વિકિપીડિયા guwiki https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A0 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter દ્રશ્ય-શ્રાવ્ય (મિડિયા) વિશેષ ચર્ચા સભ્ય સભ્યની ચર્ચા વિકિપીડિયા વિકિપીડિયા ચર્ચા ચિત્ર ચિત્રની ચર્ચા મીડિયાવિકિ મીડિયાવિકિ ચર્ચા ઢાંચો ઢાંચાની ચર્ચા મદદ મદદની ચર્ચા શ્રેણી શ્રેણીની ચર્ચા TimedText TimedText talk વિભાગ વિભાગ ચર્ચા Event Event talk કોથમીર 0 24527 902627 868190 2026-07-19T11:23:18Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ભાષાંતર}} {{taxobox |name = કોથમીર |image = Coriandrum sativum - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-193.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[દ્વીદળી]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = એસ્ટરિડ્સ[[Asterids]] |ordo = એપિએલ્સ |familia = એપિએસી[[Apiaceae]] |genus = '''કોરિએન્ડ્રમ''' |species = '''સટાઇવમ''' |binomial = કોરિએન્ડ્રમ સટાઇવમ (''Coriandrum sativum'') |binomial_authority = લિનિયસ (L.) |}} {{nutritionalvalue | name=કોથમીરનાં લીલા પાન | kJ=95 | protein=2 g | fat=0.5 g | carbs=4 g | fiber=3 g | vitA_ug=337 | vitC_mg=27 | right=1 }} '''કોથમીર''' ([[અંગ્રેજી ભાષા|અંગ્રેજી]]: Coriander, [[હિંદી ભાષા|હિંદી]]: धनिया, વૈજ્ઞાનિક નામ: ''Coriandrum sativum'') એ વૈજ્ઞાનિક વર્ગીકરણ પ્રમાણે એપિએસી કુળમાં આવતી [[એક વર્ષાયુ]] વનસ્પતિનો છોડ છે. કોથમીર દક્ષિણ યુરોપ અને ઉત્તર અમેરિકાથી નૈઋત્ય એશિયાની વતની છે. કોથમીરનો છોડ મૃદુ, નાજુક, લીસ્સી ડાંડીવાળો હોય છે અને આશરે ૫૦ સે.મી.(૨૦ ઇંચ) જેટલો ઉંચો હોય છે. તેના પર્ણો વિવિધ આકારનાં, પહોળા, ચપટા પર્ણદંડ વાળા અને પીંછાકાર હોય છે. પૂષ્પો નાનાં છત્ર પૂષ્પવિન્યાસમાં ગોઠવાયેલાં હોય છે, જે મહદંશે સફેદ અને ક્યારેક આછી ગુલાબી ઝાંયવાળા, અનિયમિત તથા બે પ્રકારની પાંખડીઓ ધરાવતા હોય છે. ૧-૩ મિ.મી.ની નાની પાંખડીઓ પૂષ્પદંડ તરફ અને ૫-૬ મિ.મી. લંબાઈની પાંખડીઓ તેનાથી દૂર ફેલાયેલી હોય છે. ફળ ૩-૫ મિ.મી. નાના ગોળ દાણાનાં આકારનું અને શુષ્ક હોય છે. == ઉપયોગો == કોથમીરનાં છોડનાં બધાજ ભાગો ખાદ્ય છે, પરંતુ તેના લીલાં પાન અને સૂકા બીજ/ફળોનો રસોઈમાં સવિશેષ ઉપયોગ થતો આવ્યો છે. કોથમીર ભારતીય, મધ્ય એશિયા, મધ્ય પૂર્વ, ભૂમધ્ય પ્રદેશ, દક્ષિણ એશિયા, મેક્સિકો, લેટિન અમેરિકા, ચીન, આફ્રિકા અને અગ્નિ એશિયાની વાનગીઓમાં સામાન્યપણે જોવા મળે છે. === પર્ણ === [[Image:Coriandrum sativum 003.JPG|thumb|left|કોથમીરના ફૂલ]] એના પાનને વિવિધ ભાષામાં ''કોરીએન્ડર લીવ્સ'', '''ચાઇનીઝ પાર્સલી''' અને '''સીલેન્ત્રો''' તરીકે ઓળખાય છે. કોથમીરને કુલાન્ત્રો સમજીને થાપ ન ખાવી જોઈએ. કુલાન્ત્રો(Eryngium foetidum)એ કોથમીરના કુળની નજીકનો જ પણ અન્ય છોડ છે. આ છોડના પાનનો દેખાવ જુદો હોય છે અને તેના પાન વધુ તીવ્ર સુગંધી તેલ ધરાવે છે.<ref>http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-506.html</ref>. દાણા કરતાંં પાંદડાનો સ્વાદ થોડો ભિન્ન હોય છે, તેમાં હલ્કી ખટાશનો અનુભવ થાય છે. અમુક લોકોને તે સ્વાદ સાબુ સમાન કે સડનને લાગતો અપ્રિય લાગે છે અને તેઓ પાંદડા વાપરતા નથી.<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123446387388578461.html</ref> The flavours have also been compared to those of the [[Pentatomoidea | stink bug]], and similar chemical groups are involved (aldehydes). Belief that aversion is genetically determined may arise from the known genetic variation in taste perception of the [[Chemical synthesis|synthetic chemical]] [[phenylthiocarbamide]]; however, no specific link has been established between coriander and a bitter taste perception gene. The fresh leaves are an ingredient in many South Asian foods (particularly [[chutney]]s), in Chinese dishes and in Mexican dishes, particularly in [[salsa (sauce)|salsa]] and [[guacamole]] and as a garnish. Chopped coriander leaves are a garnish on cooked dishes such as [[dal]] and [[curry|curries]]. As heat diminishes their flavor quickly, coriander leaves are often used raw or added to the dish immediately before serving. In Indian and Central Asian recipes, coriander leaves are used in large amounts and cooked until the flavor diminishes.<ref>[http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Cori_sat.html#disc http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Cori_sat.html#disc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130105452/http://uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Cori_sat.html#disc |date=2010-11-30 }} ''uni-graz.at''</ref> The leaves spoil quickly when removed from the plant, and lose their aroma when dried or frozen. Fresh coriander leaves, known as кинза (kinza) in Russian (from Georgian ქინძი), are often used in salads in Russia and other [[CIS]] countries. === ફળ === [[File:coriander.png|thumb|right|Dried coriander fruits]] The dry fruits are known as ''coriander seeds'', ''coriandi seeds'', or, in South Africa, ''dhania''. The word ''coriander'' in food preparation may refer solely to these seeds (as a spice), rather than to the plant itself. The seeds have a lemony citrus flavour when crushed, due to [[terpene]]s [[linalool]] and [[pinene]]. It is described as warm, nutty, spicy, and orange-flavored. It is commonly found both as whole dried seeds and in ground form. Seeds can be roasted or heated on a dry pan briefly before grinding to enhance and alter the aroma. Ground coriander seed loses flavor quickly in storage and is best ground fresh. [[File:Sa-cilantro seeds.jpg|left|thumb|More dried coriander fruits]] Coriander seed is a spice ([[Hindi]] name: धनिया ''dhania''), in [[garam masala]] and [[Cuisine of India|Indian]] curries, which often employ the ground fruits in generous amounts together with [[cumin]]. It acts as a thickener. Roasted coriander seeds, called ''dhana dal'', are eaten as a snack. It is the main ingredient of the two south Indian dishes: [[sambar (dish)|sambhar]] (சாம்பார்) and [[rasam]] (இரசம்). Coriander seeds are boiled with water and drunk as indigenous medicine for colds. Outside of Asia, coriander seed is used for [[pickling]] vegetables, and making sausages in Germany and South Africa (see [[boerewors]]). In Russia and Central Europe coriander seed is an occasional ingredient in [[rye]] bread as an alternative to [[caraway]]. Coriander seeds are used in [[European cuisine]] today, though they were more important in former centuries.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Coriander seeds are used in brewing certain styles of beer, particularly some Belgian [[wheat beers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.samueladams.com/world_of_beer.aspx |title=આર્કાઇવ ક .પિ |access-date=2010-06-18 |archive-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181806/http://www.samueladams.com/world_of_beer.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The coriander seeds are used with orange peel to add a citrus character. === મૂળ === કોથમીરનાં મૂળમાં તેનાં પર્ણો કરતાં પણ વધુ ગહેરી અને તિવ્ર સુવાસ હોય છે. મૂળનો ઉપયોગ અનેક એશિયન વાનગીઓમાં થાય છે, મોટે ભાગે થાઈ વાનગીઓમાં, ખાસ કરીને સુપ્સ અને શાકમાં તેને વાટીને નાખવામાં આવે છે. == ઇતિહાસ == [[File:Coriander roots.JPG|thumb|right|Coriander roots]] Coriander grows wild over a wide area of the Near East and southern Europe, prompting the comment, "It is hard to define exactly where this plant is wild and where it only recently established itself."<ref name=ZoharyHopf>Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, ''Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2000), p. 205-206</ref> Fifteen desiccated [[mericarp]]s were found in the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] level of the [[Nahal Hemel Cave]] in [[Israel]], which may be the oldest archeological find of coriander. About half a litre of coriander mericarps were recovered from the tomb of [[Tutankhamun]], and because this plant does not grow wild in Egypt, Zohary and Hopf interpret this find as proof that coriander was cultivated by the ancient [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]].<ref name=ZoharyHopf/> The Bible mentions coriander in [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 16:31: "And the house of Israel began to call its name [[Manna]]: and it was round like coriander seed, and its taste was like that of flat cakes made with honey." Coriander seems to have been cultivated in Greece since at least the second millennium BC. One of the [[Linear B]] tablets recovered from [[Pylos]] refers to the species as being cultivated for the manufacture of perfumes, and it appears that it was used in two forms: as a spice for its seeds and as a herb for the flavor of its leaves.<ref>John Chadwick, ''The Mycenaean World'' (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), p. 119</ref> This appears to be confirmed by archaeological evidence from the same period: the large quantities of the species retrieved from an [[Early Bronze Age]] layer at [[Sitagroi]] in [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] could point to cultivation of the species at that time.<ref>Fragiska, M. (2005) Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity. ''Environmental Archaeology'' '''10''' (1): 73-82</ref> Coriander was brought to the British colonies in North America in 1670 and was one of the first spices cultivated by early settlers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} == ભળતા-સળતા અન્ય છોડ == These herbs are used where they grow in much the same way as cilantro is used. * ''[[Eryngium foetidum]]'' has a similar taste and is also known as ''culantro''. Found in South America.<ref>Tucker, A.O. & T. DeBaggio. 1992. Cilantro Around The World. The Herb Conpanion. Ap.-May. pgs 36-41.</ref> * ''[[Persicaria odorata]],'' is commonly called [[Vietnamese coriander]], or ram rau. The leaves have a similar odour and flavour to coriander. It is a member of the [[Polygonaceae]], or Buckwheat Family. .<ref>Tucker, A.O. & T. DeBaggio. 1992. Cilantro Around The World. The Herb Conpanion. Ap.-May. pgs 36-41.</ref> * ''Bolivian coriander'', or ''quillquiña'', has been described as "somewhere between [[arugula]], cilantro and [[rue]]".{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} * ''Papaloquelite'' is one common name for ''[[Porophyllum ruderale]]'' subsp. ''macrocephalum,'' a member of the [[Compositae]] or [[Asteraceae]], the Sunflower Family. This species is found growing wild from Texas to Argentina. .<ref>Tucker, A.O. & T. DeBaggio. 1992. Cilantro Around The World. The Herb Conpanion. Ap.-May. pgs 36-41.</ref> ==ઔષધિય ઉપયોગો અને સ્વાસ્થ્ય પર અસર== '''ધાણા''' ધાણા એ તુરા, સહજ, તીખા, કડવા, મધુરુ , સ્વાદિશ્ટ, સુગ્નધિત, પાચ્ય મધુરુ , ઠંડા, પચવામા હલકા, સ્નિગ્ધ, હ્રુદય માટે હિતકર, આન્તરિક માર્ગોની શુદ્ધિ કરનાર, જઠરાગ્નિ પ્રદિપ્ત કરનાર, આહાર પર રુચિ કરનાર, પાચન કરનાર, મળને બાધંનાર, મુત્ર પ્રવ્રુતિ વધારનાર, વીર્ય માટે અહિતકારી, તરસ શમાવનાર, ત્રણે દોષો શમાવનાર, આન્ખો માટે સારા, તરસ, બળતરા, [[દમ]], ઉધરસ, ઊલટિ,ઉબકાના શમન કરનાર છે. તાવ મટાડનાર, મળને રોકનાર અને ત્રિદોષનાશક છે. ધાણા અને સાકર પેટની બળતરા-એસિડિટિ માટે ઉત્તમ ઔષધ છે. Coriander, like many spices, contains [[antioxidants]], which can delay or prevent the spoilage of food seasoned with this spice. A study found both the leaves and seed to contain antioxidants, but the leaves were found to have a stronger effect.<ref>ધાણા એ ઘણા મસાલા [[એન્ટીઑકિસડન્ટ]]([[antioxidants]]) જેવા છે, કે જે વિલંબ અથવા આ મસાલા સાથે અનુભવી ખોરાક બગાડ અટકાવી શકે છે. એક અભ્યાસ બંને પાંદડા અને બીજ એન્ટીઑકિસડન્ટોના સમાવે મળી છે, પરંતુ પાંદડાઓ એક મજબૂત જોવા મળી હતી. (Helle Wangensteen, એન Berit Samuelsen, કાર્લ Egil Malterud, "ધાણા તારવેલા માં એન્ટીઑકિસડન્ટ પ્રવૃત્તિ",'' ફૂડ'' કેમિસ્ટ્રી, વોલ્યુમ. 88, નં 2, પૃષ્ઠથી પૃષ્ઠ 293-297, નવેમ્બર 2004]. </ Ref> [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6R-4BYNPMF-4&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1306939650&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c444dd0b5f848763c997222c18411b3f Helle Wangensteen, Anne Berit Samuelsen, Karl Egil Malterud, "Antioxidant activity in extracts from coriander", ''Food Chemistry'', Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 293-297, Nov. 2004.]{{Dead link|date=ઑગસ્ટ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Chemicals derived from coriander leaves were found to have [[antibacterial]] activity against [[Salmonella choleraesuis]], and this activity was found to be caused in part by these chemicals acting as nonionic [[surfactants]].<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf0354186 Isao Kubo et. al., "Antibacterial Activity of Coriander Volatile Compounds against Salmonella choleraesuis", ''J. Agric. Food Chem.'', 2004, 52 (11), pp 3329–3332.]