Gurune people

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Gurenɛ(Farefari de la yetɔgum bɔ'ɔra nɛresɛba n boi Bɔlega so'olum  puan magese wuu, Bɔɔsi, Guresi, Ninkaresi, Tanlesi la Nabedum. Nɛrebana wa n tɔgeri Farefari (Gurenɛ) la. Farefari yetɔgum la n bala ti basɛba ni yeti Gurenɛ la. Farefari la pu la yetɔgum kanra anuu. 

Bɔɔsi tɔgeri la Boone, Guresi tɔgera Gurenɛ, Tãlesi tɔgeri la Tannɛ, Ninkaresi me tɔgeri la Ninkarɛ, dee ti Nabeduma me nyaa tɔgera Nabt.

Dee bala la wuusa la, ba za'a  de la Farefari duma, tɔgera Farefari.

Fu san ɛɛra Farefari duma wa, ba boi la Bɔlega so'olum n de 'Upper East Region, Gaana . Asaala puurɛ zuo ti ba nɛreba basɛba ɛ ta bɔna so'olum duma zo'e zo'e puusin magesɛ wuu; Tamale, Kumasi, Accra, UK, US, la tinsi asi'a puusin.

La dagi la Farefari duma ma'a n ɛɛri ba puurɛ zuo, asaala bia woo n boi timpaberɛ wa puan wa lagum ɛɛra la bala.

Sɛba n de Farefari duma bɔna Northeast Gaana la southern Burkina Faso la. La de la sore bunaasi n tari buuri malema, tɔgum. Nɛrebana de la  Guresi, Tanlesi, Nabeduma la Kusaasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;fred2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Fred T.|year=1987|title=Symbols of Conflict and Integration in Frafra Funerals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_1987-11_21_1/page/46|journal=African Arts|volume=21|issue=1|pages=46–51|doi=10.2307/3336499|jstor=3336499}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Frafra&quot; ti ba dikɛ zele bo buuri bana za'a beni zuo ba yɛla woo dela bɔyima gee ba boi yima yima.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sow|first1=Papa|last2=Adaawen|first2=Stephen|last3=Scheffran|first3=Jürgen|date=2014-01-14|title=Migration, Social Demands and Environmental Change amongst the Frafra of Northern Ghana and the Biali in Northern Benin|journal=Sustainability|volume=6|issue=1|pages=375–398|doi=10.3390/su6010375|issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiŋa la puan, ba de la kaareba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Zi'a ==
[[Bolgatanga]] de la Farefari duma tiŋa. Tisesi n de nimu'urɛ tisɛ la de la [[Bongo, Ghana|Bongo]], [[Zuarungu]], Zoko, la Pwalugu. [[Tongo, Ghana|Tongo]] de la [[Tanlesi (Ghana parliament constituency)|Tanlesi]] duma me tiŋa, n zele Farefari duma puan gee sɛba ta'am tɔgera Farefari mɛ.

Farefari la boi la white la red Volta Rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brukum|first=N.J.K.|date=1999|title=Chiefs, Colonial Policy and Politics in Northern Ghana, 1897-1956|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406652|journal=Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana|issue=3|pages=101–122|issn=0855-3246|jstor=41406652}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zɛsɛka ti Farefari duma bɔna la de la 500–700 bɔna ko'om n de se'em la. Kugekara, n de satansi, n boi zi'an la puan bayi ti a yima dɛna Tongo Hills la Central Range Hills. Fu san tɔgera climate yele, la pu la buyi; tropical continental la interior savanna. Ba za'an de la siɔ la uunɛ  n de Siibedaa ta paɛ Fɔɔ la Tigerɛ la Dawalega gee ti siɔ  saŋa me dɛna 40 ta paɛ 50 inches. Ŋwana zuo la, siɔ la uune la, tu tari la sakara, n wan magesɛ paɛ piwɛi (90) Kɔbega puan. siɔ saŋa ti sapika ni dɛna 20 percent bɔna ɔɔnɛ. Ti wuntiŋa ŋwarega de la  March bɔna 970 degrees Fahrenheit la gee ti wuntɛɛŋa sɛka n ka zo'e la bɔna 810 degrees Fahrenheit  August ŋwareŋa la puan. Vegetation de la wooded savanna la ti tiisi bɔna tiŋa, pa'asɛ la ta'ama tiisi la bury, la muurɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nabila, John Sebiyam|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1571545|title=The migration of the Frafra of Northern Ghana: a case study of cyclical labor migration in West Africa|date=1975|publisher=University Microfilms|oclc=1571545}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Society ==
'''Economy'''

Farefari duma zo'e zo'e de la kaareba, kɔɔra ki,keriga, la yɔa. Kariyɛna,mui,soyabeans n la tɛa ti ba kɔɔra.Kaariba tso'olum la puan iti la ŋmaa gee nyɔ tuuma, ti ba dikɛ samanɛ tum woo ŋmaresi siyopɔi bii sinii gee nyaa basɛ ka ti ka gã'arɛ wuu yuunɛ la ti ba kan kɔ ka zuo. Tu yɛ puan samama la , pɔgesi n ni kɔ ba diisi nyaa koosera ba bɔna ba tiŋa da'asi puan, hali lagum kɔɔra la taba. Budaasi me tuunɛ uuni puan de la gokɛ'ɛriba. Dɛna pakɛ mɛ bɔna tu buuri malema yɛla dɔla la sankana ti budaasi la sɛɛsi'a n boi goto puan ni sɔsa. Uunɛ san ni ta yɛlege,ti dikɔɔsereba diisi nibta ba'asa,ba  nyaa ni kɛ la zim yɔka puan.
Nɛreba zo'ore iŋa basɛ ti tu samama la ka le gã yuura ti dɛna basɛ ti goo kɛa ka le bɔna bala. Zisesi ti tu wan nyɔ gee gura yuunɛ kɔa la ka le zo'e.

'''Political system'''

Farefari tinsi ka tari nalɛgeriba agani taaba. Ba tara yelegerɛ bɔna ba tisuka bɔna ba tuuma puan sɛla n sɔi ba zo'e zo'e de la kaareba. Ba ka tari naduma yeleŋɔ, ba nimmu'urɛ yɛla la ni dɛna la ba kiinduma n de woo bunkureba yizuo woo n ni sɔsɛ.

Pu'usego nɛŋaduma n ta tari paŋa wan baŋɛ kɔa n tari ti kina se'em gee me dɛna sɛba n bo'ori samama ti ba kɔɔra.

Pansi sitã n lagum bɔna la Farefari nɛreba wa suŋera ba tiŋa bisega. Ayima de la Naduma kpɛ'ɛŋɔ, mina n pa'asɛ de la buuri vaarɛ, ti mina n pa'asɛ tã'a de la   pu'usegɔ.

