Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 18827 115067 76069 2026-10-20T10:58:03Z ~2026-56271-03 8445 /* Controversy */ 115067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Martin Appiah-Danquah''' be a Ghanaian politician den farmer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-4bAQAAMAAJ&q=Martin+Appiah-Danquah|title=Ghanaian|date=1960|publisher=Star Publishing Company, Limited|language=en}}</ref> == Personal life den education == Appiah-Danquah born on 21 September 1924.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Aryeh|first=Elvis D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sF-QDJPbIUQC&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=PA20|title=Daily Graphic: Issue 1,4460 June 6 1997|date=1997-06-06|publisher=Graphic Communications Group|language=en}}</ref> He come from Nkawie insyd de Atwima Mponua District for Ashanti Region of Ghana. He take ein basic education for English Church Mission School for Nkawie. For 1940, he continue ein education for Akim Abuakwa State College for Kibi, wey dey Eastern Region of Ghana. Appiah-Danquah be Ashanti.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Biswal|first=Tapan Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9DMGsknZNsC&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=PA71|title=Ghana, Political and Constitutional Developments|date=1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-029-1|language=en}}</ref> He marry Sophia Appiah-Danquah.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Addai-Sebo|first=Akyaaba|date=26 September 2019|title=CPP Loses A Mother|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/957280/cpp-loses-a-mother.html|access-date=1 December 2023|website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Martin Appiah-Danquah die on 6 June 1996.<ref name=":1" /> == Career == For January 1954, Appiah-Danquah take appointment as de Secretary-General of de United Ghana Farmers' Council Co-operatives wey he hold till 1966.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBsxAQAAIAAJ&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=PA17|title=White Paper on the Report of the Jiagge Commission of Enquiry Into the Assets of Specified Persons|date=1969|publisher=Ghana Publishing Corporation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Agency|first=United States Central Intelligence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5GVeIuAuywC&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=RA8-PA8|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts|date=1962|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Relations|first=Great Britain Office of Commonwealth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gwkah7zdGsC&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=PA262|title=The Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book|date=1962|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|language=en}}</ref> For 1961, he too serve as Ambassador Extraordinary plus Minister Plenipotentiary.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vieta|first=Kojo T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw0OAQAAMAAJ&q=Martin+Appiah-Danquah|title=The Flagbearers of Ghana: Profiles of One Hundred Distinguished Ghanians|date=1999|publisher=Ena Publications|isbn=978-9988-0-0138-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Apter|first=David E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEp9BgAAQBAJ&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=PA344|title=Ghana in Transition|date=2015-03-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6702-8|language=en}}</ref> He be Chairman of de National Cooperative Council too.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_MmkjrM9XQC&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=PA295|title=Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa|publisher=University of California Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Coleman|first1=James S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRa6EAAAQBAJ&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=PA298|title=Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa|last2=Rosberg|first2=Carl G.|date=2023-04-28|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-31175-6|language=en}}</ref> == Politics == Appiah-Danquah den a member of de Convention Peoples Party (CPP).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Judiciary|first=United States Congress Senate Committee on the|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxo3AQAAIAAJ&dq=Martin+Appiah-Danquah&pg=PA160|title=Is U.S. Money Aiding Another Communist State?: Hearing Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-seventh Congress, Second Session|date=1963|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:1924 births]] [[Category:1996 deaths]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaian farmers]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Ashanti Region]] [[Category:Abuakwa State College alumni]] [[Category:Convention People's Party (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:Ashanti people]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1965–1966]] m8ro893k84wz1ddpsuqe3sry3tvp6u0 0 31067 115041 115021 2026-10-19T15:02:58Z DaSupremo 9 /* Comparison of medications */ Improve article 115041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}</ref> den '''major tranquilizers''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}</ref> be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.<ref name="Comparing 1-year effectiveness and">{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Grande">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}</ref> Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]]. De use of antipsychotics fi result in many unwanted side-effects, such as [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|involuntary movement disorders]], [[gynecomastia]], [[impotence]], [[weight gain | weight-gain]] den [[metabolic syndrome]]. Long-term use fi produce [[List of long term side effects of antipsychotics|adverse effects]], such as [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[tardive dystonia]], [[Akathisia|tardive akathisia]], den [[Cerebral atrophy|brain-tissue volume-reduction]]. Withdrawal from antipsychotics fi cause [[insomnia]], [[tremor]]s, den psychotic symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web |last =UCL |date =23 March 2021 |title =Coming off antipsychotics may take years: first paper on how to withdraw |url =https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/mar/coming-antipsychotics-may-take-years-first-paper-how-withdraw#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20stopping%20drugs,the%20process%20of%20coming%20off. |access-date =26 May 2025 |website=UCL News |language=en }}</ref> First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., [[chlorpromazine]], [[haloperidol]], etc.), dem know as [[typical antipsychotics]], first be introduced insyd de 1950s, wey odas be developed until de early 1970s.<ref name="Shen">{{cite journal |vauthors =Shen WW |title =A history of antipsychotic drug development |journal =Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume =40 |issue =6 |pages =407–14 |date =December 1999 |pmid =10579370 |doi =10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90082-2 }}</ref> Second-generation antipsychotics, dem know as [[atypical antipsychotic]]s, dem arrive plus de introduction of [[clozapine]] insyd de early 1970s followed by odas (e.g., [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]], etc.).<ref name="Aringhieri">{{cite journal |vauthors =Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M |display-authors =6 |title =Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences |journal =Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume =192 |pages =20–41 |date =December 2018 |pmid =29953902 |doi =10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012 |s2cid =49602956 }}</ref> Both generations of medication [[dopamine receptor antagonist|block receptors insyd de brain for dopamine]], buh atypicals block [[5-HT receptors|serotonin receptors]] as well. Third-generation antipsychotics, dem introduce insyd de 2000s, offer partial agonism, rather dan blockade, of dopamine receptors.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mailman RB, Murthy V |date=2010 |title=Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=488–501 |doi=10.2174/138161210790361461 |pmc=2958217 |pmid=19909227}}</ref> ''Neuroleptic'', wey dey originate from de [[Ancient Greek]] terms {{lang|grc|[[wikt:νεῦρον|νεῦρον]]}} ('neuron') den {{lang|grc|[[wikt:λαμβάνω|λαμβάνω]]}} ('to take hold of')—thus dey mean 'wich take de nerve'—dey refer both to common [[neurological]] effects den to side-effects.<ref name="king2">{{cite journal |vauthors=King C, Voruganti LN |date=May 2002 |title=What's in a name? The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0220 |pmc=161646 |pmid=12066446}}</ref> An estimated 1.7% of adults insyd de United States take antipsychotics, according to a 2018 study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=Jeff A. |last2=Gittner |first2=Lisaann S. |last3=Payne |first3=J. Drew |last4=Nugent |first4=Kenneth |date=2020-10-01 |title=Characteristics of U.S. adults taking prescription antipsychotic medications, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=483 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02895-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-244X |pmc=7528276 |pmid=33004022}}</ref> ==Comparison of medications== <!-- Qualitative shading: - ≈ 5%, +/- ≈ 10%, + ≈ 17.5%, ++/+ ≈ 25%, ++ ≈ 37.5%, +++/++ ≈ 50%, +++ ≈ 75%. --> <!-- Shading for discontinuation odds ratio: 0% shade at OR=1, 100% green shade at OR=0 (shade = 1-OR), 100% red shade at OR→+∞ (shade = 1-1/OR). --> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan="7" | Overview |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="7" |- ! Generic name !! Class !! Type !! Brand name(s) !! Launch !! Developer/Originator(s) !! Refs |- | [[Amisulpride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Solian || 1986 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="IUPACFischer2006">{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA305 |date=13 December 2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |pages=305– }}</ref><ref name="Lidow2000">{{cite book |vauthors=Lidow MS |title=Neurotransmitter Receptors in Actions of Antipsychotic Medications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIHLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4177-4 |pages=23– }}</ref> |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Abilify || 2002 || Otsuka/Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silvestre JS, Prous J |title=Research on adverse drug events. I. Muscarinic M3 receptor binding affinity could predict the risk of antipsychotics to induce type 2 diabetes |journal=Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=289–304 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16082416 |doi=10.1358/mf.2005.27.5.908643 }}</ref> |- | [[Aripiprazole lauroxil]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Aristada || 2015 || Alkermes || <ref name="AdisInsight-Aripiprazole-Lauroxil">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033484 |title=Aripiprazole lauroxil – Alkermes |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Asenapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxapinopyrrole || Atypical || Saphris/Sycrest || 2009 || Organon/Merck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Asenapine">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001124 |title=Asenapine |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Benperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Anquil || 1966 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Sanchez M |title=Farmacología y endocrinología del comportamiento |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&pg=PA148 |date=May 2012 |publisher=Editorial UOC |isbn=978-84-9788-424-2 |pages=148–149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125213437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&pg=PA148 |archive-date=25 November 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Blonanserin]] || Pyridinylpiperazine || Atypical || Lonasen || 2008 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Blonanserin">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001321 |title=Blonanserin – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Brexpiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Rexulti || 2015 || Otsuka/Lundbeck || <ref name="AdisInsight-Brexpiprazole">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |title=Brexpiprazole – Lundbeck/Otsuka |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011194233/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |archive-date=11 October 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Bromperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Impromem || 1981 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Cariprazine]] || Phenylpiperazine || Atypical || Vraylar/Reagila || 2015 || Gedeon Richter/Actavis || <ref name="AdisInsight-Cariprazine">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |title=Cariprazine – Gedeon Richter |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818092946/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |archive-date=18 August 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Carpipramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Defecton/Prazinil || 1977 || Pierre Fabre || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Thorazine || 1952 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Chlorprothixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Disputed || Truxal || 1959 || Roche || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Csernansky2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Csernansky JG |title=Antipsychotics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiz6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA360 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-61007-3 |pages=360– }}</ref> |- | [[Clocapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Clofekton/Padrasen || 1974 || Yoshitomi || <ref name="Publishing2013">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1077 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1077– }}</ref> |- | [[Clopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Sordinol/Ciatyl || 1961 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Publishing2013-Clopenthixol">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1102 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1102– }}</ref> |- | [[Clorotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Disputed || Clotepin || 1971 || Spofa || <ref name="Protiva2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Protiva M |title=ChemInform Abstract: Fifty Years in Chemical Drug Research |journal=ChemInform |volume=23 |issue=9 |year=2010 |pages=no |article-number=chin.199209338 |issn=0931-7597 |doi=10.1002/chin.199209338 }}</ref><ref name="pmid5576292">{{cite journal |vauthors=Melich H |title=[Clotepin] |language=cs |journal=Časopis lékařů českých |volume=110 |issue=17 |pages=404–5 |date=April 1971 |pmid=5576292 }}</ref> |- | [[Clotiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Disputed || Etumine || 1966 || Sandoz/Wander || <ref name="GaleResearch1991" /><ref name="pmid16126373">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geller V, Gorzaltsan I, Shleifer T, Belmaker RH, Bersudsky Y |s2cid=22340010 |title=Clotiapine compared with chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=80 |issue=2–3 |pages=343–7 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16126373 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.007 }}</ref> |- | [[Clozapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzodiazepine || Atypical || Clozaril || 1972 || Sandoz-Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Cyamemazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Tercian || 1972 || Aventis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid15492772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bourin M, Dailly E, Hascöet M |title=Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of cyamemazine: anxiolytic effects and prevention of alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=219–29 |year=2004 |pmid=15492772 |pmc=6741725 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00023.x }}</ref> |- | [[Droperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Dridol/Droleptan/Inapsine || 1963 || Janssen-Cilag || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="LamberthDinges2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Lamberth C, Dinges J |title=Bioactive Heterocyclic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35uKnWKD9V8C&pg=PA3 |date=16 August 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-66447-4 |pages=3– }}</ref> |- | [[Flupentixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Fluanxol || 1965 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Pedersen1996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pedersen V |title=Thioxanthene antipsychotics |journal=European Psychiatry |volume=11 |year=1996 |pages=236s |issn=0924-9338 |doi=10.1016/0924-9338(96)88706-2 |s2cid=247414112 }}</ref> |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Prolixin || 1959 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Fluspirilene]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Imap || 1970 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Haloperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Haldol || 1959 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Iloperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Fanapt || 2010 || Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Iloperidone">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |title=Iloperidone – Vanda Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211102105/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref> |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Nozinan/Levoprome || 1957 || Rhône-Poulenc || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Csernansky2012" /><ref name="Shorter2009">{{cite book |vauthors=Shorter E |title=Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCtnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536874-1 |pages=14– }}</ref> |- | [[Levosulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Levopraid ||| 1987 || Abbott || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Loxapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxazepine || Disputed || Loxitane/Loxapac || 1975 || Wyeth || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="pmid10340686">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glazer WM |title=Does loxapine have "atypical" properties? Clinical evidence |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=42–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10340686 }}</ref> |- | [[Lumateperone]] || Pyridopyrroloquinoxaline and Butyrophenone || Atypical || Caplyta || 2019 || Intra-Cellular Therapies/Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Peng | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Qiang | last3 = Robichaud | first3 = Albert J. | last4 = Lee | first4 = Taekyu | last5 = Tomesch | first5 = John | last6 = Yao | first6 = Wei | last7 = Beard | first7 = J. David | last8 = Snyder | first8 = Gretchen L. | last9 = Zhu | first9 = Hongwen | last10 = Peng | first10 = Youyi | last11 = Hendrick | first11 = Joseph P. | last12 = Vanover | first12 = Kimberly E. | last13 = Davis | first13 = Robert E. | last14 = Mates | first14 = Sharon | last15 = Wennogle | first15 = Lawrence P. | title = Discovery of a Tetracyclic Quinoxaline Derivative as a Potent and Orally Active Multifunctional Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | year = 2014 | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 2670–2682 | doi = 10.1021/jm401958n | pmid = 24559051 }}</ref> |- | [[Lurasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Latuda || 2010 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Sunovion || <ref name="AdisInsight-Lurasidone">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |title=Lurasidone – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510014459/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |archive-date=10 May 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Melperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Buronil || 1967 || Lundbeck || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Mesoridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Serentil || 1967 || Novartis-Boehringer || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Molindone]] || Dihydroindolone || Disputed || Moban || 1975 || Abbott || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Mosapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Cremin || 1991 || Mitsubishi Pharma || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Nemonapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Emilace/Emirace || 1991 || Yamanouchi || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Nemonapride">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007270 |title=Nemonapride |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Olanzapine]] || Tricyclic/Thienobenzodiazepine || Atypical || Zyprexa || 1996 || Lilly || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Paliperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega || 2007 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson & Johnson || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Paliperidone">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800020763 |title=Paliperidone – Johnson & Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Paliperidone palmitate]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega Sustenna/Xeplion || 2009 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson & Johnson || <ref name="AdisInsight-Paliperidone-Palmitate">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |title=Paliperidone palmitate – Johnson & Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030135731/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |archive-date=30 October 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Penfluridol]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Semap || 1973 || Janssen || <ref name="Vardanyan2017" /><ref name="pmid4604881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roelofs GA |title=Penfluridol (R 16341) as a maintenance therapy in chronic psychotic patients: a double-blind clinical evaluation |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=219–24 |year=1974 |pmid=4604881 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08210.x |s2cid=40524276 }}</ref> |- | [[Perazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Taxilan || 1958 || Promonta || <ref name="pmid24425538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=Jan 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}</ref> |- | [[Periciazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Neuleptil/Neulactil || 1964 || Rhône-Poulenc || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid24825770">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Makhoul S, Xia J, Humphreys P |title=Pericyazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=5 |article-number=CD007479 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24825770 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007479.pub2 |pmc=11023599 }}</ref> |- | [[Perospirone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Lullan || 2001 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Perospirone">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000573 |title=Perospirone |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Perphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Trilafon || 1957 || Schering-Plough || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Pimavanserin]] || Dibenzylpiperidinylurea || Atypical || Nuplazid || 2016 || ACADIA Pharmaceuticals || <ref name="AdisInsight-Pimavanserin">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |title=Pimavanserin – ACADIA Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225849/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |archive-date=25 September 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Pimozide]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Orap || 1969 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Pipamperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Dipiperon || 1961 || Janssen || <ref name="GaleResearch1991">{{cite book |title=Drugs Available Abroad |year=1991 |publisher=Gale Research |isbn=978-0-8103-7177-4 |page=52,169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722224557/https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=22 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Vardanyan2017">{{cite book |vauthors=Vardanyan R |title=Piperidine-Based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szxHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |date=12 June 2017 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-813428-3 |pages=158, 195– }}</ref> |- | [[Pipotiazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Piportil || 1973 || Rhône-Poulenc/Aventis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Pipotiazine">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA2935-IA349 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=2935– }}</ref> |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Compazine || 1956 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Shorter2009" /> |- | [[Promazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Sparine || 1956 || Wyeth || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Quetiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Atypical || Seroquel || 1997 || AstraZeneca || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Remoxipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Roxiam || 1990 || AstraZeneca || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Lidow2000" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Risperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Risperdal || 1993 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Sertindole]] || Imidazolidinone || Atypical || Serdolect || 1996 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Spiperone]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Spiropitan || 1969 || Eisai || <ref name="Publishing2007-Spiperone">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXpUAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=William Andrew Pub. |isbn=978-0-8155-1526-5 |page=3059 }}</ref> |- | [[Sulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Dogmatil || 1968 || Delagrange/Fujisawa || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Lidow2000" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Sultopride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Barnetil || 1976 || Delagrange/Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Sultopride">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA3129 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3129– }}</ref> |- | [[Thioridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Melleril || 1958 || Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Tiapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Tiapridal || 1975 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Tiotixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Navane || 1967 || Pfizer || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Tiotixene">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA3214 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3214– }}</ref> |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Stelazine || 1958 || GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Triflupromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Vesprin || 1957 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Veralipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Agreal || 1980 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Geodon || 2000 || Pfizer || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Zotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Atypical || Zoleptil || 1982 || Fujisawa || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Clopixol/Cisordinol || 1978 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Clopenthixol" /><ref name="Pedersen1996" /> |} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan="10" | Tolerability (as propensity for adverse effects) |- ! Generic name<br /><ref name=Lancet2009/><ref name = "Maudsley"/><ref name = "Leucht_2013" /><ref name = "AMH">{{cite book |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |year=2013 |publisher=The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust |isbn=978-0-9805790-9-3 |edition=2013 |place=Adelaide |editor=Rossi, S }}</ref><ref name = "BNF">{{cite book |author=Joint Formulary Committee |title=British National Formulary (BNF) |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-85711-084-8 |edition=65 |location=London, UK |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press }}</ref>!! [[Medication discontinuation|Discontinuation]] rate<ref name = "Leucht_2013" /> (OR plus 95% CI) ![[Anticholinergic]] effects !! [[Sedation]] !! [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|EPSE]] !! [[Weight Gain]] !! Metabolic [[Adverse effect|AEs]] !! [[Drug-induced QT prolongation|QTc prolongation]] (ORs & 95% CIs) ![[Hyperprolactinaemia|PE]] !! [[Hypotension]] |- | [[Amisulpride]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-43}}|{{Estimate|0.43|0.32|0.57|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|66|+++<br />{{Estimate|0.66|0.39|0.91|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Amoxapine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.51|0.72|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-<br />([[akathisia]] mostly)}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|1|-<br />{{Estimate|0.01|-0.13|0.15|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-<br />(can reduce prolactin levels)}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Asenapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.54|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />{{Estimate|0.30|-0.04|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Blonanserin]]<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deeks ED, Keating GM |title=Blonanserin: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=65–84 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20030420 |doi=10.2165/11202620-000000000-00000 |s2cid=23464075 }}</ref><ref name="Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tenjin T, Miyamoto S, Ninomiya Y, Kitajima R, Ogino S, Miyake N, Yamaguchi N |title=Profile of blonanserin for the treatment of schizophrenia |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=9 |pages=587–94 |year=2013 |pmid=23766647 |pmc=3677929 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S34433 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-70}}|~0.7}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-65}}|{{Estimate|0.65|0.5|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Clozapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.32|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Flupenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.24|1.97|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Sampson S |title=Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=7 |article-number=CD006352 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29893410 |pmc=3796096 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006352.pub3 }}</ref> || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Haloperidol]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-80}}|{{Estimate|0.8|0.71|0.90|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|11|+<br />{{Estimate|0.11|0.03|0.19|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Iloperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.56|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|34|++<br />{{Estimate|0.34|0.22|0.46|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Loxapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-52}}|{{Estimate|0.52|0.28|0.98|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chakrabarti A, Bagnall A, Chue P, Fenton M, Palaniswamy V, Wong W, Xia J |title=Loxapine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD001943 |date=October 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17943763 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001943.pub2 |pmc=7017975 |veditors=Chakrabarti A }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Lurasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-77}}|{{Estimate|0.77|0.61|0.96|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|-10|-<br />{{Estimate|-0.10|-0.21|0.01|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Melperone]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} |- | [[Molindone]]<ref name = MD>{{cite book |chapter=Molindone Hydrochloride |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013 |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/7072-k.htm }}</ref> || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} |- | [[Olanzapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.41|0.52|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|22|+<br />{{Estimate|0.22|0.11|0.31|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Paliperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-48}}|{{Estimate|0.48|0.39|0.58|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />(dose dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|–<br />{{Estimate|0.05|-0.18|0.26|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Perazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-62}}|{{Estimate|0.62|0.4|1.10|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}</ref>|| {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Perospirone]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Onrust SV, McClellan K |title=Perospirone |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=329–37; discussion 338 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11463136 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115040-00006 |s2cid=262520276 }}</ref> || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}}<ref name = Mart>{{cite book |veditors=Brayfield A |chapter=Perospirone |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London, UK |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=3 November 2013 |chapter-url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/15232-k.htm }}</ref> || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Perphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-30}}|{{Estimate|0.30|0.04|2.33|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartung B, Sampson S, Leucht S |title=Perphenazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD003443 |date=March 2015 |volume=2015 |pmid=25749632 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub3 |pmc=7173727 }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Pimozide]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-100/1.01 round 0}}|{{Estimate|1.01|0.30|3.39|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mothi M, Sampson S |title=Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=11 |article-number=CD001949 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24194433 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001949.pub3 |pmc=11927953 }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Pipotiazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Quetiapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.52|0.71|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|17|+<br />{{Estimate|0.17|0.06|0.29|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Remoxipride]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Risperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-53}}|{{Estimate|0.53|0.46|0.60|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />(dose-dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++<br />{{Estimate|0.25|0.15|0.36|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Sertindole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-78}}|{{Estimate|0.78|0.61|0.98|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|90|+++<br />{{Estimate|0.90|0.76|1.02|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Sulpiride]] || {{shade|0|{{Estimate|1.00|0.25|4.00|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang J, Sampson S |title=Sulpiride versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD007811 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24729184 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007811.pub2 |pmc=11195628 }}</ref>|| {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Thioridazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-67}}|{{Estimate|0.67|0.32|1.40|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fenton M, Rathbone J, Reilly J, Sultana A |title=Thioridazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD001944 |date=July 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17636691 |pmc=6718212 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001944.pub2 |veditors=Reilly J }}</ref>|| {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-94}}|{{Estimate|0.94|0.59|1.48|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marques LO, Lima MS, Soares BG |title=Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD003545 |year=2004 |volume=2004 |pmid=14974020 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003545.pub2 |pmc=7003674 |veditors=de Oliveira Marques L }}</ref> || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-72}}|{{Estimate|0.72|0.59|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|41|++<br />{{Estimate|0.41|0.31|0.51|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Zotepine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.41|1.07|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:88%;" | ''Note: "Notable" is to mean side-effects that are particularly unique to the antipsychotic drug in question. For example, clozapine is notorious for its ability to cause agranulocytosis. If data on the propensity of a particular drug to cause a particular AE is unavailable an estimation is substituted based on the pharmacologic profile of the drug. '' {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} '''Acronyms used:''' :AE – [[Adverse effect]] :OR – [[Odds ratio]] :CI – [[Confidence Interval]] :EPSE – [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|Extrapyramidal Side Effect]] :QTc – Corrected [[QT interval]] :PE – Prolactin elevation {{col-break|gap=5em}} '''Legend:'''<br /> :- very low propensity for this AE :+ low propensity/severity for this AE :++ moderate propensity/severity for this AE :+++ high propensity/severity for this AE {{col-end}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan=6 | Efficacy |- ! Generic drug name !! Schizophrenia<ref name=Lancet2009/><ref name = "Leucht_2013" /> !! Mania<ref name = "Lancet 11">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, Rendell J, Brown R, Stockton S, Purgato M, Spineli LM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR |display-authors=6 |title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9799 |pages=1306–1315 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21851976 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8 |s2cid=25512763 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Citrome L |title=Addressing the need for rapid treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: focus on inhaled loxapine as an alternative to injectable agents |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=9 |pages=235–245 |year=2013 |pmid=23723707 |pmc=3665578 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S31484 |doi-access=free }}</ref>!! Bipolar depression<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valentí M, Vieta E |title=Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |date=February 2010 |pmid=19638254 |doi=10.1017/S1461145709990344 |doi-access=free |hdl=2445/53243 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>!! Bipolar maintenance<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Popovic D, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Bonnin CM, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E |title=Polarity index of pharmacological agents used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=339–346 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22000157 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.09.008 |s2cid=8067809 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vieta E, Günther O, Locklear J, Ekman M, Miltenburger C, Chatterton ML, Åström M, Paulsson B |display-authors=6 |title=Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1029–1049 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21733231 |doi=10.1017/S1461145711000885 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2445/51726 }}</ref>!! Adjunct in major depression<ref name="Cochrane Dep"/> |- | Amisulpride || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno|? (+++ in dysthymia)}} |- | Aripiprazole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++ (prevents manic and mixed but not depressive episodes)}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} |- | Asenapine || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} |- | Chlorpromazine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Clozapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arafat SM, Rahman SM, Haque MM, Shah MA, Algin S, Nahar JS |title=Clozapine Can Be the Good Option in Resistant Mania |journal=Case Reports in Psychiatry |volume=2016 |article-number=3081704 |date=2016 |pmid=27525148 |pmc=4976188 |doi=10.1155/2016/3081704 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilkowska A, Cubała WJ |title=Clozapine As Transformative Treatment In Bipolar Patients |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=15 |pages=2901–2905 |date=9 October 2019 |pmid=31632038 |pmc=6790347 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S227196 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>https://www.has-sante.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2012-04/anti_psychotiques_rapport.pdf{{full citation needed|date=June 2021 }}</ref> |- | Haloperidol || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Iloperidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Loxapine || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++ (only in the treatment of agitation)}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Lurasidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Melperone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Olanzapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++|(most effective at preventing manic/mixed relapse)}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} |- | Paliperidone || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Perospirone<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |s2cid=11543666 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23812802 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 }}</ref>|| {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Quetiapine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} |- | Risperidone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} |- | Sertindole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Ziprasidone || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} |- | Zotepine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center; width:100%;" ! colspan="19" style="font-size:120%;" | Binding affinity |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="19" |- ! colspan="19" | K_i [nM] toward cloned human receptors (unless otherwise specified) |- ! Drug name<ref name = "GG">{{cite book |veditors=Brunton LL, Chabner B, Knollmann BC |title=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |edition=12th |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-162442-8 |title-link=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PDSP K_i Database |work=Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) |author1-link=Bryan Roth |vauthors=Roth BL, Driscol J |url=http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health |access-date=11 November 2013 |date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |archive-date=8 November 2013 }}</ref>!! SERT !! 5-HT_1A !! 5-HT_2A !! 5-HT_2C !! 5-HT₆ !! 5-HT₇ !! α_1A !! α_2A !! α_2C !! NET !! D₁ !! D₂ !! D₃ !! D₄ !! 5-HT_2A/D₂ !!H₁ !! M₁ !! M₃ |- | Amisulpride || >10,000 || >10,000 || 8,304 || >10,000 || 4,154 || 73.5 || >10,000 || 1,114 || 1,540 || >10,000 || >10,000 || 2.2 || 2.4 || 2,370 || 3774.5 || >10,000 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Aripiprazole || 1,081 || 5.6 || 8.7 || 22.4 || 642.4 || 9.97 || 25.85 || 74.1 || 37.63 || 2091.5 || 1,173.5 || 1.64 || 5.35 || 514 || 5.3 || 27.93 || 6,778 || 4,678 |- | Asenapine<ref name="pmid18308814">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shahid M, Walker GB, Zorn SH, Wong EH |s2cid=206489515 |title=Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=65–73 |date=January 2009 |pmid=18308814 |doi=10.1177/0269881107082944 }}</ref> || ND || 2.5 || 0.06 || 0.03 || 0.25 || 0.13 || 1.2 || 1.2 || 1.2 || ND || 1.4 || 1.3 || 0.42 || 1.1 || 0.0462 || 1.0 || 8,128 || 8,128 |- | Blonanserin<ref name="Ishiyama_2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishiyama T, Tokuda K, Ishibashi T, Ito A, Toma S, Ohno Y |title=Lurasidone (SM-13496), a novel atypical antipsychotic drug, reverses MK-801-induced impairment of learning and memory in the rat passive-avoidance test |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=572 |issue=2–3 |pages=160–70 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17662268 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.058 }}</ref> || ND || 804 || 0.812 || 26.4 || 41.9 || 183 || 26.7 (RB) || 530 (RC) || ND || ND || 1,070 || 0.142 || 0.494 || 150 || 5.72 || 765 || 100 ||ND |- | Brexpiprazole || ND || 0.12 || 0.47 || ND || 58 || 3.7 || 3.8 || 15 || 0.59 || ND || 160 || 0.3 || 1.1 || 6.3 || 1.567 || 19 || ND || >10,000 |- | '''''N-DEBN'''''<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84"/> || ND || ND || 1.28 || 4.50 || 5.03 || 206 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || 1,020 || 1.38 || 0.23 || ND || 0.93 || ND || ND || ND |- | Chlorpromazine || 1,296 || 2,115.5 || 4.5 || 15.6 || 17.0 || 28.4 || 0.28 || 184 || 46 || 2,443 || 76.3 || 1.40 || 4.65 || 5.33 || 3.21 || 3.09 || 32.3 ||57.0 |- | Clozapine || 1,624 || 123.7 || 5.35 || 9.44 || 13.5 || 17.95 || 1.62 || 37 || 6.0 || 3,168 || 266.3 || 157 || 269.1 || 26.4 || 0.0341 || 1.13 || 6.17 ||19.25 |- | '''''Norclozapine''''' || 316.6 || 13.9 || 10.9 || 11.9 (RC) || 11.6 || 60.1 || 104.8 || 137.6 || 117.7 || 493.9 || 14.3 || 94.5 || 153 || 63.94 || 0.115 || 3.4 || 67.6 ||95.7 |- | ''cis''-Flupenthixol || ND || 8,028 || 87.5 (HFC) || 102.2 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || 3.5 || 0.35 || 1.75 || 66.3 || 250 || 0.86 || ND ||ND |- | Fluphenazine || 5,950 || 1,039.9 || 37.93 || 982.5 || 34.67 || 8.00 || 6.45 || 314.1 || 28.9 || 3,076 || 17.33 || 0.30 || 1.75 || 40.0 || 126.4 || 14.15 || 1,095 || 1,441 |- | Haloperidol || 3,256 || 2,066.83 || 56.81 || 4,801 || 5,133 || 377.6 || 12.0 || 801.5 || 403 || 2,112 || 121.8 || 0.7 || 3.96 || 2.71 || 81.2 || 1698 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Iloperidone || ND || 93.21 || 1.94 || 147 || 63.09 || 112 || 0.3 || 160 || 16.2 || 1479 || 129.32 || 10.86 || 10.55 || 13.75 || 0.179 || 12 || 4,898 || >10,000 |- | Loxapine || >10,000 || 2,456 || 6.63 || 13.25 || 31.0 || 87.6 || 31.0 || 150.9 || 80.0 || 5,698 || 54 || 28.1 || 19.33 || 7.80 || 0.236 || 4.90 || 119.45 || 211.33 |- | '''''Amoxapine''''' || 58 || ND || 0.5 || 2.0 (RC) || 50 || 40.21 || 50 || ND || ND || 16 || ND || 20.8 || 21.0 || 21.0 || 0.0240 || 25 || 1,000 || 1,000 |- | Lurasidone<ref name="Ishiyama_2007"/><ref name="pmid20404009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishibashi T, Horisawa T, Tokuda K, Ishiyama T, Ogasa M, Tagashira R, Matsumoto K, Nishikawa H, Ueda Y, Toma S, Oki H, Tanno N, Saji I, Ito A, Ohno Y, Nakamura M |s2cid=12893717 |title=Pharmacological profile of lurasidone, a novel antipsychotic agent with potent 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT7) and 5-HT1A receptor activity |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=171–81 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20404009 |doi=10.1124/jpet.110.167346 }}</ref> || ND || 6.8 || 2.0 || 415 || ND || 0.5 || 48 || 1.6 || 10.8 || ND || 262 || 1.7 || ND || ND || 1.18 || >10,000 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Melperone || ND || 2,200 (HB) || 230 || 2,100 (HB) || 1,254 (RC) || 578 (HB) || 180 (HB) || 150 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 194 || 8.95 || 555 || 1.186 || 580 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Molindone || ND || 3,797 || 3773 || >10,000 || 1,008 || 3,053 || 2,612 || 1,097 || 172.6 || ND || ND || 6.0 || 72.5 || 2,950 || 628.83 || 2,130 || ND || >10,000 |- | Olanzapine || 3,676 || 2282 || 3.73 || 10.2 || 8.07 || 105.2 || 112 || 314 || 28.9 || >10,000 || 70.33 || 34.23 || 47.0 || 14.33 || 0.109 || 2.19 || 2.5 || 56.33 |- | Paliperidone || 3,717 || 616.6 || 0.71 || 48 || 2,414 || 2.7 || 2.5 || 17.35 || 7.35 || >10,000 || 41.04 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 54.3 || 1.104 || 18.8 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Perphenazine || ND || 421 || 5.6 || 132 || 17 || 23 || 10 || 810.5 || 85.2 || ND || ND || 0.14 || 0.13 || 17 || 40 || 8 || 1,500 || 1,848 |- | Pimozide || ND || 650 || 48.35 || 2,112 || 71 || 0.5 || 197.7 || 1,593 || 376.5 || ND || >10,000 || 1.45 || 0.25 || 1.8 || 33.34 || 692.2 || 800 (HB) || 1,955 |- | Prochlorperazine || ND || 5,900 (HC) || 15 (HC) || 122 || 148 (RC) || 196 (RC) || 23.8 (HB) || 1,694.91 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 0.65 || 2.90 || 5.40 || 23.1 || 18.86 (HB) || 555.55 (HB) || ND |- | Quetiapine || >10,000 || 394.2 || 912 || 1,843 || 948.75 || 307.6 || 22 || 3,630 || 28.85 || >10,000 || 994.5 || 379 || 340 || 2,019 || 2.41 || 6.90 || 489 || 1631.5 |- | '''''Norquetiapine'''''<ref name="pmid24062697">{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Muñoz F, Alamo C |title=Active metabolites as antidepressant drugs: the role of norquetiapine in the mechanism of action of quetiapine in the treatment of mood disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=4 |page=102 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24062697 |pmc=3770982 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00102 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || ND || 45 || 48 || 107 || ND || 76 || 144 || 237 || ND || 12 || 99.8 (RC) || 196 || ND || ND || 0.245 || 3.5 || 38.3 (RC) || ND |- | Risperidone || >10,000 || 422.88 || 0.17 || 12 || 2057.17 || 6.6 || 5 || 16.5 || 1.3 || >10,000 || 243.53 || 3.57 || 2.0 || 4.66 || 0.0476 || 20.05 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Sertindole || ND || 280 || 0.39 || 0.9 || 5.4 || 28 || 1.8 || 640 || 450 || ND || ND || 2.35 || 2.30 || 4.92 || 0.166 || 130 || >5,000 || 2,692 |- | Sulpiride || ND || >10,000 || >10,000 (RC) || >10,000 (RC) || 5,000 (RC) || 4,000 (RC) || >10,000 (RB) || 4,893 (RB) || ND || ND || >10,000 || 9.80 || 8.05 || 54 || >1,000 || >10,000 (RB) || >10,000 (RB) || >10,000 (RB) |- | Thioridazine || 1,259 || 144.35 || 27.67 || 53 || 57.05 || 99 || 3.15 || 134.15 || 74.9 || 842 || 94.5 || 2.20 || 1.50 || 6.00 || 12.58 || 16.5 || 12.8 || 29 |- | Tiotixene || 3,878|| 410.2 || 50 || 1355.5 || 245.47 || 15.25 || 11.5 || 79.95 || 51.95 || >10,000 || 51 || 0.12 || 0.40 || 203 || 416.7 || 8 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Trifluoperazine || ND || 950 || 74 || 378 || 144 || 290.8 || 24 || 653.7 || 391.5 || ND || ND || 1.12 || ND || 38.1 || 66.07 || 63 || ND || 1,001 |- | Ziprasidone || 112 || 54.67 || 0.73 || 13 || 60.95 || 6.31 || 18 || 160 || 68 || 44 || 30 || 4.35 || 7.85 || 52.9 || 0.1678 || 62.67 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Zotepine || 151 || 470.5 || 2.7 || 3.2 || 6 || 12 || 7 || 208 || 106 || 530 || 71 || 25 || 6.4 || 18 || 0.108 || 3.21 || 18 || 73 |- | colspan=19 style="font-size:88%;" | '''Acronyms used:''' {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} :HFC – Human frontal cortex receptor :RB – Rat brain receptor :RC – Cloned rat receptor :ND – No data {{col-break|gap=2em}} :HB – Human brain receptor :HC – Human cortex receptor :N-DEBN – N-desethylblonanserin {{col-end}} |} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:85%; width:100%;" ! colspan=11 style="font-size:small;" | Pharmacokinetics |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="11" |- ! Drug<ref>{{cite web |title=Medscape home page |publisher=[[WebMD]] |website=[[Medscape]] |url=http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113205740/http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Therapeutic Goods Administration home page |work=[[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] |publisher=[[Department of Health (Australia)]] |url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421054308/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name=DM>{{cite web |title=Daily Med home page |work=[[Daily Med]] |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618062135/http://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) home page |work=electronic Medicines Compendium |publisher=Datapharm |url=http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127215911/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}</ref>!! [[Bioavailability (medicine)|Bioavailability]] !! [[Biological half-life|t_1/2]] parent drug <br />(active metabolite) !! Protein binding !! [[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|t_max]] !![[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|C_max]] !! [[Volume of distribution|V_d]] !! Excretion !! Routes !! Metabolism enzymes<ref name = GG/> !! Active metabolites |- | [[Amisulpride]] || 48% || 12&nbsp;h || 16% || 3–4&nbsp;h || {{nowrap|54 ± 4 ng/mL}} || 5.8&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (20%), urine (50%, when given IV) || Oral || {{dunno}} ||None |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || 87% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 75&nbsp;h (94&nbsp;h) || 99% || 3–5&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 4.9&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (55%), urine (25%) || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]] (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || Dehydroaripiprazole |- | [[Asenapine]] || 35% (sublingual) || 24&nbsp;h || 95% || 0.5–1.5&nbsp;h || 4&nbsp;ng/mL || 20–25&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (40%) || Sublingual ||[[CYP1A2]], [[UGT1A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Blonanserin]]<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84"/><ref name="Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wen YG, Shang DW, Xie HZ, Wang XP, Ni XJ, Zhang M, Lu W, Qiu C, Liu X, Li FF, Li X, Luo FT |title=Population pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in Chinese healthy volunteers and the effect of the food intake |journal=Human Psychopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=134–41 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23417765 |doi=10.1002/hup.2290 |s2cid=12623938 }}</ref> || 55% || 10.7–16.2&nbsp;h (single dosing), 67.9&nbsp;h (repeated dosing) || ≥&nbsp;99.7% || 1.5–2&nbsp;h || 0.14–0.76&nbsp;ng/mL (0.57&nbsp;ng/mL for repeated dosing) || 8560–9500 L || Urine (59%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || N-desethylblonanserin |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || 20% || 30&nbsp;h || 92–97% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] ||[[CYP2D6]] || Several active metabolites |- | [[Clozapine]] || 50–60% || 12&nbsp;h || 97% || 1.5–2.5&nbsp;h || 102–771&nbsp;ng/mL || 4.67&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || [[Norclozapine]] |- | [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h (8–12&nbsp;h) || Extensive || 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;L/kg (adults), 0.58&nbsp;L/kg (children) || Urine (75%), faeces (22%) || [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Flupentixol]] || 40–55% (Oral) || 35&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 12–14&nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || 2.7% (Oral) || 14–16&nbsp;h, 14 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h (Oral), 8–10&nbsp;h (depot) || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Haloperidol]] || 60–70% (Oral) || 10–20&nbsp;h (short-acting IM), 3 weeks (depot) || 92% || 2–6&nbsp;h (Oral), 10–20 min (short-acting IM), 6–7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 8–18&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (30%), faeces (15%) || Oral, IM, IV || [[CYP3A4]] || None |- | [[Iloperidone]] || 96% || {{dunno}} || 95% || 2–4&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1340–2800 L || Urine (45–58%), faeces (20–22%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| None notable. |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || 30&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2–3&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || IM, IV || {{dunno}} || Methotrimeprazine sulfoxide |- | [[Loxapine]] || High || 6–8&nbsp;h (Inhaled), 4–12&nbsp;h (Oral) || 96.6% || 2 min (inhaled), 2&nbsp;h (oral), 5&nbsp;h (IM) || 257&nbsp;ng/mL (inhaled), 6–13&nbsp;ng/mL (Oral) || {{dunno}} || Urine (56–70%), faeces [Only oral data available] || Oral, IM, Inhalation || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| [[Amoxapine]] (a tricyclic antidepressant), 7-OH loxapine, 8-OH loxapine |- | [[Lurasidone]] || 9–19% || 18&nbsp;h || 99% || 1–3&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6173 L || Urine (9%), faeces (80%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || 2 active |- | [[Melperone]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgström L, Larsson H, Molander L |s2cid=36697288 |title=Pharmacokinetics of parenteral and oral melperone in man |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=173–6 |year=1982 |pmid=7140807 |doi=10.1007/BF00545974 }}</ref> || 54% (Oral via syrup), 65% (Oral via tablets), 87% (IM) || 2.1–6.4&nbsp;h (Oral), {{nowrap|6.6 ± 3.7 h}} (IM) || 50% || 1.6–2.4&nbsp;h (Oral, tablets), 1&nbsp;h (Oral, syrup) || {{nowrap|1132 ± 814 ng/mL}} (25&nbsp;mg, orally), 2228–3416&nbsp;ng/mL (50&nbsp;mg, orally), {{nowrap|89539 ± 37001 ng/mL}} (100&nbsp;mg, orally) || {{nowrap|9.9 ± 3.7 L/kg}} (10&nbsp;mg), {{nowrap|7 ± 1.61 L/kg}} (20&nbsp;mg) || Urine (70% as metabolites, 5.5–10.4% as parent drug) || Oral, IM || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Olanzapine]] || 87% (Oral) || 30&nbsp;h || 93% || 6&nbsp;h (Oral), 15–45 min (short-acting IM), 7 days (depot) || 4–20.4&nbsp;mg/mL<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Callaghan JT, Bergstrom RF, Ptak LR, Beasley CM |title=Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=177–93 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10511917 |doi=10.2165/00003088-199937030-00001 }}</ref> || 1000 L || Urine (57%), faeces (30%) || Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Paliperidone]] || 28% (Oral) || 23&nbsp;h (Oral), 25–49 days (IM) || 74% || 24&nbsp;h (Oral), 13 days (IM) || 8.85–11.7&nbsp;ng/mL<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vermeir M, Naessens I, Remmerie B, Mannens G, Hendrickx J, Sterkens P, Talluri K, Boom S, Eerdekens M, van Osselaer N, Cleton A |s2cid=41656 |title=Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of paliperidone, a new monoaminergic antagonist, in humans |journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=769–79 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18227146 |doi=10.1124/dmd.107.018275 }}</ref> || 390–487 L || Urine (80%), faeces (11%) || Oral, IM (depot) ||[[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || 12&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h || 150&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || {{dunno}} || ? |- | [[Perospirone]]<ref name="CNS Drugs" /> || {{dunno}} || 1.9–2.5&nbsp;h || 92% || 1.5&nbsp;h || 5.7&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} ||Urine (0.4% as unchanged drug) || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Perphenazine]] || {{dunno}} || 9–12&nbsp;h (10–19&nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 1–3&nbsp;h; 2–4&nbsp;h (metabolite) || 0.984&nbsp;ng/mL; 0.509&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces ||Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || 7-OH perphenazine |- | [[Pimozide]] || 40–50% || 55&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6–8&nbsp;h || 4–19&nbsp;ng/mL (dose-dependent) || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || 12.5% || 6.8–9&nbsp;h || High || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 12.9–17.7 L/h || Urine, bile || Oral, IM, IV || {{dunno}} || N-desmethylprochlorperazine |- | [[Quetiapine]] || 100% || 6&nbsp;h (IR), 7&nbsp;h (XR); active metabolite: 12&nbsp;h || 83% || 1.5&nbsp;h (IR), 6&nbsp;h (XR) || @ 250&nbsp;mg q8hr 778&nbsp;ng/mL (male), 879&nbsp;ng/mL (female)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=DeVane CL, Nemeroff CB |s2cid=33802262 |title=Clinical pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: an atypical antipsychotic |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=509–22 |year=2001 |pmid=11510628 |doi=10.2165/00003088-200140070-00003 }}</ref> || 6–14&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (73%), faeces (20%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || Norquetiapine (a [[norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]] and [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT_1A receptor]] partial agonist) |- | [[Risperidone]] || 70% || 3–17&nbsp;h (24&nbsp;h) || 90% (active metabolite: 77%) || 3–17&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1–2&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (70%), faeces (14%) ||Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]] || [[Paliperidone]] |- | [[Sertindole]] || {{dunno}} || 3 days || 99.5% || 10&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (4%), faeces (46–56%) || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Sulpiride]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiesel FA, Alfredsson G, Ehrnebo M, Sedvall G |s2cid=28141135 |title=The pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral sulpiride in healthy human subjects |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=385–91 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7418717 |doi=10.1007/BF00558453 }}</ref> || 27 ± 9% || 8&nbsp;h || 40% || 3-6&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{nowrap|2.72 ± 0.66 L/kg}} || Urine, faeces || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Thioridazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || 95% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || 90% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || 60% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 7&nbsp;h (Oral), 2–5&nbsp;h (IM) || 99% || 6–8&nbsp;h (Oral), ≤ 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 1.5&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (66%), urine (20%) || Oral, IM || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Zotepine]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Zotepine: A Review of its Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy in the Management of Schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=153–175 |doi=10.2165/00023210-199809020-00006 |date=January 1998 |vauthors=Prakash A, Lamb HM }}</ref><ref>Product Information: Nipolept(R), zotepine. Klinge Pharma GmbH, Munich, 1996.</ref> || 7–13%|| 13.7–15.9&nbsp;h (12&nbsp;h) || 97% || 1-4&nbsp;h || 31–240 || 10&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (17%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]] || Norzotepine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || 49% || 20&nbsp;h || 98% || 2–12&nbsp;h (mean: 4&nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces, urine (10%) || Oral, IM (including depot)|| [[CYP2D6]] || None |} |} {{Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics}} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hxmv1reewiq3uprsltgry3j0oqec3c9 115042 115041 2026-10-19T15:28:44Z DaSupremo 9 /* Comparison of medications */ Fix references 115042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}</ref> den '''major tranquilizers''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}</ref> be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.<ref name="Comparing 1-year effectiveness and">{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Grande">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}</ref> Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]]. De use of antipsychotics fi result in many unwanted side-effects, such as [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|involuntary movement disorders]], [[gynecomastia]], [[impotence]], [[weight gain | weight-gain]] den [[metabolic syndrome]]. Long-term use fi produce [[List of long term side effects of antipsychotics|adverse effects]], such as [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[tardive dystonia]], [[Akathisia|tardive akathisia]], den [[Cerebral atrophy|brain-tissue volume-reduction]]. Withdrawal from antipsychotics fi cause [[insomnia]], [[tremor]]s, den psychotic symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web |last =UCL |date =23 March 2021 |title =Coming off antipsychotics may take years: first paper on how to withdraw |url =https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/mar/coming-antipsychotics-may-take-years-first-paper-how-withdraw#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20stopping%20drugs,the%20process%20of%20coming%20off. |access-date =26 May 2025 |website=UCL News |language=en }}</ref> First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., [[chlorpromazine]], [[haloperidol]], etc.), dem know as [[typical antipsychotics]], first be introduced insyd de 1950s, wey odas be developed until de early 1970s.<ref name="Shen">{{cite journal |vauthors =Shen WW |title =A history of antipsychotic drug development |journal =Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume =40 |issue =6 |pages =407–14 |date =December 1999 |pmid =10579370 |doi =10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90082-2 }}</ref> Second-generation antipsychotics, dem know as [[atypical antipsychotic]]s, dem arrive plus de introduction of [[clozapine]] insyd de early 1970s followed by odas (e.g., [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]], etc.).