</ref> Coriander has been used as a [[folk medicine]] for the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iran. Experiments in mice support its use as an [[anxiolytic]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Coriandrum sativum: evaluation of its anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze|author=Emamghoreishi M, Khasaki M, Aazam MF|date=2005|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=96|issue=3|pages=365–370|id=PMID 15619553|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.022|pmid=15619553}}</ref> Coriander seeds are used in traditional Indian medicine as a [[diuretic]] by boiling equal amounts of coriander seeds and cumin seeds, then cooling and consuming the resulting liquid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hashmi.com/coriander.html|author=Dawakhana, H|date=2007|title=Coriander: Cure from the Kitchen|publisher=hashmi.com|access-date=2007-07-18|archive-date=2007-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630142313/http://www.hashmi.com/coriander.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In holistic and traditional medicine, it is used as a [[carminative]] and as a digestive aid.<ref>{{cite web | title = Coriander | publisher = PDRHealth | url = http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/100860.shtml | access-date = 2007-07-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Herbs for the Prairies:Coriander|publisher=Saskatchewan Herb and Spice Association|url=http://paridss.usask.ca/specialcrop/commodity/herb_spice/tour/coriander.html|access-date=2007-07-18|archive-date=2007-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818114016/http://paridss.usask.ca/specialcrop/commodity/herb_spice/tour/coriander.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Coriander has been documented as a traditional treatment for [[diabetes]]. A study on mice found that coriander extract had both insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=906092 |title=Alison M. Gray, Peter R. Flat, "Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander)", ''British Journal of Nutrition'', Vol. 81, pp. 203-209, (1999) |access-date=2010-06-18 |archive-date=2016-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825020801/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=906092 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Coriander seeds were found in a study on rats to have a significant [[hypolipidemic]] effect, resulting in lowering of levels of total [[cholesterol]] and [[triglycerides]], and increasing levels of [[high-density lipoprotein]]. This effect appeared to be caused by increasing synthesis of [[bile]] by the liver and increasing the breakdown of cholesterol into other compounds.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/h7g622p330x45164/ V. Chithra and S. Leelamma, "Hypolipidemic effect of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): mechanism of action", ''Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum)'', Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 167-172, June, 1997.]{{Dead link|date=જુલાઈ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Coriander juice (mixed with [[turmeric]] powder or mint juice) is used as a treatment for [[acne]], applied to the face in the manner of toner.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Coriander can produce an allergic reaction in some people.<ref>{{cite journal | author=EboO DG , Bridts Ch, Mertens MH, Stevens WJ | date=16 April 2006 | title=Coriander anaphylaxis in A spice grinder with undetected occupational allergy | journal=Acta Clinica Belgica | volume=61 | issue=3 | pages=152–156 | url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17926832 | access-date=2008-07-11 | pmid=16881566 | archive-date=2009-01-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113045052/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17926832 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=accr>{{cite journal | last = Suhonen | first = Raimo ''et al.'' | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Allergy to Coriander A Case Report | journal = Allergy | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 327–330 | publisher = | location = | date = 1979 | url = | issn = | doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.006 | id = | access-date = 14 June 2009 | pmid = 546248 | last2 = Keskinen | first2 = H | last3 = Björkstén | first3 = F | last4 = Vaheri | first4 = E | last5 = Zitting | first5 = A}}</ref> == આ પણ જુઓ == {{Commons|Coriandrum sativum}} * Katzer, Gernot [http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Cori_sat.html Coriander Seeds and Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130105452/http://uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Cori_sat.html |date=2010-11-30 }} * Noxon, Heather and Meyer, Alex (2004). Genetic Analysis of PTC and Cilantro Taste Preferences. MindExpo 2004 ==બાહ્ય કડીઓ== * [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123446387388578461.html] Wallstreet Journal article covering people's strong feelings about cilantro/coriander (February, 2009). * [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98695984] NPR story about how people taste cilantro/coriander (December, 2008). * [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/14/dining/14curious.html] New York Times column The Curious Cook on Cilantro (April, 2010). ==સંદર્ભ== {{Reflist}} [[Category:વનસ્પતિ]] [[Category:મસાલા]] je2q4ooxqk9b074jqpufmo02lip8oi8 કાતરા (ઈયળ) 0 28505 902623 887956 2026-07-19T09:05:26Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pyrrharctia isabella (caterpillar) 2009.jpg|right|thumb|પિરાક્ટિયા ઇસાબેલાના ડિમ્ભક જે સામાન્ય રીતે બેન્ડેડ વૂલી બીયર કેટરપિલર તરીકે ઓળખાય છે]] [[File:Western tent caterpillars Malacosoma californicum edit1.jpg|right|thumb|વેસ્ટર્ન ટેન્ટ કેટરપિલર]] '''કાતરા''' ([[અંગ્રેજી ભાષા|અંગ્રેજી]]:Caterpillar) નામે ઓળખાતી [[ઈયળ]] લેપિડોપ્ટેરા વર્ગના સભ્યોનું ડિમ્ભકીય સ્વરૂપ છે. લેપિડોપ્ટેરા ગોત્ર એ પતંગિયા અને શલભનું બનેલું કીટક ગોત્ર છે. તેમની ખોરાક આદત મોટે ભાગે તૃણાહારી હોય છે જો કે કેટલીક જાતિ કીટાહારી છે. કેટરપિલર ખાઉધરા હોય છે અને તેમાંના ઘણાને [[કૃષિ|કૃષિ]]માં જંતુ તરીકે માનવામાં આવે છે. ઘણી શલભ જાતિઓ ફળો અને અન્ય કૃષિ પેદાશોને વ્યાપક નુકસાન પહોંચાડે છે માટે તેઓ તેમની કેટરપિલર અવસ્થામાં સારી રીતે જાણીતી છે. આ શબ્દની ઉત્પત્તિના મૂળ ૧૬મી સદીમાં મધ્ય અંગ્રેજી શબ્દ ''કેટિરપેલ'' (catirpel), ''કેટિરપેલર'' (catirpeller)માં રહેલા છે. તે કદાચ જૂના ઉત્તરીય ફ્રેન્ચ શબ્દ ''કેટિપિલોઝ'' (catepelose), ''કાટે'' (cate), (લેટિન ''કેટસ'' (cattus)માંથી) કેટ (cat) + (લેટિન ''પિલોસસ'' (pilōsus)માંથી) ''પેલોઝ'' (pelose), વાળવાળુંમાંથી બદલાયો હોઇ શકે છે.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/caterpillar "કેટરપિલર"]. ડિક્ષનરી.કોમ ધ અમેરિકન હેરિટેજ ડિક્શનરી ઓફ ધ ઇન્ગલિશ લેન્ગવેજ, ચોથી આવૃત્તિ. હગ્ટન મિફલિન કંપની, 2004. (ઉપયોગ: માર્ચ 26, 2008).</ref> ==શરીરરચના શાસ્ત્ર== [[File:Actias selene 5th instar spiracles sjh.jpg|thumb|એક્ટિયાસ સેલિની કેટલાક ઓળખાયેલા શ્વસનછિદ્રો સાથે.]] મોટાભાગના કેટરપિલર નળાકાર, ખંડીય દેહ રચના ધરાવે છે. તેઓ ત્રણ ઉરસીય ખંડો પર સાચા પગની ત્રણ જોડી, ઉદરના મધ્ય ખંડ પર ઉપપાદની ચાર સુધી જોડી અને ઘણીવાર છેલ્લા ઉદરીય ખંડ પર ઉપપાદની એક જોડી ધરાવે છે. તેમાં દસ ઉદરીય ખંડ આવેલા છે. લેપિડોપ્ટેરાના કૂળો ઉપપાદની સંખ્યા અને તેમના સ્થાનને આધારે અલગ પડે છે. કેટલાક કેટરપિલર ફઝી હોય છે એટલે કે તેઓ વાળ ધરાવે છે અને જો તેને અડવામાં આવે તો તમારા હાથ પર ખંજવાળ પેદા કરે તેવી મહત્તમ શક્યતા હોય છે. કેટરપિલર નિર્મોચનની શ્રેણી દ્વારા વૃદ્ધિ પામે છે. પ્રત્યેક મધ્યવર્તી તબક્કાને ઇન્સ્ટાર કહેવાય છે. છેલ્લુ નિર્મોચન તેમને નિષ્ક્રિય કોશિત અથવા કોશેટોના તબક્કે લઇ જાય છે. તમામ કીટકોની જેમ કેટરપિલર પણ તેની કશેરુક છાતી અને ઉદરની બાજુમાં શ્વસનછિદ્રો તરીકે ઓળખાતા નાના છિદ્રો મારફતે શ્વસન કરે છે. આ છિદ્રો શ્વાસનળીના નેટવર્કમાં દેહ ગુહામાં ખુલે છે. પાયરાલિડી કૂળના કેટલાક કેટરપિલર જલીય છે અને ચૂંઇ ધરાવે છે જે તેમને પાણીની અંદર શ્વાસ લેવા દે છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Berg, Clifford O.|year=1950|title=Biology of Certain Aquatic Caterpillars (Pyralididae: ''Nymphula'' spp.) Which Feed on ''[[Potamogeton]]''|journal= Transactions of the American Microscopical Society|volume=69|issue=3|pages=254–266|doi=10.2307/3223096|first=C. O.|issn=00030023|url=http://jstor.org/stable/3223096|publisher=Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, Vol. 69, No. 3}}</ref> કેટરપિલર લગભગ 4,000 સ્નાયુ ધરાવે છે (જેની તુલનાએ માનવમાં 629 સ્નાયુ હોય છે). તે પાછળના ખંડમાં સ્નાયુઓના સંકોચન દ્વારા રૂધિરને આગળના ખંડમાં આગળ ધકેલીને ટોર્સોનું પ્રલંબન કરીને હલન ચલન કરે છે. સરેરાશ કેટરપિલરમાં એકલા મસ્તક ખંડમાં 248 સ્નાયુ હોય છે. ===જ્ઞાનેન્દ્રિયો=== [[File:Caterpillar face.jpg|thumb|કેટરપિલરના ચહેરાનું નજીકનું દૃશ્ય]] કેટરપિલરની દ્રષ્ટિ સારી હોતી નથી. તેઓ તેમના મસ્તકના નીચેના ભાગમાં પ્રત્યેક બાજુએ છ ઝીણા નેત્ર છિદ્રો અથવા સ્ટેમાટાની શ્રેણી ધરાવે છે. તેઓ સારી રીતે કેન્દ્રિત થયેલું પરંતુ નબળી ગુણવત્તાવાળું ચિત્ર રચી શકે છે.<ref name="scoble"></ref> તેઓ તેમના માથાને અવારનવાર હલાવતા રાખે છે અને વસ્તુ, તેમાં પણ ખાસ કરીને છોડનું અંતર માપી શકે છે. તેઓ ખોરાક શોધવા માટે તેમના ટૂંકા સ્પર્શકો પર આધાર રાખે છે. કેટલાક કેટરપિલરો ચોક્કસ આવૃત્તિએ કંપન શોધી શકે છે. કોમન હૂક-ટિપ શલભ, ''ડ્રેપના આર્ક્યુઆટા'' (ડ્રેપનોઇડી) તેમની પોતાની જાતિના સભ્યોથી જ પોતાના રેશમના માળાને બચાવવા ધ્વનિ પેદા કરે છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yack JE, Smith ML, and Weatherhead PJ.|year=2001|title= Caterpillar talk: Acoustically mediated territoriality in larval Lepidoptera|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=98|issue=20|pages= 11371–11375|doi=10.1073/pnas.191378898|pmid=11562462|last1=Yack|first1=JE|last2=Smith|first2=ML|last3=Weatherhead|first3=PJ|format=Free full text|pmc=58736}}</ref> તેઓ છોડ દ્વારા કરાયેલા કંપનો શોધે છે હવાજન્ય ધ્વનિઓ શોધી શકતા નથી. ચેરીના પાંદડા પર રહેતા ''કેલોપ્ટિલિયા સેરોટિનેલ્લા'' પણ તેવી જ રીતે તેમના વીંટાને બચાવે છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fletcher LE, Yack JE, Fitzgerald TD, Hoy RR .|year=2006. Vibrational communication in the cherry leaf roller caterpillar ''[[Caloptilia]] serotinella'' (Gracillarioidea : Gracillariidae)|journal=Journal of Insect Behavior|volume=19|issue=1|pages= 1–18|doi=10.1007/s10905-005-9007-y|title=Vibrational Communication in the Cherry Leaf Roller Caterpillar Caloptilia serotinella (Gracillarioidea: Gracillariidae)}}</ref> ટેન્ટ કેટરપિલર તેમના પ્રાક્રૃતિક દુશ્મનના પાંખોના ફફડાટની આવૃત્તિના કંપનો ઓળખી શકે છે.<ref>ફિટ્ગીરાલ્ડ, ટીડી. 1995. [http://books.google.com/books?id=gO-puH2YCrkC&printsec=frontcover ધ ટેન્ટ કેટરપિલર્સ]. કોર્નેલ યુનિવર્સિટી પ્રેસ ISBN 0801424569</ref> ==વર્ગીકરણ== [[File:Geometridae.jpg|thumb|left|જીયોમેટ્રિડ કેટરપિલર અથવા ઇંચવોર્મ]] [[File:Crochets.jpg|thumb|કેટરપિલરના ઉપપાદ પર ક્રોશેટ્સ]] ઇંચવોર્મ અથવા લૂપર્સ તરીકે ઓળખાતા જીયોમેટ્રિડ્સને તેઓ પૃથ્વીનું માપ લેતા હોય તેવા દેખાય છે માટે એવું નામ આપવામાં આવ્યું છે. (ગ્રીકમાં ''જીયોમેટ્રિડ'' નો અર્થ છે ''પૃથ્વી-માપક'' ). આવા અસામાન્ય પ્રચલન માટે અંતિમ ખંડ પરના ક્લાસ્પર સિવાયના લગભગ તમામ ઉપપાદ દૂર કરવાની પ્રક્રિયા જવાબદાર છે. કેટરપિલરો મૃદુ દેહ ધરાવે છે જે નિર્મોચનો વચ્ચે ઝડપથી વૃદ્ધિ પામે છે. માત્ર મસ્તકનું આવરણ મજબૂત હોય છે. કેટરપિલરમાં અધોહનુ પાંદડા ચાવવા માટે દ્રઢ અને તીક્ષ્ણ હોય છે મોટા ભાગના પુખ્ત લેપિડોપ્ટેરામાં અધોહનુ ઘણા નાના અથવા નરમ હોય છે. કેટરપિલરના અધોહનુ પાછળ [[રેશમ]] કાંતવાનો અવયવ સ્પિનરેટ હોય છે. હાયમનોપ્ટેરા (કીડી, માખી અને ભમરી) ગોત્રના કેટલાક ડિમ્ભક લેપિડોપ્ટેરાના કેટરપિલર જેવા દેખાઇ શકે છે. તે મોટે ભાગે સોફ્લાય કૂળમાં જોવા મળે છે અને ડિમ્ભક કેટરપિલરને મળતા આવે છે ત્યારે તેમને પ્રત્યેક ઉદરીય ખંડ પર ઉપપાદની હાજરી દ્વારા અલગ પાડી શકાય છે. લેપિડોપ્ટેરન કેટરપિલરનો વધુ એક તફાવત તે છે કે તેઓ ઉપપાદ પર ક્રોશેટ અથવા હૂક ધરાવે છે જ્યારે સોફ્લાય ડિમ્ભકમાં તેની ગેરહાજરી હોય છે. લેપિડોપ્ટેરન કેટરપિલરમાં પણ મસ્તકની આગળની બાજુએ વાય (y) આકારનું સીવન હોય છે.<ref name="scoble">સ્કોબલ, એમજે. 1995. [http://books.google.com/books?id=gnpd_5iNTiwC&printsec=frontcover ધ લેપિડોપ્ટેરા: ફોર્મ, ફંક્શન એન્ડ ડાયવર્સિટી]. ઓક્સફોર્ડ યુનિવર્સિટી પ્રેસ. ISBN 0198549520</ref> મસ્તક આવરણ પર નોંધપાત્ર પ્રમાણમાં ઓસેલી ધરાવવાની બાબતમાં પણ સોફ્લાયના ડિમ્ભકથી અલગ પડે છે. ==બચાવ== [[File:Saddlebackcater.jpg|thumb|left|સેડલબેક કેટરપિલર જે પીડાકારક ડંખ ધરાવે છે]] ઘણા પ્રાણીઓ કેટરપિલર પર નભે છે કારણકે તેઓ પ્રોટીનથી સમૃદ્ધ હોય છે, માટે જ કેટરપિલરે પોતાના બચાવ માટે વિવિધ રીત વિકસાવી છે. કેટરપિલરનો દેખાવ ઘણીવાર શિકારીને દૂર ભગાડે છે. તેના શરીરના કેટલાક ચિહ્નો અને ચોક્કસ ભાગ તેને ઝેરી અને કદમાં મોટું હોય તેવું બનાવે છે આમ તે જોખમી અને અખાદ્ય લાગે છે. જો કે કેટરપિલરના કેટલાક પ્રકાર ચોકકસ ઝેરી છે અને તેઓ એસિડની પિચકારી મારવાની શક્તિ ધરાવે છે.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} કેટલાક કેટરપિલરોને તેમના શરીના અંતિમ ભાગમાં "ચાબૂક જેવા" અવયવો જોડાયેલા હોય છે. કેટરપિલર માખીઓને ડરાવવા આ અવયવોને વારંવાર હલાવે છે.