Naduma wa nyaŋɛ dikɛ makɛ mi la &quot;sergent-major&quot;. Solemiisi yuum dɔla la bama puan nyɛta nɛreba tari kina tuuma puan bii zi'an ti ba zɛɛra lɔgerɔ. Hali solemiisi wa'aŋɔ Saŋa la tu buuri malema daa ni tara paŋa mɛ[9]

==Malema==

'''Religion'''
Sirasakerɛ de la sɛla n bo Farefari vom puan. Tiŋa woo tari la bãgerɛ ka tinsuka.
Yizuo woo biseri gee maala la ka yire,zi'a ti buuri lɔgerɔ bɔna. Lɔgerɔ la basɛ ti buuri la la ba tiŋa siisi ni tara la naarɛ. Ti lɔgetuna wa ba vaare ba ti ba dɛna ba buuri lɔgerɔ. Ba bo'ori buuri la la gu'a n la nɔnaarɛ buuri la za'a puan[10]

Farefari duma sakɛ sira bo tiŋa wa me ti a dɛna yinɛ,la sɛɛsi n basɛ ti a bɔna a ma'a. Ba nyɛ ba yaabeduma ti ba tara la kpɛ'ɛŋɔ la la ba kɛ'a zi'a. Tindaanduma n ni ita ba kaabegɔ sɛba ti ba yeti bama n biseri tiŋa la.[11]

'''Rituals'''

Rituals bayi n boi ti Farefari duma tara e tuna. Ayima bo la ba kua puan ti ayima me bɔna ba kɔa puan. Farefari kɔa bo la ba ma'a gee me ni yuu paɛ dabesa. Ba kɔa maalegɔ nimmu'urɛ yele Paa de la la basɛ ti tinsi naɛ taaba a ni ŋwana ti a de la de'eŋɔ gana malema. Ba ni laɛ kum la de daarɛ nɔɔ la ti a ki ti ba ni e gee tɛɛ lɔgerɔ san dagena bala kum la wan sagum tiŋa la. Tindaana la n tara sore ti pi kum la gee ti ba me ni tara kum la kaɛ yire butã a san dɛna la budaa gee a me san dɛna pɔka la de la nuu bunaasi gee ti ba nyaa tara e ta bo gã'aregɔ zi'a. Yɔɔ la ba yi'iri iŋa la deo gee ti a me ŋwana la nanawa lɔkɔ ayima bii deo mɛnka. Dɛna yeti la pa'alɛ la mina n ki tuuma tu tiŋa la puan gee me dikɛ vɔpa ta naɛ la ki'intiŋa. Ba ni laɛ budaati a nɛŋa biseri la zoo bɔna gee ti pɔgesi me ni bisa gɔbega. Ti ba pa'alɛ ba susageŋɔ gee me pa'alɛ ti ba kele mi, a kɔma la ni kɔɔ la ba zuto. Mina n ki la kɔma( budibekiima) la n ni sɔna ti a maasum n gã zi'an la malema yuune woo bii yuuma atã puan ti nɛra la ki. Sankana nɛraa n ki ni bɔna la liko bii a ka bɔna gura ba ta iŋɛ a kuurɛ suŋa.
Male-ana ni it's la uunɛ ma'a ti malema ma la yuure ni pa'alɛ la e de nɛresɛka taaba gee ki. La san dɛna la budibekiima bii pugekiima, kuurɛ la ni ta'am wa paɛ bakɔi ayima. Dabesa atã a san dɛna budibela gee anaasi me bo'ora pɔka. Budibekiima la ni muulɛ pa'alɛ la dabeserɛ, yele yele woo la de nɛra zuo yele la.

== Tuusum ==
Farefari duma tuusum buyina, tɔgum la Gɔmena nalɛgebɔ yɛla and &quot;political&quot;. Gurunsi duma zo'e mɛ' kɛ'ɛra bii bɔna Burkina Faso, gee Farefari duma tuusum yɛla wã boi la ayima la ba saazuon sɔ'ɔlum Suurɔ wa &quot;northerly neighbors', magese wuu such Nuna, Bwa la Winiama, de' la sɛla n naɛ la ba bɔna &quot;abode&quot; Gaana. Yima yima kana taaba wa pɔsɛ yamenɛ saŋa la puan sa &quot;colonial times&quot;, magese wuu French la British &quot;colonial systems differed&quot;.

== Migration ==

Sansɛka ti yamenɛ tuuma yuum ka bɔna la &quot;precolonial times&quot;, ba yuum dikɛ Farefari duma ti ba dɛna la  &quot;acephalous&quot;, ti la vuurɛ dɛna la ba yuum ka tari &quot;centralized authority&quot; la tigera n yuum de sɛla ti ba yuum kɔ'ɔm ba'am ita nara gana Gɔmena nalɛgebɔ &quot;political allegiance&quot;. Gee dansika ti &quot;colonialism&quot; yuum wa'ana bɔna saazuon sɔ'ɔlum Gaana tiŋa wa puan la, ba yuum nyɛ pasi doose la Naduma puan.


Yuuma wa puan, yɛla asi'a basɛ ti lagum basɛ mɛ ti nɛreba wa ka zi'an bobeyinɛ. Yele katɛ kankaŋi de la nɛreba zo'ore.La yuum gulesɛ biŋɛ ti zisesi ti ba yuum bɔna la nɛreba zo'ore ta'am dɛna woo 77,885 nɛreba bɔna 2000 ta paa 84,545 bɔna 2010 tuunɛ. Saa nia zo'e zo'e la sama sageŋɔ dɔla ko'om puan  sagum tiŋa suŋa mɛ, tu ka le tara sama dagena tu wan kɔ ma'a gee hali tu wan vɔna bii kɛ'ɛra zi'a. Le yɛ'ɛsa, tu samama la zo'e zo'e pi mɛ la tãsi, basɛ ti la ka ani nɛreba la suŋa ti ba bɔna zi'isi wa puan.Ti yele wa basɛ ti nɛreba wa nɔgɛ mɛ luŋɛ tinsi ti ba ɛɛ sama ti ba wan kɔ. Sɛla n le basɛ ti nɛreba nɔgera tinsi ti pɔgsulɛ lɔgerɔ n zo'e. Ti budaa san ka nyaŋɛ sole a pɔga, a ni bisɛ la tiŋa n wan kiŋɛ zi'an ta ɛɛ lɔgerɔ la wa'am. Budaa sisesi ni kiŋɛ sore ti ba pa'alɛ ti bama pire mɛ bii bama nyaa de la budaasi. Kɔmbipɔɔlegɔ basɛba ti'ise ti fu san kɛ &quot;mɔɔ&quot; la bo'ori fu la gilema ti dɛna ŋwani mi la malema pa'alɛ ti fu sole mɛ ti dɛna lagum pa'asɛ mɛ ti nɛreba kina sarutɔ. Yɛla asi'a me wan ta'am basɛ magese wuu kaareba n boi Bongo tiŋa pɛregɛ loŋɛ tiŋa yɛsera daaŋɔ dɔla  Oncho zu'usi.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sow|first=Papa|last2=Adaawen|first2=Stephen A.|last3=Scheffran|first3=Jürgen|date=2014-01|title=Migration, Social Demands and Environmental Change amongst the Frafra of Northern Ghana and the Biali in Northern Benin|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/6/1/375|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=375–398|doi=10.3390/su6010375|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sow|first=Papa|last2=Adaawen|first2=Stephen|last3=Scheffran|first3=Jürgen|date=2014-01-14|title=Migration, Social Demands and Environmental Change amongst the Frafra of Northern Ghana and the Biali in Northern Benin|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su6010375|journal=Sustainability|volume=6|issue=1|pages=375–398|doi=10.3390/su6010375|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Wikipiidiya
Yelesugetɛ wara Adikɛ-tum waraKɔmpita zuo

== Viisegɔ Lɔgerɔ ==
[[Buuri buuri:All]]
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  <page>
    <title>Organic fertilizer</title>
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      <text bytes="22700" sha1="lofjhz6z0tigkh9jkh8u6izxx7ioe9x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Faali:Manure 01.JPG|thumb|250px|A cement reservoir containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural [[Hainan]] Province, [[China]]. Note the bucket on a stick that the farmer uses to apply the mixture.]]
[[Faali:Spreading lime on a Devon field.jpg|thumb|Liming soil]][[Faali:Bone meal and meat meal.jpg|thumb|Bone meal and meat meal can be added to soil to stimulate root growth and to release phosphorus.]]
Pɔkɔ bii pɔgerɔ bugelego de la bugelego duma n kɔ bona ti nɛra nɛra ka iŋɛ ba ti ba wa'ana bona.Bugelego duma de la lɔgerɔ n wan ta'am dikɛ pa'asɛ tintɔnɔ puan bii tiisi puan, ti la sugera tiisi ti ba nyɛta za'asum zo'ora suŋa suŋa. Bugelego ta'am dɛna dusi bino, ninɔ tuuma zi'isi sɛba n ka ani suŋa la, bugelego(manure), slurry, la guano; la tiisi bugelego, magese wuu tiisi sɛba n pu'e bii pu'usegɔ.
Deenduma bugelego n la nasaabugelego, lɔgezura la tãpɛgelum. Bugelego wa ze'ele bo la principles of organic Agriculture, kɔa welegɔ sadoto, n wan ta'am baŋɛ bugelekuna wan ta'am dikɛ tuntuusi'a n ba'ɛ zo'e la sɛba n kan ta'am dikɛ tum. 