<ref name="Aringhieri">{{cite journal |vauthors =Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M |display-authors =6 |title =Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences |journal =Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume =192 |pages =20–41 |date =December 2018 |pmid =29953902 |doi =10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012 |s2cid =49602956 }}</ref> Both generations of medication [[dopamine receptor antagonist|block receptors insyd de brain for dopamine]], buh atypicals block [[5-HT receptors|serotonin receptors]] as well. Third-generation antipsychotics, dem introduce insyd de 2000s, offer partial agonism, rather dan blockade, of dopamine receptors.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mailman RB, Murthy V |date=2010 |title=Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=488–501 |doi=10.2174/138161210790361461 |pmc=2958217 |pmid=19909227}}</ref> ''Neuroleptic'', wey dey originate from de [[Ancient Greek]] terms {{lang|grc|[[wikt:νεῦρον|νεῦρον]]}} ('neuron') den {{lang|grc|[[wikt:λαμβάνω|λαμβάνω]]}} ('to take hold of')—thus dey mean 'wich take de nerve'—dey refer both to common [[neurological]] effects den to side-effects.<ref name="king2">{{cite journal |vauthors=King C, Voruganti LN |date=May 2002 |title=What's in a name? The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0220 |pmc=161646 |pmid=12066446}}</ref> An estimated 1.7% of adults insyd de United States take antipsychotics, according to a 2018 study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=Jeff A. |last2=Gittner |first2=Lisaann S. |last3=Payne |first3=J. Drew |last4=Nugent |first4=Kenneth |date=2020-10-01 |title=Characteristics of U.S. adults taking prescription antipsychotic medications, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=483 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02895-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-244X |pmc=7528276 |pmid=33004022}}</ref> ==Comparison of medications== <!-- Qualitative shading: - ≈ 5%, +/- ≈ 10%, + ≈ 17.5%, ++/+ ≈ 25%, ++ ≈ 37.5%, +++/++ ≈ 50%, +++ ≈ 75%. --> <!-- Shading for discontinuation odds ratio: 0% shade at OR=1, 100% green shade at OR=0 (shade = 1-OR), 100% red shade at OR→+∞ (shade = 1-1/OR). --> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan="7" | Overview |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="7" |- ! Generic name !! Class !! Type !! Brand name(s) !! Launch !! Developer/Originator(s) !! Refs |- | [[Amisulpride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Solian || 1986 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="IUPACFischer2006">{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA305 |date=13 December 2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |pages=305– }}</ref><ref name="Lidow2000">{{cite book |vauthors=Lidow MS |title=Neurotransmitter Receptors in Actions of Antipsychotic Medications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIHLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4177-4 |pages=23– }}</ref> |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Abilify || 2002 || Otsuka/Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silvestre JS, Prous J |title=Research on adverse drug events. I. Muscarinic M3 receptor binding affinity could predict the risk of antipsychotics to induce type 2 diabetes |journal=Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=289–304 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16082416 |doi=10.1358/mf.2005.27.5.908643 }}</ref> |- | [[Aripiprazole lauroxil]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Aristada || 2015 || Alkermes || <ref name="AdisInsight-Aripiprazole-Lauroxil">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033484 |title=Aripiprazole lauroxil – Alkermes |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Asenapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxapinopyrrole || Atypical || Saphris/Sycrest || 2009 || Organon/Merck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Asenapine">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001124 |title=Asenapine |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Benperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Anquil || 1966 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Sanchez M |title=Farmacología y endocrinología del comportamiento |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&pg=PA148 |date=May 2012 |publisher=Editorial UOC |isbn=978-84-9788-424-2 |pages=148–149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125213437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&pg=PA148 |archive-date=25 November 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Blonanserin]] || Pyridinylpiperazine || Atypical || Lonasen || 2008 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Blonanserin">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001321 |title=Blonanserin – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Brexpiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Rexulti || 2015 || Otsuka/Lundbeck || <ref name="AdisInsight-Brexpiprazole">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |title=Brexpiprazole – Lundbeck/Otsuka |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011194233/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |archive-date=11 October 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Bromperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Impromem || 1981 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Cariprazine]] || Phenylpiperazine || Atypical || Vraylar/Reagila || 2015 || Gedeon Richter/Actavis || <ref name="AdisInsight-Cariprazine">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |title=Cariprazine – Gedeon Richter |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818092946/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |archive-date=18 August 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Carpipramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Defecton/Prazinil || 1977 || Pierre Fabre || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Thorazine || 1952 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Chlorprothixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Disputed || Truxal || 1959 || Roche || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Csernansky2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Csernansky JG |title=Antipsychotics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiz6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA360 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-61007-3 |pages=360– }}</ref> |- | [[Clocapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Clofekton/Padrasen || 1974 || Yoshitomi || <ref name="Publishing2013">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1077 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1077– }}</ref> |- | [[Clopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Sordinol/Ciatyl || 1961 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Publishing2013-Clopenthixol">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1102 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1102– }}</ref> |- | [[Clorotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Disputed || Clotepin || 1971 || Spofa || <ref name="Protiva2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Protiva M |title=ChemInform Abstract: Fifty Years in Chemical Drug Research |journal=ChemInform |volume=23 |issue=9 |year=2010 |pages=no |article-number=chin.199209338 |issn=0931-7597 |doi=10.1002/chin.199209338 }}</ref><ref name="pmid5576292">{{cite journal |vauthors=Melich H |title=[Clotepin] |language=cs |journal=Časopis lékařů českých |volume=110 |issue=17 |pages=404–5 |date=April 1971 |pmid=5576292 }}</ref> |- | [[Clotiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Disputed || Etumine || 1966 || Sandoz/Wander || <ref name="GaleResearch1991" /><ref name="pmid16126373">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geller V, Gorzaltsan I, Shleifer T, Belmaker RH, Bersudsky Y |s2cid=22340010 |title=Clotiapine compared with chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=80 |issue=2–3 |pages=343–7 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16126373 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.007 }}</ref> |- | [[Clozapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzodiazepine || Atypical || Clozaril || 1972 || Sandoz-Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Cyamemazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Tercian || 1972 || Aventis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid15492772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bourin M, Dailly E, Hascöet M |title=Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of cyamemazine: anxiolytic effects and prevention of alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=219–29 |year=2004 |pmid=15492772 |pmc=6741725 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00023.x }}</ref> |- | [[Droperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Dridol/Droleptan/Inapsine || 1963 || Janssen-Cilag || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="LamberthDinges2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Lamberth C, Dinges J |title=Bioactive Heterocyclic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35uKnWKD9V8C&pg=PA3 |date=16 August 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-66447-4 |pages=3– }}</ref> |- | [[Flupentixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Fluanxol || 1965 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Pedersen1996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pedersen V |title=Thioxanthene antipsychotics |journal=European Psychiatry |volume=11 |year=1996 |pages=236s |issn=0924-9338 |doi=10.1016/0924-9338(96)88706-2 |s2cid=247414112 }}</ref> |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Prolixin || 1959 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Fluspirilene]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Imap || 1970 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Haloperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Haldol || 1959 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Iloperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Fanapt || 2010 || Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Iloperidone">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |title=Iloperidone – Vanda Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211102105/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref> |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Nozinan/Levoprome || 1957 || Rhône-Poulenc || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Csernansky2012" /><ref name="Shorter2009">{{cite book |vauthors=Shorter E |title=Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCtnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536874-1 |pages=14– }}</ref> |- | [[Levosulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Levopraid ||| 1987 || Abbott || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Loxapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxazepine || Disputed || Loxitane/Loxapac || 1975 || Wyeth || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="pmid10340686">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glazer WM |title=Does loxapine have "atypical" properties? Clinical evidence |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=42–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10340686 }}</ref> |- | [[Lumateperone]] || Pyridopyrroloquinoxaline and Butyrophenone || Atypical || Caplyta || 2019 || Intra-Cellular Therapies/Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Peng | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Qiang | last3 = Robichaud | first3 = Albert J. | last4 = Lee | first4 = Taekyu | last5 = Tomesch | first5 = John | last6 = Yao | first6 = Wei | last7 = Beard | first7 = J. David | last8 = Snyder | first8 = Gretchen L. | last9 = Zhu | first9 = Hongwen | last10 = Peng | first10 = Youyi | last11 = Hendrick | first11 = Joseph P. | last12 = Vanover | first12 = Kimberly E. | last13 = Davis | first13 = Robert E. | last14 = Mates | first14 = Sharon | last15 = Wennogle | first15 = Lawrence P. | title = Discovery of a Tetracyclic Quinoxaline Derivative as a Potent and Orally Active Multifunctional Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | year = 2014 | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 2670–2682 | doi = 10.1021/jm401958n | pmid = 24559051 }}</ref> |- | [[Lurasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Latuda || 2010 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Sunovion || <ref name="AdisInsight-Lurasidone">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |title=Lurasidone – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510014459/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |archive-date=10 May 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Melperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Buronil || 1967 || Lundbeck || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Mesoridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Serentil || 1967 || Novartis-Boehringer || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Molindone]] || Dihydroindolone || Disputed || Moban || 1975 || Abbott || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Mosapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Cremin || 1991 || Mitsubishi Pharma || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Nemonapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Emilace/Emirace || 1991 || Yamanouchi || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Nemonapride">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007270 |title=Nemonapride |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Olanzapine]] || Tricyclic/Thienobenzodiazepine || Atypical || Zyprexa || 1996 || Lilly || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Paliperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega || 2007 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson & Johnson || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Paliperidone">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800020763 |title=Paliperidone – Johnson & Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Paliperidone palmitate]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega Sustenna/Xeplion || 2009 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson & Johnson || <ref name="AdisInsight-Paliperidone-Palmitate">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |title=Paliperidone palmitate – Johnson & Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030135731/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |archive-date=30 October 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Penfluridol]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Semap || 1973 || Janssen || <ref name="Vardanyan2017" /><ref name="pmid4604881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roelofs GA |title=Penfluridol (R 16341) as a maintenance therapy in chronic psychotic patients: a double-blind clinical evaluation |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=219–24 |year=1974 |pmid=4604881 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08210.x |s2cid=40524276 }}</ref> |- | [[Perazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Taxilan || 1958 || Promonta || <ref name="pmid24425538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=Jan 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}</ref> |- | [[Periciazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Neuleptil/Neulactil || 1964 || Rhône-Poulenc || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid24825770">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Makhoul S, Xia J, Humphreys P |title=Pericyazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=5 |article-number=CD007479 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24825770 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007479.pub2 |pmc=11023599 }}</ref> |- | [[Perospirone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Lullan || 2001 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Perospirone">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000573 |title=Perospirone |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Perphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Trilafon || 1957 || Schering-Plough || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Pimavanserin]] || Dibenzylpiperidinylurea || Atypical || Nuplazid || 2016 || ACADIA Pharmaceuticals || <ref name="AdisInsight-Pimavanserin">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |title=Pimavanserin – ACADIA Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225849/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |archive-date=25 September 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Pimozide]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Orap || 1969 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Pipamperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Dipiperon || 1961 || Janssen || <ref name="GaleResearch1991">{{cite book |title=Drugs Available Abroad |year=1991 |publisher=Gale Research |isbn=978-0-8103-7177-4 |page=52,169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722224557/https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=22 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Vardanyan2017">{{cite book |vauthors=Vardanyan R |title=Piperidine-Based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szxHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |date=12 June 2017 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-813428-3 |pages=158, 195– }}</ref> |- | [[Pipotiazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Piportil || 1973 || Rhône-Poulenc/Aventis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Pipotiazine">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA2935-IA349 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=2935– }}</ref> |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Compazine || 1956 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Shorter2009" /> |- | [[Promazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Sparine || 1956 || Wyeth || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Quetiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Atypical || Seroquel || 1997 || AstraZeneca || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Remoxipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Roxiam || 1990 || AstraZeneca || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Lidow2000" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Risperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Risperdal || 1993 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Sertindole]] || Imidazolidinone || Atypical || Serdolect || 1996 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Spiperone]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Spiropitan || 1969 || Eisai || <ref name="Publishing2007-Spiperone">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXpUAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=William Andrew Pub. |isbn=978-0-8155-1526-5 |page=3059 }}</ref> |- | [[Sulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Dogmatil || 1968 || Delagrange/Fujisawa || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Lidow2000" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Sultopride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Barnetil || 1976 || Delagrange/Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Sultopride">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA3129 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3129– }}</ref> |- | [[Thioridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Melleril || 1958 || Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Tiapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Tiapridal || 1975 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Tiotixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Navane || 1967 || Pfizer || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Tiotixene">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA3214 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3214– }}</ref> |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Stelazine || 1958 || GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Triflupromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Vesprin || 1957 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Veralipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Agreal || 1980 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Geodon || 2000 || Pfizer || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Zotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Atypical || Zoleptil || 1982 || Fujisawa || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Clopixol/Cisordinol || 1978 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Clopenthixol" /><ref name="Pedersen1996" /> |} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan="10" | Tolerability (as propensity for adverse effects) |- ! Generic name<br /><ref name="Lancet20092">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM |date=January 2009 |title=Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9657 |pages=31–41 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |pmid=19058842 |s2cid=1071537}}</ref><ref name="Maudsley2">{{cite book |title=The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry |vauthors=Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-97948-8 |edition=11th |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK}}</ref><ref name="Leucht_20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, Samara M, Barbui C, Engel RR, Geddes JR, Kissling W, Stapf MP, Lässig B, Salanti G, Davis JM |date=September 2013 |title=Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9896 |pages=951–62 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3 |pmid=23810019 |s2cid=32085212}}</ref><ref name = "AMH">{{cite book |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |year=2013 |publisher=The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust |isbn=978-0-9805790-9-3 |edition=2013 |place=Adelaide |editor=Rossi, S }}</ref><ref name = "BNF">{{cite book |author=Joint Formulary Committee |title=British National Formulary (BNF) |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-85711-084-8 |edition=65 |location=London, UK |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press }}</ref>!! [[Medication discontinuation|Discontinuation]] rate<ref name="Leucht_20132" /> (OR plus 95% CI) ![[Anticholinergic]] effects !! [[Sedation]] !! [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|EPSE]] !! [[Weight Gain]] !! Metabolic [[Adverse effect|AEs]] !! [[Drug-induced QT prolongation|QTc prolongation]] (ORs & 95% CIs) ![[Hyperprolactinaemia|PE]] !! [[Hypotension]] |- | [[Amisulpride]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-43}}|{{Estimate|0.43|0.32|0.57|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|66|+++<br />{{Estimate|0.66|0.39|0.91|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Amoxapine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.51|0.72|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-<br />([[akathisia]] mostly)}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|1|-<br />{{Estimate|0.01|-0.13|0.15|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-<br />(can reduce prolactin levels)}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Asenapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.54|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />{{Estimate|0.30|-0.04|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Blonanserin]]<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deeks ED, Keating GM |title=Blonanserin: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=65–84 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20030420 |doi=10.2165/11202620-000000000-00000 |s2cid=23464075 }}</ref><ref name="Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tenjin T, Miyamoto S, Ninomiya Y, Kitajima R, Ogino S, Miyake N, Yamaguchi N |title=Profile of blonanserin for the treatment of schizophrenia |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=9 |pages=587–94 |year=2013 |pmid=23766647 |pmc=3677929 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S34433 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-70}}|~0.7}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-65}}|{{Estimate|0.65|0.5|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Clozapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.32|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Flupenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.24|1.97|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Sampson S |title=Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=7 |article-number=CD006352 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29893410 |pmc=3796096 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006352.pub3 }}</ref> || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Haloperidol]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-80}}|{{Estimate|0.8|0.71|0.90|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|11|+<br />{{Estimate|0.11|0.03|0.19|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Iloperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.56|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|34|++<br />{{Estimate|0.34|0.22|0.46|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Loxapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-52}}|{{Estimate|0.52|0.28|0.98|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chakrabarti A, Bagnall A, Chue P, Fenton M, Palaniswamy V, Wong W, Xia J |title=Loxapine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD001943 |date=October 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17943763 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001943.pub2 |pmc=7017975 |veditors=Chakrabarti A }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Lurasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-77}}|{{Estimate|0.77|0.61|0.96|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|-10|-<br />{{Estimate|-0.10|-0.21|0.01|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Melperone]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} |- | [[Molindone]]<ref name = MD>{{cite book |chapter=Molindone Hydrochloride |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013 |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/7072-k.htm }}</ref> || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} |- | [[Olanzapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.41|0.52|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|22|+<br />{{Estimate|0.22|0.11|0.31|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Paliperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-48}}|{{Estimate|0.48|0.39|0.58|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />(dose dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|–<br />{{Estimate|0.05|-0.18|0.26|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Perazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-62}}|{{Estimate|0.62|0.4|1.10|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}</ref>|| {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Perospirone]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Onrust SV, McClellan K |title=Perospirone |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=329–37; discussion 338 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11463136 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115040-00006 |s2cid=262520276 }}</ref> || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}}<ref name = Mart>{{cite book |veditors=Brayfield A |chapter=Perospirone |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London, UK |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=3 November 2013 |chapter-url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/15232-k.htm }}</ref> || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Perphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-30}}|{{Estimate|0.30|0.04|2.33|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartung B, Sampson S, Leucht S |title=Perphenazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD003443 |date=March 2015 |volume=2015 |pmid=25749632 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub3 |pmc=7173727 }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Pimozide]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-100/1.01 round 0}}|{{Estimate|1.01|0.30|3.39|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mothi M, Sampson S |title=Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=11 |article-number=CD001949 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24194433 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001949.pub3 |pmc=11927953 }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Pipotiazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Quetiapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.52|0.71|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|17|+<br />{{Estimate|0.17|0.06|0.29|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Remoxipride]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Risperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-53}}|{{Estimate|0.53|0.46|0.60|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />(dose-dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++<br />{{Estimate|0.25|0.15|0.36|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Sertindole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-78}}|{{Estimate|0.78|0.61|0.98|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|90|+++<br />{{Estimate|0.90|0.76|1.02|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Sulpiride]] || {{shade|0|{{Estimate|1.00|0.25|4.00|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang J, Sampson S |title=Sulpiride versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD007811 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24729184 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007811.pub2 |pmc=11195628 }}</ref>|| {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Thioridazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-67}}|{{Estimate|0.67|0.32|1.40|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fenton M, Rathbone J, Reilly J, Sultana A |title=Thioridazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD001944 |date=July 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17636691 |pmc=6718212 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001944.pub2 |veditors=Reilly J }}</ref>|| {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-94}}|{{Estimate|0.94|0.59|1.48|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marques LO, Lima MS, Soares BG |title=Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD003545 |year=2004 |volume=2004 |pmid=14974020 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003545.pub2 |pmc=7003674 |veditors=de Oliveira Marques L }}</ref> || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-72}}|{{Estimate|0.72|0.59|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|41|++<br />{{Estimate|0.41|0.31|0.51|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Zotepine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.41|1.07|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:88%;" | ''Note: "Notable" is to mean side-effects that are particularly unique to the antipsychotic drug in question. For example, clozapine is notorious for its ability to cause agranulocytosis. If data on the propensity of a particular drug to cause a particular AE is unavailable an estimation is substituted based on the pharmacologic profile of the drug. '' {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} '''Acronyms used:''' :AE – [[Adverse effect]] :OR – [[Odds ratio]] :CI – [[Confidence Interval]] :EPSE – [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|Extrapyramidal Side Effect]] :QTc – Corrected [[QT interval]] :PE – Prolactin elevation {{col-break|gap=5em}} '''Legend:'''<br /> :- very low propensity for this AE :+ low propensity/severity for this AE :++ moderate propensity/severity for this AE :+++ high propensity/severity for this AE {{col-end}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan=6 | Efficacy |- ! Generic drug name !! Schizophrenia<ref name="Lancet20092" /><ref name="Leucht_20132" />!! Mania<ref name = "Lancet 11">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, Rendell J, Brown R, Stockton S, Purgato M, Spineli LM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR |display-authors=6 |title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9799 |pages=1306–1315 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21851976 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8 |s2cid=25512763 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Citrome L |title=Addressing the need for rapid treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: focus on inhaled loxapine as an alternative to injectable agents |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=9 |pages=235–245 |year=2013 |pmid=23723707 |pmc=3665578 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S31484 |doi-access=free }}</ref>!! Bipolar depression<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valentí M, Vieta E |title=Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |date=February 2010 |pmid=19638254 |doi=10.1017/S1461145709990344 |doi-access=free |hdl=2445/53243 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>!! Bipolar maintenance<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Popovic D, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Bonnin CM, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E |title=Polarity index of pharmacological agents used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=339–346 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22000157 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.09.008 |s2cid=8067809 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vieta E, Günther O, Locklear J, Ekman M, Miltenburger C, Chatterton ML, Åström M, Paulsson B |display-authors=6 |title=Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1029–1049 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21733231 |doi=10.1017/S1461145711000885 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2445/51726 }}</ref>!! Adjunct insyd major depression<ref name="Cochrane Dep2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, Kissling W, Leucht S |date=December 2010 |title=Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2012 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2 |pmc=11994262 |pmid=21154393 |article-number=CD008121}}</ref> |- | Amisulpride || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno|? (+++ in dysthymia)}} |- | Aripiprazole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++ (prevents manic and mixed but not depressive episodes)}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} |- | Asenapine || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} |- | Chlorpromazine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Clozapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arafat SM, Rahman SM, Haque MM, Shah MA, Algin S, Nahar JS |title=Clozapine Can Be the Good Option in Resistant Mania |journal=Case Reports in Psychiatry |volume=2016 |article-number=3081704 |date=2016 |pmid=27525148 |pmc=4976188 |doi=10.1155/2016/3081704 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilkowska A, Cubała WJ |title=Clozapine As Transformative Treatment In Bipolar Patients |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=15 |pages=2901–2905 |date=9 October 2019 |pmid=31632038 |pmc=6790347 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S227196 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>https://www.has-sante.