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Darby|first = Gene|title = What is a Butterfly|publisher = Benefic Press|location = Chicago|year = 1958|page = 13}}</ref> કેટરપિલરોએ ઠંડી, ગરમી અથવા સૂકી વાતાવરણીય સ્થિતિઓ જેવી ભૌતિક સ્થિતિઓ સામે પણ બચાવ વિકસાવ્યો છે. ''ગાયનાફોરા ગ્રોએનલાન્ડિકા'' જેવી કેટલીક આર્કટિક જાતિ સુષુપ્તાવસ્થામાં રહેવા ભૌતિક અનુકૂલન ઉપરાંત વિશેષ બાસ્કિંગ અને એકત્રિત વર્તણૂક ધરાવે છે<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kukal, O., B. Heinrich, and J. G. Duman|year=1988|title=Behavioral thermoregulation in the freeze-tolerant arctic caterpillar, Gynaeophora groenlandica|journal=J. Exper. Biol.|volume=138|pages=181–193|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/138/1/181|issue=1}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bennett, V. A. Lee, R. E. Nauman, L. S. Kukal, O.|year=2003|title=Selection of overwintering microhabitats used by the arctic woollybear caterpillar, Gynaephora groenlandica|url=http://www.units.muohio.edu/cryolab/publications/documents/BennettLeeetal03.pdf|pmid=12908029|journal= Cryo Letters|volume= 24|issue=3|pages=191–200}}</ref> ===દેખાવ=== [[File:Arctiidae caterpillar edit.jpg|thumb|કાંટાળા બરછટ વાળ આત્મ રક્ષણ વ્યવસ્થા છે]] [[File:Hairy caterpillar (Costa Rica).jpg|thumb|કોસ્ટા રિકાનું વાળવાળું કેટરપિલર.]] કેટલાક કેટરપિલર રહસ્યમય રંગના હોય છે અને તેઓ જે છોડ પર નભે છે તેને મળતા આવે છે. તેઓ એવા ભાગ પણ ધરાવે છે જે કાંટા જેવા છોડના ભાગની નકલ કરે છે. તેમનું કદ 1 mm (મિમી)થી માંડીને 3 ઇંચ સુધીનું હોય છે. કેટલાક કેટરપિલર પર્યાવરણમાં પદાર્થો જેવા દેખાય છે જેમ કે બર્ડ ડ્રોપિંગ્સ. કેટલાક કેટરપિલર રેશમની અટારીઓ, વિંટેલા પાંદડા અથવા પાંદડાની સપાટીઓની વચ્ચે માઇનિંગ કરીને નભે છે. ''નેમોરિયા એરિજોનારીયા'' કેટરપિલર ઓક કેટકિન્સ પર સ્પ્રિન્ગ ફીટમાં વૃદ્દિ પામે છે અને તેઓ લીલા રંગના દેખાય છે. સમર બ્રૂડ ઓક ટ્વિગ્સ જેવા દેખાય છે. ભેદીય વિકાસ ખોરાકમાં ટેનિન ઘટક સાથે જોડાયેલો છે.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.243.4891.643|pmid=17834231|year=1989|last1=Greene|first1=E|title=A Diet-Induced Developmental Polymorphism in a Caterpillar|volume=243|issue=4891|pages=643–646|journal=Science}}</ref> કેટરપિલર દ્વારા ઘણા આક્રમક આત્મરક્ષણના પગલાં લેવાય છે. આવા કેટરપિલર કાંટાળી રૂંવાટી અથવા છૂટી પાડી શકાય તેવી અણીવાળા સેટા જેવા લાંબા વાળ ધરાવે છે જે ત્વચા અથવા શ્લેષ્મ પટલમાં ખંજવાળ પેદા કરે છે.<ref name="scoble"></ref> [[કોયલ]] જેવા કેટલાક પક્ષીઓ રૂંવાટીવાળા કેટરપિલરને પણ ગળી જાય છે. સૌથી આક્રમક બચાવ અર્ટિકેટિંગ હેર તરીકે ઓળખાતા વિષ ગ્રંથીઓ સાથેના તીક્ષ્ણ વાળ છે. પ્રાણીઓમાં સ્વબચાવ માટેનું સૌથી શક્તિશાળી રક્ષણાત્મક રસાયણ વિષએ [[દક્ષીણ અમેરિકા|દક્ષિણ આફ્રિકા]]ના રેશમ સુલભ ''લોનોમિયા'' દ્વારા પેદા કરાય છે. તે એવું શક્તિશાળી એન્ટિકોએન્ગ્યુલન્ટ છે જે માનવમાં હેમરેજ કરીને મૃત્યુ નિપજાવી શકે છે. (જુઓ લોનોમિયાસિસ)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Malaque, Ceila M. S., Lúcia Andrade, Geraldine Madalosso, Sandra Tomy, Flávio L. Tavares, And Antonio C. Seguro.|year=2006|title= A case of hemolysis resulting from contact with a ''Lonomia'' caterpillar in southern Brazil|url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/74/5/807|journal= Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.|volume=74|issue=5|pages= 807–809|pmid=16687684}}</ref> આ રસાયણોનું સંભવિત તબીબી ઉપયોગ માટે પરિક્ષણ થઇ રહ્યું છે. અર્ટિકેટિંગ વાળની અસર મંદ ખંજવાળથી લઇને ત્વચાકોપ સુધીની હોય છે. કેટલાક છોડે તૃણાહારી પ્રાણીઓથી પોતાની જાતને બચાવવા ઝેર વિકસાવ્યા છે પરંતુ કેટલાક કેટરપિલરે આ ઝેરની અસર બેઅસર રહે તેવો પ્રતિકારક વિકાસ હાંસલ કર્યો છે અને તેઓ આ ઝેરી છોડના પાંદડા ખાય છે. ઝેરથી બેઅસર રહેવા ઉપરાંત તેઓ તેને તેમના શરીરમાં જૂદું કાઢે છે અને તેમને શિકારી માટે વધુ ઝેરી બનાવે છે. પુખ્ત તબક્કાઓમાં પણ આ રસાયણો આગળ ધપે છે. સિનાબર શલભ, ''ટાયરિયા જેકોબેઇ'' અને મોનાર્ક ''ડેનૌસ પ્લેક્સિપસ'' જેવી કેટરપિલરની ઝેરી જાત ચળકતા પટ્ટા અથા કાળો, લાલ અને પીળો એવા ભયાનક રંગો સાથે પોતાની હાજરી સૂચવે છે. (જુઓ એપોસમેટિઝમ) આક્રમક બચાવ પ્રણાલી ધરાવતા કેટરપિલરને ખાવાનો પ્રયાસ કરતો કોઇ પણ શિકારી જોરદાર પાઠ શીખે છે અને ભવિષ્યમાં આવો પ્રયત્ન ટાળે છે. [[File:Papilio cresphontes larva defensive.JPG|thumb|left|જાયન્ટ સ્વેલોટેઇલ કેટરપિલર જે બચાવમાં તેની ઓસ્મેટેરીયમને બહાર કાઢે છે]] કેટલાક કેટરપિલર હુમલો કરનાર દુશ્મનમાં એસિડિક પાચન અંતઃસ્ત્રાવની ઉલટી કરાવી દે છે. કેટલાક પેપિલિયનિડ ડિમ્ભક ઓસ્મેટેરિયા તરીકે ઓળખાતી ગ્રંથીમાંથી દુર્ગંધ પેદા કરે છે. કેટરપિલરો રેશમની રેખાનો ઉપયોગ કરીને અથવા વિક્ષેપિત થવા પર શાખા પરથી નીચે પડીને શિકારીના હુમલામાંથી બચી શકે છે. કેટલાક કેટરપિલર કીડી સાથે પોતાની જાતને જોડીને રક્ષણ મેળવે છે. લિકેનિડ પતંગિયા આ માટે સારી રીતે જાણીતા છે. તેઓ તેમનો બચાવ કરનાક કીડી સાથે કંપન તેમજ રસાયણિક સાધનો દ્વારા સંચાર કરે છે અને તેમને બદલામાં ખોરાક પુરો પાડે છે.<ref> [http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/Lycaenid-butterflies-and-ants ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયન સંગ્રહાલય.]</ref> કેટલાક કેટરપિલર ગ્રેગારીયસ છે. મોટા એગ્રિગેશન પરાવલંબન અને શિકારનું સ્તર ઘટાડવામાં મદદ કરે છે એમ માનવામાં આવે છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Entry, Grant L. G., Lee A. Dyer.|year=2002|title=On the Conditional Nature Of Neotropical Caterpillar Defenses against their Natural Enemies|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/3071846|journal= Ecology|volume=83|issue=11|pages=3108–3119|doi=10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3108:OTCNON]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> ક્લસ્ટર એપોસિમેટિક કલરેશનના સિગ્નલનું વર્ધન કરે છે અને વ્યક્તિગત સિગ્નલ ગ્રૂપ રિગર્ગિટેશન અથવા ડિસ્પ્લેમાં ભાગ લઇ શકે છે. ==વર્તણૂક== [[File:Pasture day moth caterpillar closeup.jpg|thumb|કેપવીડ પર નભતા પાશ્ચર ડે શલભ કેટરપિલર ]] કેટલપિલરને "ખાઉધરું મશિન" કહેવાય છે અને ખાઉધરાની જેમ પાંદડા ખાય છે. મોટા ભાગની જાતિ જેમ તેમનું શરીર વિકાસ પામે છે તેમ ચારથી પાંચ વખત તેમની ચામડી ઉતારે છે અને તેઓ તબક્કાવાર પુખ્ત રૂપમાં કોશિતીય થાય છે.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scienceprojectlab.com/monarch-butterfly.html |title=મોનાર્ક પતંગિયા |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2013-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825072814/http://www.scienceprojectlab.com/monarch-butterfly.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> કેટરપિલર ખૂબ જ ઝડપી વૃદ્ધિ પામે છે દાખલા તરીકે, ટોબેકો હોર્નવોર્મ વીસ દિવસથી પણ ઓછા સમયગાળામાં તેનું વજન દસ હજાર ગણુ વધારી દે છે. તેમને આટલું બધુ ખાવા માટે સક્ષમ બનાવતું અનુકૂલન એ વિશેષ મિડગટમાં એક તંત્રવ્યવસ્થા છે જે આયનોનું ઝડપથી અવકાશિકા (મિડગટ ગુહા)માં પરિવહન કરે છે અને રૂધિરની તુલનાએ મિડગટ ગુહામાં પોટેશિયમનું સ્તર ઊંચું રાખે છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chamberlin, M.E. and M.E. King |journal= J. Exp. Zool. |volume=280|pages=135–141|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19980201)280:2<135::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-P|title=Changes in midgut active ion transport and metabolism during the fifth instar of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)|year=1998}}</ref> [[File:Gypsy moth caterpillar.JPG|thumb|left|જીપ્સી શલભ કેટરપિલર]] મોટા ભાગના કેટરપિલર તૃણાહારી છે. કેટલાક કેટરપિલર છોડની એક જાત પુરતા મર્યાદિત છે જ્યારે અન્ય બહુભક્ષક હોય છે. ક્લોથ્સ શલભ સહિતના કેટલાક કેટરપિલર ખડકના ટુકડા પર નભે છે. મોટા ભાગના શિકારી કેટરપિલર અન્ય જંતુઓ, એફિડ, સ્કેલ જંતુઓ અથવા કીડી ડિમ્ભકના ઇંડા પર નભે છે. કેટલાક માંસાહારી છે અને અન્ય કેટલાક અન્ય જાતિના કેટરપિલર (દા.ત. હવાઇયન ''યુપિથેસિયા'' )નો શિકાર કરે છે. અન્ય કેટલાક સિકાડસ અથવા લીફ હોપર્સ પર પરાવલંબી છે.<ref name="pierce">{{cite journal|author=Pierce, N.E.|year=1995|title=Predatory and parasitic Lepidoptera: Carnivores living on plants|journal=Journal of the Lepidopterist's Society|volume= 49|issue=4|pages= 412–453}}</ref> કેટલાક હવાઇયન કેટરપિલર ''હાયપોસ્મોકોમા મોલસ્કીવોરા'' ગોકળગાયને પકડવા રેશમની જાળનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rubinoff, Daniel and William P. Haines|doi=10.1126/science.1110397|pmid=16040699|year=2005|last1=Rubinoff|first1=D|last2=Haines|first2=WP|title=Web-spinning caterpillar stalks snails|volume=309|issue=5734|pages=575|journal=Science}}</ref> ઘણા કેટરપિલર નિશાચર હોય છે. ઉદાહરણ તરીકે, (નોક્ટુઇડે કૂળના) "કટવોર્મ" દિવસે છોડના પાયામાં સંતાઇ રહે છે અને માત્ર રાત્રે ખાય છે.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=USGS|url=http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/catnw/ecol.htm|title=Caterpillars of Pacific Northwest Forests and Woodlands}}</ref> જિપ્સી શલભ લિમાન્ટ્રીયા ડિસ્પાર ડિમ્ભક જેવા અન્ય કેટરપિલર તેમની ઘનતા અને ડિમ્ભકીય તબક્કાને આધારે તેમની પ્રવૃત્તિ શૈલી બદલે છે, પ્રારંભિક ઇનસ્ટાર્સ અને ઊંચી ઘનતાએ વધુ દૈનિક આહાર હોય છે.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1987.tb01005.x|title=Behaviour of late-instar gypsy moth larvae in high and low density populations|year=1987|last1=Lance|first1=D. R.|journal=Ecological Entomology|volume=12|pages=267|last2=Elkinton|first2=J. S.|last3=Schwalbe|first3=C. P.}}</ref> ==આર્થિક અસરો== [[File:hypsipyla.jpg|thumb|હિપ્સીપિલા ગ્રાન્ડેલા બ્રાઝિલમાં મહોગાનીને નુકસાન કરે છે]] કેટરપિલર ભારે નુકસાન કરે છે, મુખ્યત્વે પાંદડા ખાઇને. મોનોકલ્ચર ખેતી પદ્ધતિઓ દ્વારા નુકસાનની શક્યતા વધી જાય છે જેમાં ખાસ કરીને વાવેતર હેઠળના યજમાન છોડમાં કેટરપિલરને અપનાવવામાં આવે છે. કોટન બોલવોર્મ પુષ્કળ નુકસાન પહોંચાડે છે. અન્ય જાતિઓ ખાદ્ય પાકને ખાય છે. [[જંતુનાશક]] દવાઓ, જૈવિક અંકુશ અને કૃષિશાસ્ત્રના ઉપયોગ મારફતે જંતુ અંકુશમાં કેટરપિલર મુખ્ય નિશાન હોય છે. કેટલીક જાતિઓએ જંતુનાશક દવાઓ સામે પ્રતિરોધકતા કેળવી લીધી છે. ''બેસિલસ થુરિન્જીન્સીસ'' માંથી મળતા બેક્ટેરીયલ ઝેર જે લેપિડોપ્ટેરાના આંત્રને અસર કરવા વિકાસ પામ્યા છે તેમનો બેક્ટેરીયલ બીજકણ, ઝેરી નિષ્કર્ષણના ઝેરી છંટકાવમાં ઉપયોગ થાય છે અને યજમાન છોડમાં પેદા કરવા જનીનને દાખલ કરવામાં આવે છે. સમય જતા આ અભિગમો કિટકોમાં પ્રતિકારક તંત્રની ઉત્ક્રાંતિ સાથે પરાસ્ત થયા છે.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7111.html ટેન્ટ કેટરપિલર અને જીપ્સી શલભ]</ref> છોડ કેટરપિલર દ્વારા ખાવાની સામે પ્રતિકારક તંત્ર વિકસાવે છે જેમાં રાસાયણિક ઝેર અને વાળ જેવા ભૈતિક અવરોધોની ઉત્ક્રાંતિનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. છોડ ઉછેર દ્વારા હોસ્ટ પ્લાન્ટ રેઝિસ્ટન્સ (એચપીઆર (HPR)) દાખલ કરવું એ પાકના છોડ પર કેટરપિલરની અસર ઘટાડવા માટેનો વધુ એક અભિગમ છે.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/aesa/1999/00000092/00000006/art00002|title=Transgenic Host Plant Resistance to Insects—Some Reservations|author=van Emden, H. F.|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|volume=92|issue=6|year=1999|pages=788–797|access-date=2010-11-30|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116225741/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/aesa/1999/00000092/00000006/art00002|url-status=dead}}</ref> કેટલાક કેટરપિલરનો ઉદ્યોગમાં ઉપયોગ થાય છે. રેશમ ઉદ્યોગ સિલ્કવોર્મ કેટરપિલર આધારિત છે. ==માનવ સ્વાસ્થ્ય== [[File:Baby Caterpillars crop2.jpg|thumb|વિક્ટોરિયા, બીસી, કેનેડામાં સફરજનના ઝાડ પર ઇંડા સેવે છે]] કેટરપિલરના વાળ માનવ સ્વાસ્થ્યની સમસ્યાના કારણ માટે જાણીતા છે. કેટરપિલરના વાળ ઘણીવાર તેની અંદર ઝેર ધરાવતા હોય છે અને શુલભ અથવા પતંગિયાના લગભગ 12 કૂળ માનવને ગંભીર ઇજા પહોંચાડી શકે છે જે શિળસ ત્વચાકોપ અને એટોપિક દમથી લઇને ઓસ્ટિઓકોન્ડ્રિટિસ, વપરાશ કોએન્ગ્યુલોપેથી, મૂત્રપિંડ નિષ્ક્રિયતા, અનેઇન્ટ્રાસેરિબ્રલ હેમરેજનો સમાવેશ થાય છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Diaz, HJ|year=2005|title=The evolving global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of caterpillar envenoming|pmid=15772333|journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.|volume=72|pages=347–357|issue=3}}</ref> ત્વચા વિસ્ફોટ બહુ સામાન્ય છે પરંતુ તેમાં ઘાતકતા પણ છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=J. Redd, R. Voorhees, T. Török |title=Outbreak of lepidopterism at a Boy Scout camp|journal= Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=56|issue=6|pages=952–955|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.002|pmid=17368636|year=2007|last1=Redd|first1=JT|last2=Voorhees|first2=RE|last3=Török|first3=TJ}}</ref> ''લોનોમિયા'' બ્રાઝિલમાં મૃત્યુનું અવારનવાર કારણ બને છે અને 1989 અને 2005ની વચ્ચે તેના 354 કેસ નોંધાયા હતા. તેની ઘાતકતા 20 ટકા સુધી છે જ્યારે ઇન્ટ્રાક્રાનિયલ હેમરેજને કારણે મોટે ભાગને મૃત્યુ થાય છે.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2006000600029|pmid=17221019|year=2006|month= December|last1=Kowacs|first1=PA|last2=Cardoso|first2=J|last3=Entres|first3=M|last4=Novak|first4=EM|last5=Werneck|first5=LC|title=Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenoming: case report.