== Nɛreba sɔgerɔ==
Sewage Sludge, gee me kelum dɛna biosolids, de la effluent ti ba pum ti be e ŋwana suŋa suŋa, blended, composted gee saŋa Kasɛka boi ti a wan ku'e (dried) sansɛka ti ba wan dɛna biological safe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Hillel|first=Daniel|title=Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition|date=2008|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123485366500162|work=Soil in the Environment|pages=151–162|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-348536-6.50016-2|isbn=978-0-12-348536-6|access-date=2021-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugelego wa de la bugeleseko ti ba tara ba kuura kuuse zo'e zo'e n de non-agricultural crops magese wuu Silviculture puan bii tintɔnɔ ti ba maan malege (soil remediation). Bio-solids ti ba tara tuna agriculture production de la sԑla n ba’ԑ zo’e zo’e n la National organic program USDA(NOP) duma bo nuure ti bio-solids ka bo yɔ’ɔ organic food production US tiŋa puan; gee biologic origin puan (vs lɔgezura (mineral)),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barker|first=Allen V.|date=2012|title=Plant Growth in Response to Phosphorus Fertilizers in Acidic Soil Amended with Limestone or Organic Matter|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00103624.2012.684829|journal=Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis|language=en|volume=43|issue=13|pages=1800–1810|doi=10.1080/00103624.2012.684829|s2cid=98196453|issn=0010-3624}}&lt;/ref&gt; sludge de la sԑla n ka pa’asԑ toxic metal accumulation, pharmaceutical, hormones, n la yԑla asi’a zuo.Ba ti’isi se’em nԑreba borne pathogens coupel la zo’ore preference bɔ’ɔra (for) flust toilets la contralized sewage treatment, biosolids n teeze’ele bo night soil (yu’uŋɔ tintɔnɔ) zi’ita nԑreba excreta puan), bugelemԑko la de minimally processed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ull&quot;&gt;Heinrich Dittmar, Manfred Drach, Ralf Vosskamp, Martin E. Trenkel, Reinhold Gutser, Günter Steffens &quot;Fertilizers, 2. Types&quot;  in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2009, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.  {{doi|10.1002/14356007.n10_n01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Values of Organic Fertilizers|url=https://extension.oregonstate.edu/node/139446/printable/print|access-date=2021-05-16|website=extension.oregonstate.edu|archive-date=2021-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102013113/https://extension.oregonstate.edu/node/139446/printable/print|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==MAGESE WUU LA ZI'ISI==
Bugelego n kɔ'ɔm zi'ita zi'an de la dusi puan, dusi dɛgerɔ (bino) tiisi dɛgerɔ (pɔ'ɔsegɔ) zi'ita kɔa yɛla puan, la yele sɛba ti ba bise ba suŋa suŋa.

Lɔgezura (minerals) tu wan ta'am nyɛ lɔgezura yese la dusesi bii tisesi vom ti la yuuɛ gee ti ba nyaa ki lebege tãsi, yele ana wa za'a de la dusi tuuma, (ko'om puan bon voose n ki teetee lɔgeseto), basɛba mɛ dɛna kuga ti tikuresi pɔgerɔ) la kuga basɛba (dusesi bii tisesi n yuuɛ). Dikera kugesi'a n yuure ko'om gee mɛ kpɛ'ɛm, tintɔnɔ sugerɛ mɛ ti pH zona saazuo. Do la tintɔnɔ la sugere ti pH zona saazuo la, microbial zo'ore mɛ wan ta'am ŋmɛresɛ se'em n lebera sugera biological tuuma suŋa suŋa, tintɔnɔ la puan. Sansɛka ti za'asum la san zota ŋwana suŋa suŋa basera ti tiisi la nyɛta la za'asum ŋwana suŋa suŋa lɛm.
Ŋwana n basɛ ti tiisi Imma'asum zona pa'asa mɛ la ba tibesum. Gee tintɔnɔ PH la digɛ bona la a ma'a, fu maan bisera kuga la tintɔnɔ la puan kan nara.
. Rock phosphate 
. Rock Langbinite
. Rockdust
. Unprocessed natural potassium sulfate

==Dusi Zi'isi==
Dusi boŋa zi'an lɔgerɔ, la ta'am dɛna dusi bino bugelego la sɛba za'a n zi'iti dusesi ti ba kuura la puan na. Tu nyɛti bugelego zi'ita la dusi iilum puan, nɔɔsi gyla yekere puan, la dusesi ti na ugera la ninɔ ma'a Inya, la yelesi'a n sugere ita la puansin bii zi'an ti ba sugera gee maan maala.
Bugelego de la lɔgerɔ zo'e zo'e zi'ita nii puan, US tiŋa puan nii ma'a Bugelego gee la fii la ba paɛ billion bayi yuuni yuuni woo puan. Gee nɔa woo tari pamsɛka ti ka wan ta'am iŋɛ Bugelego zo'e zo'e ŋmaresi yoobi woo puan. Dikera Bugelego pa'asa diisi puan basɛ ti nitrgen, potassium, phasphorus, sulfur, magnesium la calcium zona la saazuo pa'asa.
Gee ti tintɔnɔ boŋa zona saazuo pa'asa ŋwana wan ta'am iŋɛ gee see ti fu me basɛ ti pɔgerɔ Bugelego lɔgerɔ la zona saazuo pa'asa, gee kelum basɛ ti ko'om mɛ bisega yɛla mɛ zom pa'asɛ, ŋwana wan ta'asɛ ti yɛla zo'e wa'ana pa'asɛ ti tintɔnɔ la kan ta'am gberekira.
Ze'ele ŋwana wa puan tu tari sɛba n de Bugelego la sɛba n dagi bugelego. Gee tu ta'am basɛ ti bugeLego dɛna bugelego see ti bugelego la ze'ele dusi puan bii tu kɔ'ɔm sakɛ ti ba ze'ele la dusi boŋa zi'an na. Gee dusi bugelego san ka bona, ba tari yo'o bii sore ti ba dikɛ sɛba n dagi dusi bugelego la tum, 
ba diŋʋ mina ti dusi la zi'an ti ba wan bona la, ba da bona zi'an n de yu'uŋɔ bii lika ba boŋa zi'an see ti ba basɛ ti ba tara diyiga ma'a bɔ'ɔra ba. Bɔgepɔɔlegɔ, n kɔ'ɔm ze'ele ba boŋa zi'an la, ba ta'am tara daaŋɔ sɛla n sɔi la ba za'asum la ta'am ba'ɛ zo'e gaŋɛ bii ba tara ba'asɛ ba nam kɔ'ɔm ze'ele dusi la boŋa zi'an wa'ana. Ŋwana ta'am tara daaŋɔ zo'e zo'e paara tiisi la sɛla n sɔi la ba za'asum la ba zo'e mɛ wan ta'am sa'am tiisi la nyiga la ba n kɔ'ɔm ze'ele dusi la boŋa zi'an la, wan ta'am daan bonvoose la n boi tintɔnɔ la puan, kuura ba bii sa'ana tiisi la bii diisi la n boi bini la, dɛna E.Coli la Salmonella. Dɛga mɛ kelum bona fu san pɔsera mɛ la sogero, sɛla n biila wan ta'am doose dusi puan tole ti daaŋɔ ka bona bii biila ta'am bona dusi puan, wan gɛrekɛ la bugelego la, ŋwana wa zuo bugelego dɛ la sɛla n nari ti kɔ tana ita se'em n wan ta'am kɔ biila la woo bii pathogens gee suŋɛ ti za'asum paŋa sige tiŋa.