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2012-04/anti_psychotiques_rapport.pdf{{full citation needed|date=June 2021 }}</ref> |- | Haloperidol || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Iloperidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Loxapine || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++ (only in the treatment of agitation)}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Lurasidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Melperone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Olanzapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++|(most effective at preventing manic/mixed relapse)}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} |- | Paliperidone || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Perospirone<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |s2cid=11543666 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23812802 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 }}</ref>|| {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Quetiapine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} |- | Risperidone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} |- | Sertindole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Ziprasidone || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} |- | Zotepine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center; width:100%;" ! colspan="19" style="font-size:120%;" | Binding affinity |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="19" |- ! colspan="19" | K_i [nM] toward cloned human receptors (unless otherwise specified) |- ! Drug name<ref name = "GG">{{cite book |veditors=Brunton LL, Chabner B, Knollmann BC |title=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |edition=12th |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-162442-8 |title-link=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PDSP K_i Database |work=Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) |author1-link=Bryan Roth |vauthors=Roth BL, Driscol J |url=http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health |access-date=11 November 2013 |date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |archive-date=8 November 2013 }}</ref>!! SERT !! 5-HT_1A !! 5-HT_2A !! 5-HT_2C !! 5-HT₆ !! 5-HT₇ !! α_1A !! α_2A !! α_2C !! NET !! D₁ !! D₂ !! D₃ !! D₄ !! 5-HT_2A/D₂ !!H₁ !! M₁ !! M₃ |- | Amisulpride || >10,000 || >10,000 || 8,304 || >10,000 || 4,154 || 73.5 || >10,000 || 1,114 || 1,540 || >10,000 || >10,000 || 2.2 || 2.4 || 2,370 || 3774.5 || >10,000 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Aripiprazole || 1,081 || 5.6 || 8.7 || 22.4 || 642.4 || 9.97 || 25.85 || 74.1 || 37.63 || 2091.5 || 1,173.5 || 1.64 || 5.35 || 514 || 5.3 || 27.93 || 6,778 || 4,678 |- | Asenapine<ref name="pmid18308814">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shahid M, Walker GB, Zorn SH, Wong EH |s2cid=206489515 |title=Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=65–73 |date=January 2009 |pmid=18308814 |doi=10.1177/0269881107082944 }}</ref> || ND || 2.5 || 0.06 || 0.03 || 0.25 || 0.13 || 1.2 || 1.2 || 1.2 || ND || 1.4 || 1.3 || 0.42 || 1.1 || 0.0462 || 1.0 || 8,128 || 8,128 |- | Blonanserin<ref name="Ishiyama_2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishiyama T, Tokuda K, Ishibashi T, Ito A, Toma S, Ohno Y |title=Lurasidone (SM-13496), a novel atypical antipsychotic drug, reverses MK-801-induced impairment of learning and memory in the rat passive-avoidance test |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=572 |issue=2–3 |pages=160–70 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17662268 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.058 }}</ref> || ND || 804 || 0.812 || 26.4 || 41.9 || 183 || 26.7 (RB) || 530 (RC) || ND || ND || 1,070 || 0.142 || 0.494 || 150 || 5.72 || 765 || 100 ||ND |- | Brexpiprazole || ND || 0.12 || 0.47 || ND || 58 || 3.7 || 3.8 || 15 || 0.59 || ND || 160 || 0.3 || 1.1 || 6.3 || 1.567 || 19 || ND || >10,000 |- | '''''N-DEBN'''''<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84"/> || ND || ND || 1.28 || 4.50 || 5.03 || 206 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || 1,020 || 1.38 || 0.23 || ND || 0.93 || ND || ND || ND |- | Chlorpromazine || 1,296 || 2,115.5 || 4.5 || 15.6 || 17.0 || 28.4 || 0.28 || 184 || 46 || 2,443 || 76.3 || 1.40 || 4.65 || 5.33 || 3.21 || 3.09 || 32.3 ||57.0 |- | Clozapine || 1,624 || 123.7 || 5.35 || 9.44 || 13.5 || 17.95 || 1.62 || 37 || 6.0 || 3,168 || 266.3 || 157 || 269.1 || 26.4 || 0.0341 || 1.13 || 6.17 ||19.25 |- | '''''Norclozapine''''' || 316.6 || 13.9 || 10.9 || 11.9 (RC) || 11.6 || 60.1 || 104.8 || 137.6 || 117.7 || 493.9 || 14.3 || 94.5 || 153 || 63.94 || 0.115 || 3.4 || 67.6 ||95.7 |- | ''cis''-Flupenthixol || ND || 8,028 || 87.5 (HFC) || 102.2 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || 3.5 || 0.35 || 1.75 || 66.3 || 250 || 0.86 || ND ||ND |- | Fluphenazine || 5,950 || 1,039.9 || 37.93 || 982.5 || 34.67 || 8.00 || 6.45 || 314.1 || 28.9 || 3,076 || 17.33 || 0.30 || 1.75 || 40.0 || 126.4 || 14.15 || 1,095 || 1,441 |- | Haloperidol || 3,256 || 2,066.83 || 56.81 || 4,801 || 5,133 || 377.6 || 12.0 || 801.5 || 403 || 2,112 || 121.8 || 0.7 || 3.96 || 2.71 || 81.2 || 1698 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Iloperidone || ND || 93.21 || 1.94 || 147 || 63.09 || 112 || 0.3 || 160 || 16.2 || 1479 || 129.32 || 10.86 || 10.55 || 13.75 || 0.179 || 12 || 4,898 || >10,000 |- | Loxapine || >10,000 || 2,456 || 6.63 || 13.25 || 31.0 || 87.6 || 31.0 || 150.9 || 80.0 || 5,698 || 54 || 28.1 || 19.33 || 7.80 || 0.236 || 4.90 || 119.45 || 211.33 |- | '''''Amoxapine''''' || 58 || ND || 0.5 || 2.0 (RC) || 50 || 40.21 || 50 || ND || ND || 16 || ND || 20.8 || 21.0 || 21.0 || 0.0240 || 25 || 1,000 || 1,000 |- | Lurasidone<ref name="Ishiyama_2007"/><ref name="pmid20404009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishibashi T, Horisawa T, Tokuda K, Ishiyama T, Ogasa M, Tagashira R, Matsumoto K, Nishikawa H, Ueda Y, Toma S, Oki H, Tanno N, Saji I, Ito A, Ohno Y, Nakamura M |s2cid=12893717 |title=Pharmacological profile of lurasidone, a novel antipsychotic agent with potent 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT7) and 5-HT1A receptor activity |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=171–81 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20404009 |doi=10.1124/jpet.110.167346 }}</ref> || ND || 6.8 || 2.0 || 415 || ND || 0.5 || 48 || 1.6 || 10.8 || ND || 262 || 1.7 || ND || ND || 1.18 || >10,000 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Melperone || ND || 2,200 (HB) || 230 || 2,100 (HB) || 1,254 (RC) || 578 (HB) || 180 (HB) || 150 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 194 || 8.95 || 555 || 1.186 || 580 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Molindone || ND || 3,797 || 3773 || >10,000 || 1,008 || 3,053 || 2,612 || 1,097 || 172.6 || ND || ND || 6.0 || 72.5 || 2,950 || 628.83 || 2,130 || ND || >10,000 |- | Olanzapine || 3,676 || 2282 || 3.73 || 10.2 || 8.07 || 105.2 || 112 || 314 || 28.9 || >10,000 || 70.33 || 34.23 || 47.0 || 14.33 || 0.109 || 2.19 || 2.5 || 56.33 |- | Paliperidone || 3,717 || 616.6 || 0.71 || 48 || 2,414 || 2.7 || 2.5 || 17.35 || 7.35 || >10,000 || 41.04 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 54.3 || 1.104 || 18.8 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Perphenazine || ND || 421 || 5.6 || 132 || 17 || 23 || 10 || 810.5 || 85.2 || ND || ND || 0.14 || 0.13 || 17 || 40 || 8 || 1,500 || 1,848 |- | Pimozide || ND || 650 || 48.35 || 2,112 || 71 || 0.5 || 197.7 || 1,593 || 376.5 || ND || >10,000 || 1.45 || 0.25 || 1.8 || 33.34 || 692.2 || 800 (HB) || 1,955 |- | Prochlorperazine || ND || 5,900 (HC) || 15 (HC) || 122 || 148 (RC) || 196 (RC) || 23.8 (HB) || 1,694.91 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 0.65 || 2.90 || 5.40 || 23.1 || 18.86 (HB) || 555.55 (HB) || ND |- | Quetiapine || >10,000 || 394.2 || 912 || 1,843 || 948.75 || 307.6 || 22 || 3,630 || 28.85 || >10,000 || 994.5 || 379 || 340 || 2,019 || 2.41 || 6.90 || 489 || 1631.5 |- | '''''Norquetiapine'''''<ref name="pmid24062697">{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Muñoz F, Alamo C |title=Active metabolites as antidepressant drugs: the role of norquetiapine in the mechanism of action of quetiapine in the treatment of mood disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=4 |page=102 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24062697 |pmc=3770982 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00102 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || ND || 45 || 48 || 107 || ND || 76 || 144 || 237 || ND || 12 || 99.8 (RC) || 196 || ND || ND || 0.245 || 3.5 || 38.3 (RC) || ND |- | Risperidone || >10,000 || 422.88 || 0.17 || 12 || 2057.17 || 6.6 || 5 || 16.5 || 1.3 || >10,000 || 243.53 || 3.57 || 2.0 || 4.66 || 0.0476 || 20.05 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Sertindole || ND || 280 || 0.39 || 0.9 || 5.4 || 28 || 1.8 || 640 || 450 || ND || ND || 2.35 || 2.30 || 4.92 || 0.166 || 130 || >5,000 || 2,692 |- | Sulpiride || ND || >10,000 || >10,000 (RC) || >10,000 (RC) || 5,000 (RC) || 4,000 (RC) || >10,000 (RB) || 4,893 (RB) || ND || ND || >10,000 || 9.80 || 8.05 || 54 || >1,000 || >10,000 (RB) || >10,000 (RB) || >10,000 (RB) |- | Thioridazine || 1,259 || 144.35 || 27.67 || 53 || 57.05 || 99 || 3.15 || 134.15 || 74.9 || 842 || 94.5 || 2.20 || 1.50 || 6.00 || 12.58 || 16.5 || 12.8 || 29 |- | Tiotixene || 3,878|| 410.2 || 50 || 1355.5 || 245.47 || 15.25 || 11.5 || 79.95 || 51.95 || >10,000 || 51 || 0.12 || 0.40 || 203 || 416.7 || 8 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Trifluoperazine || ND || 950 || 74 || 378 || 144 || 290.8 || 24 || 653.7 || 391.5 || ND || ND || 1.12 || ND || 38.1 || 66.07 || 63 || ND || 1,001 |- | Ziprasidone || 112 || 54.67 || 0.73 || 13 || 60.95 || 6.31 || 18 || 160 || 68 || 44 || 30 || 4.35 || 7.85 || 52.9 || 0.1678 || 62.67 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Zotepine || 151 || 470.5 || 2.7 || 3.2 || 6 || 12 || 7 || 208 || 106 || 530 || 71 || 25 || 6.4 || 18 || 0.108 || 3.21 || 18 || 73 |- | colspan=19 style="font-size:88%;" | '''Acronyms used:''' {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} :HFC – Human frontal cortex receptor :RB – Rat brain receptor :RC – Cloned rat receptor :ND – No data {{col-break|gap=2em}} :HB – Human brain receptor :HC – Human cortex receptor :N-DEBN – N-desethylblonanserin {{col-end}} |} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:85%; width:100%;" ! colspan=11 style="font-size:small;" | Pharmacokinetics |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="11" |- ! Drug<ref>{{cite web |title=Medscape home page |publisher=[[WebMD]] |website=[[Medscape]] |url=http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113205740/http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Therapeutic Goods Administration home page |work=[[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] |publisher=[[Department of Health (Australia)]] |url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421054308/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name=DM>{{cite web |title=Daily Med home page |work=[[Daily Med]] |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618062135/http://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) home page |work=electronic Medicines Compendium |publisher=Datapharm |url=http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127215911/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}</ref>!! [[Bioavailability (medicine)|Bioavailability]] !! [[Biological half-life|t_1/2]] parent drug <br />(active metabolite) !! Protein binding !! [[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|t_max]] !![[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|C_max]] !! [[Volume of distribution|V_d]] !! Excretion !! Routes !! Metabolism enzymes<ref name = GG/> !! Active metabolites |- | [[Amisulpride]] || 48% || 12&nbsp;h || 16% || 3–4&nbsp;h || {{nowrap|54 ± 4 ng/mL}} || 5.8&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (20%), urine (50%, when given IV) || Oral || {{dunno}} ||None |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || 87% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 75&nbsp;h (94&nbsp;h) || 99% || 3–5&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 4.9&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (55%), urine (25%) || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]] (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || Dehydroaripiprazole |- | [[Asenapine]] || 35% (sublingual) || 24&nbsp;h || 95% || 0.5–1.5&nbsp;h || 4&nbsp;ng/mL || 20–25&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (40%) || Sublingual ||[[CYP1A2]], [[UGT1A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Blonanserin]]<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84"/><ref name="Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wen YG, Shang DW, Xie HZ, Wang XP, Ni XJ, Zhang M, Lu W, Qiu C, Liu X, Li FF, Li X, Luo FT |title=Population pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in Chinese healthy volunteers and the effect of the food intake |journal=Human Psychopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=134–41 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23417765 |doi=10.1002/hup.2290 |s2cid=12623938 }}</ref> || 55% || 10.7–16.2&nbsp;h (single dosing), 67.9&nbsp;h (repeated dosing) || ≥&nbsp;99.7% || 1.5–2&nbsp;h || 0.14–0.76&nbsp;ng/mL (0.57&nbsp;ng/mL for repeated dosing) || 8560–9500 L || Urine (59%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || N-desethylblonanserin |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || 20% || 30&nbsp;h || 92–97% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] ||[[CYP2D6]] || Several active metabolites |- | [[Clozapine]] || 50–60% || 12&nbsp;h || 97% || 1.5–2.5&nbsp;h || 102–771&nbsp;ng/mL || 4.67&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || [[Norclozapine]] |- | [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h (8–12&nbsp;h) || Extensive || 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;L/kg (adults), 0.58&nbsp;L/kg (children) || Urine (75%), faeces (22%) || [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Flupentixol]] || 40–55% (Oral) || 35&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 12–14&nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || 2.7% (Oral) || 14–16&nbsp;h, 14 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h (Oral), 8–10&nbsp;h (depot) || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Haloperidol]] || 60–70% (Oral) || 10–20&nbsp;h (short-acting IM), 3 weeks (depot) || 92% || 2–6&nbsp;h (Oral), 10–20 min (short-acting IM), 6–7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 8–18&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (30%), faeces (15%) || Oral, IM, IV || [[CYP3A4]] || None |- | [[Iloperidone]] || 96% || {{dunno}} || 95% || 2–4&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1340–2800 L || Urine (45–58%), faeces (20–22%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| None notable. |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || 30&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2–3&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || IM, IV || {{dunno}} || Methotrimeprazine sulfoxide |- | [[Loxapine]] || High || 6–8&nbsp;h (Inhaled), 4–12&nbsp;h (Oral) || 96.6% || 2 min (inhaled), 2&nbsp;h (oral), 5&nbsp;h (IM) || 257&nbsp;ng/mL (inhaled), 6–13&nbsp;ng/mL (Oral) || {{dunno}} || Urine (56–70%), faeces [Only oral data available] || Oral, IM, Inhalation || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| [[Amoxapine]] (a tricyclic antidepressant), 7-OH loxapine, 8-OH loxapine |- | [[Lurasidone]] || 9–19% || 18&nbsp;h || 99% || 1–3&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6173 L || Urine (9%), faeces (80%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || 2 active |- | [[Melperone]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgström L, Larsson H, Molander L |s2cid=36697288 |title=Pharmacokinetics of parenteral and oral melperone in man |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=173–6 |year=1982 |pmid=7140807 |doi=10.1007/BF00545974 }}</ref> || 54% (Oral via syrup), 65% (Oral via tablets), 87% (IM) || 2.1–6.4&nbsp;h (Oral), {{nowrap|6.6 ± 3.7 h}} (IM) || 50% || 1.6–2.4&nbsp;h (Oral, tablets), 1&nbsp;h (Oral, syrup) || {{nowrap|1132 ± 814 ng/mL}} (25&nbsp;mg, orally), 2228–3416&nbsp;ng/mL (50&nbsp;mg, orally), {{nowrap|89539 ± 37001 ng/mL}} (100&nbsp;mg, orally) || {{nowrap|9.9 ± 3.7 L/kg}} (10&nbsp;mg), {{nowrap|7 ± 1.61 L/kg}} (20&nbsp;mg) || Urine (70% as metabolites, 5.5–10.4% as parent drug) || Oral, IM || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Olanzapine]] || 87% (Oral) || 30&nbsp;h || 93% || 6&nbsp;h (Oral), 15–45 min (short-acting IM), 7 days (depot) || 4–20.4&nbsp;mg/mL<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Callaghan JT, Bergstrom RF, Ptak LR, Beasley CM |title=Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=177–93 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10511917 |doi=10.2165/00003088-199937030-00001 }}</ref> || 1000 L || Urine (57%), faeces (30%) || Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Paliperidone]] || 28% (Oral) || 23&nbsp;h (Oral), 25–49 days (IM) || 74% || 24&nbsp;h (Oral), 13 days (IM) || 8.85–11.7&nbsp;ng/mL<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vermeir M, Naessens I, Remmerie B, Mannens G, Hendrickx J, Sterkens P, Talluri K, Boom S, Eerdekens M, van Osselaer N, Cleton A |s2cid=41656 |title=Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of paliperidone, a new monoaminergic antagonist, in humans |journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=769–79 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18227146 |doi=10.1124/dmd.107.018275 }}</ref> || 390–487 L || Urine (80%), faeces (11%) || Oral, IM (depot) ||[[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || 12&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h || 150&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || {{dunno}} || ? |- | [[Perospirone]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |date=September 2013 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 |pmid=23812802 |s2cid=11543666}}</ref>|| {{dunno}} || 1.9–2.5&nbsp;h || 92% || 1.5&nbsp;h || 5.7&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} ||Urine (0.4% as unchanged drug) || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Perphenazine]] || {{dunno}} || 9–12&nbsp;h (10–19&nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 1–3&nbsp;h; 2–4&nbsp;h (metabolite) || 0.984&nbsp;ng/mL; 0.509&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces ||Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || 7-OH perphenazine |- | [[Pimozide]] || 40–50% || 55&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6–8&nbsp;h || 4–19&nbsp;ng/mL (dose-dependent) || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || 12.5% || 6.8–9&nbsp;h || High || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 12.9–17.7 L/h || Urine, bile || Oral, IM, IV || {{dunno}} || N-desmethylprochlorperazine |- | [[Quetiapine]] || 100% || 6&nbsp;h (IR), 7&nbsp;h (XR); active metabolite: 12&nbsp;h || 83% || 1.5&nbsp;h (IR), 6&nbsp;h (XR) || @ 250&nbsp;mg q8hr 778&nbsp;ng/mL (male), 879&nbsp;ng/mL (female)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=DeVane CL, Nemeroff CB |s2cid=33802262 |title=Clinical pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: an atypical antipsychotic |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=509–22 |year=2001 |pmid=11510628 |doi=10.2165/00003088-200140070-00003 }}</ref> || 6–14&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (73%), faeces (20%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || Norquetiapine (a [[norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]] and [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT_1A receptor]] partial agonist) |- | [[Risperidone]] || 70% || 3–17&nbsp;h (24&nbsp;h) || 90% (active metabolite: 77%) || 3–17&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1–2&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (70%), faeces (14%) ||Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]] || [[Paliperidone]] |- | [[Sertindole]] || {{dunno}} || 3 days || 99.5% || 10&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (4%), faeces (46–56%) || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Sulpiride]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiesel FA, Alfredsson G, Ehrnebo M, Sedvall G |s2cid=28141135 |title=The pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral sulpiride in healthy human subjects |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=385–91 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7418717 |doi=10.1007/BF00558453 }}</ref> || 27 ± 9% || 8&nbsp;h || 40% || 3-6&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{nowrap|2.72 ± 0.66 L/kg}} || Urine, faeces || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Thioridazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || 95% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || 90% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || 60% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 7&nbsp;h (Oral), 2–5&nbsp;h (IM) || 99% || 6–8&nbsp;h (Oral), ≤ 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 1.5&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (66%), urine (20%) || Oral, IM || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Zotepine]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Zotepine: A Review of its Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy in the Management of Schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=153–175 |doi=10.2165/00023210-199809020-00006 |date=January 1998 |vauthors=Prakash A, Lamb HM }}</ref><ref>Product Information: Nipolept(R), zotepine. Klinge Pharma GmbH, Munich, 1996.</ref> || 7–13%|| 13.7–15.9&nbsp;h (12&nbsp;h) || 97% || 1-4&nbsp;h || 31–240 || 10&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (17%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]] || Norzotepine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || 49% || 20&nbsp;h || 98% || 2–12&nbsp;h (mean: 4&nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces, urine (10%) || Oral, IM (including depot)|| [[CYP2D6]] || None |} |} {{Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics}} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] l6wd85vf952gx4aj2mf0boejlsutjc8 115046 115042 2026-10-19T15:34:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antipsychotics''', dem previously know as '''neuroleptics'''<ref name=Fin2009>{{cite book |vauthors=Finkel R, Clark MA, Cubeddu LX |title=Pharmacology |date=2009 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7155-9 |page=151 | chapter = 13: Neuroleptics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |language=en |url-status=live | quote = The neuroleptic drugs (also called antipsychotic drugs, or major tranquilizers) are used primarily to treat schizophrenia [...]. [...] The traditional or 'typical' neuropleptic drugs (also called conventional or first-generation antipsychotics) are competitive inhibitors at a variety of receptors [...]. |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170401065559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4hG2gRhy7oC&pg=PA151 |archive-date=1 April 2017 }}</ref> den '''major tranquilizers''',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burnett |first=GB |date =1975 |title =The assessment of thiothixene in chronic schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled trial. |journal =Dis Nerv Syst |volume =36 |issue =11 |pages =625–9 |pmid =1102277 }}</ref> be a class of [[Psychiatric medication|psychotropic medication]] dem primarily use to manage [[psychosis]] (wey dey include [[delusion]]s, [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]] anaa [[disordered thought]]), principally insyd [[schizophrenia]] buh sanso insyd a range of oda psychotic disorders.<ref name="Comparing 1-year effectiveness and">{{cite journal |vauthors =Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Callovini T, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, D'Agostino A, Martinotti G, Bertolini F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C, Carrà G |title =Comparing 1-year effectiveness and acceptability of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate and aripiprazole monohydrate for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Findings from the STAR Network Depot Study |journal =Psychiatry Research |volume =309 |article-number =114405 |date =March 2022 |pmid =35093701 |doi =10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114405 |hdl =11383/2128064 |s2cid =246054926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lally J, MacCabe JH |title=Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review |journal =British Medical Bulletin |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=169–79 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25957394 |doi =10.1093/bmb/ldv017 |quote=Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Togeda plus [[mood stabilizer]]s, dem sanso be a mainstay insyd de treatment of [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Grande">{{cite journal |vauthors =Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E |title =Bipolar disorder |journal =Lancet |volume =387 |issue =10027 |pages =1561–1572 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26388529 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X |s2cid=205976059 }}</ref> Moreover, dem sanso be used as adjuncts insyd de treatment of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment-resistant major depressive disorder]]. De use of antipsychotics fi result in many unwanted side-effects, such as [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|involuntary movement disorders]], [[gynecomastia]], [[impotence]], [[weight gain | weight-gain]] den [[metabolic syndrome]]. Long-term use fi produce [[List of long term side effects of antipsychotics|adverse effects]], such as [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[tardive dystonia]], [[Akathisia|tardive akathisia]], den [[Cerebral atrophy|brain-tissue volume-reduction]]. Withdrawal from antipsychotics fi cause [[insomnia]], [[tremor]]s, den psychotic symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web |last =UCL |date =23 March 2021 |title =Coming off antipsychotics may take years: first paper on how to withdraw |url =https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/mar/coming-antipsychotics-may-take-years-first-paper-how-withdraw#:~:text=The%20reason%20for%20stopping%20drugs,the%20process%20of%20coming%20off. |access-date =26 May 2025 |website=UCL News |language=en }}</ref> First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., [[chlorpromazine]], [[haloperidol]], etc.), dem know as [[typical antipsychotics]], first be introduced insyd de 1950s, wey odas be developed until de early 1970s.<ref name="Shen">{{cite journal |vauthors =Shen WW |title =A history of antipsychotic drug development |journal =Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume =40 |issue =6 |pages =407–14 |date =December 1999 |pmid =10579370 |doi =10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90082-2 }}</ref> Second-generation antipsychotics, dem know as [[atypical antipsychotic]]s, dem arrive plus de introduction of [[clozapine]] insyd de early 1970s followed by odas (e.g., [[risperidone]], [[olanzapine]], etc.).<ref name="Aringhieri">{{cite journal |vauthors =Aringhieri S, Carli M, Kolachalam S, Verdesca V, Cini E, Rossi M, McCormick PJ, Corsini GU, Maggio R, Scarselli M |display-authors =6 |title =Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences |journal =Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume =192 |pages =20–41 |date =December 2018 |pmid =29953902 |doi =10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012 |s2cid =49602956 }}</ref> Both generations of medication [[dopamine receptor antagonist|block receptors insyd de brain for dopamine]], buh atypicals block [[5-HT receptors|serotonin receptors]] as well. Third-generation antipsychotics, dem introduce insyd de 2000s, offer partial agonism, rather dan blockade, of dopamine receptors.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mailman RB, Murthy V |date=2010 |title=Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=488–501 |doi=10.2174/138161210790361461 |pmc=2958217 |pmid=19909227}}</ref> ''Neuroleptic'', wey dey originate from de [[Ancient Greek]] terms {{lang|grc|[[wikt:νεῦρον|νεῦρον]]}} ('neuron') den {{lang|grc|[[wikt:λαμβάνω|λαμβάνω]]}} ('to take hold of')—thus dey mean 'wich take de nerve'—dey refer both to common [[neurological]] effects den to side-effects.<ref name="king2">{{cite journal |vauthors=King C, Voruganti LN |date=May 2002 |title=What's in a name? The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs |journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1139/jpn.0220 |pmc=161646 |pmid=12066446}}</ref> An estimated 1.7% of adults insyd de United States take antipsychotics, according to a 2018 study.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=Jeff A. |last2=Gittner |first2=Lisaann S. |last3=Payne |first3=J. Drew |last4=Nugent |first4=Kenneth |date=2020-10-01 |title=Characteristics of U.S. adults taking prescription antipsychotic medications, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018 |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=483 |doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02895-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-244X |pmc=7528276 |pmid=33004022}}</ref> ==Comparison of medications== <!-- Qualitative shading: - ≈ 5%, +/- ≈ 10%, + ≈ 17.5%, ++/+ ≈ 25%, ++ ≈ 37.5%, +++/++ ≈ 50%, +++ ≈ 75%. --> <!