|volume=64|issue=4|pages=1030–2|journal=Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2006000600029&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|format=Free full text}}</ref> કેરાટો કન્જક્ટિવાઇટિસ માટે પણ કેટરપિલરના વાળ જવાબદાર છે. કેટરપિલરના વાળના છેડે આવેલા તીક્ષ્ણ આંકડા નરમ પેશીઓમાં અને આંખની જેમ મ્યુકસ પટલમાં ફસાઇ શકે છે. આવી પેશીઓમાં ફસાયા બાદ તેને બહાર કાઢવું મુશ્કેલ હોય છે ઘણીવાર તે સમસ્યા વધારી દે છે કારણકે તે સમગ્ર પટલમાં ફેલાય છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Patel RJ, Shanbhag RM|title= Ophthalmia nodosa - (a case report)|url=http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=1973;volume=21;issue=4;spage=208;epage=208;aulast=Patel|journal= Indian J Ophthalmol|year=1973|volume=21|pages=208|issue=4}}</ref> અંતર્દ્વાર રચનામાં તે મુખ્ય સમસ્યા છે. વાળ વેન્ટિલેશન સિસ્ટમ દ્વારા ઇમારતમાં સરળતાથી પ્રવેશી શકે છે અને અંતર્દ્વાર પર્યાવરણમાં ભેગા થઇ શકે છે કારણકે તેમનું નાનું કદ તેમને બહાર કાઢવું મુશ્કેલ બનાવે છે. આ સંચય અંતર્દ્વાર પર્યાવરણમાં માનવ સંપર્કનું જોખમ વધારે છે.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Corrine R Balit, Helen C Ptolemy, Merilyn J Geary, Richard C Russell and Geoffrey K Isbister|pmid=11837874|year=2001|first1=CR|first2=HC|first3=MJ|first4=RC|first5=GK|title=Outbreak of caterpillar dermatitis caused by airborne hairs of the mistletoe browntail moth (Euproctis edwardsi).|volume=175|issue=11-12|pages=641–3|journal=The Medical journal of Australia|url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/175_12_171201/balit/balit.html|format=Free full text|issn=0025-729X|access-date=2010-11-30|archive-date=2011-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404211547/https://mja.com.au/public/issues/175_12_171201/balit/balit.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==સંદર્ભો== [[File:Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus Vertical Caterpillar 2000px.jpg|thumb|લેન્કાસ્ટર, પેન્સિલવેનિયામાં એક ખાનગી બગીચામાં સ્વેમ્પ મિલ્કવીડ (આસ્કલીપિયાસ ઇનકાર્નાટા) પર નભતું મોનાર્ક પતંગિયું (ડેનૌસ પ્લેક્સપસ) કેટરપિલર]] [[File:Dryas julia caterpillar.JPG|thumb|ડ્રાયાસ ઇયુલિયા]] [[File:Hebomoea glaucippe cat sec.jpg|thumb|ગ્રેટ ઓરેન્જ ટિપનું કેટરપિલર જેનો દેખાવ કોમન ગ્રીન વાઇન સાપ અહેતુલ્લા નાસુતાને મળતો આવે છે.]] {{Reflist}} ==ગેલેરી== <gallery> File:CH Caterpillar.jpg|સ્પર્જ હોક-મોથનું કેટરપિલર, બિન, વાલાઇસ, સ્વિત્ઝર્લેન્ડ નજીક 2 કિમીની ઊંચાઇએ File:Caterpillar at 5th stage.jpg|એમ્પરર ગમ મોથનું કેટરપિલર File:Poplar hawk-moth.jpg|જાણીતું હોક શલભ કેટરપિલર (યુકેની કેટરપિલરની સામાન્ય જાતિ). File:Lycaenid_ant_sec.jpg|એન્ટ ટેન્ડિંગ લાયકાનિડ કેટરપિલર. File:Snodgrass Schizura concinna.jpg|લાલ ખૂંધવાળા કેટરપિલર (સ્કિઝુરા કોન્કિના)નું જીવન ચક્ર. File:Forest-tent-caterpillar-malacosoma-disstria.jpg|જંગલી ટેન્ટ કેટરપિલર (માલાકોસોમા ડિસસ્ટ્રીયા) File:Eighteyescatterpilar.jpg|કેમૌફ્લેગઃ આઠ આંખ સાથે, તેમાંથી માત્ર બે જ સાચી હોય છે.યુકેલિપ્ટસ ઝાડ, સાઉ પાઉલો, બ્રાઝિલમાં ફોટો File:AntheraeaPolyphemusCaterpillar.jpg|પોલિફેમસ મોથનું કેટરપિલર (એન્થીરાઇયા પોલિફેમસ), વર્જીનીયા, યુએસએ </gallery> ==બાહ્ય લિંક્સ== {{Wikispecies|Caterpillar|Caterpillar}} *[http://www.insects.demon.co.uk/etudeslep/Bodi-english.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508111424/http://www.insects.demon.co.uk/etudeslep/Bodi-english.html |date=2011-05-08 }} બોડી (ઇ.), 1985 - ધ કેટરપિલર્સ ઓફ યુરોપિયન બટરફ્લાઇઝ,, સાયન્સિસ નેટ, વેનેટી. *[http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/monarch/LarvaLocomotion.html ડિમ્ભક પ્રચલન: એ ક્લોઝ લૂક — મોનાર્ક ડિમ્ભક કેવી રીતે ચાલે છે તે દર્શાવતી વિડિઓ ક્લિપ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203233859/http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/monarch/LarvaLocomotion.html |date=2013-12-03 }} *[http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/monarch/jr/KidsJourneyNorth.html પ્રકૃતિના વધુ વિડિઓ ક્લિપ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910094053/http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/monarch/jr/KidsJourneyNorth.html |date=2013-09-10 }} *[http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/VRML/blaxxun/caterpillar.htm થ્રીડી એનિમેશન ''પેપિલિયો પોલિઝન્સ'' લાર્વે વોકિંગ] *[http://www.ukleps.org/CommonNameTaxonmomic.html યુકેના શલભ][http://www.ukleps.org/CommonNameTaxonmomic.html જીવન ચક્ર છબીઓ] *યુએફ (UF) / આઇએફએએસ (IFAS) ફિચર્ડ ક્રિએચર્સ વેબ સાઇટ **[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/palms/cabbage_palm_caterpillar.htm કેબેજ પામ કેટરપિલર] **[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/oleander_caterpillar.htm ઓલીએન્ડર કેટરપિલર] **[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/spotted_oleander_caterpillar.htm સ્પોટેડ ઓલીએન્ડર કેટરપિલર] *http://arcticCarterpillars.org{{Dead link|date=જુલાઈ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4oh4q6quq65csipc2hz8u435xkm71ah ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ 0 31006 902619 902545 2026-07-19T04:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup}} {{Infobox scientist | name = ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ | image =Alan Turing az 1930-as években.jpg| image_width = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Maida Vale]], London, England, United Kingdom | death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|6|7|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Wilmslow]], [[Cheshire]], England, United Kingdom | nationality = British | field = [[Mathematician]], [[logician]], [[cryptanalyst]], [[computer scientist]] | work_institutions = [[University of Cambridge]]<br />[[Government Code and Cypher School]]<br />[[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]]<br />[[University of Manchester]] | alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]<br />[[Princeton University]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Alonzo Church]] | doctoral_students = [[Robin Gandy]] | known_for = [[Halting problem]]<br />[[Turing machine]]<br />[[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]<br />[[Automatic Computing Engine]]<br />[[Turing Award]]<br />[[Turing Test]]<br />[[Turing pattern]]s | prizes = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />[[Fellow of the Royal Society]] }} '''ઍલન મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગ''', ઓબીઈ, એફઆરએસ; 23 જૂન 1912 – 7 જૂન 1954), અંગ્રેજી ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી, તર્કશાસ્ત્રી,સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષક અને કમ્પ્યૂટર વૈજ્ઞાનિક હતા. તેમણે ટ્યુરિંગ મશિન સાથે ગાણિતિક નિયમો અને ગણતરીની વિભાવનાનું નિર્દિષ્ટીકરણ પૂરું પાડીને કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના વિકાસમાં અત્યંત પ્રભાવશાળી યોગદાન આપ્યું હતું, જેણે આધુનિક [[કમ્પ્યૂટર]]ના સર્જનમાં મહત્તવપૂર્ણ ભૂમિકા ભજવી હતી.<ref name="AFP"/> [[બીજું વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ|બીજા વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ]] દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગે ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સાયફર સ્કૂલ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક, બ્રિટનના કોડબ્રેકીંગ સેન્ટર માટે કામ કર્યું. થોડા સમય માટે તેઓ હટ 8 વિભાગના મુખ્યાધિકારી હતા, આ વિભાગ જર્મન નૌકા સૈન્યને સંબંધિત સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષણમાટે જવાબદાર હતું. તેમણે જર્મનસંકેતલિપિને તોડતી પદ્ધતિઓમાંની એક યોજના નક્કી કરી રાખી હતી, જેમાં બોમ્બે પદ્ધતિ, ઈલેક્ટ્રોમીકેનીકલમશીન ઈનીગ્મા મશીન માટે ગોઠવણી શોધી શકે છે, તેનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. યુદ્ધ પછી તેમણે નેશનલ ફિઝીકલ લેબોરેટરી ખાતે કામ કર્યું, જ્યાં એસીઈ(ACE), એક સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય એવા કમ્પ્યૂટર પ્રોગ્રામની સૌ પ્રથમ ડિઝાઈન તૈયાર કરી. તેમના જીવનના અંત ભાગમાં ટ્યુરિંગને ગાણિતિક જીવવિજ્ઞાનમાં રસ પડ્યો. તેમણે આકાર વિકાસ(મૉર્ફોજિનેસિસ)નું રસાયણશાસ્ત્ર આધારિત પેપર લખ્યું,<ref>{{Cite journal| last= Turing | first= A. M. | title = The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis | journal = Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London, series B | volume = 237 | pages = 37–72 | year = 1952 }}</ref> અને તેમણે ઓસીલેટીંગકેમિકલ રીએક્શન જેમ કે બીલોઅસોય- ઝાબોટીન્સ્કાય રીએક્શનનું અનુમાન કર્યું, જેનું 1960ના દાયકાઓમાં સૌ પ્રથમ વખત અવલોકિત બન્યું. ટ્યુરિંગની સજાતીયતા 1952માં ફોજદારી ફરિયાદમાં પરિણમી- તે સમયે યુનાઈટેડ કિંગડ્મમાં સજાતીય વર્તણૂક ગેરકાયદેસર હતી- અને તેમણે જેલના વિકલ્પ તરીકે સ્ત્રી હોર્મોન(રાસાયણિક ખસીકરણ)ની સાથે સારવાર સ્વીકારી હતી. તેઓ 1954માં તેમના 42મા જન્મદિવસનાં કેટલાંક અઠવાડિયા પહેલાં, સાઈનાઈડ ઝેરથી મૃત્યુ પામ્યા. કાયદેસરની તપાસમાં તે આત્મહત્યા હોવાનું શોધાયું હતું, તેમની માતા અને કેટલાક અન્ય લોકો તેમના મોતને એક અકસ્માત હોવાનું માની રહ્યાં હતાં. 10 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009ના રોજ, ઈન્ટરનેટ ઝુંબેશને અનુસરતાં, યુદ્ધ પછી ટ્યુરિંગની સાથે જે રીતનો વ્યવહાર થયો હતો, તે માટે બ્રિટિશ સરકાર વતી બ્રિટિશ વડાપ્રધાન ગોર્ડોન બ્રાઉને સત્તાવાર જાહેર માફી માંગી હતી. .<ref name="PM-apology">{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8249792.stm | title = PM apology after Turing petition | date = 11 September 2009 | work = BBC News}}</ref> == બાળપણ અને યુવાની == ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું ગર્ભધાન [[છત્રપુર]],[[ઓરિસ્સા]], ભારતમાં થયું હતું.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref> તેમના પિતા, જુલિયસ મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગભારતીય નાગરિક સેવાના સભ્ય હતા. જુલિયસ અને તેની પત્ની સારા (પૂર્વાશ્રમમાં સ્ટોનેય; 1881–1976, એડવર્ડ વોલ્લર સ્ટોનેય, મદ્રાસ રેલ્વેના મુખ્ય એન્જિનીયરની પુત્રી હતાં) ઇચ્છતાં હતાં કે ઍલનનો ઉછેર ઈંગ્લેન્ડમાં થાય, તેથી તેઓ મૈડા વેલે<ref name="englishheritaget">{{Cite web | url = http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T | title = London Blue Plaques | access-date = 10 February 2007 | work = English Heritage}}</ref>, લંડનમાં પાછાં આવ્યાં, જ્યાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનો જન્મ 23 જૂન 1912ના રોજ થયો, જે પાછળથી કોલોન્નાડે હોટલપર બિલ્ડીંગની બહારની બાજુ<ref>{{openplaque|381}}</ref>એ એક વાદળી તકતી દ્વારા નોંધાયેલું હતું.<ref name="Hodges1983P5"/><ref name="turingorguk">{{Cite web| url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html | title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook | access-date=26 September 2006}}</ref> તેમને જ્હોન નામનો મોટો ભાઈ હતો. તેમના પિતાનું નાગરિક સેવા કમિશન હજી પણ સક્રિય હતું અને ટ્યુરિંગના બાળપણનાં વર્ષો દરમિયાન તેમનાં માતા-પિતા તેમના બે પુત્રોને નિવૃત્ત આર્મી દંપતી પાસે મૂકી, હેસ્ટીંગ્સ, ઈંગ્લેન્ડ<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=6}}</ref> અને ભારત વચ્ચે આવ-જા કરતાં હતાં. જીવનમાં ખૂબ જ જલદી, ટ્યુરિંગે પાછળથી વધુ પ્રમુખતાઓ દર્શાવી હતી જે પ્રતિભાસંપન્ન હોવાની નિશાની દર્શાવતી હતી.<ref name="toolbox">{{Cite web |title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1 |first=G. James |last=Jones |date=11 December 2001 |url=http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |access-date=27 July 2007 |work=System Toolbox |archive-date=3 ઑગસ્ટ 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> છ વર્ષની ઉંમરે તેમના વાલીએ સેન્ટ મિશેલ, દિવસની સ્કૂલમાં તેમનું નામ નોંધાવ્યું હતું. તેમની પ્રતિભા શરૂઆતમાં જ મુખ્ય શિક્ષિકાએ ઓળખી કાઢી, એવી રીતે તેમના ક્રમશઃ ઘણા શિક્ષકોએ તેમની પ્રતિભા ઓળખી હતી. 1924માં, 14 વર્ષની ઉંમરે, તેઓ ડૂરસેટમાં બજાર ભરાય એવા શહેર શેરબોર્નમાં જાણીતી સ્વતંત્ર્ય શાળાશેરબોર્ન શાળામાં ગયા. સત્રના પ્રથમ દિવસે બ્રિટનમાં સામાન્ય હડતાળ હતી, પણ તેને પ્રથમ દિવસે હાજર રહેવું હતું તે નિર્ધારિત હતું, તેથી તેણે તેની સાઈકલ સાઉથએમ્પટોનથી શાળા સુધી {{convert|60|mi|km}}થી વધુ દોરીને લઈ ગયો, આખી રાત પ્રવાસી માટેની વીશીમાં રોકાયો.<ref name="metamagical">{{Cite book|title=Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern |first=Douglas R. |last=Hofstadter |year=1985 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0-465-04566-9 |oclc=230812136}}</ref> [[ચિત્ર:KingsCollegeChapel.jpg|thumb|કિંગ્સ કોલેજ, કેમ્બ્રીજ ખાતે કમ્પ્યૂટર ખંડનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગના નામથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું, જ્યાં તેઓ 1931માં વિદ્યાર્થી અને 1935માં ફેલો બન્યા હતા.]] ટ્યુરિંગની કુદરતી રુચિ ગણિત અને વિજ્ઞાન હોવાથી શેરબોર્નમાં કેટલાક શિક્ષકો, જેમની શિક્ષણની વ્યાખ્યામાં સાહિત્યપર વધુ ભાર આપતા હતા, પરિણામે તેઓ પ્રત્યેથી તેમને આદર ન મળ્યો. તેમના મુખ્ય શિક્ષકે તેમના વાલીને લખ્યું હતું- "હું આશા રાખું છું કે તે બે સ્ટૂલની વચ્ચે ન પડે. જો તેને જાહેર શાળામાં રહેવું હશે, તો તેણે ચોક્કસપણે ''શિક્ષિત'' થવાનું ધ્યેય રાખવું જ પડશે. જો તેણે માત્ર''વિજ્ઞાનના વિશેષજ્ઞ'' બનવું હશે, તો તે જાહેર શાળામાં તેનો સમય બરબાદ કરી રહ્યો છે. "<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=26}}</ref> આ બધું થવા છતાં, ટ્યુરિંગે અભ્યાસમાં નોંધનીય ક્ષમતા દર્શાવવાની ચાલુ રાખી. 1927માં પ્રાથમિક કલનશાસ્ત્રનો અભ્યાસ કર્યાં વિના જ તેને જટિલ સમસ્યાઓ ઉકેલવામાં મજા આવતી હતી. 1928માં, 16 વર્ષની ઉંમરે, ટ્યુરિંગને [[આલ્બર્ટ આઇન્સ્ટાઇન|આર્બલ્ટ આઈન્સ્ટાઈન]]ના કાર્યનો ભેટો થયો, તેણે માત્ર તેને સમજી લીધું એટલું જ નહીં, પણ તેણે એક લખાણમાંથી, કે જેમાં ક્યારેય એવું સ્પષ્ટપણે દર્શાવાયું નહોતું, તેમાંથી ન્યુટનના ગતિના નિયમોઅંગે આઈન્ટાઈનના પ્રશ્નો અંગે અનુમાન લગાવ્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=34}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગની આશાઓ અને આકાંક્ષાઓ તેણે શાળામાં પોતાનાથી સહેજ મોટા વિદ્યાર્થી, ક્રિસ્ટોફર મોર્કોમ સાથે વિકસાવેલી નજીકની મિત્રતા દ્વારા વધુ ઊભરી. મોર્કોમ ટ્યુરિંગની પ્રથમ પ્રેમ જિજ્ઞાસા હતી. મોર્કોમ તેઓની શેરબોર્ન ખાતેની છેલ્લા સત્રના માત્ર થોડાં અઠવાડિયાં પહેલાં, ગાયનું ચેપી [[દૂધ]] પીધા પછી સંકોચાઈને, ગાયનાં ફેફસાંના ક્ષય રોગની જટિલતાથી મૃત્યુ પામ્યો.