Nuusi Sɔgerɔ bii Sagɛ, se'em n tari nuusi bii nɔbibesi bugelego la dɔpugerɔ, de la pɔgerɔ bugelego ti ba dikɛ ze'ele ti la sikɛ ana suŋa bɔ'ɔra tintɔnɔ ti ba wan ta'am nyɛ dia zo'e gana Synthetic bugelego duma. A tari la lɔgezura ana nuutaaba bɔ'ɔra bugelego duma basɛba, gee mɛ kelum tagesɛ tara nyɔgum, kɛmesi, magnesium, boron, la chloride. Yesera nuusi bii nɔbibesi sɔgeseto n boi bii n digelum, ba ta'am tara niisi n gei yelesi'a basɛ bo. Nuusi bii nɔbibesi sɔgeseto wa ka nari ti yɛregɛ diisi bii bum puan, la mɛ ta'am dikɛ dɛga paɛ dusi n oberi zi'an, botulism zuo, bã'asɛ n dɛ bonvoose n boi niisi sɛba n ki pu'ura puan paara ba.

Weefo bii Wiiri bugelego n tari bugelesuŋɔ n dɛ lɔgesɛba n bɔ'ɔrɛ vom (Carbon) tari paɛ lɔgesɛba ti ba tara maala bugelego la (nitrogen) bɔ'ɔra composting (30:1) gee kelum dɛna buuri tintɔnɔ n tã teesuna. Ŋwana zuo, fu san bise suŋa suŋa pɔgerɔ bugelego zi'an de la tɔɔ sɛla n sɔi la dia (la pɔgerɔ lɔgerɔ duma) zi'ita zi'an ti ba bise ba tibɛ ba la tisumu yizuo ti la kelum pa'asɛ aminopyralid, clopyralid, la picloram (ti ba kɔɔsa US tiŋa puan ti ba dɛna milekuga la Grazon-) ŋwana ba ta'am doose weero dia teere zi'an la yese, gee kelum kɔ ana bala nuu ti teere kabona bugelego la puan la wan ta'am bona bala ti la yue. Yele ana wa tari la daaŋɔ paara kamatuusi, tɛa, la potatoes, basera ti diisi maalegɔ lebera pooren bii basɛ ti diisi ka maala. Le pa'asɛ, weefo bonvoose magese wuu Ivermectin ba wan ta'am nyɛ ba bugelego puan ta paɛ been se'ere ti ba daaŋɔ wan dɛna sugere bɔ'ɔra bonvoose ti la paɛ dabesa pinaasi la anuu (45).&lt;ref name=&quot;ScienceDaily-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Urine fertilizer: 'Aging' effectively protects against transfer of antibiotic resistance|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200122080500.htm|access-date=2021-04-09|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-22|title=Yes wee can: study gives green light to use urine as crop fertiliser|url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jan/22/study-gives-green-light-to-use-of-urine-as-crop-fertiliser|access-date=2021-01-01|website=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-01-13|title=Can Human Urine Replace Chemical Fertilizers?|url=https://modernfarmer.com/2014/01/human-pee-proven-fertilizer-future/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Modern Farmer|language=en-US|archive-date=2014-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119023710/https://modernfarmer.com/2014/01/human-pee-proven-fertilizer-future/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Sally|last2=scientist|first2=ContributorSoil|last3=chef|last4=swimmer|date=2017-01-16|title=Pee for Plants|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/pee-for-plants_b_14204270|access-date=2021-05-16|website=HuffPost|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tainted bugelego kan ta'am ku tiisi la bonvoose sesi n nyɛti sugere bini la, gee wan ta'am maalɛ yele suma n ta zala bo sɛba n sɔi ba la.&lt;ref name=&quot;UCSF-Health-2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mente|first1=Andrew|last2=Irvine|first2=E. Jan|last3=Honey|first3=R. John D'A|last4=Logan|first4=Alexander G.|date=April 2009|title=Urinary potassium is a clinically useful test to detect a poor quality diet|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_2009-04_139_4/page/743|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=139|issue=4|pages=743–749|doi=10.3945/jn.108.098319|issn=1541-6100|pmid=19211830|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zinzɔŋɛ bii Zinzɔnɔ bugelego n pum kɔ'ɔm dɛna bugelego ti ba tara tuna yuum kubesi tusa n tole puan sa, gee yele sere n nyaa kɔ'ɔm pakɛ Incans duma puan (solemitiŋa niisi boŋa zi'an),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-02-27|title=Urine Urea Nitrogen Test: Purpose, Procedure, and Results|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/urea-nitrogen-urine|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Healthline|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UCSF-Health-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Potassium - Urine|url=https://www.ucsfhealth.org/Medical%20Tests/003600|access-date=2021-05-16|website=ucsfhealth.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phosphate in Urine|url=https://myhealth.alberta.ca:443/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw202342|access-date=2021-05-16|website=myhealth.alberta.ca|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; fum se'em n boti zinzɔnɔ la zinzɔnɔ bugelego paaɛ, tubere dulekire ni dɛna la kum paara se'em woo kuuri zinzɔnɔ.
Zinzɔŋɔ bii zinzɔnɔ bugelego zo'e mɛ lɔgesɛba n ka tã pu'ura, magese wuu (lɔgesɛba n bɔ'ɔrɛ vom(carbon), lɔgesɛba ti ba tara maala bugelego(nitrogen), lɔgesɛba n dagi kuto bii n ka tari paŋa gee ti ba tara ba maala bugelego(sulfur), la lɔgesɛba n gu'ure ti bã'asɛ ka paara dusi la nɛreba.(phosphorus). Bugelekpɛ'ɛgo tari la 10% lɔgesɛba ti ba tara maala bugelego(nitrogen), bugelesɛba n sugere tiisi la ti ba tara imma'asum gee dɛna mɔ'ɔŋɔ n de dɛlemadɛtɔ n tari paŋa gee sugera ti tiisi zo'ora kalam kalam. Bugelekpɛ'ɛgo wan dikɛ magesɛ ti ba maalɛ bugelego duma de la fai ti fu wan ta'am dikɛ tum deon la yiga tuuma yire puan, zinzakãra la tipigesi gee ka bisera bii lɛɛla tintɔnɔ la puan gee a tum kelum kɔ'ɔm bona la bilam dita fii fii gee sugera tiisi la gee bɔ'ɔra tintɔnɔ la paŋa pa'asa.