-- Shading for discontinuation odds ratio: 0% shade at OR=1, 100% green shade at OR=0 (shade = 1-OR), 100% red shade at OR→+∞ (shade = 1-1/OR). --> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan="7" | Overview |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="7" |- ! Generic name !! Class !! Type !! Brand name(s) !! Launch !! Developer/Originator(s) !! Refs |- | [[Amisulpride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Solian || 1986 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="IUPACFischer2006">{{cite book |vauthors=Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA305 |date=13 December 2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |pages=305– }}</ref><ref name="Lidow2000">{{cite book |vauthors=Lidow MS |title=Neurotransmitter Receptors in Actions of Antipsychotic Medications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIHLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4177-4 |pages=23– }}</ref> |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Abilify || 2002 || Otsuka/Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silvestre JS, Prous J |title=Research on adverse drug events. I. Muscarinic M3 receptor binding affinity could predict the risk of antipsychotics to induce type 2 diabetes |journal=Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=289–304 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16082416 |doi=10.1358/mf.2005.27.5.908643 }}</ref> |- | [[Aripiprazole lauroxil]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Aristada || 2015 || Alkermes || <ref name="AdisInsight-Aripiprazole-Lauroxil">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800033484 |title=Aripiprazole lauroxil – Alkermes |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Asenapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxapinopyrrole || Atypical || Saphris/Sycrest || 2009 || Organon/Merck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Asenapine">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001124 |title=Asenapine |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Benperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Anquil || 1966 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Sanchez M |title=Farmacología y endocrinología del comportamiento |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&pg=PA148 |date=May 2012 |publisher=Editorial UOC |isbn=978-84-9788-424-2 |pages=148–149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125213437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oV1VVH_AE-kC&pg=PA148 |archive-date=25 November 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Blonanserin]] || Pyridinylpiperazine || Atypical || Lonasen || 2008 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Blonanserin">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001321 |title=Blonanserin – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Brexpiprazole]] || Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone || Atypical || Rexulti || 2015 || Otsuka/Lundbeck || <ref name="AdisInsight-Brexpiprazole">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |title=Brexpiprazole – Lundbeck/Otsuka |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011194233/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029282 |archive-date=11 October 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Bromperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Impromem || 1981 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Cariprazine]] || Phenylpiperazine || Atypical || Vraylar/Reagila || 2015 || Gedeon Richter/Actavis || <ref name="AdisInsight-Cariprazine">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |title=Cariprazine – Gedeon Richter |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818092946/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800021768 |archive-date=18 August 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Carpipramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Defecton/Prazinil || 1977 || Pierre Fabre || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Thorazine || 1952 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Chlorprothixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Disputed || Truxal || 1959 || Roche || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Csernansky2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Csernansky JG |title=Antipsychotics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiz6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA360 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-61007-3 |pages=360– }}</ref> |- | [[Clocapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Clofekton/Padrasen || 1974 || Yoshitomi || <ref name="Publishing2013">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1077 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1077– }}</ref> |- | [[Clopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Sordinol/Ciatyl || 1961 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Publishing2013-Clopenthixol">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1102 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=1102– }}</ref> |- | [[Clorotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Disputed || Clotepin || 1971 || Spofa || <ref name="Protiva2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Protiva M |title=ChemInform Abstract: Fifty Years in Chemical Drug Research |journal=ChemInform |volume=23 |issue=9 |year=2010 |pages=no |article-number=chin.199209338 |issn=0931-7597 |doi=10.1002/chin.199209338 }}</ref><ref name="pmid5576292">{{cite journal |vauthors=Melich H |title=[Clotepin] |language=cs |journal=Časopis lékařů českých |volume=110 |issue=17 |pages=404–5 |date=April 1971 |pmid=5576292 }}</ref> |- | [[Clotiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Disputed || Etumine || 1966 || Sandoz/Wander || <ref name="GaleResearch1991" /><ref name="pmid16126373">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geller V, Gorzaltsan I, Shleifer T, Belmaker RH, Bersudsky Y |s2cid=22340010 |title=Clotiapine compared with chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia |journal=Schizophrenia Research |volume=80 |issue=2–3 |pages=343–7 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16126373 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.007 }}</ref> |- | [[Clozapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzodiazepine || Atypical || Clozaril || 1972 || Sandoz-Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Cyamemazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Tercian || 1972 || Aventis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid15492772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bourin M, Dailly E, Hascöet M |title=Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of cyamemazine: anxiolytic effects and prevention of alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=219–29 |year=2004 |pmid=15492772 |pmc=6741725 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00023.x }}</ref> |- | [[Droperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Dridol/Droleptan/Inapsine || 1963 || Janssen-Cilag || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="LamberthDinges2012">{{cite book |vauthors=Lamberth C, Dinges J |title=Bioactive Heterocyclic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35uKnWKD9V8C&pg=PA3 |date=16 August 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-3-527-66447-4 |pages=3– }}</ref> |- | [[Flupentixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Fluanxol || 1965 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Pedersen1996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pedersen V |title=Thioxanthene antipsychotics |journal=European Psychiatry |volume=11 |year=1996 |pages=236s |issn=0924-9338 |doi=10.1016/0924-9338(96)88706-2 |s2cid=247414112 }}</ref> |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Prolixin || 1959 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Fluspirilene]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Imap || 1970 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Haloperidol]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Haldol || 1959 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Iloperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Fanapt || 2010 || Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Iloperidone">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |title=Iloperidone – Vanda Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211102105/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800001330 |archive-date=11 December 2015 }}</ref> |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Disputed || Nozinan/Levoprome || 1957 || Rhône-Poulenc || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Csernansky2012" /><ref name="Shorter2009">{{cite book |vauthors=Shorter E |title=Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCtnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536874-1 |pages=14– }}</ref> |- | [[Levosulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Levopraid ||| 1987 || Abbott || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Loxapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzoxazepine || Disputed || Loxitane/Loxapac || 1975 || Wyeth || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="pmid10340686">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glazer WM |title=Does loxapine have "atypical" properties? Clinical evidence |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=42–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10340686 }}</ref> |- | [[Lumateperone]] || Pyridopyrroloquinoxaline and Butyrophenone || Atypical || Caplyta || 2019 || Intra-Cellular Therapies/Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Peng | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Qiang | last3 = Robichaud | first3 = Albert J. | last4 = Lee | first4 = Taekyu | last5 = Tomesch | first5 = John | last6 = Yao | first6 = Wei | last7 = Beard | first7 = J. David | last8 = Snyder | first8 = Gretchen L. | last9 = Zhu | first9 = Hongwen | last10 = Peng | first10 = Youyi | last11 = Hendrick | first11 = Joseph P. | last12 = Vanover | first12 = Kimberly E. | last13 = Davis | first13 = Robert E. | last14 = Mates | first14 = Sharon | last15 = Wennogle | first15 = Lawrence P. | title = Discovery of a Tetracyclic Quinoxaline Derivative as a Potent and Orally Active Multifunctional Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | year = 2014 | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 2670–2682 | doi = 10.1021/jm401958n | pmid = 24559051 }}</ref> |- | [[Lurasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Latuda || 2010 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Sunovion || <ref name="AdisInsight-Lurasidone">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |title=Lurasidone – Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510014459/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007206 |archive-date=10 May 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Melperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Buronil || 1967 || Lundbeck || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Mesoridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Serentil || 1967 || Novartis-Boehringer || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Molindone]] || Dihydroindolone || Disputed || Moban || 1975 || Abbott || <ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Mosapramine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine || Disputed || Cremin || 1991 || Mitsubishi Pharma || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Nemonapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Emilace/Emirace || 1991 || Yamanouchi || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Nemonapride">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800007270 |title=Nemonapride |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Olanzapine]] || Tricyclic/Thienobenzodiazepine || Atypical || Zyprexa || 1996 || Lilly || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Paliperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega || 2007 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson & Johnson || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Paliperidone">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800020763 |title=Paliperidone – Johnson & Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Paliperidone palmitate]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Invega Sustenna/Xeplion || 2009 || Janssen-Cilag/Johnson & Johnson || <ref name="AdisInsight-Paliperidone-Palmitate">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |title=Paliperidone palmitate – Johnson & Johnson |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030135731/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800040526 |archive-date=30 October 2016 }}</ref> |- | [[Penfluridol]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Semap || 1973 || Janssen || <ref name="Vardanyan2017" /><ref name="pmid4604881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roelofs GA |title=Penfluridol (R 16341) as a maintenance therapy in chronic psychotic patients: a double-blind clinical evaluation |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=219–24 |year=1974 |pmid=4604881 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08210.x |s2cid=40524276 }}</ref> |- | [[Perazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Taxilan || 1958 || Promonta || <ref name="pmid24425538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=Jan 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}</ref> |- | [[Periciazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Neuleptil/Neulactil || 1964 || Rhône-Poulenc || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid24825770">{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Makhoul S, Xia J, Humphreys P |title=Pericyazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=5 |article-number=CD007479 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24825770 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007479.pub2 |pmc=11023599 }}</ref> |- | [[Perospirone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Lullan || 2001 || Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="AdisInsight-Perospirone">{{cite web |url=https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000573 |title=Perospirone |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG }}</ref> |- | [[Perphenazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Trilafon || 1957 || Schering-Plough || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Pimavanserin]] || Dibenzylpiperidinylurea || Atypical || Nuplazid || 2016 || ACADIA Pharmaceuticals || <ref name="AdisInsight-Pimavanserin">{{cite web |url=http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |title=Pimavanserin – ACADIA Pharmaceuticals |work=AdisInsight |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |access-date=27 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925225849/http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800014997 |archive-date=25 September 2017 }}</ref> |- | [[Pimozide]] || Diphenylbutylpiperidine || Typical || Orap || 1969 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Pipamperone]] || Butyrophenone || Disputed || Dipiperon || 1961 || Janssen || <ref name="GaleResearch1991">{{cite book |title=Drugs Available Abroad |year=1991 |publisher=Gale Research |isbn=978-0-8103-7177-4 |page=52,169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722224557/https://books.google.com/books?id=2x1tAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=22 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Vardanyan2017">{{cite book |vauthors=Vardanyan R |title=Piperidine-Based Drug Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szxHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |date=12 June 2017 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-813428-3 |pages=158, 195– }}</ref> |- | [[Pipotiazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Piportil || 1973 || Rhône-Poulenc/Aventis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Pipotiazine">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA2935-IA349 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=2935– }}</ref> |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Compazine || 1956 || Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Shorter2009" /> |- | [[Promazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Sparine || 1956 || Wyeth || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Quetiapine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine || Atypical || Seroquel || 1997 || AstraZeneca || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Remoxipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Roxiam || 1990 || AstraZeneca || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Lidow2000" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Risperidone]] || Benzisoxazole || Atypical || Risperdal || 1993 || Janssen || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Sertindole]] || Imidazolidinone || Atypical || Serdolect || 1996 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Spiperone]] || Butyrophenone || Typical || Spiropitan || 1969 || Eisai || <ref name="Publishing2007-Spiperone">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXpUAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=William Andrew Pub. |isbn=978-0-8155-1526-5 |page=3059 }}</ref> |- | [[Sulpiride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Dogmatil || 1968 || Delagrange/Fujisawa || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Lidow2000" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Sultopride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Barnetil || 1976 || Delagrange/Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Sultopride">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA3129 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3129– }}</ref> |- | [[Thioridazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Melleril || 1958 || Novartis || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Tiapride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Tiapridal || 1975 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Tiotixene]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Navane || 1967 || Pfizer || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Tiotixene">{{cite book |author=William Andrew Publishing |title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA3214 |date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3 |pages=3214– }}</ref> |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Stelazine || 1958 || GlaxoSmithKline || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Triflupromazine]] || Tricyclic/Phenothiazine || Typical || Vesprin || 1957 || Bristol-Myers Squibb || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Veralipride]] || Benzamide || Disputed || Agreal || 1980 || Sanofi-Synthélabo || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /> |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || Benzisothiazole || Atypical || Geodon || 2000 || Pfizer || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Zotepine]] || Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin || Atypical || Zoleptil || 1982 || Fujisawa || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="pmid16082416" /> |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || Tricyclic/Thioxanthene || Typical || Clopixol/Cisordinol || 1978 || Lundbeck || <ref name="Sanchez2012" /><ref name="Publishing2013-Clopenthixol" /><ref name="Pedersen1996" /> |} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan="10" | Tolerability (as propensity for adverse effects) |- ! Generic name<br /><ref name="Lancet20092">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM |date=January 2009 |title=Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9657 |pages=31–41 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |pmid=19058842 |s2cid=1071537}}</ref><ref name="Maudsley2">{{cite book |title=The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry |vauthors=Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-97948-8 |edition=11th |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK}}</ref><ref name="Leucht_20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, Samara M, Barbui C, Engel RR, Geddes JR, Kissling W, Stapf MP, Lässig B, Salanti G, Davis JM |date=September 2013 |title=Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9896 |pages=951–62 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3 |pmid=23810019 |s2cid=32085212}}</ref><ref name = "AMH">{{cite book |title=Australian Medicines Handbook |year=2013 |publisher=The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust |isbn=978-0-9805790-9-3 |edition=2013 |place=Adelaide |editor=Rossi, S }}</ref><ref name = "BNF">{{cite book |author=Joint Formulary Committee |title=British National Formulary (BNF) |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-85711-084-8 |edition=65 |location=London, UK |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press }}</ref>!! [[Medication discontinuation|Discontinuation]] rate<ref name="Leucht_20132" /> (OR plus 95% CI) ![[Anticholinergic]] effects !! [[Sedation]] !! [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|EPSE]] !! [[Weight Gain]] !! Metabolic [[Adverse effect|AEs]] !! [[Drug-induced QT prolongation|QTc prolongation]] (ORs & 95% CIs) ![[Hyperprolactinaemia|PE]] !! [[Hypotension]] |- | [[Amisulpride]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-43}}|{{Estimate|0.43|0.32|0.57|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|66|+++<br />{{Estimate|0.66|0.39|0.91|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Amoxapine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.51|0.72|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-<br />([[akathisia]] mostly)}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|1|-<br />{{Estimate|0.01|-0.13|0.15|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-<br />(can reduce prolactin levels)}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Asenapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.54|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />{{Estimate|0.30|-0.04|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Blonanserin]]<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deeks ED, Keating GM |title=Blonanserin: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=65–84 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20030420 |doi=10.2165/11202620-000000000-00000 |s2cid=23464075 }}</ref><ref name="Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tenjin T, Miyamoto S, Ninomiya Y, Kitajima R, Ogino S, Miyake N, Yamaguchi N |title=Profile of blonanserin for the treatment of schizophrenia |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=9 |pages=587–94 |year=2013 |pmid=23766647 |pmc=3677929 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S34433 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-70}}|~0.7}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-65}}|{{Estimate|0.65|0.5|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Clozapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.32|0.65|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Flupenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.24|1.97|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Sampson S |title=Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=7 |article-number=CD006352 |date=June 2018 |pmid=29893410 |pmc=3796096 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006352.pub3 }}</ref> || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Haloperidol]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-80}}|{{Estimate|0.8|0.71|0.90|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|11|+<br />{{Estimate|0.11|0.03|0.19|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Iloperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.56|0.84|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|34|++<br />{{Estimate|0.34|0.22|0.46|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Loxapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-52}}|{{Estimate|0.52|0.28|0.98|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chakrabarti A, Bagnall A, Chue P, Fenton M, Palaniswamy V, Wong W, Xia J |title=Loxapine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD001943 |date=October 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17943763 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001943.pub2 |pmc=7017975 |veditors=Chakrabarti A }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Lurasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-77}}|{{Estimate|0.77|0.61|0.96|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|-10|-<br />{{Estimate|-0.10|-0.21|0.01|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Melperone]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} |- | [[Molindone]]<ref name = MD>{{cite book |chapter=Molindone Hydrochloride |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013 |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/7072-k.htm }}</ref> || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} |- | [[Olanzapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-46}}|{{Estimate|0.46|0.41|0.52|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|22|+<br />{{Estimate|0.22|0.11|0.31|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Paliperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-48}}|{{Estimate|0.48|0.39|0.58|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />(dose dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|–<br />{{Estimate|0.05|-0.18|0.26|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Perazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-62}}|{{Estimate|0.62|0.4|1.10|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leucht S, Helfer B, Hartung B |title=Perazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD002832 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24425538 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002832.pub3 |pmc=11015532 }}</ref>|| {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Perospirone]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Onrust SV, McClellan K |title=Perospirone |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=329–37; discussion 338 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11463136 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115040-00006 |s2cid=262520276 }}</ref> || {{dunno}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|25|++/+}}<ref name = Mart>{{cite book |veditors=Brayfield A |chapter=Perospirone |title=Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |location=London, UK |date=23 September 2011 |access-date=3 November 2013 |chapter-url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/15232-k.htm }}</ref> || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Perphenazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-30}}|{{Estimate|0.30|0.04|2.33|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartung B, Sampson S, Leucht S |title=Perphenazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD003443 |date=March 2015 |volume=2015 |pmid=25749632 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub3 |pmc=7173727 }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Pimozide]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-100/1.01 round 0}}|{{Estimate|1.01|0.30|3.39|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mothi M, Sampson S |title=Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=11 |article-number=CD001949 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24194433 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001949.pub3 |pmc=11927953 }}</ref> || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Pipotiazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} |- | [[Quetiapine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-61}}|{{Estimate|0.61|0.52|0.71|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|17|+<br />{{Estimate|0.17|0.06|0.29|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Remoxipride]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Risperidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-53}}|{{Estimate|0.53|0.46|0.60|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|25|++/+<br />(dose-dependent)}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|25|++<br />{{Estimate|0.25|0.15|0.36|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Sertindole]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-78}}|{{Estimate|0.78|0.61|0.98|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|90|+++<br />{{Estimate|0.90|0.76|1.02|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Sulpiride]] || {{shade|0|{{Estimate|1.00|0.25|4.00|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang J, Sampson S |title=Sulpiride versus placebo for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD007811 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24729184 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007811.pub2 |pmc=11195628 }}</ref>|| {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|5|-}} |- | [[Thioridazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-67}}|{{Estimate|0.67|0.32|1.40|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fenton M, Rathbone J, Reilly J, Sultana A |title=Thioridazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD001944 |date=July 2007 |volume=2007 |pmid=17636691 |pmc=6718212 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001944.pub2 |veditors=Reilly J }}</ref>|| {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} |- | [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-94}}|{{Estimate|0.94|0.59|1.48|mini=yes}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marques LO, Lima MS, Soares BG |title=Trifluoperazine for schizophrenia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |article-number=CD003545 |year=2004 |volume=2004 |pmid=14974020 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003545.pub2 |pmc=7003674 |veditors=de Oliveira Marques L }}</ref> || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|10|+/-}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-72}}|{{Estimate|0.72|0.59|0.86|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|5|-}} || {{shade|41|++<br />{{Estimate|0.41|0.31|0.51|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|25|++/+}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | [[Zotepine]] || {{shade|color=green|{{#expr:100-69}}|{{Estimate|0.69|0.41|1.07|mini=yes}}}} || {{shade|18|+}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || {{dunno}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{shade|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|75|+++}} || {{shade|18|+}} |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:88%;" | ''Note: "Notable" is to mean side-effects that are particularly unique to the antipsychotic drug in question. For example, clozapine is notorious for its ability to cause agranulocytosis. If data on the propensity of a particular drug to cause a particular AE is unavailable an estimation is substituted based on the pharmacologic profile of the drug. '' {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} '''Acronyms used:''' :AE – [[Adverse effect]] :OR – [[Odds ratio]] :CI – [[Confidence Interval]] :EPSE – [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|Extrapyramidal Side Effect]] :QTc – Corrected [[QT interval]] :PE – Prolactin elevation {{col-break|gap=5em}} '''Legend:'''<br /> :- very low propensity for this AE :+ low propensity/severity for this AE :++ moderate propensity/severity for this AE :+++ high propensity/severity for this AE {{col-end}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" ! colspan=6 | Efficacy |- ! Generic drug name !! Schizophrenia<ref name="Lancet20092" /><ref name="Leucht_20132" />!! Mania<ref name = "Lancet 11">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, Rendell J, Brown R, Stockton S, Purgato M, Spineli LM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR |display-authors=6 |title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9799 |pages=1306–1315 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21851976 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8 |s2cid=25512763 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Citrome L |title=Addressing the need for rapid treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: focus on inhaled loxapine as an alternative to injectable agents |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=9 |pages=235–245 |year=2013 |pmid=23723707 |pmc=3665578 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S31484 |doi-access=free }}</ref>!! Bipolar depression<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valentí M, Vieta E |title=Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |date=February 2010 |pmid=19638254 |doi=10.1017/S1461145709990344 |doi-access=free |hdl=2445/53243 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>!! Bipolar maintenance<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Popovic D, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Bonnin CM, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E |title=Polarity index of pharmacological agents used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=339–346 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22000157 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.09.008 |s2cid=8067809 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vieta E, Günther O, Locklear J, Ekman M, Miltenburger C, Chatterton ML, Åström M, Paulsson B |display-authors=6 |title=Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1029–1049 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21733231 |doi=10.1017/S1461145711000885 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2445/51726 }}</ref>!! Adjunct insyd major depression<ref name="Cochrane Dep2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, Kissling W, Leucht S |date=December 2010 |title=Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2012 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2 |pmc=11994262 |pmid=21154393 |article-number=CD008121}}</ref> |- | Amisulpride || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno|? (+++ in dysthymia)}} |- | Aripiprazole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++ (prevents manic and mixed but not depressive episodes)}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} |- | Asenapine || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} |- | Chlorpromazine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Clozapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arafat SM, Rahman SM, Haque MM, Shah MA, Algin S, Nahar JS |title=Clozapine Can Be the Good Option in Resistant Mania |journal=Case Reports in Psychiatry |volume=2016 |article-number=3081704 |date=2016 |pmid=27525148 |pmc=4976188 |doi=10.1155/2016/3081704 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilkowska A, Cubała WJ |title=Clozapine As Transformative Treatment In Bipolar Patients |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=15 |pages=2901–2905 |date=9 October 2019 |pmid=31632038 |pmc=6790347 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S227196 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}}<ref>https://www.has-sante.