<ref name="teuscher">** {{Cite book|last=Teuscher |first=Christof (ed.) |authorlink=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=3-540-20020-7 |oclc=53434737 62339998}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગનો ધાર્મિક વિશ્વાસ કકડભૂસ થઈ ગયો અને તે નાસ્તિક બની ગયો. તેણે તમામ વસ્તુઓ જડવાદજ છે, એવી હકીકત ખાતરીપૂર્વક સ્વીકારી લીધી, જેમાં જીવિત માનવીય મગજનો પણ સમાવેશ થાય છે,<ref>પાઉલ ગ્રે, [http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822093918/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |date=2008-08-22 }} સદીના સૌથી મહત્વના ટાઈમ સામાયિકના લોકો, પાન નં ૨</ref> પણ તે હજી પણ એવું માનતા હતાં કે મૃત્યુ પછી આત્માનું અસ્તિત્વ હોય છે.<ref>[http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/spirit.html ધી ઈન્સ્પીરેશન ઓફ લાઈફ એન્ડ ડેથ, 1928–1932] ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ સ્કેપબુક </ref> == યુનિવર્સિટી અને ગણનક્ષમતા (કમ્પ્યૂટેબિલિટી) અંગેનું કાર્ય == [[ચિત્ર:Alan Turing Memorial Closer.jpg|thumb|સેકવિલે પાર્ક, માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું યાદગાર પૂતળું]] શેરબોર્ન પછી, ટ્યુરિંગ કેમ્બ્રિજ, કિંગસ્ કોલેજમાં અભ્યાસ કરવા ગયો. ત્યાં તેણે તેના ગ્રેજ્યુએશન પહેલાંના ત્રણ વર્ષો 1931થી 1934 પસાર કર્યાં, [[ગણિત]]માં પ્રથમ વર્ગ ઓનર્સ સાથે ગ્રેજ્યુએટ થયો અને 1935માં સેન્ટ્રલ લિમિટ થિયરમ પરના મહાનિબંધની ક્ષમતા પર કિંગ કોલેજ ખાતે ફેલોતરીકે ચૂંટાઈ આવ્યો.<ref>જોહ્ન ઓલ્ડરીચનો ત્રીજો વિભાગ જુઓ, "ઈંગ્લેન્ડ અને કોન્ટીનેન્ટલ પ્રોબેબલીટી ઈન ઈન્ટ વોર યર્સ", જર્નલ ઈલેક્ટોનીક d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, ભાગ 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html ડિસેમ્બર 2009] જર્નલ ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિક d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> તેમના અતિમહત્ત્વના પેપર "ઓન કમ્યૂટેબલ નંબરસ્, વીથ એન એપ્લીકેશન ટુ ધી ''એન્ટ્સેઈડંગસપ્રોબ્લેમ (Entscheidungsproblem)'' ",<ref>{{Cite journal | last= Turing | first= A. M. |year=1936 | publication-date = 1936–37 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 42 | pages = 230–65 | doi= 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | url = http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}} (અને {{Cite news| last = Turing | first = A.M. | publication-date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 43 | pages = 544–6 | doi = 10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544 | year = 1938 }})</ref> ટ્યુરિંગે ગણતરી અને પ્રૂફની મર્યાદાઓ પરના 1931ના કુર્ટ ગોડેલનાં પરિણામો પર પુનઃસૂત્રો તારવી, ગોડેલના વૈશ્વિક ગાણિતિક આધારિત યાંત્રિક ભાષા સાથે ફેરબદલી કરીને યાંત્રિક અને સરળ ડિવાઈસો મૂક્યા, જે ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો તરીકે જાણીતાં બન્યાં. તેમણે સાબિત કર્યું કે કેટલાંક આવા મશીનો કોઈપણ કલ્પના જો અલ્ગોરિધમ પ્રમાણે રજૂ કરવામાં આવે તો તેની ગાણિતિક ગણતરી કરવા માટે તે સક્ષમ બનશે. તેઓ સાબિત કરતાં ગયા કે ટ્યુરિંગના મશીન માટે અચકાવવાની સમસ્યા અનિશ્ચિત છે જે સૌ પ્રથમ વખતે દર્શાવતાં ''એન્ટ્સેઈડંગસપ્રોબ્લેમ (Entscheidungsproblem)'' નો કોઈ ઉકેલ નથી કે એવું સાબિત કરતા ગયા હતા. તે નક્કી કરવું શક્ય નથી, વાસ્તવમાં, જ્યારે પણ ગાણિકીત ક્રિયા ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનને આપવામાં આવશે ત્યારે તે હંમેશા અચકાશે કે કેમ. જો કે તેમના લેમ્બડા કલનને આદર આપવામાં એલોન્ઝો ચર્ચને સમકક્ષ પ્રુફ પથી તેમનું પ્રુફ પ્રકાશિત થયું હતું, તે વખતે ટ્યુરિંગ ચર્ચના કામથી અજાણ હતા. ટ્યુરિંગે તેમની યાદશક્તિમાં લખ્યું હતું કે તેઓ આ 1936 પેપર સ્વીકારવા અંગે નિરાશ થયા હતા અને તે અંગે માત્ર બે વ્યક્તિઓએ પ્રતિક્રિયા આપી- તેઓ હતા [[Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Heinrich Scholz|હૈન્રીચ સ્કૂલઝ]]અને રિચાર્ડ બેવેન બ્રેઈથવેઈટ. ટ્યુરિંગનો અભિગમ નોંધનીય પણે ઘણો ખુલ્લો અને સ્વયંસ્ફૂર્ત છે. અન્ય કોઈ પણ મશીનની જે એક આવું મશીન પણ કાર્ય કરી શકે એવા વિચારને પણ એક યુનિવર્સલ (ટ્યુરિંગ) મશીનની તેની ધારણામાં નવીનતાથી ઉતાર્યો હતો. અથવા બીજા શબ્દોમાં, કોઈની પણ ગણતરી કરવાની ક્ષમતા સાબિત થાય છે તે ગણતરી કરે છે, તેનો અડસટ્ટો લગાવાય છે. ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો આ દિવસોમાં ગણતરી કરવાના સિદ્ધાંતમાં અભ્યાસ માટે કેન્દ્રિય ભાગ છે, સ્ટીફન વોલ્ફ્રામ દ્વારા 2 રાજ્ય 3 ચિહ્નો ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન શોધ એક સૌથી સરળ ઉદાહરણબને છે.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/10/college-kid-pro/ કોલેજ કીડ પ્રૂવ ધેટ વોલ્ફ્રામસ ટ્યુરિંગ મશિન યુનિવર્સલ કમ્પ્યૂટરોમાંનું સૌથી સરળ છે] વાયર્ડ 24 ઓક્ટોબર 2007</ref> પેપરવ્યાખ્યાયિત સંખ્યાઓની કલ્પના પણ રજૂ કરે છે. સપ્ટેમ્બર 1936થી જુલાઈ 1938 સુધી તેમણે ઍલોન્ઝો ચર્ચ હેઠળ અભ્યાસ કરવા માટે ઇન્સ્ટિટયૂટ ફોર એડવાન્સડ સ્ટડી, પ્રીન્સેટન, ન્યુ જર્સી ખાતે તેમનો મોટા ભાગનો સમય પસાર કર્યો. સાથો સાથ પોતાના માત્ર ગાણિતને લગતા કામમાં તેમણે સાંકેતિક લિપિનો અભ્યાસ કર્યો અને એક વિદ્યુત યાંત્રિક દ્વિગુણ ગુણકના ચોથા તબક્કામાંથી ત્રણનું નિર્માણ પણ કર્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=138}}</ref> જૂન 1938માં તેમણે પ્રીન્સેટનમાંથી તેમની Ph.D.ની ડીગ્રી મેળવીઃ તેમનો મહાનિબંધ સાપેક્ષ ગણતરીની કલ્પનાને રજૂ કરતો હતો, જ્યાં ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો કહેવાતી ભાવિ આગાહી સાથે દલીલ કરે છે, સમસ્યાઓના અભ્યાસને મંજૂરી આપતાં, તે એક ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન દ્વારા ઉકેલી શકાતું નથી. કેમ્બ્રીજ ખાતે પાછા આવતાં, તેમણે લુડ્વીગ વિટ્ટુજેનસ્ટીન દ્વારા ગણિતની સ્થાપનાઅંગેના વ્યાખ્યામાં હાજરી આપી હતી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=152}}</ref> શિષ્ટાચારના કડક પાલનથી ટ્યુરિંગના પ્રતિકાર સાથે બે વ્યક્તિઓએ દલીલ કરી અને અસહમતિ દાખવી અને વિટ્ટજેનસ્ટીનની દલીલ એ હતી કે ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી કશા પણ તદ્દન સત્યો શોધી કાઢતા નથી પણ તેના બદલે તેઓ તેનું નવનિર્માણ કરે છે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=153–154}}</ref> તેમણે અંશકાલીન સમય માટે ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સિફર સ્કૂલ (GCCS) સાથે કામ પણ કર્યું. == સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણ == [[ચિત્ર:Turing flat.jpg|thumb|બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે તબેલામાં બે કોટેજો.જ્યારે તેઓ હટ 8માં ગયા ત્યારે તેમણે અહીં 1939થી ૧૯૪૦ સુધી કામ કર્યું. ]] બીજા વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે જર્મન સંકેતોને તોડવામાંના પ્રયત્નોમાં એક મુખ્ય સહભાગી હતા. યુદ્ધ પહેલાં સીફર બ્યુરોમાંથી પોલેન્ડમાં મેરિન રેજેવ્સ્કી,જેર્ઝી રોઝીસ્કીઅને હેન્રીક ઝીગાલ્સ્કી દ્વારા સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણના કામની શરૂઆત પર, તેમણેઈનીગ્મા મશીન અને લોરેન્ઝ એસઝેડ 40/42 (એક ટેલીપ્રિન્ટર(ટેલીટાઈપ) બ્રિટિશ દ્વારા ''ટ્યુની'' કોડવાળું નામ ધરાવનાર સાંકેતિક જોડાણ) એ બંનેને તોડવા માટે ઊંડા જ્ઞાન દ્વારા ફાળો આપ્યો હતો, અને થોડા સમય માટે, જર્મન નૌકાદળના સિગ્નલો વાંચવા માટે જવાબદાર વિભાગ હટ 8ના મુખ્ય વ્યક્તિ હતા. સપ્ટેમ્બર 1938થી ટ્યુરિંગ કોડ તોડતી બ્રિટિશ સંસ્થા ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સાઈફર સ્કૂલ(GCCS), સાથે ખંડ-સમય માટે (અનુમાન અનુસાર બ્રિટિશ ફોરેન ઓફિસમાટે) કામ કર્યું હતું. તેમણે જર્મન ઈનીગ્મા મશીનની સમસ્યા પર કામ કર્યું અને GCCSના સિનિયર કોડબ્રેકર ડીલ્લી ક્નોક્ષસાથે મળીને કામ કર્યું.<ref>જેક કોપલેન્ડ, "કોલોસ્સસ અને કમ્પ્યૂટરની ઉંમરનું ચિત્ર, પાના નં 352 ''એક્શન ધી ડે'' , 2001</ref> 4 સપ્ટેમ્બર 1939એ જર્મની પર યુકે(UK)એ યુદ્ધનું એલાન કર્યું, ત્યારે ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક, જીસીસીએસના યુદ્ધ સમયના સ્ટેશન પર હાજર થયા હતા.<ref name="Copeland2006p378">કોપલેન્ડ, 2006 પાન નં. 378</ref> 1945માં, ટ્યુરિંગને તેમની યુદ્ધ સમયની સેવાઓ બદલ ઓબીઈ દ્વારા સન્માન આપવામાં આવ્યું, પણ તેમનું કાર્ય ઘણાં વર્ષો સુધી ખાનગી રહ્યું. ટ્યુરિંગ પાસે બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે કંઈક પ્રતિષ્ઠિત વિચિત્રતા હતી. જેક ગુડ, સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષક, જેમણે તેમની સાથે કામ કર્યું હતું, તેમણે ટ્યુરિંગ વિશે રોનાલ્ડ લેવિને ટાંકીને કહ્યું: <blockquote> દરેક વર્ષે જૂનના પ્રથમ અઠવાડિયામાં તેને હે ફિવર (પરાગને લીધે થતી ઉધરસ અને ક્યારેક દમનો વિકાર)નો ખરાબ હુમલો લાગુ પડતો હતો, અને તેઓ પરાગરજને દૂર રાખવા માટે ઓફિસમાં પહેરવાનો સર્વિસ ગેસ માસ્ક સાયકલ ચલાવતી વખતે પહેરી લેતા. તેમની સાયકલમાં ખરાબી હતીઃ ચેન નિયમિત અંતરાલે ઉતરી જતી. તેને સમી કરાવવાને બદલે તેઓ ગોળ ફરતાં પેડલની ગણતરી કરતાં અને ચેન સરખી કરવાના સમયે સાયકલ પરથી ઉતરી હાથ દ્વારા ચેનને સરખી કરતા. તેમની અન્ય વિચિત્રતા એ હતી કે તેઓ તેમના મગ (પ્યાલા)ને ચોરી થતો અટકાવવા માટે રેડિયેટરની પાઈપ સાથે બાંધી દેતા.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewin|1978|p=57}}</ref></blockquote> બ્લેત્ચલેય ખાતે કામ કરતી વખતે, ટ્યુરિંગ, એક પ્રતિભાસંપન્ન લાંબુ અંતર દોડનારા હતા, પ્રસંગોપાત્ત જ્યારે તેમની જરૂરિયાતત ઉચ્ચ-સ્તરી બેઠકો માટે પડતી ત્યારે તેઓ {{convert|40|mi}} થી [[લંડન]] સુધી દોડતા.<ref>''બોડીગાર્ડ ઓફ લીઝ'' , એન્થોની કેવ બ્રાઉન દ્વારા, 1975.</ref> === ટ્યુરિંગ- વેલ્ચમેન બોમ્બી === બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્કમાં આવ્યાં પછી થોડા અઠવાડિયામાં,<ref name="Copeland2006p378"/> ટ્યુરિંગ ચોક્કસ પ્રકારના ઈલેક્ટ્રોમીકેનીકલ મશીન વિશે જણાવ્યું, જે ઈનીગ્માને તોડવા માટે બોમ્બા કરતાં વધુ ઝડપી મદદ કરી શકે છે, 1938 પછી મૂળ પોલીશ-ડિઝાઈન બોમ્બામાં સુધારાવધારા થયા બાદ તેનું નામ બોમ્બી થયું. ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી ગોર્ડોન વેલ્ચમેન દ્વારા વધુ તીવ્ર બનાવવાના સૂચન સાથે બોમ્બી એક પ્રાથમિક સાધનોમાંનું એક બન્યું અને ઈનીગ્મા પર પ્રહાર કરવા-સંદેશાઓના વિનિમયમાં રક્ષણ મેળવવાના ઉપયોગમાં યંત્ર પાસે કામ લેવામાં મુખ્ય બન્યું. [[ચિત્ર:Bombe-rebuild.jpg|thumbnail|બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે બોમ્બીની એક સંપૂર્ણ અને કાર્યશીલ પ્રતિકૃતિ]] જેક ગુડનો મત: <blockquote>મારા ''મતે'' ટ્યુરિંગનો અત્યંત મહત્તવનો ફાળો બોમ્બી, સંકેતલિપિનું વિશ્લેષણ કરતાં મશીનની ડિઝાઈન કરવામાં હતો. તેમની પાસે એવો વિચાર હતો કે જેનો તમે ઉપયોગ કરી શકો, પરિણામ રૂપે, તર્ક શાસ્ત્રનો એક પ્રમેયમાં વાહિયાતની બદલે બિનતાલીમી કાન લાગે છે, તેનાથી વિરોધાભાસી તમે ''દરેક વસ્તુનું'' અનુમાન લગાવી શકો છો.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1155383/episodes "ધી મેન હુ ક્રેક્ડ ઈનીગ્મા"], UKTV ઔતિહાસિક ચેનલની દસ્તાવેજી શ્રેણીઓનો ચોથો ભાગ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1157073/ "હિરોઝ ઓફ વર્લ્ડ વોર 2"]</ref></blockquote> બોમ્બી ઈનીગ્મા સંદેશા (એટલે કે રોટરનો ક્રમ, રોટરની ગોઠવણી, વગેરે)માટે શક્ય એટલી સાચી ગોઠવણોના ઉપયોગ માટે શોધ કરતું હતું, અને યોગ્ય'' ભાષાંતરઃ'' સંભાવ્ય વાક્યનો એક ટુકડાનો ઉપયોગ કરતું. રોટરો(જેને 10<sup>19</sup> દરજ્જાનો ઓર્ડર અથવા યુ બોટ ચાર-રોટર માટે 10<sup>22</sup>થી ભિન્ન હોય છે)<ref>"ધી મેન હુ ક્રેક્ડ ઈનીગ્મા"માં પ્રોફેસર જેક ગુડ, 2003: "જો મારી યાદદાસ્ત સાચી છે", તેમની ચેતવણી સાથે </ref>ના દરેક શક્ય ગોઠવણીઓ માટે બોમ્બી ભાષાંતરના આધાર પર તાર્કીક અનુમાનોની સાંકળની ભજવણી કરી, ઈલેક્ટ્રીક રીતે તેનું અમલીકરણ કરતું. જ્યારે વિરોધાભાસ ઉદ્ભવે ત્યારે બોમ્બીને શોધી કાઢવામાં આવે છે, અને તે ગોઠવણીને કાઢી નાખવામાં આવે છે અને પછી બીજા પર આગળ વધવામાં આવે છે. મોટાભાગની શક્ય ગોઠવણીઓ વિરોધાભાસો સર્જે છે અને તેને નાશ કરવામાં આવે છે, માત્ર ખૂબ ઓછા ઊંડાણપૂર્વક સંશોધન કરવા માટે બાકી રહે છે. ટ્યુરિંગનું બોમ્બી 18 માર્ચ 1940માં પ્રથમ વખત ઈન્સ્ટોલ થયું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=191}}</ref> યુદ્ધ પૂર્ણ થતાં પહેલાં 200 થી પણ વધારે બોમ્બીઓ કાર્યાન્વિત કરવામાં આવ્યાં હતાં.<ref name="codebreaker">{{Cite web|title=Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer |last=Copeland |first=Jack |coauthors=Diane Proudfoot |month=May | year=2004 |url=http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html |access-date=27 July 2007}}</ref> === હટ 8 and નોકાદળનું ઈનીગ્મા === [[ચિત્ર:AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg|thumbnail|સ્ટેફન કેટ્ટલ દ્વારા બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું, અમેરિકાના પરોપકારી સીડની ઈ ફ્રેન્ક દ્વારા સોંપાયેલું કાર્ય.<ref>[58]</ref>]] ટ્યુરિંગે જર્મન નોકા દળના ઈનીગ્માની ખાસ મુશ્કેલ સમસ્યાને ઉકેલવાનું નક્કી કર્યું "કારણ કે તેના માટે કોઈ અન્ય કંઈ પણ કરી રહ્યા નથી અને હું મારી જાતે તે કરી શકું છું".<ref name="MahonP14">{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=14}}</ref> ડિસેમ્બર 1939માં, ટ્યુરિંગે નોકાદળની સૂચના આપતાં તંત્રના જરૂરી ભાગનો ઉકેલી આપ્યો, જે અન્ય સેવાઓ દ્વારા ઉપયોગમાં લેવામાં આવતાં સૂચકોના તંત્ર કરતાં વધુ જટિલ હતો.<ref name="MahonP14"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=184–186}}</ref> જે રાત્રિએ તેમણે નોકાદળના સૂચક તંત્રનો ઉકેલ લાવ્યા તે જ રાત્રિએ તેમને ''બન્બુરીસ્મુસ'' નો વિચાર આવ્યો, આ એક પરિણામરૂપ આંકડાકીય પદ્ધતિ, જે નૌકાદળના ઈનીગ્માને તોડવામાં મદદરૂપ બનવા માટે હતી. (જેને અબ્રાહમ વાલ્ડેપાછળથી સિક્વેન્શ્યલ એનાલિસીસ) "જોકે હું ચોક્કસ ન હતો કે વાસ્તવમાં તે કામ કરી જશે, અને જ્યાં સુધી વાસ્તવમાં કેટલાંક દિવસો સુધી ઈનીગ્માને તોડ્યા ત્યાં સુધી હું ચોક્કસ ન હતો."