Bugelekpɛ'ɛgo(Guano) wa kelum kɔ'ɔm tara la paŋa yelesi'a n sugere ti bugelego la paŋa sigera tiŋa(bio-remediation) bonsɛba ka nyɛti la nini (microbes) se'em sugere duusa yelesi'a n ka ani suŋa tintɔnɔ la puan, sɛba n wan ta'am gu ti tiisi la kan tana zo'ora kalam kalam la gee tum wan ta'asɛ ti tiisi la pu'ura kalam kalam la.

Dundu'urum (urine), n zi'iti nɛreba la dusi puan na za'a de la bugelego: dundu'urum de la lɔgesɛba n lebekire bugelego lɔgerɔ (nitrogen compound), gee dundu'urum tari lɔgeseto n gu'uri ti ba'asɛ ka paara dusi la nɛreba la, zĩim(potassium).
Nɛreba dundu'urum tari la yɛla sugenuurɛ butã(3) lɔgesɛba ti ba tara maala bugelego la puan la zĩim puan, gee mɛ paɛ sugenuure pisiyi(20) ti la paɛ lɔgesɛba ti ba tara maala bugelego(nitrogen) gee mɛ kelum dɛna bala mɛŋa nuu, lɔgesɛba n gu'uri nɛreba la dusi ti ba nyɛta ba'asɛ la. Zĩim n zo'e se'em bona dundu'urum puan de la sɛla n wan ta'am yelese gee ŋwana wan ta'am iŋɛ yese la zĩim n zone se'em bona nɛra inya puan bii nɛra dia puan. Nananawa yo'o nam ka boi ti dundu'urum wan ta'am dikɛ tum kɔa tuuma. Gee nananawa zamesegɔ boi ti ba zamesera n ta'am lilike ti baŋɛ ti dundu'urum ze'ele ŋmaresi pia la bayi puan tari paɛ ŋmaresi pia la bayoobi puan ba yese la 99% n de bonvoose n tari daaŋɔ yese la dundu'urum la n zone se'em zona saazuo pa'asa bala ti PH la lagum zona saazuo.

Dusi pu'usegɔ. Dusɛka yedene n de butchered la ni dɛna la 40% tari paɛ 60% n ni dɛna dumvoose ti ba tara yɛ'ɛsa dã'a gee ti 40% tari paɛ 60% n gee la dɛna dusi bugelego. Bugelego bana wa de la dusesi ti ba kurum bii kɔrrgɛ, saŋa zo'e zo'e ba ka diti ba-ziim, kɔberɛ bii Kuba, k̄ɔbegɔ bii kɔberɔ, lilega, tafiila, Lila... tu wa ta'am nyɛ ŋwana wa la kɔa bugelego duma puan, la ta'am dɛna ziim, dia, kɔba-dia, zim-dia, kɔberɔ-dia.

. ziim dia

. kɔberɛ dia

. zim dia

. bugelego

. bii sawdust


==Tiisi ==
Bugelego teere, lɔgesɛba n sugere ti tiisi zo'ora suŋa suŋa, diditika, sɛla n basere ti dia tara paŋa, diisi n yesere ko'om puan bii kuga puan zo'e zo'e, bana za'a waabe de la pɔgerɔ bugelego duma. Basɛba, magese wuu bonsɛba n kɔ'ɔm bona dɛna kaam dia bii diisi. Tiisi n pu'urɛ (dɛlemadɛtɔ bugelego) ze'ele yuuma zo'e zo'e mɛ de la bugelego tɔseto n ani suŋa tana maala dia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dummies-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plant-Based Fertilizers for Organic Gardens|url=https://www.dummies.com/home-garden/gardening/organic-gardening/plant-based-fertilizers-for-organic-gardens/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=dummies|language=en|archive-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419102142/https://www.dummies.com/home-garden/gardening/organic-gardening/plant-based-fertilizers-for-organic-gardens/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Graves&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Robert|first=Graves|date=February 2000|title=Composting|url=https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/wntsc/AWM/neh637c2.pdf|website=Environmental Engineering National Engineering Handbook|pages=2–22|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115060905/https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/wntsc/AWM/neh637c2.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugelego teere bɔ'ɔrɛ la yo'o fii ti za'asum paara tiisi, gee kelum bɔ'ɔra tintɔnɔ yo'o ti ba bona bobeyine bii ba tara paŋa zo'ora do la bugelego la puan, bugelego teere de la sɛla n sugere bonvoose sɛba n ka nyɛti la nini gee zo'ora pa'asa nyaa ni ta ŋmɛrekɛ lemina sugera tisesi n pu'urɛ ti ba lɛbegra bugelego n tari za'asum basera ti tiisi la zo'ora ŋwana naana naana.
Bugelego n pu'urɛ teera ka ba bota timɔɔni n zɛa ŋwana kãtɛ kãtɛ: gee ba tum tara lɔgesɛba ti vom bona bini zo'e dɛna tiisi sɔgerɛ la lɔgesɛba n maalɛ bugelego dusi sɔgerɔ ta pa'asɛ nɛreba sɔgerɔ n de sore ti ba do la yesera yelesi'a n ta'asere ti ba'asɛ bona la fi'isegɔ n ka ani suŋa gee bona ku yima tintɔnɔ la puan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may10/algae0510.htm|title= Algae: A Mean, Green Cleaning Machine |publisher=USDA Agricultural Research Service|date=7 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diisi buuri buuri wan ta'am ze'ele kisɛba n ani suŋa bii sɛba n ka ani suŋa puan paara inya bii iŋa, dusi dia, gumgumno biila, la tɛa puan na. Zi'ita lɔgesɛba ti ba tara maala bugelego la zĩim, gee tɛa bɔ'ɔrɛ la bugelego la lɔgesɛba n gu'urɛ ba'asɛ dusi, nɛreba la tiisi puan.
Gee ba san pɔsɛ yerege ba wan ta'am basɛ ti ammonia zom saazuo tintɔnɔ la gee ti bugum wan di biila la (seeds), la narime ti tu dikɛ ammonia tiim wa iŋɛ tiisi la san zo'e kureba ŋwana wan bo lɔgerɔ ti lac zo'e.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Saito|first1=B.|last2=Seckler|first2=M. M.|date=2014|title=Alkaline extraction of humic substances from peat applied to organic-mineral fertilizer production|journal=Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering|volume=31|issue=3|pages=675–682|doi=10.1590/0104-6632.20140313s00002512|issn=0104-6632|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BCRC-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Manure and Nutrient Management - Beef Cattle Research Council|url=http://www.beefresearch.ca/research-topic.cfm|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Manure and Nutrient Management - Beef Cattle Research Council|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523072621/http://www.beefresearch.ca/research-topic.cfm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gee ARS duma zamese mɛ nyɛ ti bonvoose sɛba n kine la sɛba n ka kine tari la lɔgerɔ ti ba tara maala bugelego la lɔgesɛba n gu'uri ba'asɛ tise zota yisa mɛ kɔa tuuma zi'isi, ŋwana kan ta'am gu ko'om sa'aŋɔ, za'asum duma wa puan, gee wan ta'am dikɛ tum ti ba dɛna pɔgerɔ bugelego (organic fertilizer)

ARS Scientists duma yuum pɔsɛ maalɛ la sɛla n sugere ti tiisi la diisi buuri buuri zo'ora(algal) la sɛla n gu'uri kusebego gberrkire, ŋwana wan ta'am suŋɛ ti za'asumduma la zoti yese siŋɛ tiŋa gee ta'am bo yo'o ti ko'om tana zota sigera kulese, muŋa la bɔgesi puan ŋwana suŋa suŋa.