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2012-04/anti_psychotiques_rapport.pdf{{full citation needed|date=June 2021 }}</ref> |- | Haloperidol || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Iloperidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Loxapine || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++ (only in the treatment of agitation)}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Lurasidone || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Melperone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Olanzapine || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++|(most effective at preventing manic/mixed relapse)}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} |- | Paliperidone || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|50|+++/++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Perospirone<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |s2cid=11543666 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23812802 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 }}</ref>|| {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Quetiapine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} |- | Risperidone || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} || {{shade|color=green|5|-}} || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{shade|color=green|75|+++}} |- | Sertindole || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |- | Ziprasidone || {{shade|color=green|25|++/+}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} || {{shade|color=green|18|+}} || {{dunno}} |- | Zotepine || {{shade|color=green|38|++}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center; width:100%;" ! colspan="19" style="font-size:120%;" | Binding affinity |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="19" |- ! colspan="19" | K_i [nM] toward cloned human receptors (unless otherwise specified) |- ! Drug name<ref name = "GG">{{cite book |veditors=Brunton LL, Chabner B, Knollmann BC |title=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |edition=12th |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-162442-8 |title-link=Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PDSP K_i Database |work=Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) |author1-link=Bryan Roth |vauthors=Roth BL, Driscol J |url=http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health |access-date=11 November 2013 |date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108013656/http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php |archive-date=8 November 2013 }}</ref>!! SERT !! 5-HT_1A !! 5-HT_2A !! 5-HT_2C !! 5-HT₆ !! 5-HT₇ !! α_1A !! α_2A !! α_2C !! NET !! D₁ !! D₂ !! D₃ !! D₄ !! 5-HT_2A/D₂ !!H₁ !! M₁ !! M₃ |- | Amisulpride || >10,000 || >10,000 || 8,304 || >10,000 || 4,154 || 73.5 || >10,000 || 1,114 || 1,540 || >10,000 || >10,000 || 2.2 || 2.4 || 2,370 || 3774.5 || >10,000 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Aripiprazole || 1,081 || 5.6 || 8.7 || 22.4 || 642.4 || 9.97 || 25.85 || 74.1 || 37.63 || 2091.5 || 1,173.5 || 1.64 || 5.35 || 514 || 5.3 || 27.93 || 6,778 || 4,678 |- | Asenapine<ref name="pmid18308814">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shahid M, Walker GB, Zorn SH, Wong EH |s2cid=206489515 |title=Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=65–73 |date=January 2009 |pmid=18308814 |doi=10.1177/0269881107082944 }}</ref> || ND || 2.5 || 0.06 || 0.03 || 0.25 || 0.13 || 1.2 || 1.2 || 1.2 || ND || 1.4 || 1.3 || 0.42 || 1.1 || 0.0462 || 1.0 || 8,128 || 8,128 |- | Blonanserin<ref name="Ishiyama_2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishiyama T, Tokuda K, Ishibashi T, Ito A, Toma S, Ohno Y |title=Lurasidone (SM-13496), a novel atypical antipsychotic drug, reverses MK-801-induced impairment of learning and memory in the rat passive-avoidance test |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=572 |issue=2–3 |pages=160–70 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17662268 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.058 }}</ref> || ND || 804 || 0.812 || 26.4 || 41.9 || 183 || 26.7 (RB) || 530 (RC) || ND || ND || 1,070 || 0.142 || 0.494 || 150 || 5.72 || 765 || 100 ||ND |- | Brexpiprazole || ND || 0.12 || 0.47 || ND || 58 || 3.7 || 3.8 || 15 || 0.59 || ND || 160 || 0.3 || 1.1 || 6.3 || 1.567 || 19 || ND || >10,000 |- | '''''N-DEBN'''''<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84"/> || ND || ND || 1.28 || 4.50 || 5.03 || 206 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || 1,020 || 1.38 || 0.23 || ND || 0.93 || ND || ND || ND |- | Chlorpromazine || 1,296 || 2,115.5 || 4.5 || 15.6 || 17.0 || 28.4 || 0.28 || 184 || 46 || 2,443 || 76.3 || 1.40 || 4.65 || 5.33 || 3.21 || 3.09 || 32.3 ||57.0 |- | Clozapine || 1,624 || 123.7 || 5.35 || 9.44 || 13.5 || 17.95 || 1.62 || 37 || 6.0 || 3,168 || 266.3 || 157 || 269.1 || 26.4 || 0.0341 || 1.13 || 6.17 ||19.25 |- | '''''Norclozapine''''' || 316.6 || 13.9 || 10.9 || 11.9 (RC) || 11.6 || 60.1 || 104.8 || 137.6 || 117.7 || 493.9 || 14.3 || 94.5 || 153 || 63.94 || 0.115 || 3.4 || 67.6 ||95.7 |- | ''cis''-Flupenthixol || ND || 8,028 || 87.5 (HFC) || 102.2 (RC) || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || ND || 3.5 || 0.35 || 1.75 || 66.3 || 250 || 0.86 || ND ||ND |- | Fluphenazine || 5,950 || 1,039.9 || 37.93 || 982.5 || 34.67 || 8.00 || 6.45 || 314.1 || 28.9 || 3,076 || 17.33 || 0.30 || 1.75 || 40.0 || 126.4 || 14.15 || 1,095 || 1,441 |- | Haloperidol || 3,256 || 2,066.83 || 56.81 || 4,801 || 5,133 || 377.6 || 12.0 || 801.5 || 403 || 2,112 || 121.8 || 0.7 || 3.96 || 2.71 || 81.2 || 1698 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Iloperidone || ND || 93.21 || 1.94 || 147 || 63.09 || 112 || 0.3 || 160 || 16.2 || 1479 || 129.32 || 10.86 || 10.55 || 13.75 || 0.179 || 12 || 4,898 || >10,000 |- | Loxapine || >10,000 || 2,456 || 6.63 || 13.25 || 31.0 || 87.6 || 31.0 || 150.9 || 80.0 || 5,698 || 54 || 28.1 || 19.33 || 7.80 || 0.236 || 4.90 || 119.45 || 211.33 |- | '''''Amoxapine''''' || 58 || ND || 0.5 || 2.0 (RC) || 50 || 40.21 || 50 || ND || ND || 16 || ND || 20.8 || 21.0 || 21.0 || 0.0240 || 25 || 1,000 || 1,000 |- | Lurasidone<ref name="Ishiyama_2007"/><ref name="pmid20404009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishibashi T, Horisawa T, Tokuda K, Ishiyama T, Ogasa M, Tagashira R, Matsumoto K, Nishikawa H, Ueda Y, Toma S, Oki H, Tanno N, Saji I, Ito A, Ohno Y, Nakamura M |s2cid=12893717 |title=Pharmacological profile of lurasidone, a novel antipsychotic agent with potent 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT7) and 5-HT1A receptor activity |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=171–81 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20404009 |doi=10.1124/jpet.110.167346 }}</ref> || ND || 6.8 || 2.0 || 415 || ND || 0.5 || 48 || 1.6 || 10.8 || ND || 262 || 1.7 || ND || ND || 1.18 || >10,000 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Melperone || ND || 2,200 (HB) || 230 || 2,100 (HB) || 1,254 (RC) || 578 (HB) || 180 (HB) || 150 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 194 || 8.95 || 555 || 1.186 || 580 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Molindone || ND || 3,797 || 3773 || >10,000 || 1,008 || 3,053 || 2,612 || 1,097 || 172.6 || ND || ND || 6.0 || 72.5 || 2,950 || 628.83 || 2,130 || ND || >10,000 |- | Olanzapine || 3,676 || 2282 || 3.73 || 10.2 || 8.07 || 105.2 || 112 || 314 || 28.9 || >10,000 || 70.33 || 34.23 || 47.0 || 14.33 || 0.109 || 2.19 || 2.5 || 56.33 |- | Paliperidone || 3,717 || 616.6 || 0.71 || 48 || 2,414 || 2.7 || 2.5 || 17.35 || 7.35 || >10,000 || 41.04 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 54.3 || 1.104 || 18.8 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Perphenazine || ND || 421 || 5.6 || 132 || 17 || 23 || 10 || 810.5 || 85.2 || ND || ND || 0.14 || 0.13 || 17 || 40 || 8 || 1,500 || 1,848 |- | Pimozide || ND || 650 || 48.35 || 2,112 || 71 || 0.5 || 197.7 || 1,593 || 376.5 || ND || >10,000 || 1.45 || 0.25 || 1.8 || 33.34 || 692.2 || 800 (HB) || 1,955 |- | Prochlorperazine || ND || 5,900 (HC) || 15 (HC) || 122 || 148 (RC) || 196 (RC) || 23.8 (HB) || 1,694.91 (HB) || ND || ND || ND || 0.65 || 2.90 || 5.40 || 23.1 || 18.86 (HB) || 555.55 (HB) || ND |- | Quetiapine || >10,000 || 394.2 || 912 || 1,843 || 948.75 || 307.6 || 22 || 3,630 || 28.85 || >10,000 || 994.5 || 379 || 340 || 2,019 || 2.41 || 6.90 || 489 || 1631.5 |- | '''''Norquetiapine'''''<ref name="pmid24062697">{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Muñoz F, Alamo C |title=Active metabolites as antidepressant drugs: the role of norquetiapine in the mechanism of action of quetiapine in the treatment of mood disorders |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=4 |page=102 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24062697 |pmc=3770982 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00102 |doi-access=free }}</ref> || ND || 45 || 48 || 107 || ND || 76 || 144 || 237 || ND || 12 || 99.8 (RC) || 196 || ND || ND || 0.245 || 3.5 || 38.3 (RC) || ND |- | Risperidone || >10,000 || 422.88 || 0.17 || 12 || 2057.17 || 6.6 || 5 || 16.5 || 1.3 || >10,000 || 243.53 || 3.57 || 2.0 || 4.66 || 0.0476 || 20.05 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Sertindole || ND || 280 || 0.39 || 0.9 || 5.4 || 28 || 1.8 || 640 || 450 || ND || ND || 2.35 || 2.30 || 4.92 || 0.166 || 130 || >5,000 || 2,692 |- | Sulpiride || ND || >10,000 || >10,000 (RC) || >10,000 (RC) || 5,000 (RC) || 4,000 (RC) || >10,000 (RB) || 4,893 (RB) || ND || ND || >10,000 || 9.80 || 8.05 || 54 || >1,000 || >10,000 (RB) || >10,000 (RB) || >10,000 (RB) |- | Thioridazine || 1,259 || 144.35 || 27.67 || 53 || 57.05 || 99 || 3.15 || 134.15 || 74.9 || 842 || 94.5 || 2.20 || 1.50 || 6.00 || 12.58 || 16.5 || 12.8 || 29 |- | Tiotixene || 3,878|| 410.2 || 50 || 1355.5 || 245.47 || 15.25 || 11.5 || 79.95 || 51.95 || >10,000 || 51 || 0.12 || 0.40 || 203 || 416.7 || 8 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Trifluoperazine || ND || 950 || 74 || 378 || 144 || 290.8 || 24 || 653.7 || 391.5 || ND || ND || 1.12 || ND || 38.1 || 66.07 || 63 || ND || 1,001 |- | Ziprasidone || 112 || 54.67 || 0.73 || 13 || 60.95 || 6.31 || 18 || 160 || 68 || 44 || 30 || 4.35 || 7.85 || 52.9 || 0.1678 || 62.67 || >10,000 || >10,000 |- | Zotepine || 151 || 470.5 || 2.7 || 3.2 || 6 || 12 || 7 || 208 || 106 || 530 || 71 || 25 || 6.4 || 18 || 0.108 || 3.21 || 18 || 73 |- | colspan=19 style="font-size:88%;" | '''Acronyms used:''' {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-break}} :HFC – Human frontal cortex receptor :RB – Rat brain receptor :RC – Cloned rat receptor :ND – No data {{col-break|gap=2em}} :HB – Human brain receptor :HC – Human cortex receptor :N-DEBN – N-desethylblonanserin {{col-end}} |} |} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:85%; width:100%;" ! colspan=11 style="font-size:small;" | Pharmacokinetics |- | {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;" colspan="11" |- ! Drug<ref>{{cite web |title=Medscape home page |publisher=[[WebMD]] |website=[[Medscape]] |url=http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113205740/http://reference.medscape.com/medscapetoday |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Therapeutic Goods Administration home page |work=[[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] |publisher=[[Department of Health (Australia)]] |url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421054308/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name=DM>{{cite web |title=Daily Med home page |work=[[Daily Med]] |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618062135/http://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm |archive-date=18 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) home page |work=electronic Medicines Compendium |publisher=Datapharm |url=http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127215911/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}</ref>!! [[Bioavailability (medicine)|Bioavailability]] !! [[Biological half-life|t_1/2]] parent drug <br />(active metabolite) !! Protein binding !! [[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|t_max]] !![[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|C_max]] !! [[Volume of distribution|V_d]] !! Excretion !! Routes !! Metabolism enzymes<ref name = GG/> !! Active metabolites |- | [[Amisulpride]] || 48% || 12&nbsp;h || 16% || 3–4&nbsp;h || {{nowrap|54 ± 4 ng/mL}} || 5.8&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (20%), urine (50%, when given IV) || Oral || {{dunno}} ||None |- | [[Aripiprazole]] || 87% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 75&nbsp;h (94&nbsp;h) || 99% || 3–5&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 4.9&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (55%), urine (25%) || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]] (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || Dehydroaripiprazole |- | [[Asenapine]] || 35% (sublingual) || 24&nbsp;h || 95% || 0.5–1.5&nbsp;h || 4&nbsp;ng/mL || 20–25&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (40%) || Sublingual ||[[CYP1A2]], [[UGT1A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Blonanserin]]<ref name="Deeks, ED; Keating, GM 65–84"/><ref name="Tenjin, T; Miyamoto, S; Ninomiya, Y; Kitajima, R; Ogino, S; Miyake, N; Yamaguchi, N 2013 587–594"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wen YG, Shang DW, Xie HZ, Wang XP, Ni XJ, Zhang M, Lu W, Qiu C, Liu X, Li FF, Li X, Luo FT |title=Population pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in Chinese healthy volunteers and the effect of the food intake |journal=Human Psychopharmacology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=134–41 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23417765 |doi=10.1002/hup.2290 |s2cid=12623938 }}</ref> || 55% || 10.7–16.2&nbsp;h (single dosing), 67.9&nbsp;h (repeated dosing) || ≥&nbsp;99.7% || 1.5–2&nbsp;h || 0.14–0.76&nbsp;ng/mL (0.57&nbsp;ng/mL for repeated dosing) || 8560–9500 L || Urine (59%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || N-desethylblonanserin |- | [[Chlorpromazine]] || 20% || 30&nbsp;h || 92–97% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] ||[[CYP2D6]] || Several active metabolites |- | [[Clozapine]] || 50–60% || 12&nbsp;h || 97% || 1.5–2.5&nbsp;h || 102–771&nbsp;ng/mL || 4.67&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (50%), faeces (30%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP2D6]], [[CYP3A4]] || [[Norclozapine]] |- | [[Droperidol]] || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h (8–12&nbsp;h) || Extensive || 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;L/kg (adults), 0.58&nbsp;L/kg (children) || Urine (75%), faeces (22%) || [[Intramuscular|IM]], [[Intravenous|IV]] || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Flupentixol]] || 40–55% (Oral) || 35&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 12–14&nbsp;L/kg || Urine || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Fluphenazine]] || 2.7% (Oral) || 14–16&nbsp;h, 14 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h (Oral), 8–10&nbsp;h (depot) || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || Oral, IM (including depot) || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Haloperidol]] || 60–70% (Oral) || 10–20&nbsp;h (short-acting IM), 3 weeks (depot) || 92% || 2–6&nbsp;h (Oral), 10–20 min (short-acting IM), 6–7 days (depot) || {{dunno}} || 8–18&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (30%), faeces (15%) || Oral, IM, IV || [[CYP3A4]] || None |- | [[Iloperidone]] || 96% || {{dunno}} || 95% || 2–4&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1340–2800 L || Urine (45–58%), faeces (20–22%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| None notable. |- | [[Levomepromazine]] || {{dunno}} || 30&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2–3&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces || IM, IV || {{dunno}} || Methotrimeprazine sulfoxide |- | [[Loxapine]] || High || 6–8&nbsp;h (Inhaled), 4–12&nbsp;h (Oral) || 96.6% || 2 min (inhaled), 2&nbsp;h (oral), 5&nbsp;h (IM) || 257&nbsp;ng/mL (inhaled), 6–13&nbsp;ng/mL (Oral) || {{dunno}} || Urine (56–70%), faeces [Only oral data available] || Oral, IM, Inhalation || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]]|| [[Amoxapine]] (a tricyclic antidepressant), 7-OH loxapine, 8-OH loxapine |- | [[Lurasidone]] || 9–19% || 18&nbsp;h || 99% || 1–3&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6173 L || Urine (9%), faeces (80%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || 2 active |- | [[Melperone]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgström L, Larsson H, Molander L |s2cid=36697288 |title=Pharmacokinetics of parenteral and oral melperone in man |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=173–6 |year=1982 |pmid=7140807 |doi=10.1007/BF00545974 }}</ref> || 54% (Oral via syrup), 65% (Oral via tablets), 87% (IM) || 2.1–6.4&nbsp;h (Oral), {{nowrap|6.6 ± 3.7 h}} (IM) || 50% || 1.6–2.4&nbsp;h (Oral, tablets), 1&nbsp;h (Oral, syrup) || {{nowrap|1132 ± 814 ng/mL}} (25&nbsp;mg, orally), 2228–3416&nbsp;ng/mL (50&nbsp;mg, orally), {{nowrap|89539 ± 37001 ng/mL}} (100&nbsp;mg, orally) || {{nowrap|9.9 ± 3.7 L/kg}} (10&nbsp;mg), {{nowrap|7 ± 1.61 L/kg}} (20&nbsp;mg) || Urine (70% as metabolites, 5.5–10.4% as parent drug) || Oral, IM || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Olanzapine]] || 87% (Oral) || 30&nbsp;h || 93% || 6&nbsp;h (Oral), 15–45 min (short-acting IM), 7 days (depot) || 4–20.4&nbsp;mg/mL<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Callaghan JT, Bergstrom RF, Ptak LR, Beasley CM |title=Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=177–93 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10511917 |doi=10.2165/00003088-199937030-00001 }}</ref> || 1000 L || Urine (57%), faeces (30%) || Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Paliperidone]] || 28% (Oral) || 23&nbsp;h (Oral), 25–49 days (IM) || 74% || 24&nbsp;h (Oral), 13 days (IM) || 8.85–11.7&nbsp;ng/mL<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vermeir M, Naessens I, Remmerie B, Mannens G, Hendrickx J, Sterkens P, Talluri K, Boom S, Eerdekens M, van Osselaer N, Cleton A |s2cid=41656 |title=Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of paliperidone, a new monoaminergic antagonist, in humans |journal=Drug Metabolism and Disposition |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=769–79 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18227146 |doi=10.1124/dmd.107.018275 }}</ref> || 390–487 L || Urine (80%), faeces (11%) || Oral, IM (depot) ||[[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Periciazine]] || {{dunno}} || 12&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 2&nbsp;h || 150&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || {{dunno}} || ? |- | [[Perospirone]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishi T, Iwata N |date=September 2013 |title=Efficacy and tolerability of perospirone in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=731–41 |doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0085-7 |pmid=23812802 |s2cid=11543666}}</ref>|| {{dunno}} || 1.9–2.5&nbsp;h || 92% || 1.5&nbsp;h || 5.7&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} ||Urine (0.4% as unchanged drug) || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Perphenazine]] || {{dunno}} || 9–12&nbsp;h (10–19&nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 1–3&nbsp;h; 2–4&nbsp;h (metabolite) || 0.984&nbsp;ng/mL; 0.509&nbsp;ng/mL || {{dunno}} || Urine, faeces ||Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || 7-OH perphenazine |- | [[Pimozide]] || 40–50% || 55&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 6–8&nbsp;h || 4–19&nbsp;ng/mL (dose-dependent) || {{dunno}} || Urine || Oral || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Prochlorperazine]] || 12.5% || 6.8–9&nbsp;h || High || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || 12.9–17.7 L/h || Urine, bile || Oral, IM, IV || {{dunno}} || N-desmethylprochlorperazine |- | [[Quetiapine]] || 100% || 6&nbsp;h (IR), 7&nbsp;h (XR); active metabolite: 12&nbsp;h || 83% || 1.5&nbsp;h (IR), 6&nbsp;h (XR) || @ 250&nbsp;mg q8hr 778&nbsp;ng/mL (male), 879&nbsp;ng/mL (female)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=DeVane CL, Nemeroff CB |s2cid=33802262 |title=Clinical pharmacokinetics of quetiapine: an atypical antipsychotic |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=509–22 |year=2001 |pmid=11510628 |doi=10.2165/00003088-200140070-00003 }}</ref> || 6–14&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (73%), faeces (20%) || Oral || [[CYP3A4]] || Norquetiapine (a [[norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor]] and [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT_1A receptor]] partial agonist) |- | [[Risperidone]] || 70% || 3–17&nbsp;h (24&nbsp;h) || 90% (active metabolite: 77%) || 3–17&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 1–2&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (70%), faeces (14%) ||Oral, IM (including depot) || [[CYP2D6]] || [[Paliperidone]] |- | [[Sertindole]] || {{dunno}} || 3 days || 99.5% || 10&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (4%), faeces (46–56%) || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Sulpiride]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiesel FA, Alfredsson G, Ehrnebo M, Sedvall G |s2cid=28141135 |title=The pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral sulpiride in healthy human subjects |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=385–91 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7418717 |doi=10.1007/BF00558453 }}</ref> || 27 ± 9% || 8&nbsp;h || 40% || 3-6&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{nowrap|2.72 ± 0.66 L/kg}} || Urine, faeces || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Thioridazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || 95% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP2D6]] || None |- | [[Tiotixene]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || 90% || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Trifluoperazine]] || {{dunno}} || 24&nbsp;h || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || {{dunno}} || Oral || {{dunno}} || None |- | [[Ziprasidone]] || 60% (Oral), 100% (IM) || 7&nbsp;h (Oral), 2–5&nbsp;h (IM) || 99% || 6–8&nbsp;h (Oral), ≤ 60 min (IM) || {{dunno}} || 1.5&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces (66%), urine (20%) || Oral, IM || [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP1A2]] || None |- | [[Zotepine]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Zotepine: A Review of its Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Efficacy in the Management of Schizophrenia |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=153–175 |doi=10.2165/00023210-199809020-00006 |date=January 1998 |vauthors=Prakash A, Lamb HM }}</ref><ref>Product Information: Nipolept(R), zotepine. Klinge Pharma GmbH, Munich, 1996.</ref> || 7–13%|| 13.7–15.9&nbsp;h (12&nbsp;h) || 97% || 1-4&nbsp;h || 31–240 || 10&nbsp;L/kg || Urine (17%) || Oral || [[CYP1A2]], [[CYP3A4]] || Norzotepine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) |- | [[Zuclopenthixol]] || 49% || 20&nbsp;h || 98% || 2–12&nbsp;h (mean: 4&nbsp;h) || {{dunno}} || 20&nbsp;L/kg || Faeces, urine (10%) || Oral, IM (including depot)|| [[CYP2D6]] || None |} |} {{Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics}} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category|Antipsychotic drugs}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140613015650/http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/evidence/psychosis/q1/en/ Recommendations for the use of antipsychotics for treating psychosis], [[World Health Organization]] 2012 * Australian Prescriber 2005 (note: pharmaceutical company conflict of interest statement at the end) * Australian Prescriber 2005 * [https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/antipsychotics/first-generation-antipsychotics/ First Generation Antipsychotics: An Introduction], Psychopharmacology Institute, 2012 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218075500/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2005/ANS01350.html FDA Public Health Advisory] – Public Health Advisory for Antipsychotic Drugs used for Treatment of Behavioral Disorders in Elderly Patients, fda.gov * [https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfo/treatments/antipsychoticmedication.aspx Antipsychotic Medication] – information from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists * {{in lang|pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061012215858/http://www.medicina.ufrj.br/cursos/FROTA%20LIVRO%20I%20%26%20II.pdf FROTA LH. ''Fifty Years of Antipsychotic Drugs in Psychiatry. "Cinqüenta Anos de Medicamentos Antipsicóticos em Psiquiatria."''] 1st ed; Ebook: CD-Rom/On-Line Portuguese, {{ISBN|85-903827-1-0}}, File .pdf (Adobe Acrobat) 6Mb, Informática, Rio de Janeiro, August 2003, 486pp., medicina.ufrj.br {{Authority control}} [[Category:Antipsychotics| ]] [[Category:Anti-agitation drugs]] [[Category:Dopamine antagonists]] [[Category:Psychiatry controversies]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 10ud5sztnwymhfxsym1vh6ryhv0mbew 10 31069 115022 2026-10-19T14:46:54Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115022 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{|class="wikitable" |- |</noinclude>rowspan="{{{rowspan|1}}}" style="background:color-mix(in srgb, transparent {{Percentage|{{#if:{{{inv|}}}|{{{1|0}}}|{{#expr:{{{max|100}}}-{{{1|0}}}}}}}|{{{max|100}}}|0}}, #{{#switch:{{{color|}}} |green=92EE92 |blue=73CEFF |gold=F6D770 |violet=FFA5FF |orange=FBB775 |grey=C5C5C5 |FFA9A9}} {{Percentage|{{#if:{{{inv|}}}|{{#expr:{{{max|100}}}-{{{1|0}}}}}|{{{1|0}}}}}|{{{max|100}}}|0}});color:black;vertical-align:{{{valign|middle}}};text-align:{{{align|center}}};{{{style|}}}" class=skin-invert|{{{2|{{{pre|}}}{{formatnum:{{{1|0}}}}}{{{suff|}}}}}}<noinclude> |} {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0z7vdm7is1cdjihjou3kuduia81wsfa 10 31070 115023 2026-10-19T14:47:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115023 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:Percentage|main|{{{1|0}}}|{{{2|100}}}|{{{3|}}}|pad={{{pad|}}}|sigfig={{{sigfig|}}}|%={{{%|%}}}|nonscinote={{{nonscinote|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ma6gmcwg3uizk7es6a6xf2g18cjrxin 10 31071 115024 2026-10-19T14:49:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<noinclude/>#ifeq:{{safesubst:<noinclude/>FULLPAGENAME}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:Redirect|main|{{{1}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}|{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{2|}}}|[[{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}]]|[[{{{1}}}]]}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> bozot9zmrg9t19n042qg48di8tup27t 10 31072 115025 2026-10-19T14:51:00Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115025 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Navbar|navbar}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> fptzky4feeh5ybkj9wgkbuuk3emtln7 10 31073 115026 2026-10-19T14:51:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115026 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span style="{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{{font|}}} |font-family:{{{font}}};}}{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{{size|}}} |font-size:{{{size}}};}}{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{{color|}}} |color:{{{color}}};}}{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{{bgcolor|}}} |background-color:{{{bgcolor}}};}}{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{{css|}}} |{{{css}}}}}">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if: {{{1|}}} |{{{1}}}|{{{text}}}}}</span></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> pzwfv05e52tkgmzlwpvr2tqf09u7whp 10 31074 115027 2026-10-19T14:52:14Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh template 115027 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible {{{state<includeonly>|mw-collapsed</includeonly>}}}" style="font-size:small; margin: 1em auto;" |+ class="nowrap" | {{Navbar|Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics|mini=y}} {{Font|size=105%|<noinclude>[[Pharmacokinetics]]</noinclude><includeonly>Pharmacokinetics</includeonly> of <noinclude>[[depot effect|long-acting]]</noinclude><includeonly>long-acting</includeonly> <noinclude>[[intramuscular injection|injectable]]</noinclude><includeonly>injectable</includeonly> <noinclude>[[antipsychotic]]s</noinclude><includeonly>antipsychotics</includeonly>}} |- ! Medication !! Brand name !! Class !! Vehicle !! Dosage !! T_max !! t_1/2 single !! t_1/2 multiple !! logP^c !! Ref |- | {{No selflink|Aripiprazole lauroxil}} || Aristada || {{No selflink|Atypical antipsychotic|Atypical}} || [[Water]]^a || 441–1064&nbsp;mg/4–8&nbsp;weeks || 24–35&nbsp;days || ? || 54–57&nbsp;days || 7.9–10.0 || |- | {{No selflink|Aripiprazole monohydrate}} || Abilify Maintena || {{No selflink|Atypical antipsychotic|Atypical}} || [[Water]]^a || 300–400&nbsp;mg/4&nbsp;weeks || 7&nbsp;days || ? || 30–47&nbsp;days || 4.9–5.2 || |- | {{No selflink|Bromperidol decanoate}} || Impromen Decanoas || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Sesame oil]] || 40–300&nbsp;mg/4&nbsp;weeks || 3–9&nbsp;days || ? || 21–25&nbsp;days || 7.9 || <ref name="ParentToussaint1983">{{cite journal | vauthors = Parent M, Toussaint C, Gilson H | date = 1983 | title = Long-term treatment of chronic psychotics with bromperidol decanoate: clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. | journal = Current Therapeutic Research | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–6 }}</ref> |- | {{No selflink|Clopentixol decanoate}} || Sordinol Depot || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Viscoleo]]^b || 50–600&nbsp;mg/1–4&nbsp;weeks || 4–7&nbsp;days || ? || 19&nbsp;days || 9.0 || <ref name="pmid6931472">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jørgensen A, Overø KF | title = Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics. III. Serum levels | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum | volume = 279 | pages = 41–54 | date = 1980 | pmid = 6931472 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb07082.x }}</ref> |- | {{No selflink|Flupentixol decanoate}} || Depixol || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Viscoleo]]^b || 10–200&nbsp;mg/2–4&nbsp;weeks || 4–10&nbsp;days || 8&nbsp;days || 17&nbsp;days || 7.2–9.2 || <ref name="pmid6931472" /><ref name="Reynolds1993">{{cite book | vauthors = Reynolds JE | date = 1993 | chapter = Anxiolytic sedatives, hypnotics and neuroleptics. | title = Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia | edition = 30th | pages = 364–623 | publisher = Pharmaceutical Press | location = London }}</ref> |- | {{No selflink|Fluphenazine decanoate}} || Prolixin Decanoate || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Sesame oil]] || 12.5–100&nbsp;mg/2–5&nbsp;weeks || 1–2&nbsp;days || 1–10&nbsp;days || 14–100&nbsp;days || 7.2–9.0 || <ref name="pmid6143748">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Davis CM, Richards A, Seidel DR | title = Future of depot neuroleptic therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 45 | issue = 5 Pt 2 | pages = 50–9 | date = May 1984 | pmid = 6143748 }}</ref><ref name="pmid444352">{{cite journal | vauthors = Curry SH, Whelpton R, de Schepper PJ, Vranckx S, Schiff AA | title = Kinetics of fluphenazine after fluphenazine dihydrochloride, enanthate and decanoate administration to man | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 325–31 | date = April 1979 | pmid = 444352 | pmc = 1429660 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00941.x }}</ref><ref name="YoungEreshefsky1984">{{cite conference | vauthors = Young D, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Garcia N | title = Explaining the pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine through computer simulations. (Abstract.) | conference = 19th Annual Midyear Clinical Meeting of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. | location = Dallas, Texas | date = 1984 }}</ref> |- | {{No selflink|Fluphenazine enanthate}} || Prolixin Enanthate || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Sesame oil]] || 12.5–100&nbsp;mg/1–4&nbsp;weeks || 2–3&nbsp;days || 4&nbsp;days || ? || 6.4–7.4 || <ref name="pmid444352" /> |- | {{No selflink|Fluspirilene}} || Imap, Redeptin || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Water]]^a || 2–12&nbsp;mg/1&nbsp;week || 1–8&nbsp;days || 7&nbsp;days || ? || 5.2–5.8 || <ref name="pmid4992598">{{cite journal | vauthors = Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJ, Schellekens KH, Lenaerts FM, Verbruggen FJ, van Nueten JM, Marsboom RH, Hérin VV, Schaper WK | title = The pharmacology of fluspirilene (R 6218), a potent, long-acting and injectable neuroleptic drug | journal = Arzneimittel-Forschung | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 1689–98 | date = November 1970 | pmid = 4992598 }}</ref> |- | {{No selflink|Haloperidol decanoate}} || Haldol Decanoate || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Sesame oil]] || 20–400&nbsp;mg/2–4&nbsp;weeks || 3–9&nbsp;days || colspan="2" | 18–21&nbsp;days || 7.2–7.9 || <ref name="pmid3545764">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beresford R, Ward A | title = Haloperidol decanoate. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in psychosis | journal = Drugs | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–49 | date = January 1987 | pmid = 3545764 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-198733010-00002 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7185768">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reyntigens AJ, Heykants JJ, Woestenborghs RJ, Gelders YG, Aerts TJ | title = Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. A 2-year follow-up | journal = International Pharmacopsychiatry | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 238–46 | date = 1982 | pmid = 7185768 | doi = 10.1159/000468580 }}</ref> |- | {{No selflink|Olanzapine pamoate}} || Zyprexa Relprevv || {{No selflink|Atypical antipsychotic|Atypical}} || [[Water]]^a || 150–405&nbsp;mg/2–4&nbsp;weeks || 7&nbsp;days || ? || 30&nbsp;days || – || |- | {{No selflink|Oxyprothepin decanoate}} || Meclopin || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || ? || ? || ? || ? || ? || 8.5–8.7 || |- | {{No selflink|Paliperidone palmitate}} || Invega Sustenna || {{No selflink|Atypical antipsychotic|Atypical}} || [[Water]]^a || 39–819&nbsp;mg/4–12&nbsp;weeks || 13–33&nbsp;days || 25–139&nbsp;days || ? || 8.1–10.1 || |- | {{No selflink|Perphenazine decanoate}} || Trilafon Dekanoat || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Sesame oil]] || 50–200&nbsp;mg/2–4&nbsp;weeks || ? || ? || 27&nbsp;days || 8.9 || |- | {{No selflink|Perphenazine enanthate}} || Trilafon Enanthate || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Sesame oil]] || 25–200&nbsp;mg/2&nbsp;weeks || 2–3&nbsp;days || ? || 4–7&nbsp;days || 6.4–7.2 || <ref name="LarssonAxelsson1984">{{cite journal | vauthors = Larsson M, Axelsson R, Forsman A | title = On the pharmacokinetics of perphenazine: a clinical study of perphenazine enanthate and decanoate. | journal = Current Therapeutic Research | date = 1984 | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 1071–88 |id={{INIST|8951670}} }}</ref> |- | {{No selflink|Pipotiazine palmitate}} || Piportil Longum || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Viscoleo]]^b || 25–400&nbsp;mg/4&nbsp;weeks || 9–10&nbsp;days || ? || 14–21&nbsp;days || 8.5–11.6 || <ref name="Reynolds1993" /> |- | {{No selflink|Pipotiazine undecylenate}} || Piportil Medium || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Sesame oil]] || 100–200&nbsp;mg/2&nbsp;weeks || ? || ? || ? || 8.4 || |- | {{No selflink|Risperidone}} || Risperdal Consta || {{No selflink|Atypical antipsychotic|Atypical}} || [[Microsphere]]s || 12.5–75&nbsp;mg/2&nbsp;weeks || 21&nbsp;days || ? || 3–6&nbsp;days || – || |- | {{No selflink|Zuclopentixol acetate}} || Clopixol Acuphase || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Viscoleo]]^b || 50–200&nbsp;mg/1–3&nbsp;days || 1–2&nbsp;days || colspan="2" | 1–2 days<!--32–36 hours--> || 4.7–4.9 || |- | {{No selflink|Zuclopentixol decanoate}} || Clopixol Depot || {{No selflink|Typical antipsychotic|Typical}} || [[Viscoleo]]^b || 50–800&nbsp;mg/2–4&nbsp;weeks || 4–9&nbsp;days || ? || 11–21&nbsp;days || 7.5–9.0 || |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="10" style="width: 1px; background-color:var(--background-color-notice-subtle,#eaecf0); color:inherit; text-align: center;" | '''Note:''' All by [[intramuscular injection]]. '''Footnotes:''' ^a = [[Microcrystalline]] or [[nanocrystalline]] [[aqueous suspension]]. ^b = Low-[[viscosity]] [[vegetable oil]] (specifically [[fractionated coconut oil]] with [[medium-chain triglyceride]]s). ^c = Predicted, from [[PubChem]] and [[DrugBank]]. '''Sources:''' ''Main:'' <noinclude><ref name="pmid7520856">{{cite journal | vauthors = Davis JM, Matalon L, Watanabe MD, Blake L, Metalon L | title = Depot antipsychotic drugs. Place in therapy | journal = Drugs | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 741–73 | date = May 1994 | pmid = 7520856 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-199447050-00004 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2864156">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jann MW, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR | title = Clinical pharmacokinetics of the depot antipsychotics | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 315–33 | date = 1985 | pmid = 2864156 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-198510040-00003 }}</ref><ref name="DenckerAxelsson1996">{{cite journal| vauthors = Dencker SJ, Axelsson R |title=Optimising the Use of Depot Antipsychotics|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=6|issue=5|year=1996|pages=367–381 |doi=10.2165/00023210-199606050-00004}}</ref><ref name="pmid26585875">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee LH, Choi C, Collier AC, Barr AM, Honer WG, Procyshyn RM | title = The Pharmacokinetics of Second-Generation Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics: Limitations of Monograph Values | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 29 | issue = 12 | pages = 975–83 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26585875 | doi = 10.1007/s40263-015-0295-2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23343447">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spanarello S, La Ferla T | title = The pharmacokinetics of long-acting antipsychotic medications | journal = Current Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 310–7 | date = 2014 | pmid = 23343447 | doi = 10.2174/15748847113089990051 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29350127">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyer JM | title = Converting oral to long-acting injectable antipsychotics: a guide for the perplexed | journal = CNS Spectrums | volume = 22 | issue = S1 | pages = 14–28 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29350127 | doi = 10.1017/S1092852917000840 }}</ref><ref name="Taylor2018">{{cite journal| vauthors = Taylor D |title=Depot antipsychotics revisited|journal=Psychiatric Bulletin|volume=23|issue=9|year=2018|pages=551–553 |doi=10.1192/pb.23.9.551 }}</ref><ref name="SteinWilkinson2007">{{cite book| vauthors = Stein G, Wilkinson G |title=Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PGzHFuS1xkC&pg=PA254|date=April 2007|publisher=RCPsych Publications|isbn=978-1-904671-44-2|pages=254–}}</ref><ref name="GardnerMurphy2014">{{cite journal| vauthors = Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O'Donnell H, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ |title=International Consensus Study of Antipsychotic Dosing|journal=FOCUS|volume=12|issue=2|year=2014|pages=235–243 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.12.2.235}}</ref><ref name="M.Z.2019">{{cite book| vauthors = Procyshyn RM, Bezchlibnyk-Butler KZ, Jeffries JJ |title=Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzaaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|date=15 May 2019|publisher=Hogrefe Verlag|isbn=978-1-61676-561-3|pages=137–}}</ref><ref name="Kapfhammer1990">{{cite book| vauthors = Kapfhammer HP |chapter=Umstellungsregime von Kurzzeit- auf Depotneuroleptika|trans-chapter=Changeover regime from short-term to depot neuroleptics|year=1990|pages=173–198|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-75194-3_18|title=Thioxanthene in der Neuroleptischen Behandlung|isbn=978-3-540-51847-1 |trans-title=Thioxanthenes in Neuroleptic Treatment |language=de }}</ref><ref name="WrightBurgess2012">{{cite book| vauthors = Wright JC, Burgess DJ |title=Long Acting Injections and Implants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36nkGjEGEToC&pg=PA114|date=29 January 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-0554-2|pages=114–117}}</ref></noinclude><includeonly>See template.</includeonly> |}<!-- --><noinclude>{{Documentation|content= == References == {{Reflist}} }} [[Category:Antipsychotics]] [[Category:Antipsychotic esters]] [[Category:Medication templates]] [[Category:Templates that generate named references]] </noinclude> 7iqccfxxehm0mcs0q932bjc8pfufrlu 14 31075 115028 2026-10-19T14:52:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115028 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31076 115029 2026-10-19T14:53:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115029 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31077 115030 2026-10-19T14:53:25Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115030 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31078 115031 2026-10-19T14:53:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115031 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10 31079 115032 2026-10-19T14:54:39Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115032 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{| class="wikitable" |- |</noinclude>{{Unknown|{{{1|?}}}|{{{align|}}}|{{{style|}}}}}<noinclude> |} {{Documentation|Template:Table cell templates/doc}} </noinclude> exqdy5k57eyslr79m98xly11nqy5vv3 10 31080 115033 2026-10-19T14:55:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115033 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{| class="wikitable" |- |</noinclude>style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); 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Ein use generally be limited to no more dan five days secof extended treatment dey increase de risk of serious adverse effects. E fi be taken by mouth, by nose, by [[injection into a vein]] anaa [[intramuscular|muscle]], den as eye drops.<ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408214139/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=1144, 1302–1303|edition=76}}</ref> Effects dey begin within an hour den dey last for up to eight hours.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac sanso get [[antipyretic]] (fever-reducing) properties.<ref name="pmid9010653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillis JC, Brogden RN |title=Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management |journal=Drugs |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=139–88 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9010653 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199753010-00012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid38333494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehmood KT, Al-Baldawi S, Zúñiga Salazar G, Zúñiga D, Balasubramanian S |title=Antipyretic Use in Noncritically Ill Patients With Fever: A Review |journal=Cureus |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=e51943 |date=January 2024 |pmid=38333494 |pmc=10851038 |doi=10.7759/cureus.51943 |doi-access=free |url=}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 6gcb9pbod552h9u2pkpwiy7ptl8kmb8 115051 115050 2026-10-19T22:14:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ketorolac''', dem sell under de brand names '''Toradol''', '''Acular''' den '''Sprix''', among odas, be a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) dem use for de short-term treatment of moderate to severe [[pain]]. Ein use generally be limited to no more dan five days secof extended treatment dey increase de risk of serious adverse effects. E fi be taken by mouth, by nose, by [[injection into a vein]] anaa [[intramuscular|muscle]], den as eye drops.<ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408214139/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=1144, 1302–1303|edition=76}}</ref> Effects dey begin within an hour den dey last for up to eight hours.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac sanso get [[antipyretic]] (fever-reducing) properties.<ref name="pmid9010653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillis JC, Brogden RN |title=Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management |journal=Drugs |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=139–88 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9010653 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199753010-00012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid38333494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehmood KT, Al-Baldawi S, Zúñiga Salazar G, Zúñiga D, Balasubramanian S |title=Antipyretic Use in Noncritically Ill Patients With Fever: A Review |journal=Cureus |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=e51943 |date=January 2024 |pmid=38333494 |pmc=10851038 |doi=10.7759/cureus.51943 |doi-access=free |url=}}</ref> Common side effects dey include sleepiness, dizziness, abdominal pain, swelling, den nausea.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Serious side effects fi include [[stomach bleeding]], [[kidney failure]], [[heart attacks]], [[bronchospasm]], [[heart failure]], den [[anaphylaxis]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ein use no be recommended during de last part of [[pregnancy]] anaa during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac dey work by blocking [[cyclooxygenase]] 1 den 2 (COX1 den COX2), thereby decreasing production of [[prostaglandin]]s.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813001442/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] g03s3vwxsq6akgpparhgis6ao4yzi15 115052 115051 2026-10-19T22:26:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ketorolac''', dem sell under de brand names '''Toradol''', '''Acular''' den '''Sprix''', among odas, be a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) dem use for de short-term treatment of moderate to severe [[pain]]. Ein use generally be limited to no more dan five days secof extended treatment dey increase de risk of serious adverse effects. E fi be taken by mouth, by nose, by [[injection into a vein]] anaa [[intramuscular|muscle]], den as eye drops.<ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408214139/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=1144, 1302–1303|edition=76}}</ref> Effects dey begin within an hour den dey last for up to eight hours.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac sanso get [[antipyretic]] (fever-reducing) properties.<ref name="pmid9010653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillis JC, Brogden RN |title=Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management |journal=Drugs |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=139–88 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9010653 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199753010-00012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid38333494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehmood KT, Al-Baldawi S, Zúñiga Salazar G, Zúñiga D, Balasubramanian S |title=Antipyretic Use in Noncritically Ill Patients With Fever: A Review |journal=Cureus |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=e51943 |date=January 2024 |pmid=38333494 |pmc=10851038 |doi=10.7759/cureus.51943 |doi-access=free |url=}}</ref> Common side effects dey include sleepiness, dizziness, abdominal pain, swelling, den nausea.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Serious side effects fi include [[stomach bleeding]], [[kidney failure]], [[heart attacks]], [[bronchospasm]], [[heart failure]], den [[anaphylaxis]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ein use no be recommended during de last part of [[pregnancy]] anaa during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac dey work by blocking [[cyclooxygenase]] 1 den 2 (COX1 den COX2), thereby decreasing production of [[prostaglandin]]s.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813001442/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |url-status=live }}</ref> Ketorolac be patented insyd 1976 wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1989. E be available as a [[generic medication]]. Insyd 2023, na e be de 228th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan one{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5awmpupgw81f3c63g60hurm4c2fcs3g 115053 115052 2026-10-19T22:45:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ketorolac''', dem sell under de brand names '''Toradol''', '''Acular''' den '''Sprix''', among odas, be a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) dem use for de short-term treatment of moderate to severe [[pain]]. Ein use generally be limited to no more dan five days secof extended treatment dey increase de risk of serious adverse effects. E fi be taken by mouth, by nose, by [[injection into a vein]] anaa [[intramuscular|muscle]], den as eye drops.<ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408214139/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=1144, 1302–1303|edition=76}}</ref> Effects dey begin within an hour den dey last for up to eight hours.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac sanso get [[antipyretic]] (fever-reducing) properties.<ref name="pmid9010653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillis JC, Brogden RN |title=Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management |journal=Drugs |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=139–88 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9010653 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199753010-00012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid38333494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehmood KT, Al-Baldawi S, Zúñiga Salazar G, Zúñiga D, Balasubramanian S |title=Antipyretic Use in Noncritically Ill Patients With Fever: A Review |journal=Cureus |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=e51943 |date=January 2024 |pmid=38333494 |pmc=10851038 |doi=10.7759/cureus.51943 |doi-access=free |url=}}</ref> Common side effects dey include sleepiness, dizziness, abdominal pain, swelling, den nausea.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Serious side effects fi include [[stomach bleeding]], [[kidney failure]], [[heart attacks]], [[bronchospasm]], [[heart failure]], den [[anaphylaxis]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ein use no be recommended during de last part of [[pregnancy]] anaa during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac dey work by blocking [[cyclooxygenase]] 1 den 2 (COX1 den COX2), thereby decreasing production of [[prostaglandin]]s.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813001442/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |url-status=live }}</ref> Ketorolac be patented insyd 1976 wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1989. E be available as a [[generic medication]]. Insyd 2023, na e be de 228th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan one{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> Due to a series of deaths due to gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney failure, ketorolac as a pain medication was removed from the German market in 1993.<ref name="Abverkauf von Ketorolac-1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |title=Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt |year=1993 |trans-title=Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003042337/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When ketorolac was introduced into Germany, it was often used as an [[opioid]] replacement in pain therapy because its side effects were perceived as much less severe, it did not produce any [[Substance dependence|dependence]], and a dose was effective for 7–8 hours, compared to morphine's 3–4 hours. As a very potent prostaglandin inhibitor, ketorolac diminishes the kidney's own defenses against [[vasoconstriction]]-related effects, e.g. during blood loss or high endogenous [[catecholamine]] levels.<ref name="Arznei-Telegramm-1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |title=Warnhinweis: Wie lange noch Analgetikum Ketorolac (Toratex)? |publisher=Arznei-Telegramm |year=1993 |language=de |trans-title=Warning notice: How long anymore analgesic Ketorolac (Toratex)? |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324114422/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Secof a series of deaths secof gastrointestinal bleeding den kidney failure, na dem remove ketorolac as a pain medication from de German market insyd 1993.<ref name="Abverkauf von Ketorolac-1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |title=Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt |year=1993 |trans-title=Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003042337/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wen dem introduce ketorolac into [[Germany]], na e often be used as an [[opioid]] replacement insyd pain therapy secof ein side effects be perceived as much less severe, na e no produce any [[Substance dependence|dependence]], den a dose be effective for 7–8 hours, dem compare to morphine ein 3–4 hours. As a very potent prostaglandin inhibitor, ketorolac dey diminish de kidney ein own defenses against [[vasoconstriction]]-related effects, e.g. during blood loss anaa high endogenous [[catecholamine]] levels.<ref name="Arznei-Telegramm-1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |title=Warnhinweis: Wie lange noch Analgetikum Ketorolac (Toratex)? |publisher=Arznei-Telegramm |year=1993 |language=de |trans-title=Warning notice: How long anymore analgesic Ketorolac (Toratex)? |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324114422/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lhulkuf22kw7hvuhetcqs65ht9eymnm 115054 115053 2026-10-19T22:57:59Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ketorolac''', dem sell under de brand names '''Toradol''', '''Acular''' den '''Sprix''', among odas, be a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) dem use for de short-term treatment of moderate to severe [[pain]]. Ein use generally be limited to no more dan five days secof extended treatment dey increase de risk of serious adverse effects. E fi be taken by mouth, by nose, by [[injection into a vein]] anaa [[intramuscular|muscle]], den as eye drops.<ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Ketorolac Tromethamine Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408214139/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ketorolac-tromethamine.html |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name=BNF76>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=1144, 1302–1303|edition=76}}</ref> Effects dey begin within an hour den dey last for up to eight hours.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac sanso get [[antipyretic]] (fever-reducing) properties.<ref name="pmid9010653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillis JC, Brogden RN |title=Ketorolac. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in pain management |journal=Drugs |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=139–88 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9010653 |doi=10.2165/00003495-199753010-00012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid38333494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehmood KT, Al-Baldawi S, Zúñiga Salazar G, Zúñiga D, Balasubramanian S |title=Antipyretic Use in Noncritically Ill Patients With Fever: A Review |journal=Cureus |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=e51943 |date=January 2024 |pmid=38333494 |pmc=10851038 |doi=10.7759/cureus.51943 |doi-access=free |url=}}</ref> Common side effects dey include sleepiness, dizziness, abdominal pain, swelling, den nausea.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Serious side effects fi include [[stomach bleeding]], [[kidney failure]], [[heart attacks]], [[bronchospasm]], [[heart failure]], den [[anaphylaxis]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ein use no be recommended during de last part of [[pregnancy]] anaa during [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Ketorolac dey work by blocking [[cyclooxygenase]] 1 den 2 (COX1 den COX2), thereby decreasing production of [[prostaglandin]]s.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=Daily2019>{{cite web |title=DailyMed - ketorolac tromethamine tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813001442/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2837a082-3a34-6f81-5e43-45a70295686b |url-status=live }}</ref> Ketorolac be patented insyd 1976 wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1989. E be available as a [[generic medication]]. Insyd 2023, na e be de 228th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan one{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> Due to a series of deaths due to gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney failure, ketorolac as a pain medication was removed from the German market in 1993.<ref name="Abverkauf von Ketorolac-1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |title=Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt |year=1993 |trans-title=Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003042337/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When ketorolac was introduced into Germany, it was often used as an [[opioid]] replacement in pain therapy because its side effects were perceived as much less severe, it did not produce any [[Substance dependence|dependence]], and a dose was effective for 7–8 hours, compared to morphine's 3–4 hours. As a very potent prostaglandin inhibitor, ketorolac diminishes the kidney's own defenses against [[vasoconstriction]]-related effects, e.g. during blood loss or high endogenous [[catecholamine]] levels.<ref name="Arznei-Telegramm-1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |title=Warnhinweis: Wie lange noch Analgetikum Ketorolac (Toratex)? |publisher=Arznei-Telegramm |year=1993 |language=de |trans-title=Warning notice: How long anymore analgesic Ketorolac (Toratex)? |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324114422/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Secof a series of deaths secof gastrointestinal bleeding den kidney failure, na dem remove ketorolac as a pain medication from de German market insyd 1993.<ref name="Abverkauf von Ketorolac-1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |title=Abverkauf von Ketorolac (TORATEX) gestoppt |year=1993 |trans-title=Sale of Ketorolac (TORATEX) stopped |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003042337/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_08/9308084_02.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wen dem introduce ketorolac into [[Germany]], na e often be used as an [[opioid]] replacement insyd pain therapy secof ein side effects be perceived as much less severe, na e no produce any [[Substance dependence|dependence]], den a dose be effective for 7–8 hours, dem compare to morphine ein 3–4 hours. As a very potent prostaglandin inhibitor, ketorolac dey diminish de kidney ein own defenses against [[vasoconstriction]]-related effects, e.g. during blood loss anaa high endogenous [[catecholamine]] levels.<ref name="Arznei-Telegramm-1993">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |title=Warnhinweis: Wie lange noch Analgetikum Ketorolac (Toratex)? |publisher=Arznei-Telegramm |year=1993 |language=de |trans-title=Warning notice: How long anymore analgesic Ketorolac (Toratex)? |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324114422/https://www.arznei-telegramm.de/html/1993_06/9306061_05.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | title = AHFS drug information | publisher = American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | location = Bethesda, MD | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-58528-260-9 }} * {{cite book| vauthors = Hamilton R |title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-05756-0|page=9}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Handley DA, Cervoni P, McCray JE, McCullough JR | title = Preclinical enantioselective pharmacology of (R)- and (S)- ketorolac | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 38 | issue = 2S | pages = 25S–35S | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9549656 | doi = 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04414.x | s2cid = 22508540 }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Henry N | title = RN pharmacology for nursing: review module | publisher = Assessment Technologies Institute | location = Overland Park, KS | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-56533-573-8 }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Kizior R | title = Saunders nursing drug handbook 2017 | publisher = Elsevier | location = St. Louis, MO | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-0-323-44291-6 }}<!--pp 666-669 --> {{refend}} [[Category:Aromatic ketones]] [[Category:Nasal sprays]] [[Category:Drugs wey AbbVie develop]] [[Category:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] [[Category:Ophthalmology]] [[Category:Pyrrolizines]] [[Category:Syntex]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lnvn4vhr0woku25sh0r0jszawk1x8zd 0 31092 115048 2026-10-19T16:29:16Z ~2026-55890-17 8437 i created a page about a symbiote 115048 wikitext text/x-wiki a Symbiote is something 99jx1wfnp5ei0tz3de8sphzovp69qra 115049 115048 2026-10-19T16:33:11Z ~2026-55890-17 8437 Dis page is not proper and da site is completely bad in terms of language settings 115049 wikitext text/x-wiki a Symbiote is something made of alien stuff but right now de creator of dis website , he either jamaican or cant spel properly cp26hj9n9pbw8ywbghbwgj3619ymmd5 115059 115049 2026-10-19T23:07:33Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Symbiote''' fi refer to: *[[Symbiote (comics)]], a fictional alien species insyd Marvel Comics *[[Symbiont]], an organism wey dey live insyd symbiosis plus anoda *[[Symbiotes (beetle)|''Symbiotes'' (beetle)]], a genus of beetles *[[Symbiotes (bacterium)|''Symbiotes'' (bacterium)]], a [[List of bacteria genera|genus of bacteria]] *de [[Goa'uld]], dem samtimes call symbiotes, insyd de ''Stargate'' franchise [[Category:Disambiguation pages]] q5deq7ijvocb1uzmmxf24tzblcmqjh7 14 31093 115055 2026-10-19T22:59:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115055 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31094 115056 2026-10-19T22:59:32Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115056 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31095 115057 2026-10-19T23:00:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115057 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31096 115058 2026-10-19T23:01:33Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115058 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31097 115060 2026-10-20T09:42:38Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1505694|Abdominal_aortic_aneurysm]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 115061 115060 2026-10-20T09:47:33Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdominal aortic aneurysm''' ('''AAA''') be a localized enlargement of de [[abdominal aorta]] such dat de diameter be greater dan {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} anaa more dan 50% larger dan normal.<ref name=Kent2014>{{cite journal |author=Kent KC |title=Clinical practice. Abdominal aortic aneurysms. |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=371 |issue=22 |pages=2101–2108 |date=27 November 2014 |pmid=25427112 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1401430}}</ref> An AAA usually dey cause no symptoms, except during rupture.<ref name=Kent2014/> Occasionally, abdominal, back, anaa leg pain fi occur.<ref name=AFP2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Upchurch GR, Schaub TA |title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=[[American Family Physician]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1204 |year=2006 |pmid=16623206}}</ref> Large aneurysms sometimes fi be felt by pushing on de abdomen.<ref name=AFP2006/> [[Aortic rupture|Rupture]] fi result in [[pain insyd de abdomen]] anaa [[Back pain|back]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], anaa [[Syncope (medicine)|loss of consciousness]], den often dey result in death.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Spa2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D, Martinez JP |title=Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=43 |year=2014 |pmid=25635203 |pmc=4306086 |doi=10.1186/s12245-014-0043-2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == dglbbxp0bm8g98pkdp4r3c2u7sk87rd 115062 115061 2026-10-20T09:52:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdominal aortic aneurysm''' ('''AAA''') be a localized enlargement of de [[abdominal aorta]] such dat de diameter be greater dan {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} anaa more dan 50% larger dan normal.