<ref name="MahonP14"/> આ માટે તેમણે પુરાવાઓનું વજન માપવાની શોધ કરી, જેને તેઓ''બન'' કહેતા હતા. બાનબુરીસ્મઅસ ઈનીગ્મા રોટોરસના કેટલાક આદેશોને ધ્યાન બહાર મૂકી શકતાં, પરિણામરૂપે બોમ્બી પરનો પરીક્ષણ ગોઠવણીનો જરૂરી સમય ઓછો થઈ ગયો. 1941માં, ટ્યુરિંગે હટ 8ના સહકાર્યકર જોઅન ક્લાર્કે, એક સાથી ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી સમક્ષ લગ્નનો પ્રસ્તાવ મૂક્યો, પણ તેઓના વિવાહ ખૂબ જ ઓછા સમય માટે રહ્યો. પોતાની સમલૈગિકતા અંગે તેમની વાગ્દત્તાને જણાવ્યાં બાદ, નવાઈ પમાડે તેવી વાત બહાર આવવાથી તેણી અસ્વસ્થ હતી, તેથી ટ્યુરિંગે નક્કી કર્યું કે લગ્ન સાથે આગળ નહીં વધી શકે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=176–178}}</ref> જૂલાઈ 1942માં, જર્મનીના નવા જેહૈમસ્ચ્રૈબર મશિન (''ખાનગી લેખક'' ) દ્વારા લોરેન્ઝ સીફર વિરૂદ્ધ તૈયાર કરવામાં આવેલાં સંદેશાઓના<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=380}}</ref> ઉપયોગ માટે ટ્યુરિંગે ''ટ્યુરિંગ્રેરી'' (અથવા મજાકમાં ''ટ્યુરિંગીસમસ'' )નામની પદ્ધતિની યોજના બનાવી. જેનું બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે કોડનું નામ ''ટ્યુની'' હતું. તેમણે મેક્સ ન્યુમેનના માર્ગદર્શન હેઠળ ટોમ્મી ફ્લાવરસ સાથે ટ્યુની ટીમની પણ શરૂઆત કરી, જે કોલોસ્સઅસ કમ્પ્યૂટર, દુનિયાનું સૌ પ્રથમ ડિઝીટલ ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિક કમ્પ્યૂટરના નિર્માણમાં પડ્યાં હતાં, જે સરળ એવું પહેલાનું મશીન(હીથ રોબિન્સન)ના બદલે મૂકવાનું હતું અને તેની અત્યંત ઝડપી કામ કરવાની ગતિ દરરોજ બદલાતી સાઈફરની ઉપયોગીતાને લાગુ કરવા માટેની ડિક્રિપ્શન તકનીકના ભૌતિક-બળને મંજૂરી આપતું હતું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=72}}</ref> એક સતત ખોટી ધારણા એ છે કે ટ્યુરિંગ કોલોસ્સઅસના ડિઝાઈનમાં એક મુખ્ય વ્યક્તિ હતી, પણ તે કિસ્સો એવો ન હતો.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=382,383}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગએ નવેમ્બર 1942માં સંયુક્ત રાજ્ય અમેરિકાનો પ્રવાસ કર્યો અને નોકાદળના ઈનીગ્મા પર સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષક તરીકે અને વોશીંગ્ટનમાં બોમ્બીના નિર્માણમાં યુએસ નૌકાદળ સાથે કામ કર્યું, અને સલામત ભાષા ઉપકરણના વિકાસ સાથે બેલ લેબ્સખાતે સહાયક ભૂમિકા ભજવી. તેઓ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે માર્ચ 1943માં પાછા આવ્યા. તેમની ગેરહાજરી દરમિયાન, હ્યુગ એલેક્ઝેન્ડરેઅધિકૃત રીતે હટ 8ના પ્રમુખ તરીકેનું સ્થાન ગ્રહણ કર્યું હતું, જોકે એલેક્ઝાન્ડર થોડા સમય માટે ''ડે ફાક્ટો'' ના પ્રમુખ તરીકે હતા- ટ્યુરિંગને રોજ-બ-રોજની ભાગાદોડી વાળા વિભાગમાં થોડો રસ હતો. ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણના એક સામાન્ય સલાહકાર બન્યા. એલેક્ઝાન્ડરે તેમના યોગદાન અંગે આ પ્રમાણે લખ્યું: <blockquote>હટ 8ની સફળતામાં ટ્યુરિંગનું કામ સોથી મોટું પરિબળ હતું તે બાબતે કોઈના મનમાં પ્રશ્ન ન થવો જોઈએ. શરૂઆતના દિવસોમાં તે માત્ર સંકેતલિપિનો વિશ્લેષક હતો, જે ઉકેલવા લાયક સમસ્યાને વિચારતો અને તે માત્ર હટની અંદરના મુખ્ય સૈદ્ધાંતિક કામ માટે પ્રાથમિક પણ જવાબદાર ન હતો પણ તે વેલ્ચમેન સાથે દરેક મુદ્દાની રજૂઆત કરતો અને બોન્બીની શોધ માટે મુખ્ય શ્રેય માટે ઉત્સુક હતો. તે હંમેશા કહેવું મુશ્કેલ છે કે દરેક વ્યક્તિ તદ્-ન અનિવાર્ય છે પણ જો હટ 8 માટે કોઈ અનિવાર્ય હતું તો તે ટ્યુરિંગ હતો. જ્યારે અનુભવ અને રોજિંદું કાર્ય પાછળથી સહેલું લાગે છે ત્યારે શરૂઆતનું કામ હંમેશા ભૂલી જવાય છે અને હટ 8માંના ઘણાં એવું અનુભવે છે કે બહારની દુનિયાને ટ્યુરિંગના યોગદાનનું મહત્તવ ક્યારેય સંપૂર્ણ પણે સમજાઈ શકશે નહીં.<ref>{{ Harvnb | Alexander | circa 1945 }}</ref></blockquote> યુદ્ધના પછીના ભાગમાં તેઓ હાન્સ્લોપ પાર્ક ખાતે કામ કરવા ગયા, જ્યાં તેઓ એન્જિનીયર ડોનાલ્ડ બેયલેયની મદદથી ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિકસના જ્ઞાનમાં વધુ વિકાસ કર્યો. તેઓએ સાથે એક પોર્ટેબલ સુરક્ષિત આવાજ સંચાર જેનું કોડનું નામ ''ડેલીલાહ'' હતું, તેનું ડિઝાઈન તૈયાર કરી અને નિર્માણ કર્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=270}}</ref> તેનો હેતુ લાંબા અંતરાલ માટે રેડિયો ટ્રાન્સમીશન સાથેના ઉપયોગ માટેની ક્ષમતાની ઉણપ અને કોઈ પણ કિસ્સામાં તેની વિવિધ ઉપયોગીતા માટેનો હતો, ડેલીલાહનું નિર્માણ યુદ્ધ દરમિયાન ઉપયોગમાં લેવા માટે મોડુ પૂર્ણ થયું હતું. જોકે ટ્યુરિંગે અધિકારીઓને વિંસ્ટન ચર્ચિલનું ભાષણનું રેકોર્ડીંગ એનક્રિપ્ટીંગ/ડિક્રિપ્ટીંગ દ્વારા નિર્દેશિત કર્યું હોવા છતાં, ડેલીલાહનો ઉપયોગ કરવા માટે સ્વીકારવામાં ન આવ્યું. ટ્યુરિંગે SIGSALY, એક સલામત અવાજ તંત્રના વિકાસ માટે બેલ લેબ્સ સાથે સલાહ પણ લીધી, જેનો ઉપયોગ યુદ્ધના પાછળના વર્ષોમાં થયો હતો. == શરૂઆતના કમ્પ્યૂટરો અને ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ == તેઓ 1945થી 1947 સુધી ચર્ચ સ્ટ્રીટ, હેમ્પટન<ref>{{openplaque|1619}}</ref> ખાતે રહેતા હતા અને નેશનલ ફિઝીક્સ લેબોરેટરીમાં હતા, જ્યાં તેઓ એસીઈ (ઓટોમેટીક કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ એન્જિન)ની ડિઝાઈન પર કામ કરતા હતા. તેમણે 19 ફેબ્રુઆરી 1946ના રોજ એક પેપરની રજૂઆત કરી, જે એક પ્રોગ્રામનો સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય તેવા કમ્પ્યૂટરની સૌ પ્રથમ વિગત આપતી ડિઝાઈન હતી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=108}}</ref> જોકે એસીઈ એ શક્ય કરી શકાય એવી ડિઝાઈન હતી, તેમ છતાં યુદ્ધના સમયે બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ગોપનીય વાતાવરણ હોવાથી પ્રોજેક્ટ શરૂ કરવામાં વિલંબ થયો અને તેમનો ભ્રમ દૂર થયો. 1947ના વર્ષમાં પાછળથી એક સેબિટીકલ વર્ષ (અભ્યાસ અને પ્રયાસ માટે અપાતી રજાઓ) માટે કેમ્બ્રીજ પાછા આવ્યા. જ્યારે તેઓ કેમ્બ્રીજ પાછા આવ્યાં ત્યારે પાયલોટ એસીઈ તેમની ગેરહાજરીમાં તૈયાર થઈ ગયો હતો. તેનો પ્રથમ પ્રોગ્રામ 10 મે 1950ના રોજ અમલમાં મૂકવામાં આવ્યો. 1948માં તેમને માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે ગણિત વિભાગમાં રીડર તરીકે નિયુક્ત કરવામાં આવ્યા. 1949માં, તેઓ યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ લેબોરેટરીના ઉપ નિયામક બન્યા, અને સોથી પહેલાં પ્રોગ્રામનો સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય એવા કમ્પ્યૂટરોના એક માન્ચેસ્ટર માર્ક 1ના સોફ્ટવેર અંગે કામ કર્યું. આ સમય દરમિયાન તેમણે વધુ એબસ્ટ્રેક કામ ચાલુ રાખ્યું અને "કમ્પ્યુટીંગ મશીનરી અને ઈન્ટલીજન્સ"માં (માઈન્ડ, ઓક્ટોબર 1950), ટ્યુરિંગ કૃત્રિમ બુદ્ધિમત્તાની સમસ્યાને સંબોધતાં હતા, અને એક સૂચિત પ્રયોગ જે ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ તરીકે જાણીતું બન્યું, મશીન માટે સ્ટાન્ડર્ડ નિર્ધારિત કરવાનો પ્રયત્ન "બુદ્ધિમત્તા" કહેવાઈ. વિચાર એ હતો કે જો કમ્પ્યૂટરમાં વિચારવામાં ઝીણવટથી તપાસ કરનારની કરામત મૂકી શકાય જે એક વ્યક્તિ સાથે વાર્તાલાપ કરતો હતો તો કમ્પ્યૂટરને "વિચારવાનું" કહી શકાય. પેપરમાં ટ્યુરિંગે સૂચવ્યું હતું કે વયસ્કના મનનું અનુકરણ કરે એવા પ્રોગ્રામને બનાવવા કરતાં એક સરળ પ્રોગ્રામ બનાવવો બાળકોના મનનું અનુકરણ કરે અને પછી શિક્ષણના એક કોર્ષ તરીકેનો ઉદ્દેશ્ય બનાવવો. ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણથી વિરોધાભાસી સ્વરૂપ ઈન્ટરનેટ પર વ્યાપકપણ ઉપયોગમાં લેવાય છે- વપરાશકાર વ્યક્તિ છે કે કમ્પ્યૂટર એ નક્કી કરવા માટેનો હેતુપૂર્વકનું CAPTCHA (કેપ્ચા) પરીક્ષણ છે. 1948માં, ટ્યુરિંગ તેમના પૂર્વ ઉપસ્નાતક સાથીકાર્યકર ડી.જી.ચેમ્પરનોવ્ની સાથે કામ કરતાં, કમ્પ્યૂટર માટે [[ચેસ]]નો પ્રોગ્રામ લખવાની શરૂઆત કરી, જે હાલમાં ઉપલબ્ધ નથી. 1952માં, પ્રોગ્રામને અમલી બનાવવા માટે પૂરતા પ્રમાણમાં શક્તિશાળી એવા કમ્પ્યૂટરની ઉણપને કારણે, ટ્યુરિંગે રમત રમી જેમાં તેમણે કમ્પ્યૂટરનું અનુકરણ કર્યું, એક ચાલ રમવા માટે લગભગ અડધો કલાક લીધો. રમતની નોંધ લેવાઈ હતી.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1356927 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વિરુદ્ધ એલીક ગ્લેન્ની(1952) "ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ"] Chessgames.com</ref> પ્રોગ્રામ ટ્યુરિંગના સહકાર્યકર એલીક ગ્લેન્નીના માટે ખોઈ દીધો છે, જો કે એવું કહેવામાં આવે છે કે પ્રોગ્રામે ચેમ્પરનોવ્નીની પત્ની વિરુદ્ધ રમત જીતી લીધી હતી. તેમનું ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણએક મહત્ત્વપૂર્ણ અને ઉત્તેજક વિશેષતા ધરાવતું હતું અને કૃત્રિમ બુદ્ધિમત્તા સંદર્ભેની ચર્ચમાં છેલ્લું યોગદાન હતું, જે અડધી સદી કરતાં વધુ ચાલુ રહ્યું.<ref>સેજીન, એ.પી.., સીકેક્લી, આઈ., અને એકમેન, વી. (2000) ટ્યુરિંગનું પરીક્ષણ: 50 વર્ષો પછી. માઈન્ડસ એન્ડ મશીનસ, Vol. 10, પાનું&nbsp;463–518.</ref> તેમણે લુ વિઘટનની પદ્ધતિ પણ 1948માં શોધી હતી, જેનો વર્તમાન સમયમાં મેટ્રીક્સ સમીકરણના ઉકેલમાં ઉપયોગ થાય છે.<ref>[http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm સ્પાઈસ 1 2 3 અને બીયોન્ડ][http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm ઈન્ટુસોફ્ટ ન્યુઝલેટર, ઓગસ્ટ 2003]</ref> == પેટર્નનું બંધારણ અને ગાણિતીય જીવવિજ્ઞાન == ટ્યુરિંગે 1952થી તેમના 1954માં થયેલા મૃત્યુ સુધી ગાણિતીય [[જીવવિજ્ઞાન]] ખાસ કરીને મોર્ફોજીનેસીસ પર કામ કર્યું હતું. તેમણે 1952માં પેટર્ન બંધારણની ટ્યરિંગની પૂર્વધારણા રજૂ કરતું હતું, ધી ''કેમિકલ બેઝીઝ ઓફ મોર્ફોજીનેસીસ'' વિષય પર એક પેપર પ્રકાશિત કર્યું હતું.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061128093244.htm "કંટ્રોલ મિકેનીઝમ ફોર બાયોલોડીકલ પેટર્ન ફોર્મેશન ડેકોડેડ"] ''સાયન્સ ડેઈલી'' , 30 નવેમ્બર 2006</ref> તેમના રસનો કેન્દ્ર વિસ્તાર ફિબોનાકી ફિલ્લોટેક્સીઝ, ગ્રહ માળખામાં ફિબોનાકી આંકડાઓનું અસ્તિત્વ સમજવાનું હતું. તેઓ રીએક્શન-ડીફ્યુઝન સમીકરણોનો ઉપયોગ કરતાં જે પેટર્ન બંધારણના ક્ષેત્રના મધ્યસ્થાને છે. જ્યારે 1992માં ''કલેક્ટેડ વર્ક ઓફ એ.એમ.ટ્યુરિંગ'' પ્રકાશિત થયું ત્યાં સુધી પછીના પેપરો અપ્રકાશિત રહ્યાં. આ ક્ષેત્રમાં તેમનું યોગદાન આધારભૂત ભાગ ગણવામાં આવે છે.<ref>[http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html ટ્યુરિંગઝ લાસ્ટ, લોસ્ટ વર્ક ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823032620/http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html |date=2003-08-23 }} સ્વીનટનસ</ref> == અનુચિતતા માટે ગુનેગાર ઠરવું == જાન્યુઆરી 1952માં, ટ્યુરિંગ માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં સિનેમાની બહાર આર્નોલ્ડ મૂર્રેને મળ્યાં હતાં. એક બપોરના ભોજના પછી ટ્યુરિંગે મૂર્રેને તેમના ઘરે સપ્તાહાંત પસાર કરવા માટે આમંત્રણ આપ્યું, મૂર્રેએ આમંત્રણ સ્વીકાર્યુ હોવા છતાં ટ્યુરિંગના ઘરે દેખાયા નહીં. આ જોડી માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં પછીના સોમવારે ફરીવખત મળી, ત્યારે મૂર્રેએ ટ્યુરિંગને તેમના ઘરે આવવાનું નિમંત્રણ સ્વીકાર્યું. થોડા અઠવાડિયા પછી મૂર્રેએ ટ્યુરિંગના ઘરની ફરી વખત મુલાકાત લીધી અને તે દેખીતું હતું કે રાત પણ ત્યાંજ વીતાવી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=266}}</ref>તેમના ઘરમાં મળતિયાઓને તોડફોડમાં મૂર્રેએ મદદ કર્યાં બાદ, ટ્યુરિંગે પોલીસમાં ગુનો નોંધાવ્યો. તપાસ દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગે મૂર્રે સાથેના જાતીય સંબંધ સ્વીકાર્યો. તે સમયે યુનાઈટેડ કિંગડ્મમાં સમલૈગિંક કૃત્યો ગેરકાનૂની હતાં<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=458}}</ref> અને તેથી ક્રિમીનલ લો અમેન્ડન્ટ એક્ટ 1885ના સેકશન 11 હેઠળ અનુચિતતા બદલ તે બંને પર આરોપ લગાવવામાં આવ્યો, 15 વર્ષથી વધુ વર્ષ પહેલાં ઓસ્કાર વાઈલ્ડ માટે આ જ ગુના હેઠળ આરોપ લગાવવામાં આવ્યો હતો.<ref name="LeavittP268">{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=268}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગને કેદમાં પૂરાવું અથવા પોતાની કામવાસનાને ઓછી કરવા માટે હોર્મોનની સારવાર સ્વીકારવી એ બે વિકલ્પ આપવામાં આવ્યા હતા. તેમણે ઈસ્ટ્રોજન હોર્મોન ઈન્જેક્શન દ્વારા રાસાયણિક કૅસ્ટ્રેશન(ખસીકરણ)નો સ્વીકાર કર્યો.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a,2.html |title=ટ્યુરિંગ, ઍલન(1912–1954) |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2009-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901020647/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a%2C2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગ ગુનેગાર ઠરતાં તેમની સુરક્ષા મંજૂરીને દૂર કરવામાં આવી અને GCHQ માટે તેમની સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષક સલાહકાર તરીકેનું કામ ચાલુ રાખવા પર પ્રતિબંધ મૂકવામાં આવ્યો. તેમના બ્રિટિશ પાસપોર્ટ રદ કરી નાખવામાં આવ્યો, જો કે તેમનુ ગુનેગાર ઠરવા પછી યુનાઈટેડ સ્ટેટમાં તેનો પ્રવેશ નિષેધ કરવામાં આવ્યો.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} તે સમયે, સોવિએટ એજન્ટો દ્વારા સમલૈગિંકો અને જાસૂસોને ઝાંસામાં લેવાની ઉત્કૃત જીજ્ઞાસા લોકોમાં હતી,<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=269}}</ref> કારણ કે તાજેતરમાં કેમ્બ્રીજ પાંચના પ્રથમ બે સભ્યો ગાય બુર્ગીસ્સ અને ડોનાલ્ડ મેક્લીન KGBના બે તરફ એજન્ટ તરીકે બહાર આવ્યા હતા. ટ્યુરિંગ પર જાસૂસ તરીકેનો ક્યારેય આરોપ લાગ્યો ન હતો, પણ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે જેટલા પણ લોકોએ કામ કર્યું હતું, તેમને તેમની યુદ્ધ સમયની કામગીરી અંગે ચર્ચા કરતાં અટકાવવામાં આવ્યા હતા.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=143}}</ref> == મૃત્યુ == 8 જૂન 1954એ ટ્યુરિંગના સફાઈ કરનારને જણાયું કે તેમનું મૃત્યુ થયું છે. તેમનું મૃત્યુ આગળના દિવસે થયું હતું. પોસ્ટમોર્ટમ રિપોર્ટમાં જણાયું હતું કે તેમના મૃત્યુનું કારણ સાઈનાઈડનું ઝેર હતું. જ્યારે એવું જાણવા મળ્યું કે અડધું ખવાયેલું સફરજન તેમની પથારીની બાજુમાં પડ્યું હતું,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=488}}</ref> અને તેમ છતાં તે સફરજનનો સાઈનાઈડ પરીક્ષણ કરવામાં ન આવ્યું, સફરજનનો ઉપયોગ કરીને તેમને ઘાતક માત્રા સાઈનાઈડ આપવામાં આવ્યું હોઈ શકે એવું અનુમાન કરવામાં આવે છે. એક કાયદાકીય તપાસે એ નક્કી કર્યું હતું કે તેમણે આત્મહત્યા કરી હતી અને તેમને 12 જૂન 1954ના રોજ સ્મશાનમાં અગ્નિદાહ આપવામાં આવ્યો.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=529}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગની માતાએ ઘણી તર્ક પૂર્ણ દલીલો કરી કે લેબોરેટરીનાં રસાયણોની લાપરવાહી ભર્યા સંગ્રહના કારણે સાઈનાઈડ ગળી જવું તે આકસ્મિક હતું. પોતાની માતાને કંઈક સત્યાભાસી અસ્વીકાર લાગે, તે માટે ટ્યુરિંગે જાણી જોઈને પોતાની જાતને સંદિગ્ધ રીતે નાખી હોય તેમ બની શકે એવું તેમના ચરિત્ર લેખક એન્ડ્રુવ હોજેસએ સૂચવ્યું હતું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=488, 489}}</ref> કેટલાક અન્યોએ એવું સૂચવ્યું હતું કે ટ્યુરિંગ ફરીથી 1937ની ફિલ્મ ''સ્નો વ્હાઈટ'' માંથી પોતાની પસંદગીના પરીકથાના એક દ્રશ્યનું પુનઃઅભિનય કરી રહ્યો હોય તેમ બની શકે, "જેમાં તેને ખાસ કરીને એક ચૂડેલ ઝેરી દારૂમાં પોતાનું સફરજન ડૂબાડે છે એ દૃશ્યમાં ખૂબ મજા આવતી હતી."