis]] fi occur.<ref name=WHO2008/> E no be recommended for use insyd [[pregnant]] women wey be under 32 weeks’ gestation.<ref name="BNF69" /> Frequent use no be recommended insyd people plus [[thyroid problems]] anaa wey dey take [[lithium (medication)|lithium]].<ref name="BNF69">{{cite book|title=British National Formulary (BNF), 69th Edition|date=6 March 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzLOwAEACAAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222102345/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/British_National_Formulary_BNF_69/yzLOwAEACAAJ?hl=en|archive-date=22 February 2022|publisher=British Medical Association; Joint Formulary Committee|isbn=978-0-85711-156-2|page=840|oclc=1031488649}}</ref> Povidone-iodine be a [[complex (chemistry)|chemical complex]] of [[povidone]], [[hydrogen iodide]], den elemental [[iodine]].<ref name=En2013/> De recommended strength solution dey contain 10% Povidone, plus total iodine species wey dey equal 10,000&nbsp;ppm anaa 1% total titratable iodine.<ref name=En2013>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology|date=16 October 2013|publisher=Wiley Publishing|isbn=978-0-470-07369-8|oclc=899175361|page=728|edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113101739/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Vfh1AQAAQBAJ|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> E dey work by releasing iodine wich dey result in de death of a range of [[microorganisms]].<ref name=WHO2008/> Povidone-iodine cam into commercial use insyd 1955.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Sneader W |title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=31 October 2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-01552-0|oclc=62301847|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA68|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113010552/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA68|archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Povidone-iodine be available [[over the counter]].<ref name="Drugs.com Povidone iodine topical"/> Dem dey sell am under a number of brand names wey dey include '''Betadine'''.<ref name=BNF69/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Wong RH, Hung EC, Wong VW, Wan IY, Ng CS, Wan S, Underwood MJ |title=Povidone-iodine wound irrigation: A word of caution |journal=Surgical Practice |volume=13 |pages=123–4 |year=2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-1633.2009.00461.x |issue=4 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Wong RH, Wong VW, Hung EC, Lee PY, Ng CS, Wan IY, Underwood MJ |title=Topical application of povidone-iodine before wound closure is associated with significant increase in serum iodine level |journal=Surgical Practice |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=79–82 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-1633.2011.00547.x }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Wong RH, Ng CS, Underwood MJ | title = Iodine pleurodesis--a word of caution | journal = European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 1209 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22219431 | doi = 10.1093/ejcts/ezr137 | doi-access = free }} {{refend}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Povidone Iodine}} [[Category:Antiseptics]] [[Category:Disinfectants]] [[Category:Iodine]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lg052ts8ielunsqqt972f2anch4fdh3 14 31065 115012 2026-10-19T09:18:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115012 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31066 115013 2026-10-19T09:18:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115013 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31067 115014 2026-10-19T09:21:07Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500425|Antipsychotic]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115014 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 115015 115014 2026-10-19T09:29:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}</ref> den '''major tranquilizers''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}</ref> be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.<ref name="Comparing 1-year effectiveness and">{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Grande">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}</ref> Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]]. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 8mx1yarjsjtpulzrrt6tqcy27bsjydx 115018 115015 2026-10-19T11:21:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}</ref> den '''major tranquilizers''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}</ref> be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.<ref name="Comparing 1-year effectiveness and">{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Grande">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}</ref> Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]]. De use of antipsychotics fi result in many unwanted side-effects, such as [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|involuntary movement disorders]], [[gynecomastia]], [[impotence]], [[weight gain | weight-gain]] den [[metabolic syndrome]]. Long-term use fi produce [[List of long term side effects of antipsychotics|adverse effects]], such as [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[tardive dystonia]], [[Akathisia|tardive akathisia]], den [[Cerebral atrophy|brain-tissue volume-reduction]]. Withdrawal from antipsychotics fi cause [[insomnia]], [[tremor]]s, den psychotic symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web |last =UCL |date =23 March 2021 |title =Coming off antipsychotics may take years: first paper on how to withdraw |url =https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/mar/coming-antipsychotics-may-take-years-first-paper-how-withdraw#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20stopping%20drugs,the%20process%20of%20coming%20off. |access-date =26 May 2025 |website=UCL News |language=en }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] d4aiug0xv2shk2obxjkl2ljoacg9rhj 115020 115018 2026-10-19T11:33:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}</ref> den '''major tranquilizers''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}</ref> be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.