Ba yuum nyɛ ti za'asum zo'e mɛ algae puan, gee ba za'a tabelɛ ki mɛ, gee wan ta'am dikɛ iŋɛ disɛba ko'om zo'e la puan(cucumba) la tiisi bii kiduma biila n yeseri puan gee ŋwana wan suŋɛ ti tiisi zo'ora suŋa suŋa gana ba n tari synthetic bugelego duma ita.

Tampɛgelum (Ash) bɔ'ɔrɛ tiisi n boi zi'an la tuulega ba ta'am ni dɛna kusebegɔ n do le bugum la tuulega puan, bugelego kuna wa de la nimmu'ure K bugelego.


Saazuo tintɔnɔ n tari pu'usegɔ n la sɔgerɔ(peat) bii sɔgerɛ n lagesɛ taaba ana kankaŋi(turf), de la tiisi lɔgerɔ n ni pu'ɛ ŋwana fii. Bana n lebekeri bugelego. Tintɔnɔ sɛba paŋa n zo'e de la bugelego sɛba n wan ta'am tara paŋa, ŋwana n basere ti ko'om la tintɔnɔ la lagena taaba la ko'om n ku'urɛ gee kelum sugera tintɔnɔ la ti ba tara imma'asum. Saŋa zo'e zo'e ba ni yeti bugelekuna wa n ani suŋa sɛla n sɔi la ba tari la pɔgerɔ buhelego wa tuna ba tuuma zo'e zo'e gee ti suŋa puan bugelekuna n ani suŋa gee mɛ kelum bona saazuo bugelego duma woo puan. Ba de la bugeleseko n tã teesuna.

Nɛreba sɔgerɔ(Human waste) Sewage Sludge, gee me kelum dɛna biosolids, de la effluent ti ba pum ti be e ŋwana suŋa suŋa, blended, composted gee saŋa Kasɛka boi ti a wan ku'e (dried) sansɛka ti ba wan dɛna biological safe. Bugelego wa de la bugeleseko ti ba tara ba kuura kuuse zo'e zo'e n de non-agricultural crops magese wuu Silviculture puan bii tintɔnɔ ti ba maan malege (soil remediation). Bio-solids ti ba tara tuna agriculture production de la sԑla n ba’ԑ zo’e zo’e n la National organic program USDA(NOP) duma bo nuure ti bio-solids ka bo yɔ’ɔ organic food production US tiŋa puan; gee biologic origin puan (vs lɔgezura (mineral)), sludge de la sԑla n ka pa’asԑ toxic metal accumulation, pharmaceutical, hormones, n la yԑla asi’a zuo.Ba ti’isi se’em nԑreba borne pathogens coupel la zo’ore preference bɔ’ɔra (for) flust toilets la contralized sewage treatment, biosolids n teeze’ele bo night soil (yu’uŋɔ tintɔnɔ) zi’ita nԑreba excreta puan), bugelemԑko la de minimally processed.
[[Faali:Hestemøj.jpg|thumb|Decomposing animal manure is an organic fertilizer source]]
==FARMING APPLICATION==
Non-organic farming puan, a compromise yesera sԑba n de bugelego la pɔgerɔ bugelego tuuma tiŋasukgo a de la sԑla n zo’e ana ŋwana naana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=373994&amp;pageindex=6#page |title=Isolation and Study of Cultures of Chinese Vetch Nodule Bacteria |date=2011-10-03 |access-date=2012-01-09 |pmc=373994 |pmid=16560855 |volume=48 |journal=J Bacteriol |pages=483–9 |last1=Gaw |first1=HZ |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/JB.48.4.483-489.1944 |archive-date=2013-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801121349/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=373994&amp;pageindex=6%23page#page |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO3pio5Opy8C&amp;q=phosphorus+addition+fava+bean&amp;pg=PA564 |title=Biological approaches to sustainable soil systems |isbn=9781420017113 |access-date=2012-01-09|last1=Uphoff |first1=Norman |last2=Ball |first2=Andrew S. |last3=Fernandes |first3=Erick |last4=Herren |first4=Hans |last5=Husson |first5=Olivier |last6=Laing |first6=Mark |last7=Palm |first7=Cheryl |last8=Pretty |first8=Jules |last9=Sanchez |first9=Pedro |last10=Sanginga |first10=Nteranya |last11=Thies |first11=Janice |date=3 March 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sԑba n dagi bugelego (inorganic fertilizers) supplemented n la application of organics n boi ŋwana zo’e zo’e ana wuu de la return of crop residnes bii bugelego ti ba tuna ba tuuma.Cover crops me de la grown (zo’ore) ti la ta’am suŋԑ bii ba de sԑla n bɔ’ɔrԑ tintɔnɔ la paŋa ti la dԑna dԑlemadԑtɔ bugelego zi’ita nitrogen fixation zi’ita la kusebego puan na atmosphere gee me kelum phosphorus (through nutrient mobilization) tintɔnɔ aŋa (content of soils).Bugelego tiisi (fertilizer trees n ze’ele kua tuuma puan tara za’asum bii ve’era za’asum zi’ita tintɔnɔ la puan yesera na gee me kelum sugera tib a tana koto bii ko’om duma tuna ŋwana suŋa suŋa.Leguminous cover crops bii fertilizer trees me kelum zo’ora me to enrich soil dԑna dԑlemadԑtɔ bugelego doose nitrogen fixation zi’ita la atmosphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/torg.html |title=Organic Farming &amp;#124; Agriculture &amp;#124; US EPA |publisher=Epa.gov |access-date=2012-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Viisegɔ Lɔgerɔ ==
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    <title>Climate models</title>
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      <text bytes="2370" sha1="4a8h65ygin7h8mhdrs8osp21iksnmq1" xml:space="preserve">maala climate dela sɛla n de kalɛ wɛda models dikɛ la    sɔa tara sɔsiga ti la sugera nimu'urɛ sɔsiga magesɛ wuu 'atmosphere 'tiŋa zuo,kule katɛ, and sakuga. Ba tari ba ita la yɛla zo'e zo'e yɛsera la zamesego sɔ wɛda system ti la zɛkɛ ti beere wɛda. Wɛda models me ta'am dɛna zoore(I.e dagena kalɛ)models la tuusum me dela sɛla n lagum paasɛ beere

Wɛda maala kalɛ ze'eti la  pansɛka n  ze'eti wileŋa puan kini na la ti la dɛna 'electronmagnetic radiation wave gira.'chiefly yɛa la wave gira (du)'infrared, n la wave yese woko (zaɛ) infrared electromagnetic. A ka zu iŋetulegerɛ teesum.