<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=140}}</ref> === સમાધિલેખ === {{quote| Hyperboloids of wondrous Light<br /> Rolling for aye through Space and Time<br /> Harbour those Waves which somehow Might<br /> Play out God's holy pantomime <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turing |first=A. M. |title=Postcard to [[Robin Gandy]] |year=1954 |publisher=Turing Digital Archive, AMT/D/4 image 16, [http://www.turingarchive.org/ The Turing Digital Archive]}}</ref>}} == માન્યતા અને શ્રદ્ધાંજલિઓ == [[ચિત્ર:Turing Plaque.jpg|thumbnail|વિલ્મસ્લોવ, ચેશીર ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગના ઘર પર તકતીથી કરવામાં આવેલું ચિહ્ન ]] ટ્યુરિંગના મૃત્યુ (અને તેમનું યુદ્ધ સમયનું કાર્ય હજી પણ ઓફિશ્યલ સીક્રેટસ એક્ટનો વિષય હતો) પછી થોડા સમયમાં રોયલ સોસાયટી દ્વારા એક જીવનચરિત્ર પ્રકાશિત થયું.{{quote|Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work that might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. For his work at the Foreign Office he was awarded the OBE.|{{Cite book|last=Newman |first=M. H. A. |title=Alan Mathison Turing |year=1955 |publisher=The Royal Society |isbn =|series=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1955, Volume 1}}}1966થી એસોશિયેશન ફોર કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ મશીનરીદ્વારા એવી વ્યક્તિને ટ્યુરિંગ એવોર્ડ આપવામાં આવે છે, જેણે કમ્પ્યુટીંગ સમુદાયમાં ટેક્નીકલ યોગદાન આપ્યું હોય. તે કમ્પ્યૂટરની દુનિયામાં તેને [[નોબૅલ પારિતોષિક|નોબલ પ્રાઈઝ]]ને સમકક્ષ સર્વોચ્ચતમ સન્માન ગણવામાં આવે છે.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/|title=ACM'S Turing Award Prize Raised To $250,000|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] press release|date=27 July 2007|access-date=16 October 2008|author=Steven Geringer|archive-date=30 ડિસેમ્બર 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230233653/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/|url-status=dead}}</ref>એલન ટ્યુરિંગ અંગેનો હુગ વ્હાઈટમોર દ્વારા ''બ્રેકીંગ ધી કોડ'' 1986નું નાટક છે. આ નાટકના શો લંડનના વેસ્ટ એન્ડમાં નવેમ્બર 1986થી અને બ્રોડવેમાં 15 નવેમ્બર 1987થી શરૂ થયા અને 10 એપ્રિલ 1988માં પૂર્ણ થયા. 1996માં બીબીસી ટેલીવિઝનનું પણ નિર્માણ થયું હતું. દરેક કિસ્સાઓમાં ડેરેક જોકાબી ટ્યુરિંગનું પાત્ર ભજવતા. ટોની એવોર્ડ માટે બ્રોડવે નિર્માણનું ત્રણ વખત નામ નિયુક્ત કરવામાં આવ્યો જેમાં નાટકમાં શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનેતા, નાટકમાં શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનિત અભિનેતા અને નાટક માટે શ્રેષ્ઠ માર્ગદર્શનનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. અને ડ્રામા ડેસ્ક એવોર્ડ માટે શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનેતા અને શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનિત અભિનેતાનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. 2008માં "ડેન્જરસ નોલેજ" નામની બીબીસી દસ્તાવેજીફિલ્મમાં તપાસ કરવામાં આવેલાં ચાર ગણીતશાસ્ત્રીઓમાંના એક ટ્યુરિંગ હતું.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/dangerous-knowledge.shtml|title=Dangerous Knowledge|publisher=BBC Four|date=11 June 2008|access-date=25 September 2009}}</ref> 23 જૂન 1998ના રોજ, ટ્યુરિંગના 86ના જન્મદિવસે, એન્ડ્રુ હોજેસ, તેમના જીવનચરિત્રકે, તેમના જન્મસ્થાન અને તેમના બાળપણનું ઘર વોર્રીંગટ્ન ક્રીસેન્ટ, લંડન અને પછીથી કોલોન્નેડ હોટલ ખાતે અધિકૃતપણે ઈંગ્લીશ હેરિટેજવાદળી તકતીનું અનાવરણ કર્યું હતું.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/oration.html | title=Unveiling the official Blue Plaque on Alan Turing's Birthplace | access-date=26 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013143212/http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348 | archive-date=13 ઑક્ટોબર 2007 | title=About this Plaque&nbsp;– Alan Turing | access-date=25 September 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref> તેમના મૃત્યુની 50મી વર્ષગાંઠે, એક યાદગાર તકતીનું અનાવરણ તેમના પહેલાંના રહેઠાંણ હોલીમેડ,વિલ્મસ્લો, ચેરશીર ખાતે 7 જૂન 2004માં કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું.<ref>{{openplaque|3276}}</ref> 13 માર્ચ 2000ના રોજ, સેઈન્ટ વિન્સેટ અને ગ્રીનાડીન્સે દ્વારા 20મી સદીની શ્રેષ્ઠ સિદ્ધઓની ઉજવણી માટે ટિકિટો બહાર પાડવામાં આવી, જેમાંની એક શૂન્ય અને એક સંખ્યાના પુનરાવર્તિત પૂર્વભૂમિકા સાથે ટ્યુરિંગનું પોર્ટેટ મૂકવામાં આવ્યું છે અને તેની નીચે આ પ્રમાણેનું લખાણ લખવામાં આવ્યું છેઃ"1937: ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગસ થીયરી ઓફ ડીજિટલ કમ્પ્યુટીંગ".28 ઓક્ટોબર 2004ના રોજ,જોહ્ન ડબલ્યુ મીલ્સ દ્વારા સર્જિક ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું કાંસ્ય આધારિત શિલ્પ ગીલ્ડફોર્ડમાં યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ સૂર્રેય ખાતે અનાવૃત કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. જે ટ્યુરિંગના મૃત્યુના 50 વર્ષ સૂચવતું હતું- કેમ્પસમાં તેઓ તેમના પુસ્તકો લઈ જતાં રજૂ કરવામાં આવ્યાં છે.<ref name="univsurrey">{{Cite web |url=http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/press/oct2004/281004a/ |title=The Earl of Wessex unveils statue of Alan Turing |access-date=10 February 2007 |archive-date=23 ઑક્ટોબર 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023193441/http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=799%2C277813&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status=dead }}</ref>2006માં, બોસ્ટન પ્રાઈડે તેમના માનદ્ ગ્રાન્ડ માર્શલનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ આપ્યું હતું.<ref name="bostonpride">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonpride.org/honorarymarshal.php |title=Honorary Grand Marshal |access-date=10 February 2007 |archive-date=1 જાન્યુઆરી 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101213356/http://www.bostonpride.org/honorarymarshal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> પ્રિન્સટન એલ્યુમની વિકલીનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ રાખવામાં આવ્યું, જે પ્રિન્સટન યુનિવર્સિટીના ઇતિહાસમાં અત્યંત મહત્તવપૂર્ણ વિદ્યાર્થીઓમાં બીજા હતા, બીજા અન્ય રાષ્ટ્રપતિ જેમ્સ મેડિસન હતાં. બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન આકાર 1.5 ટનની પ્રતિમાનું અનાવરણ 19 જૂન 2007ના રોજ કરવામાં આવ્યું. વેલ્શ સ્લેટના લગભગ અડધા મિલિયન ટુકડાઓથી તેનું નિર્માણ કરવામાં આવ્યું, સ્ટેપ્હન કેટ્ટલ દ્વારા શિલ્પનું સર્જન કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું, આ કામ સ્વર્ગસ્થ અમેરિકાના અબજોપતિ સિડની ફ્રેન્ક દ્વારા સોંપવામાં આવ્યું હતું.<ref>[http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075/article.html બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક અનવેઈલ્સ સ્ટેટ્યુ કમેમરેટીંગ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227171427/http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075/article.html |date=2012-02-27 }} , બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક પ્રેસ રીલીઝ, 20 જૂન 2007</ref>ટ્યુરિંગને માન્ચેસ્ટર શહેર, જેમાં તેઓ તેમની જીવનના અંત સુધી કામ કર્યાં રહ્યાં, ત્યાં તેમને વિવિધ રીતે માનસન્માન મળ્યું હતું. 1994માં A6010 રોડ (માન્ચેસ્ટર શહેરનો આંતરિક રિંગ રોડ) બનાવવામાં આવ્યો, જેનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વે રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું. આ રસ્તો આગળ જતાં વધારે પહોળા પુલમાં લઈ જતો હતો અને તેનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ બ્રીજ રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. 23 જૂન 2001માં માન્ચેસ્ટરશહેરમાં ટ્યુરિંગનું પુતળું અનાવૃત કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. તે સેકવિલે પાર્કમાં, વિટવર્થ સ્ટીટની ઉપર યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટરઅને કેનલ સ્ટ્રીટ ગે વિલેજની વચ્ચે આવેલું છે. યાદગાર પૂતળું, "ફાધર ઓફ કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ"ને વર્ણવતું ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું બગીચામાં કેન્દ્ર સ્થાને એક બાંકડાની ઉપર બેઠું છે. આ પૂતળાનું અનાવરણ ટ્યુરિંગના જન્મદિવસે થયું હતું. [[ચિત્ર:Sackville Park Turing plaque.jpg|left|thumbnail|200px|ટ્યુરિંગનું યાદગાર પૂતળાની તકતી ]] ટ્યુરિંગને એક સફરજન પકડીને દર્શાવવામાં આવ્યાં છે. – એક શિષ્ટ પ્રતીક વર્જિત પ્રેમની રજૂઆત કરવામાં વપરાય છે, સફરજન [[આઇઝેક ન્યુટન|આઈઝેક ન્યુટન]]ના ગુરુત્વાકર્ષણ બળના સિદ્ધાંતના વિચારને રજૂ કરે છે અને ટ્યુરિંગના પોતાના મૃત્યુનો અર્થ પણ સૂચવે છે. બાંકડા પર રાહતમાં બેઠેલાં કાંસામાં પૂતળા હેઠળ આ વાક્ય મૂકવામાં આવ્યું છે 'ઍલન મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગ 1912–1954', અને જો ઈનીગ્મા મશીન: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'નું વિશ્લેષણ કરવામાં આવે તો તેમનું જીવનસૂત્ર 'કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના સ્થાપક' એવું બનશે. પૂતળાના પગ પાસેનું એક તકતી કહે છે 'કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના પિતા, ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી, તર્કશાસ્ત્રી, યુદ્ધ સમયના કોડ તોડનારા, પૂર્વાગ્રહના શિકાર બનેલા'. બેર્ટ્રાન્ડ રસેલનું વાક્ય પણ આ પ્રમાણે કહે છે 'ગણિત, સાચી રીતે જોવાયેલું, સત્યના માત્ર સ્વામિ નહીં, પણ સર્વોચ્ચ સુંદરતાના સ્વામી- શિલ્પની જેમ ઠંડી અને તપસ્યાની સુંદરતા.' શિલ્પકારે તેના જૂના એમસ્ટ્રાડ કમ્પ્યૂટરને દફનાવી દીધું, જે એક પહેલાંનું જાણીતું કમ્પ્યૂટર હતું, એક શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ તરીકે તકતીની નીચે લખ્યું હતું, " ધી ગોડ ફાધર ઓફ ઓલ મોર્ડન કમ્પ્યૂટર્સ".<ref name="computerburied">^ જુઓ{{Cite news | title = Computer buried in tribute to genius | publisher = Manchester Evening News| date = 15 June 2001 | url = http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/27/27595_computer_buried_in_tribute_to_genius.html | access-date = 23 June 2009 }}</ref> આધુનિક કમ્પ્યૂટરના સર્જનમાં ટ્યુરિંગની ભૂમિકા માટે 1999માં ''ટાઈમ સામાયિકે'' [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|20 સદીના 100 અત્યંત મહત્ત્વના લોકો]]માંના એક તરીકે ટ્યુરિંગનું નામ મૂક્યું હતું, અને કહ્યું હતું: "હકીકત એ છે કે દરેક વ્યક્તિ જે કીબોર્ડ થપાટ લગાવે છે, સ્પ્રેડશીટ અથવા વર્ડ પ્રોસેસીંગ પ્રોગ્રામ ચાલું કરે છે, તે ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનના મૂર્ત સ્વરૂપ પર કામ કરે છે."<ref name="AFP">{{Cite web |title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |publisher=''[[Time Magazine]]'' |quote=The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2011-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226144919/http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2002માં,''બીબીસી'' એ વૈશ્વિક સ્તરે કરવામાં આવેલાં 100 શ્રેષ્ઠ બ્રિટીશરોના મતદાનમાં ટ્યુરિંગને 21મો ક્રમાંક મળ્યો હતો.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm | title = 100 great British heroes | date = 21 August 2002 | work = BBC News }}</ref> એપલ કમ્પ્યૂટરનો લોગો મોટા ભાગે ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગને શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ આપવા માટે આત્મહત્યાની તેમની પદ્ધતિને એક કટકાના સાથેના સંદર્ભમાં ખોટી રીતે લેવામાં આવે છે.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html |title=Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising|work= The Independent |publisher=www.independent.co.uk |access-date=14 September 2009 | location=London | date=4 January 2008}}</ref> લોગોના રચયિતા<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo | title = Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo | publisher = creativebits| access-date = 14 September 2009 }}</ref> અને કંપનીએ લોગોની ડિઝાઈનમાં ટ્યુરિંગને કોઈ પણ અંજલિ આપ્યાનો ઈન્કાર કર્યો છે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=280}}</ref> 2010માં, અભિનેતા/નાટ્યલેખક જેડ ઈસ્ટેબેનએ ટ્યુરિંગને સોલો સંગીત "આઈકોન્સઃ ધી લેસ્બીયન ઍન્ડ ગે હિસ્ટરી ઓફ ધી વર્લ્ડ, ભાગ 4" માં વર્ણવ્યાં છે. === સરકારનું માફીનામું === ઓગસ્ટ 2009માં, જોહ્ન ગ્રેહામ-ક્યુમીનએ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંહની સામે સમલૈગિંક તરીકે કાયદેસરના પગલાં ભરવા બદલે બ્રિટિશ ગવર્મેન્ટને મરણોત્તર થયેલાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગની માફી માંગવાની એક અરજી દાખલ કરવાની શરૂઆત કરી હતી.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Thousands call for Turing apology |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8226509.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=31&nbsp;August 2009 |access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title = Petition seeks apology for Enigma code-breaker Turing | url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html | publisher = CNN | date = 01&nbsp;September 2009 | access-date = 1 September 2009}}</ref> આ અરજીને ટેકો કરતી હજારો લોકોની સહી મળી.<ref name="PMapology"/><ref>યુકેના નાગરિકો માટે જ અરજી ખુલી હતી. </ref> વડાપ્રધાન ગોર્ડન બ્રાઉને આ અરજીને સ્વીકારી, 10 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009ના રોજ માફી માંગતું વિધાન રજૂ કર્યું અને ટ્યુરિંગ સાથેના વર્તાવ અંગે આઘાતની લાગણી વ્યક્ત કરી.