<ref name=Kent2014>{{cite journal |author=Kent KC |title=Clinical practice. Abdominal aortic aneurysms. |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=371 |issue=22 |pages=2101–2108 |date=27 November 2014 |pmid=25427112 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1401430}}</ref> An AAA usually dey cause no symptoms, except during rupture.<ref name=Kent2014/> Occasionally, abdominal, back, anaa leg pain fi occur.<ref name=AFP2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Upchurch GR, Schaub TA |title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=[[American Family Physician]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1204 |year=2006 |pmid=16623206}}</ref> Large aneurysms sometimes fi be felt by pushing on de abdomen.<ref name=AFP2006/> [[Aortic rupture|Rupture]] fi result in [[pain insyd de abdomen]] anaa [[Back pain|back]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], anaa [[Syncope (medicine)|loss of consciousness]], den often dey result in death.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Spa2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D, Martinez JP |title=Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=43 |year=2014 |pmid=25635203 |pmc=4306086 |doi=10.1186/s12245-014-0043-2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> AAAs dey occur most commonly insyd men, those over 50, den those plus a family history of de disease.<ref name=Kent2014/> Additional risk factors dey include [[smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], den oda [[cardiovascular disease|heart anaa blood vessel diseases]].<ref name=Wit2011>{{cite journal |author=Wittels K |title=Aortic emergencies. |journal=[[Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=789–800, vii |date=November 2011 |pmid=22040707 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2011.09.015}}</ref> Genetic conditions plus an increased risk dey include [[Marfan syndrome]] den [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]].<ref name="CDC20142">{{cite web |date=July 22, 2014 |title=Aortic Aneurysm Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095250/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |archive-date=3 February 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> AAAs be de most common form of [[aortic aneurysm]].<ref name="CDC20142" /> About 85% dey occur below de [[kidney]]s, wey de rest either at de level of anaa above de kidneys.<ref name=Kent2014/> Insyd de [[United States]], [[screening (medicine)|screening]] plus [[abdominal ultrasound]] be recommended for males between 65 den 75 years of age plus a history of smoking.<ref name=USP2014>{{cite journal |author=LeFevre ML |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=161 |issue=4 |pages=281–290 |date=19 August 2014 |pmid=24957320 |s2cid=265875637 |doi=10.7326/m14-1204 |doi-access=}}</ref> Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] den [[Sweden]], screening all men over 65 be recommended.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Sv2014>{{cite journal |last1=Svensjö |first1=S |last2=Björck |first2=M |last3=Wanhainen |first3=A |title=Update on screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a topical review. |journal=[[European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery]] |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=659–667 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25443524 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.08.029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Once dem find an aneurysm, further ultrasounds typically be done regularly secof aneurysms grow,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Factors that Influence Growth Rates of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Analysis of a Mexican Cohort |journal=Vascular and Endovascular Surgery |date=2024 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=813–817 |doi=10.1177/15385744241265758 |pmid=39034446 | vauthors = Bobadilla-Rosado LO, Anaya-Ayala JE, Santos-Chavez E, Navarro J, Martinez-Quesada I, Laparra-Escareno H, Mendez-Dominguez N, Hinojosa CA }}</ref> den monitoring to identify wen an aneurysm dey meet a threshold for repair <ref name=AFP2006/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ee92hyxnqagq1lpt0tb59odgtu2102f 115063 115062 2026-10-20T10:04:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdominal aortic aneurysm''' ('''AAA''') be a localized enlargement of de [[abdominal aorta]] such dat de diameter be greater dan {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} anaa more dan 50% larger dan normal.<ref name=Kent2014>{{cite journal |author=Kent KC |title=Clinical practice. Abdominal aortic aneurysms. |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=371 |issue=22 |pages=2101–2108 |date=27 November 2014 |pmid=25427112 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1401430}}</ref> An AAA usually dey cause no symptoms, except during rupture.<ref name=Kent2014/> Occasionally, abdominal, back, anaa leg pain fi occur.<ref name=AFP2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Upchurch GR, Schaub TA |title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=[[American Family Physician]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1204 |year=2006 |pmid=16623206}}</ref> Large aneurysms sometimes fi be felt by pushing on de abdomen.<ref name=AFP2006/> [[Aortic rupture|Rupture]] fi result in [[pain insyd de abdomen]] anaa [[Back pain|back]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], anaa [[Syncope (medicine)|loss of consciousness]], den often dey result in death.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Spa2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D, Martinez JP |title=Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=43 |year=2014 |pmid=25635203 |pmc=4306086 |doi=10.1186/s12245-014-0043-2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> AAAs dey occur most commonly insyd men, those over 50, den those plus a family history of de disease.<ref name=Kent2014/> Additional risk factors dey include [[smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], den oda [[cardiovascular disease|heart anaa blood vessel diseases]].<ref name=Wit2011>{{cite journal |author=Wittels K |title=Aortic emergencies. |journal=[[Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=789–800, vii |date=November 2011 |pmid=22040707 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2011.09.015}}</ref> Genetic conditions plus an increased risk dey include [[Marfan syndrome]] den [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]].<ref name="CDC20142">{{cite web |date=July 22, 2014 |title=Aortic Aneurysm Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095250/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |archive-date=3 February 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> AAAs be de most common form of [[aortic aneurysm]].<ref name="CDC20142" /> About 85% dey occur below de [[kidney]]s, wey de rest either at de level of anaa above de kidneys.<ref name=Kent2014/> Insyd de [[United States]], [[screening (medicine)|screening]] plus [[abdominal ultrasound]] be recommended for males between 65 den 75 years of age plus a history of smoking.<ref name=USP2014>{{cite journal |author=LeFevre ML |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=161 |issue=4 |pages=281–290 |date=19 August 2014 |pmid=24957320 |s2cid=265875637 |doi=10.7326/m14-1204 |doi-access=}}</ref> Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] den [[Sweden]], screening all men over 65 be recommended.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Sv2014>{{cite journal |last1=Svensjö |first1=S |last2=Björck |first2=M |last3=Wanhainen |first3=A |title=Update on screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a topical review. |journal=[[European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery]] |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=659–667 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25443524 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.08.029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Once dem find an aneurysm, further ultrasounds typically be done regularly secof aneurysms grow,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Factors that Influence Growth Rates of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Analysis of a Mexican Cohort |journal=Vascular and Endovascular Surgery |date=2024 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=813–817 |doi=10.1177/15385744241265758 |pmid=39034446 | vauthors = Bobadilla-Rosado LO, Anaya-Ayala JE, Santos-Chavez E, Navarro J, Martinez-Quesada I, Laparra-Escareno H, Mendez-Dominguez N, Hinojosa CA }}</ref> den monitoring to identify wen an aneurysm dey meet a threshold for repair <ref name=AFP2006/> Abstinence from cigarette smoking be de single best way to prevent de disease.<ref name=Kent2014/> Oda methods of prevention dey include treating high blood pressure, treating [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], den avoiding being [[overweight]].<ref name=Kent2014/> Surgery usually be recommended wen de diameter of an AAA grow to >5.5&nbsp;cm insyd males den >5.0&nbsp;cm insyd females.<ref name=Kent2014/> Oda reasons for repair dey include symptoms den a rapid increase in size, dem define as more dan one centimeter per year.<ref name=AFP2006/> Repair fi be either by [[Open aortic surgery|open surgery]] anaa [[endovascular aneurysm repair]] (EVAR).<ref name=Kent2014/> As dem compare to open surgery, EVAR get a lower risk of death insyd de short term den a shorter hospital stay, buh no always fi be an option.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas DM, Hulten EA, Ellis ST, Anderson DM, Anderson N, McRae F, Malik JA, Villines TC, Slim AM | title = Open versus Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Elective and Emergent Setting in a Pooled Population of 37,781 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal = ISRN Cardiology | volume = 2014 | article-number = 149243 |year = 2014 | pmid = 25006502 | doi=10.1155/2014/149243 | pmc=4004021| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Biancari F, Catania A, D'Andrea V | title = Elective endovascular vs. open repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients aged 80 years and older: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal = European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 571–6 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21820922 | doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.07.011| doi-access = free }}</ref> Der no dey appear to be a difference insyd longer-term outcomes between de two.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Paravastu SC, Jayarajasingam R, Cottam R, Palfreyman SJ, Michaels JA, Thomas SM | title = Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. | journal = [[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | article-number = CD004178 | date = 23 January 2014 | pmid = 24453068 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004178.pub2| pmc = 10749584 }}</ref> Repeat procedures be more common plus EVAR.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ilyas S, Shaida N, Thakor AS, Winterbottom A, Cousins C | title = Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) follow-up imaging: the assessment and treatment of common postoperative complications. | journal = Clinical Radiology | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–196 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25443774 | doi=10.1016/j.crad.2014.09.010}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] npef01bgxo62f7c5er3qoyfo0nndjsx 115064 115063 2026-10-20T10:08:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdominal aortic aneurysm''' ('''AAA''') be a localized enlargement of de [[abdominal aorta]] such dat de diameter be greater dan {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} anaa more dan 50% larger dan normal.<ref name=Kent2014>{{cite journal |author=Kent KC |title=Clinical practice. Abdominal aortic aneurysms. |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=371 |issue=22 |pages=2101–2108 |date=27 November 2014 |pmid=25427112 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1401430}}</ref> An AAA usually dey cause no symptoms, except during rupture.<ref name=Kent2014/> Occasionally, abdominal, back, anaa leg pain fi occur.<ref name=AFP2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Upchurch GR, Schaub TA |title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=[[American Family Physician]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1204 |year=2006 |pmid=16623206}}</ref> Large aneurysms sometimes fi be felt by pushing on de abdomen.<ref name=AFP2006/> [[Aortic rupture|Rupture]] fi result in [[pain insyd de abdomen]] anaa [[Back pain|back]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], anaa [[Syncope (medicine)|loss of consciousness]], den often dey result in death.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Spa2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D, Martinez JP |title=Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=43 |year=2014 |pmid=25635203 |pmc=4306086 |doi=10.1186/s12245-014-0043-2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> AAAs dey occur most commonly insyd men, those over 50, den those plus a family history of de disease.<ref name=Kent2014/> Additional risk factors dey include [[smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], den oda [[cardiovascular disease|heart anaa blood vessel diseases]].<ref name=Wit2011>{{cite journal |author=Wittels K |title=Aortic emergencies. |journal=[[Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=789–800, vii |date=November 2011 |pmid=22040707 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2011.09.015}}</ref> Genetic conditions plus an increased risk dey include [[Marfan syndrome]] den [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]].<ref name="CDC20142">{{cite web |date=July 22, 2014 |title=Aortic Aneurysm Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095250/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |archive-date=3 February 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> AAAs be de most common form of [[aortic aneurysm]].<ref name="CDC20142" /> About 85% dey occur below de [[kidney]]s, wey de rest either at de level of anaa above de kidneys.<ref name=Kent2014/> Insyd de [[United States]], [[screening (medicine)|screening]] plus [[abdominal ultrasound]] be recommended for males between 65 den 75 years of age plus a history of smoking.<ref name=USP2014>{{cite journal |author=LeFevre ML |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=161 |issue=4 |pages=281–290 |date=19 August 2014 |pmid=24957320 |s2cid=265875637 |doi=10.7326/m14-1204 |doi-access=}}</ref> Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] den [[Sweden]], screening all men over 65 be recommended.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Sv2014>{{cite journal |last1=Svensjö |first1=S |last2=Björck |first2=M |last3=Wanhainen |first3=A |title=Update on screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a topical review. |journal=[[European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery]] |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=659–667 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25443524 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.08.029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Once dem find an aneurysm, further ultrasounds typically be done regularly secof aneurysms grow,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Factors that Influence Growth Rates of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Analysis of a Mexican Cohort |journal=Vascular and Endovascular Surgery |date=2024 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=813–817 |doi=10.1177/15385744241265758 |pmid=39034446 | vauthors = Bobadilla-Rosado LO, Anaya-Ayala JE, Santos-Chavez E, Navarro J, Martinez-Quesada I, Laparra-Escareno H, Mendez-Dominguez N, Hinojosa CA }}</ref> den monitoring to identify wen an aneurysm dey meet a threshold for repair <ref name=AFP2006/> Abstinence from cigarette smoking be de single best way to prevent de disease.<ref name=Kent2014/> Oda methods of prevention dey include treating high blood pressure, treating [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], den avoiding being [[overweight]].<ref name=Kent2014/> Surgery usually be recommended wen de diameter of an AAA grow to >5.5&nbsp;cm insyd males den >5.0&nbsp;cm insyd females.<ref name=Kent2014/> Oda reasons for repair dey include symptoms den a rapid increase in size, dem define as more dan one centimeter per year.<ref name=AFP2006/> Repair fi be either by [[Open aortic surgery|open surgery]] anaa [[endovascular aneurysm repair]] (EVAR).<ref name=Kent2014/> As dem compare to open surgery, EVAR get a lower risk of death insyd de short term den a shorter hospital stay, buh no always fi be an option.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas DM, Hulten EA, Ellis ST, Anderson DM, Anderson N, McRae F, Malik JA, Villines TC, Slim AM | title = Open versus Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Elective and Emergent Setting in a Pooled Population of 37,781 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal = ISRN Cardiology | volume = 2014 | article-number = 149243 |year = 2014 | pmid = 25006502 | doi=10.1155/2014/149243 | pmc=4004021| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Biancari F, Catania A, D'Andrea V | title = Elective endovascular vs. open repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients aged 80 years and older: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal = European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 571–6 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21820922 | doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.07.011| doi-access = free }}</ref> Der no dey appear to be a difference insyd longer-term outcomes between de two.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Paravastu SC, Jayarajasingam R, Cottam R, Palfreyman SJ, Michaels JA, Thomas SM | title = Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. | journal = [[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | article-number = CD004178 | date = 23 January 2014 | pmid = 24453068 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004178.pub2| pmc = 10749584 }}</ref> Repeat procedures be more common plus EVAR.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ilyas S, Shaida N, Thakor AS, Winterbottom A, Cousins C | title = Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) follow-up imaging: the assessment and treatment of common postoperative complications. | journal = Clinical Radiology | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–196 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25443774 | doi=10.1016/j.crad.2014.09.010}}</ref> AAAs dey affect 2–8% of males over de age of 65.<ref name=Kent2014/> Dem be five times more common insyd men.<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=Bunce|first1=Nicholas H. |last2=Ray |first2=Robin|last3=Patel|first3=Hitesh |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=1129–1130 |edition=10th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1129 |chapter=30. Cardiology}}</ref> Insyd those plus an aneurysm less dan 5.5&nbsp;cm, de risk of rupture insyd de next year be below 1%.<ref name=Kent2014/> Among those plus an aneurysm between 5.5 den 7&nbsp;cm, de risk be about 10%, while for those plus an aneurysm greater dan 7&nbsp;cm de risk be about 33%.<ref name=Kent2014/> [[Mortality rate|Mortality]] if dem rupture be 85% to 90%.<ref name=Kent2014/> Globally, na aortic aneurysms result in 168,200 deaths insyd 2013, up from 100,000 insyd 1990.<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|author=((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | date = 17 December 2014 | pmid = 25530442 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 | volume=385 | issue=9963 | pages=117–71 | pmc=4340604| author = ((GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators)) }}</ref> Insyd de United States AAAs result in between 10,000 den 18,000 deaths insyd 2009.<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web |title=Aortic Aneurysm Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm|website=cdc.gov|access-date=3 February 2015 |date=July 22, 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095250/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] p8280f1st3nh9y3y1c3qr6nkqzqw0ci 115065 115064 2026-10-20T10:11:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdominal aortic aneurysm''' ('''AAA''') be a localized enlargement of de [[abdominal aorta]] such dat de diameter be greater dan {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} anaa more dan 50% larger dan normal.<ref name=Kent2014>{{cite journal |author=Kent KC |title=Clinical practice. Abdominal aortic aneurysms. |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=371 |issue=22 |pages=2101–2108 |date=27 November 2014 |pmid=25427112 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1401430}}</ref> An AAA usually dey cause no symptoms, except during rupture.<ref name=Kent2014/> Occasionally, abdominal, back, anaa leg pain fi occur.<ref name=AFP2006>{{cite journal |vauthors=Upchurch GR, Schaub TA |title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm |journal=[[American Family Physician]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=1198–1204 |year=2006 |pmid=16623206}}</ref> Large aneurysms sometimes fi be felt by pushing on de abdomen.<ref name=AFP2006/> [[Aortic rupture|Rupture]] fi result in [[pain insyd de abdomen]] anaa [[Back pain|back]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], anaa [[Syncope (medicine)|loss of consciousness]], den often dey result in death.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Spa2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D, Martinez JP |title=Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient. |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=43 |year=2014 |pmid=25635203 |pmc=4306086 |doi=10.1186/s12245-014-0043-2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> AAAs dey occur most commonly insyd men, those over 50, den those plus a family history of de disease.<ref name=Kent2014/> Additional risk factors dey include [[smoking]], [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], den oda [[cardiovascular disease|heart anaa blood vessel diseases]].<ref name=Wit2011>{{cite journal |author=Wittels K |title=Aortic emergencies. |journal=[[Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=789–800, vii |date=November 2011 |pmid=22040707 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2011.09.015}}</ref> Genetic conditions plus an increased risk dey include [[Marfan syndrome]] den [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]].<ref name="CDC20142">{{cite web |date=July 22, 2014 |title=Aortic Aneurysm Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095250/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |archive-date=3 February 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> AAAs be de most common form of [[aortic aneurysm]].<ref name="CDC20142" /> About 85% dey occur below de [[kidney]]s, wey de rest either at de level of anaa above de kidneys.<ref name=Kent2014/> Insyd de [[United States]], [[screening (medicine)|screening]] plus [[abdominal ultrasound]] be recommended for males between 65 den 75 years of age plus a history of smoking.<ref name=USP2014>{{cite journal |author=LeFevre ML |title=Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. |journal=[[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |volume=161 |issue=4 |pages=281–290 |date=19 August 2014 |pmid=24957320 |s2cid=265875637 |doi=10.7326/m14-1204 |doi-access=}}</ref> Insyd de [[United Kingdom]] den [[Sweden]], screening all men over 65 be recommended.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref name=Sv2014>{{cite journal |last1=Svensjö |first1=S |last2=Björck |first2=M |last3=Wanhainen |first3=A |title=Update on screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a topical review. |journal=[[European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery]] |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=659–667 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25443524 |doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.08.029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Once dem find an aneurysm, further ultrasounds typically be done regularly secof aneurysms grow,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Factors that Influence Growth Rates of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Analysis of a Mexican Cohort |journal=Vascular and Endovascular Surgery |date=2024 |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=813–817 |doi=10.1177/15385744241265758 |pmid=39034446 | vauthors = Bobadilla-Rosado LO, Anaya-Ayala JE, Santos-Chavez E, Navarro J, Martinez-Quesada I, Laparra-Escareno H, Mendez-Dominguez N, Hinojosa CA }}</ref> den monitoring to identify wen an aneurysm dey meet a threshold for repair <ref name=AFP2006/> Abstinence from cigarette smoking be de single best way to prevent de disease.<ref name=Kent2014/> Oda methods of prevention dey include treating high blood pressure, treating [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], den avoiding being [[overweight]].<ref name=Kent2014/> Surgery usually be recommended wen de diameter of an AAA grow to >5.5&nbsp;cm insyd males den >5.0&nbsp;cm insyd females.<ref name=Kent2014/> Oda reasons for repair dey include symptoms den a rapid increase in size, dem define as more dan one centimeter per year.<ref name=AFP2006/> Repair fi be either by [[Open aortic surgery|open surgery]] anaa [[endovascular aneurysm repair]] (EVAR).<ref name=Kent2014/> As dem compare to open surgery, EVAR get a lower risk of death insyd de short term den a shorter hospital stay, buh no always fi be an option.<ref name=Kent2014/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas DM, Hulten EA, Ellis ST, Anderson DM, Anderson N, McRae F, Malik JA, Villines TC, Slim AM | title = Open versus Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Elective and Emergent Setting in a Pooled Population of 37,781 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal = ISRN Cardiology | volume = 2014 | article-number = 149243 |year = 2014 | pmid = 25006502 | doi=10.1155/2014/149243 | pmc=4004021| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Biancari F, Catania A, D'Andrea V | title = Elective endovascular vs. open repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients aged 80 years and older: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal = European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 571–6 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21820922 | doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.07.011| doi-access = free }}</ref> Der no dey appear to be a difference insyd longer-term outcomes between de two.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Paravastu SC, Jayarajasingam R, Cottam R, Palfreyman SJ, Michaels JA, Thomas SM | title = Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. | journal = [[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | article-number = CD004178 | date = 23 January 2014 | pmid = 24453068 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004178.pub2| pmc = 10749584 }}</ref> Repeat procedures be more common plus EVAR.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ilyas S, Shaida N, Thakor AS, Winterbottom A, Cousins C | title = Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) follow-up imaging: the assessment and treatment of common postoperative complications. | journal = Clinical Radiology | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–196 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25443774 | doi=10.1016/j.crad.2014.09.010}}</ref> AAAs dey affect 2–8% of males over de age of 65.<ref name=Kent2014/> Dem be five times more common insyd men.<ref name=Kumar2020>{{cite book |last1=Bunce|first1=Nicholas H. |last2=Ray |first2=Robin|last3=Patel|first3=Hitesh |editor1-last=Feather |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Randall |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Waterhouse |editor3-first=Mona |title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5 |pages=1129–1130 |edition=10th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1129 |chapter=30. Cardiology}}</ref> Insyd those plus an aneurysm less dan 5.5&nbsp;cm, de risk of rupture insyd de next year be below 1%.<ref name=Kent2014/> Among those plus an aneurysm between 5.5 den 7&nbsp;cm, de risk be about 10%, while for those plus an aneurysm greater dan 7&nbsp;cm de risk be about 33%.<ref name=Kent2014/> [[Mortality rate|Mortality]] if dem rupture be 85% to 90%.<ref name=Kent2014/> Globally, na aortic aneurysms result in 168,200 deaths insyd 2013, up from 100,000 insyd 1990.<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal|author=((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | date = 17 December 2014 | pmid = 25530442 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 | volume=385 | issue=9963 | pages=117–71 | pmc=4340604| author = ((GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators)) }}</ref> Insyd de United States AAAs result in between 10,000 den 18,000 deaths insyd 2009.<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web |title=Aortic Aneurysm Fact Sheet|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm|website=cdc.gov|access-date=3 February 2015 |date=July 22, 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095250/http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_aortic_aneurysm.htm |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category}} * [https://vascular.cochrane.org/welcome Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Review Group] [[Category:Diseases of de aorta]] [[Category:Vascular surgery]] [[Category:Deaths from abdominal aortic aneurysm]] [[Category:Men's health]] [[Category:Medical triads]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pwdg1g2qjsgxq2iax5eb7mp9o77iby8 14 31098 115066 2026-10-20T10:12:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115066 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31099 115068 2026-10-20T11:26:03Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457239|Seborrhoeic_dermatitis]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 115068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 115069 115068 2026-10-20T11:47:24Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Seborrhoeic dermatitis''' anaa '''seborrheic dermatitis''' (wey dey depend upon de [[English orthography|variety of English]] dem use) be a long-term [[skin disorder]].<ref name="Ijaz20172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ijaz N, Fitzgerald D |date=June 2017 |title=Seborrhoeic dermatitis |journal=British Journal of Hospital Medicine |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=C88–C91 |doi=10.12968/hmed.2017.78.6.C88 |pmid=28614013}}</ref><ref name="mayo">{{cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352710|publisher=Mayo Clinic|date=19 July 2024|access-date=29 August 2026|title=Seborrheic dermatitis}}</ref> Symptoms dey include flaky, scaly, greasy, den occasionally itchy den inflamed skin.<ref name="Mer20192">{{cite web |title=Seborrheic Dermatitis - Dermatologic Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/seborrheic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126133903/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/seborrheic-dermatitis |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=22 November 2019 |website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition}}</ref><ref name="Borda20192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borda LJ, Perper M, Keri JE |date=March 2019 |title=Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: a comprehensive review |journal=The Journal of Dermatological Treatment |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=158–169 |doi=10.1080/09546634.2018.1473554 |pmid=29737895 |s2cid=13686180}}</ref> Areas of de skin rich insyd [[sebum|oil]]-producing [[gland]]s often be affected wey dey include de [[scalp]], face, den chest.<ref name="Ijaz20172" /> E fi result in social anaa self-esteem problems.<ref name="Ijaz20172" /> Insyd babies, wen de scalp primarily be involved, e be called [[cradle cap]].<ref name="Mer20192" /> Mild seborrhoeic dermatitis of de scalp fi be described insyd lay terms as [[dandruff]] secof de dry, flaky character of de skin.<ref name="Naldi20152">{{cite journal |vauthors=Naldi L, Diphoorn J |date=May 2015 |title=Seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp |journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence |volume=2015 |pmc=4445675 |pmid=26016669}}</ref> As dandruff fi refer to any dryness anaa scaling of de scalp, no be all dandruff be seborrhoeic dermatitis.<ref name="Naldi20152" /> Seborrhoeic dermatitis sam times be inaccurately referred to as [[seborrhoea]].<ref name="Ijaz20172" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == bq3qdrroy7vneghnktrpqd4qg7wl8j6