<ref name="Comparing 1-year effectiveness and">{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Grande">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}</ref> Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]]. De use of antipsychotics fi result in many unwanted side-effects, such as [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|involuntary movement disorders]], [[gynecomastia]], [[impotence]], [[weight gain | weight-gain]] den [[metabolic syndrome]]. Long-term use fi produce [[List of long term side effects of antipsychotics|adverse effects]], such as [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[tardive dystonia]], [[Akathisia|tardive akathisia]], den [[Cerebral atrophy|brain-tissue volume-reduction]]. Withdrawal from antipsychotics fi cause [[insomnia]], [[tremor]]s, den psychotic symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web |last =UCL |date =23 March 2021 |title =Coming off antipsychotics may take years: first paper on how to withdraw |url =https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/mar/coming-antipsychotics-may-take-years-first-paper-how-withdraw#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20stopping%20drugs,the%20process%20of%20coming%20off. |access-date =26 May 2025 |website=UCL News |language=en }}</ref> First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., [[chlorpromazine]], [[haloperidol]], etc.), dem know as [[typical antipsychotics]], first be introduced insyd de 1950s, wey odas be developed until de early 1970s.<ref name="Shen">{{cite journal |vauthors =Shen WW |title =A history of antipsychotic drug development |journal =Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume =40 |issue =6 |pages =407–14 |date =December 1999 |pmid =10579370 |doi =10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90082-2 }}</ref> Second-generation antipsychotics, dem know as [[atypical antipsychotic]]s, dem arrive plus de introduction of [[clozapine]] insyd de early 1970s followed by odas (e.g., [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]], etc.).<ref name="Aringhieri">{{cite journal |vauthors =Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M |display-authors =6 |title =Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences |journal =Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume =192 |pages =20–41 |date =December 2018 |pmid =29953902 |doi =10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012 |s2cid =49602956 }}</ref> Both generations of medication [[dopamine receptor antagonist|block receptors insyd de brain for dopamine]], buh atypicals block [[5-HT receptors|serotonin receptors]] as well. Third-generation antipsychotics, dem introduce insyd de 2000s, offer partial agonism, rather dan blockade, of dopamine receptors.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mailman RB, Murthy V |date=2010 |title=Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=488–501 |doi=10.2174/138161210790361461 |pmc=2958217 |pmid=19909227}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] irj6428s07cq0ip37dyhln8zhhzqor0 115021 115020 2026-10-19T11:38:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}</ref> den '''major tranquilizers''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}</ref> be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.<ref name="Comparing 1-year effectiveness and">{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Grande">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}</ref> Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]]. De use of antipsychotics fi result in many unwanted side-effects, such as [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|involuntary movement disorders]], [[gynecomastia]], [[impotence]], [[weight gain | weight-gain]] den [[metabolic syndrome]]. Long-term use fi produce [[List of long term side effects of antipsychotics|adverse effects]], such as [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[tardive dystonia]], [[Akathisia|tardive akathisia]], den [[Cerebral atrophy|brain-tissue volume-reduction]]. Withdrawal from antipsychotics fi cause [[insomnia]], [[tremor]]s, den psychotic symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web |last =UCL |date =23 March 2021 |title =Coming off antipsychotics may take years: first paper on how to withdraw |url =https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/mar/coming-antipsychotics-may-take-years-first-paper-how-withdraw#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20stopping%20drugs,the%20process%20of%20coming%20off. |access-date =26 May 2025 |website=UCL News |language=en }}</ref> First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., [[chlorpromazine]], [[haloperidol]], etc.), dem know as [[typical antipsychotics]], first be introduced insyd de 1950s, wey odas be developed until de early 1970s.<ref name="Shen">{{cite journal |vauthors =Shen WW |title =A history of antipsychotic drug development |journal =Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume =40 |issue =6 |pages =407–14 |date =December 1999 |pmid =10579370 |doi =10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90082-2 }}</ref> Second-generation antipsychotics, dem know as [[atypical antipsychotic]]s, dem arrive plus de introduction of [[clozapine]] insyd de early 1970s followed by odas (e.g., [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]], etc.).<ref name="Aringhieri">{{cite journal |vauthors =Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M |display-authors =6 |title =Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences |journal =Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume =192 |pages =20–41 |date =December 2018 |pmid =29953902 |doi =10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012 |s2cid =49602956 }}</ref> Both generations of medication [[dopamine receptor antagonist|block receptors insyd de brain for dopamine]], buh atypicals block [[5-HT receptors|serotonin receptors]] as well. Third-generation antipsychotics, dem introduce insyd de 2000s, offer partial agonism, rather dan blockade, of dopamine receptors.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mailman RB, Murthy V |date=2010 |title=Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=488–501 |doi=10.2174/138161210790361461 |pmc=2958217 |pmid=19909227}}</ref> ''Neuroleptic'', wey dey originate from de [[Ancient Greek]] terms {{lang|grc|[[wikt:νεῦρον|νεῦρον]]}} ('neuron') den {{lang|grc|[[wikt:λαμβάνω|λαμβάνω]]}} ('to take hold of')—thus dey mean 'wich take de nerve'—dey refer both to common [[neurological]] effects den to side-effects.<ref name="king2">{{cite journal |vauthors=King C, Voruganti LN |date=May 2002 |title=What's in a name? The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0220 |pmc=161646 |pmid=12066446}}</ref> An estimated 1.7% of adults insyd de United States take antipsychotics, according to a 2018 study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=Jeff A. |last2=Gittner |first2=Lisaann S. |last3=Payne |first3=J. Drew |last4=Nugent |first4=Kenneth |date=2020-10-01 |title=Characteristics of U.S. adults taking prescription antipsychotic medications, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=483 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02895-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-244X |pmc=7528276 |pmid=33004022}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ek5ucgccvb0bpyaa9eev3wf06pdlsrb