Kalɛ  maala zo'e mɛ bɔna burabura.mw &quot;a simple radiant heat transfer model treats tiŋa la wuu zugu yiŋa zia la averages paŋa sɛsiga.ina ta'am karigɛ woko puan (radiative -convective models) la zaleŋa.Coupled atmosphere - ocean - sea ice dunia maala models&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; solve the full equations for mass la paŋa transfer la radiant exchange. Le pa'asɛ , modelling burabura ba sɛba ta'am &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;interlinked, mw peelum tuunɛ, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;in Earth System models,basɛ ti viiseba tana bukera sɔsega climate la ecosystems&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=wa03100m|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730021359/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=wa03100m|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-30|title=Pubs.GISS: Wang and Stone 1980: Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional...|work=nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal
  | last = Wang
  | first = W.C.
  | author2 = P.H. Stone
  | title = Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model
  | url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-atmospheric-sciences_1980-03_37_3/page/545
  | journal = J. Atmos. Sci.
  | volume = 37
  | issue = 3
  | pages = 545–52
  | year = 1980
  | doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037&lt;0545:EOIAFO&gt;2.0.CO;2
  | bibcode = 1980JAtS...37..545W
  | doi-access = free
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/258.htm|title=Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis|work=grida.no|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325024912/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/258.htm|archive-date=25 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== [[Viisegɔ Lɔgerɔ]] ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6720" sha1="d6mgolgsh7xeps6epf4e8osvo8rclh5" xml:space="preserve">''''A vulnerability assessment'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' de la sɛla ti dɔla bini baŋera, kaala, gee yɛlegera  'systems' sɛba n gã yɛɛ (vulnerable). 'Systems' la asi'a ti tu wan ta'am tum geele wa de la Lasebaarɛ yɛla (information technology systems),  ko'om bu'a yɛla (water supply systems), sɔa zuo kinɛ yɛla (transportation systems) la  sɔsega yɛla (communication systems). Tigera to'ore to'ore ta'am iŋɛ geelekuna wa mɛ zɛ'ɛta koosebibesi (small Business) ta paara koosekãra tigera (large Regional infrastructures).  Dɛŋa gu'a tigere (disaster Management) duma yeti'Vulnerability'  vuurɛ de la tu geele yelesi'a n wan daaŋɔ wa'am na bo nɛreba la deto. La ta'am doose la Gɔmena nalɛgerɛ, tu buuri yɛla 'economic' bii 'environmental fields'

Vulnerability geelego wa tari la yɛla zo'e zo'e n ŋwɔni taaba la dɛŋa geelego. Sosina wa puan ti geelego duma wa ta'am tum.
1. Digesɛ lɔgerɔ la si n wan ta'am tum paɛ zi'an beene tagelɛ taaba 'systems puan.
2. Dikera sɛla n de kãlɛ wan ta'am yelege (bii ba pu ba yɛsera sɛla n gani puan)la sɛla n de nimmu'urɛ bɔ'ɔra lɔgerɔ la.
3. Baŋera yelesi'a n de  vulnerabilities la bii yelesi'a n de dɛŋa bɔ'ɔra lɔgerɔ la.
4. 'mitigating' bii yɛsera nimmu'urɛ yelesi'a n de 'vulnerabilities' bɔ'ɔra lɔgerɔ la.
''classical risk analysis' de la sɛla n eere baŋerɛ yɛsera dɛnsesi n ni kaɛ tia (bii lɔkɔ deeni) mum, ka n ani se'em la ka n tuni se'em. Sɔsekaŋa kɔ'ɔm bisera la sɛla n ta'aseri bala la, la ba'asegɔ puan ti la wan ana se'em bɔ'ɔra zugesɛka ti ba zamesera la. 'Vulnerability analysis' me de la sɛla n biseri la ba'asegɔ pɔan bɔ'ɔra zugɔ la la ka kinkɛleŋa za'a. Di me kelu5m bisera la sɛla ti basɛ ti daaŋɔ la kan zo'e gee bisera sɛla n wan ta suŋɛ beere yele.(Lovkvist-Andersen et alo., 2004)&lt;ref&gt;Lövkvist-Andersen, ''et al.'', 2004 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242256695_Modelling_Society's_Capacity_to_Manage_Extraordinary_Events_Developing_a_Generic_Design_Basis_GDB_Model_for_Extraordinary_Societal_Events_using_Computer-Aided_Morphological_Analysis&lt;/ref&gt;
Solemintinsɛka ti ba yi'ira ti United States la puan, tigera zo'e zo'e magesi wuu 'Department of energy, Environmental protection agency, United States Department of Transportation, la asi'a me tari gu'a mɛ la sɔsi'a ti ba dɔla geela tuunɛ wa.
Gɔnɔ zo'e zo'e ta pa'asɛ la Tuner et al. (2003), Ford la Smith (2004),&lt;ref&gt;US Department of Energy. (2002). Vulnerability Assessment Methodology, Electric Power Infrastructure. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070724143114/http://www.esisac.com/publicdocs/assessment_methods/VA.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Adger (2006),&lt;ref name=Turner&gt;{{cite journal|last=Turner|first=B. L. |author-link=Billie Lee Turner II |author2=Kasperson, R. E. |author2-link=Roger Kasperson |author3=Matson, P. A. |author4=McCarthy, J. J. |author5=Corell, R. W. |author6=Christensen, L. |author7=Eckley, N. |author8=Kasperson, J. X. |author9=Luers, A. |author10=Martello, M. L. |author11=Polsky, C. |author12=Pulsipher, A. |author13=Schiller, A.|title=Science and Technology for Sustainable Development Special Feature: A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2003-07-08_100_14/page/8074|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=5 June 2003|volume=100|issue=14|pages=8074–8079|doi=10.1073/pnas.1231335100|pmid=12792023 |pmc=166184|bibcode=2003PNAS..100.8074T |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fraser (2007),[4] la Patt et alo.(2010) [5] ta pa'asɛ basɛba me garesɛ pa'alɛ yɛla zo'e zo'e n boi la 'epistemologies' la viisegɔ sɔa (Methodologies) bɔna 'vulnerability analysis'  Magese wuu Tuner et al.(2003)[1] n yuun dikɛ 'Framework' la dikeri la 'nested flowcharts' pa'ala tu vom la bɔŋa zi'an 'forces interact ' naana yɛla n de vulnerable bɔ'ɔra teere n iti atɔtɔ. Ford la Smith (2004), yuun pa'alɛ la viisegɔ n de 'analytical framework, ti la dɔla la Canada duma arctic tisi la puan. Ba yuun bo ba puti'irɛ ti,  sɛla n de yiadaana de la vulnerability geelego n wan basɛ ti la bɔna gɔŋɔ puan ti an yɛɛ yelasi'a n de sose'ere ti n wan dɔla.
Sɛla me wan tagelɛ buyi de la sɛla n kaali teese'ere n boi yelesi'a n tuni nananewa dɛna dɛŋa yɛla bɔ'ɔra nɛreba la ba bɔŋa zi'an. Ford la Smith (2004) 'framework'  iti la tuusum yɛla n de lasebaarɛ ta ta la tisi n tari baŋerɛ se'em gee tuna sɛla yɛsera Yileŋa sageŋɔ lɔgerɔ la lasebaarɛ yɛsera yelesi'a n wan basɛ ti teere la sɛla n de gu'a la yɔ'ɔ bɔ'ɔra beere yele
Gɔmena 'vulnerability' geelego tuuma, GSA(Kelum dɛna 'General Service Administration) basɛ mɛ ti vulnerability geelego dɛŋa sirege tiŋa (&quot;Risk and vulnerability Assessment) RVA&quot; n de suŋerɛ ti ba yi'ira ti 'pre-vetted support service' la  ti la iŋɛ geelego bisera 'thread' la 'vulnerabilities' baŋera gbelegere yɛsera sɛla n de ma'a bii wara si'a n boi  kɔrenkɔrum, gɛɛla dɛŋa n zuni se'em gee pa'alɛ sɛla n de maalegɔ sore bɔna sɛla n de 'operational' la sɛla n dagi 'operational' 
Tuundina wa n tari sɛla yɛsera 'pre-vetted service' la asi'a n ŋwana 

&quot;Network mapping
Vulnerability scanning
Phishing Assessment
Wireless Assessment
Web Applicatio Assessment
Operating System Security Assessment (OSSA)
Database Assessment
Penetration Testing
Ba yi'iri tuunsina wa la 'Highly Adaptive Cyber security Services (HACS) gee ti ba Gulesɛ a biŋɛ la US GSA 'advantage website' la puan. Tuundina wa baŋe la yelezura n ti ba gelese baŋɛ ti di tuni tuundina wa.
GSA tigere la yeti di basɛ mɛ ti tuundina wa tole nɛŋa gee basɛ ti US Gɔmena 'contract duplication' sige tiŋa, gu gee suŋɛ US deto suŋese'ere n wan yue gee ana suŋa.

132-45D dɛŋa la vulnerability geelego [7] baŋeri, kaala, gee yɛlesera dɛsi la la vulnerabilities sɛba n boi yele puan. Dɛŋa geelego n baŋeri yɛla la yɛla la n wan basɛ ti ba'asegɔ puan dɛŋa Lua.

== Vulnerability to Climate Change ==
Vulnerability' geelego iti bɔ'ɔra la tisi ti ba baŋɛ zi'an la la wan iŋɛ se'em ti tisi bii lɔgerɔ wan dɛna 'vulnerable' bɔ'ɔra tinteere. Lasebasina wa boi la tɔka tɔka yɛsera si n zuni se'em --magesi wuu dunia wa za'a ligeri biŋere zi'an ti ba yi'ira ti World Bank la 'Ministry of Economy' bɔna 'Fiji Commissioned', lasebaarɛ bɔ'ɔra tiŋa la za'a 2017 yuunɛ la puan ta paɛ 2018[8] gee ti Rochester, n boi New York me yuun 'commission' Yileŋa (Climate) teere 'vulnerability' geelego bo zinnyɔgereba n boi United States.[10]

==Fu ta'am le bisɛ==
Vulnerability
Vulnerability index
Vulnerability scanner
Vulnerability assessment (computing)

== [[Viisɔgɔ lɔgerɔ]] ==
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      <text bytes="919" sha1="8n2cfghcrlrb5cvdebyycbio4zt5qwn" xml:space="preserve">Harira ((Arabic: الحريرة, romanized: al-ḥarīra) de la North African buuri malema ziirɔ ti ba dugera e boi Morocco 1 la Algeria,234 la si buuri zo'e zo'e. Harira paremɛ dɛna nuurɛ saarɛ, gee ti ba kelum dita ka ka ma'a ti ka dɛna nuurɛ duusego bii sɛla ti ba dikɛ basɛ nuurin. Zo'e zo'e ba kɔ'ɔm dita ka la nɔlore saŋa, amaa ba ta'am maala ka yuunɛ la za'a waabi puan.5

Ka me kelum pa'asɛ la Maghrebi diisi duka kekeko la, sɛsɛka ti leemi ko'om la gɛla ti ba ni dikɛ pa'asera bini la.6

== Ka e yese zi'an na ==
Yɛsera Jewish dia tuusum yɛla e boi Gil Marks zi'an na, harira yese mɛ e boi Morroco. Di yu'urɛ la ze'ele la Persian la Arabic yelebire bɔ'ɔra silk (حَرِير, ḥarīr), sɔsera yɛsera la dia la. Bii Morroco duma maalam yimpu'useba, sɛba e kɔ'ɔm tara ba buuri malema dia bɔ'ɔra ifta diisi, Morroco duma Jews me diti ka ti ba lorege la ba nɔa e boi Yom Kippur.7</text>
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Harira ((Arabic: الحريرة, romanized: al-ḥarīra) de la North African buuri malema ziirɔ ti ba dugera e boi Morocco 1 la Algeria,234 la si buuri zo'e zo'e. Harira paremɛ dɛna nuurɛ saarɛ, gee ti ba kelum dita ka ka ma'a ti ka dɛna nuurɛ duusego bii sɛla ti ba dikɛ basɛ nuurin. Zo'e zo'e ba kɔ'ɔm dita ka la nɔlore saŋa, amaa ba ta'am maala ka yuunɛ la za'a waabi puan.5

Ka me kelum pa'asɛ la Maghrebi diisi duka kekeko la, sɛsɛka ti leemi ko'om la gɛla ti ba ni dikɛ pa'asera bini la.6

== Ka e yese zi'an na ==
Yɛsera Jewish dia tuusum yɛla e boi Gil Marks zi'an na, harira yese mɛ e boi Morroco. Di yu'urɛ la ze'ele la Persian la Arabic yelebire bɔ'ɔra silk (حَرِير, ḥarīr), sɔsera yɛsera la dia la. Bii Morroco duma maalam yimpu'useba, sɛba e kɔ'ɔm tara ba buuri malema dia bɔ'ɔra ifta diisi, Morroco duma Jews me diti ka ti ba lorege la ba nɔa e boi Yom Kippur.7</text>
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Harira ((Arabic: الحريرة, romanized: al-ḥarīra) de la North African buuri malema ziirɔ ti ba dugera e boi Morocco &lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/harira&lt;/ref&gt; la Algeria,&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37626-9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5122317&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)&lt;/ref&gt; la si buuri zo'e zo'e. Harira paremɛ dɛna nuurɛ saarɛ, gee ti ba kelum dita ka ka ma'a ti ka dɛna nuurɛ duusego bii sɛla ti ba dikɛ basɛ nuurin. Zo'e zo'e ba kɔ'ɔm dita ka la nɔlore saŋa, amaa ba ta'am maala ka yuunɛ la za'a waabi puan.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=2pq_CAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT130&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka me kelum pa'asɛ la Maghrebi diisi duka kekeko la, sɛsɛka ti leemi ko'om la gɛla ti ba ni dikɛ pa'asera bini la.&lt;ref&gt;https://jewishjournal.com/culture/food/164439/recipe-how-to-make-harira/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ka e yese zi'an na ==
Yɛsera Jewish dia tuusum yɛla e boi Gil Marks zi'an na, harira yese mɛ e boi Morroco. Di yu'urɛ la ze'ele la Persian la Arabic yelebire bɔ'ɔra silk (حَرِير, ḥarīr), sɔsera yɛsera la dia la. Bii Morroco duma maalam yimpu'useba, sɛba e kɔ'ɔm tara ba buuri malema dia bɔ'ɔra ifta diisi, Morroco duma Jews me diti ka ti ba lorege la ba nɔa e boi Yom Kippur.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18631-6&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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Harira ((Arabic: الحريرة, romanized: al-ḥarīra) de la North African buuri malema ziirɔ ti ba dugera e boi Morocco &lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/harira&lt;/ref&gt; la Algeria,&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37626-9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5122317&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)&lt;/ref&gt; la si buuri zo'e zo'e. Harira paremɛ dɛna nuurɛ saarɛ, gee ti ba kelum dita ka ka ma'a ti ka dɛna nuurɛ duusego bii sɛla ti ba dikɛ basɛ nuurin. Zo'e zo'e ba kɔ'ɔm dita ka la nɔlore saŋa, amaa ba ta'am maala ka yuunɛ la za'a waabi puan.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=2pq_CAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT130&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka me kelum pa'asɛ la Maghrebi diisi duka kekeko la, sɛsɛka ti leemi ko'om la gɛla ti ba ni dikɛ pa'asera bini la.&lt;ref&gt;https://jewishjournal.com/culture/food/164439/recipe-how-to-make-harira/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ka e yese zi'an na ==
Yɛsera Jewish dia tuusum yɛla e boi Gil Marks zi'an na, harira yese mɛ e boi Morroco. Di yu'urɛ la ze'ele la Persian la Arabic yelebire bɔ'ɔra silk (حَرِير, ḥarīr), sɔsera yɛsera la dia la. Bii Morroco duma maalam yimpu'useba, sɛba e kɔ'ɔm tara ba buuri malema dia bɔ'ɔra ifta diisi, Morroco duma Jews me diti ka ti ba lorege la ba nɔa e boi Yom Kippur.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18631-6&lt;/ref&gt;

== Viisegɔ Lɔgerɔ ==</text>
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