<ref name="PM-apology"/><ref name="PMapology">{{Cite web | title = Treatment of Alan Turing was "appalling" | url = http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20571 | publisher = Prime Minister's Office | date = 10 September 2009 | access-date = 21 માર્ચ 2011 | archive-date = 12 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090912142412/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20571 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <blockquote> ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ માટે ન્યાયની માંગણી માટે હજારો લોકો એકઠા થયા અને તેમની સાથે જે રીતે વર્તન કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું તે માટે આઘાતની લાગણી વ્યક્ત કરી. જ્યારે ટ્યુરિંગને તે સમયે કાયદા હેઠળ લાવવામાં આવ્યા હતા અને આપણે ઘડિયાળને પાછી ફેરવી શકતા નથી, તેમની સાથે કરવામાં આવેલો વ્યવહાર એકદમ અયોગ્ય હતો અને હું અને આપણે તેમની સાથે જે કંઈ થયું તે બદલ હૃદયના ઊંડાણ પૂર્વક માફી માંગવાની મળેલી તક બદલ હું ખુશ છું.... તેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારના બદલે, અને ઍલનના કામને કારણે એ તમામ જેઓ મુક્તપણે રહે છે, તેમના વતી મને એ કહેતાં અત્યંત ગર્વ થાય છેઃ અમે માફી માંગીએ છીએ, તમે આના કરતાં ઘણી સારી લાયકાત ધરાવો છો.<ref name="PMapology"/> </blockquote> === યુનિવર્સિટીઓ દ્વારા મળેલો આદર === [[ચિત્ર:Alan Turing Building 1.jpg|thumbnail|યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું બિલ્ડીંગ]] બ્રિટીશ સોસાયટી ફોર ધી હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ મેથેમેટીક્સઅને બ્રિટિશ લોજીક કોલોક્વીયમ દ્વારા ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન અને સિદ્ધિઓની ગોઠવણી કરી પ્રસંગની ઉજવણી 5 જૂન 2005ના રોજ કરવામાં આવી હતી. *સુર્રેય યુનિવર્સિટીએ તેના મુખ્ય ચોકમાં ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું મૂક્યું છે. *"ટ્યુરિંગ ડેઈઝ" તરીકે કહેવાતી ગણતરીની થીયરી પર ઈસ્તાનબુલ બીલ્જી યુનિવર્સિટીએ વાર્ષિક કોન્ફરન્સનું આયોજન થયું.<ref name="bilgiuniv">{{Cite web | url = http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/ | title = Turing Days @ İstanbul Bilgi University | access-date = 10 February 2007 | archive-date = 1 ઑગસ્ટ 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801193650/http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> *ઓસ્ટ્રીન ખાતે ટેક્સાસ યુનિવર્સિટીએ કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ પ્રોગ્રામનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ સ્કોલરસ રાખી આદર આપ્યો છે.<ref name="texturingschol">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/honors/turing/ |title=Turing Scholars Program at the University of Texas at Austin |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=17 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217072341/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/honors/turing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *ઉતર ફ્રાન્સમાં આવેલી લીલી યુનિવર્સિટી ખાતે આવેલા કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ વિભાગ (LIFL<ref name="lifl">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lifl.fr/ |title=Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=22 જુલાઈ 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014047/http://www.lifl.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) ના એક પ્રયોગશાળાનું નામ ઍલન એમ. ટ્યુરિંગના સન્માનમાં ટ્યુરિંગ રાખવામાં આવ્યું (કુર્ટ ગોડેલ પછી અન્ય પ્રયોગશાળાનું નામ રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું). *ચિલિની પોન્ટીફીકલ કેથોલિક યુનિવર્સિટી, પ્યુરટો રીકોની પોલીટેક્નીક યુનિવર્સિટી, [[કોલમ્બીયા|કોલંબિયા]] બોગોટામાં લોસ એન્ડેસ યુનિવર્સિટી, કિંગસ કોલેજ, વેલ્સમાં કેમ્બ્રીજઅને બેનગોર યુનીવર્સીટીના કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સના વિભાગનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ પાછળ રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું. *યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર, ધી ઓપન યુનિવર્સિટી, ઓક્સફર્ડ બ્રુકસ યુનિવર્સિટી અને આર્હુસ યુનિવર્સિટી (ડેનમાર્ક, અર્હુસમાં) તમામના મકાનનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગના નામથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. *સર્રેય રીસર્ચ પાર્કમાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ રોડનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગના નામ પરથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. *હોર્નબોસ્ટેલ મોલમાં આવેલી કાર્નેગી મેલોન યુનિવર્સિટીમાં ગ્રેનાઈટનો બાંકડો છે, જેની પર એ.એમ.ટ્યુરિંગ નામ કોતરાયેલું છે. *તાજેતરમાં ઈકોલ ઈન્ટરનેશનલ ડેસ સાયન્સ ડુ ટ્રાઈટેમેન્ટ ડે ઈન્ફોર્મેશનના બનેલાં ત્રીજા બીલ્ડીંગનું નામ "ટ્યુરિંગ" રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. == આ પણ જુઓ == {{Portal box|Biography|Logic|LGBT}} *ટ્યુરિંગ ડીગ્રી *ટ્યુરિંગ સ્વીચ *વણ ગોઠવેલું મશીન *ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વર્ષ *ગુડ-ટ્યુરિંગ પુનરાવર્તનની સંભાવનાઓ *ટુરિંહ મશીનના ઉદાહરણો *ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ == નોંધ == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == સંદર્ભો == {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{ Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2003 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-01202-7 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Alexander | first = C. Hugh O'D. | author-link = Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander | date = ''circa'' 1945 | title = Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm | publisher=The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1}} * {{ Cite book | last = Beniger | first = James | title = The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1986 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-16986-7 }} * {{Citation | last = Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | origyear = 1864 | publication-date = 2008 | editor-last = Campbell-Kelly | editor-first = Martin | editor-link = Martin Campbell-Kelly | title = Passages from the life of a philosopher | publisher = Rough Draft Printing | isbn = 978-1-60386-092-5 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Bodanis | first = David | author-link = David Bodanis | title = Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World | year = 2005 |publisher = Three Rivers Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-307-33598-4 | oclc = 61684223 }} * {{Cite book | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Campbell-Kelly | last2 = Aspray | first2 = William | title = Computer: A History of the Information Machine | publisher = Basic Books | year = 1996 | location = New York | isbn = 0-465-02989-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Ceruzzi | title = A History of Modern Computing | publisher = MIT Press | year = 1998 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London | isbn = 0-262-53169-0}} * {{ Cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred Chandler | title = The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business | publisher = Belknap Press | year = 1977 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-94052-0 }} * {{ Cite journal | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: Its Origins and Originators | journal = [[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 38–45 | year = 2004 |doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2004.26 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack (ed.) | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = The Essential Turing | year = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-825079-7 | oclc = 156728127 224173329 48931664 57434580 57530137 59399569 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland (ed.) | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-856593-3 | oclc = 224640979 56539230 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-284055-4 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Edwards | first = Paul N | title = The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America | publisher = MIT Press | year = 1996 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-55028-8 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Hodges | first = Andrew | authorlink = Hodges, Andrew | year = 1983 | title = Alan Turing: the enigma |location = London | publisher = Burnett Books | isbn = 0-04-510060-8 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Hochhuth | first = Rolf | authorlink = Rolf Hochhuth | title = Alan Turing: en berättelse | publisher = Symposion | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-91-7868-109-9 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Leavitt | first = David | authorlink = David Leavitt | year = 2007 | title = The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer | publisher = Phoenix | isbn = 978-0-7538-2200-5 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Levin | first = Janna | authorlink = Janna Levin | title = A Madman Dreams Of Turing Machines | publisher = Knopf | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-3240-2 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Lewin | title = Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story | edition = Classic Penguin | series = Classic Military History | year = 1978 | publication-date = 2001 | publisher = Hutchinson & Co | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-56649-231-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book| last = Lubar | first = Steven | year = 1993 | title = Infoculture | location = Boston, Massachusetts and New York | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-395-57042-5}} * {{ Cite document | last = Mahon | first = A.P. | title = The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945 | publisher = UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2 | year = 1945 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm | access-date = 10 December 2009 | ref = harv }} *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Turing|title=Alan Mathison Turing}} *પેટઝોલ્ડ, ચાર્લેસ (2008). "ધી એનોટાટેડ ટ્યુરિંગ: અ ગાઈડેડ ટુર થ્રુ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગસ હિસ્ટોરીક પેપર ઓન કમ્યુટેબીલીટી એન્ડ ધી ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન". ઈન્ડિયાનાપોલીસ: વિલેય પબ્લીશીંગ. આઈએસબીએન 978-0-470-22905-7 *સ્મીથ, રોજર (1997). ''ફોન્ટાના હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ ધી હ્યુમન સાયન્સીસ'' . લંડન: ફોન્ટાના. *વૈઝેનબૌમ, જોસેફ (1976). ''કમ્પ્યૂટર પાવર એન્ડ હ્યુમન રીઝન'' . લંડન: ડબ્લ્યુ.એચ. ફ્રીમેન. આઈએસબીએન 0-7167-167-0463-3 * {{Cite book | last = Turing | first = Sara Stoney | title = Alan M Turing | publisher = W Heffer | year = 1959 }} ટ્યુરિંગની માતા, જેણે ગ્લોરિફાઈંગ હીઝ લાઈફ નામની ૧૫૭ પાનાનું જીવનચરિત્ર લખી, ઘણાં વર્ષો સુધી તેને જીવિત રાખ્યો. તે 1959માં પ્રકાશિત થઈ હતી, અને તેથી તેનું યુદ્ધનું કાર્ય આવરી ન લઈ શકાયું. ભાગ્યેજ ૩૦૦ પ્રતો વેચાઈ હતી (સારા ટ્યુરિંગ થી લીન ન્યમેન, 1967, સેન્ટ જ્હોન કોલેજ, કેમ્બ્રીજની લાઈબ્રેરી). પ્રસ્તાવનાના ૬ પૃષ્ઠો લીન ઈરવીન દ્વારા લખવામાં આવ્યા હતા, સંભારણાંઓ અને તેના વારંવાર બોલાયેલાં વાક્યોનો સમાવેશ થયો છે. * {{Cite book | last = Whitemore | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Whitemore | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Andrew | authorlink2 = Andrew Hodges | title = Breaking the code | publisher = S. French | year = 1988 }} આ 1986 હ્યુગ વ્હાઈટમોર પ્લે ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન અને મૃત્યુની વાર્તા કહે છે. મૂળ વેસ્ટ એન્ડ અને બ્રોડવેમાં ડેરેક જાકોબીએ ટ્યુરિંગનો અભિનય કર્યો હતો અને તેણે 1997માં નાટક આધારિત ટેલિવિઝન ફિલ્મમાં અભિનયનું પુનસર્જન કર્યું હતું, જે સંયુક્તપણે બીબીસી અને ડબલ્યુજીબીએચ, બોસ્ટન દ્વારા બનાવાઈ હતી. નાટકનું પ્રકાશન અંબર લેન પ્રેસ, ઓક્સફર્ડ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવ્યું છે. - એએસઆઈએન: B000B7TM0Q *વિલિયમસ, મિશેલ આર. (1985) ''એ હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ ક્મ્યુટીંગ ટેક્નોલોજી'' , ઈન્ગલેવુડ ક્લીફ્ફસ, ન્યુ જર્સી: પ્રેન્ટીસ-હોલ, આઈએસબીએન 0-8186-7739-2 *{{Cite book|last=Yates |first=David M. |title=Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]] |location=London |isbn=0-901805-94-7 |oclc=123794619 40624091 }} {{Refend}} == બાહ્ય લિંક્સ == {{External links|date=August 2010}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Alan Turing}} *[http://www.turing.org.uk/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] એક [http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html ટૂંકી જીવનકથા] સાથે એન્ડ્રુ હોજેસ દ્વારા ચલાવવામાં આવતી સાઈટ *[http://www.alanturing.net/ AlanTuring.net&nbsp;– જેક કોપલેન્ડ દ્વારા ][http://www.alanturing.net/ ટ્યુરિંગ એચીવ ફોર ધી હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ કમ્પ્યુટીંગ] *[http://www.turingarchive.org/ ધી ટ્યુરિંગ એચીવ]{{Dead link|date=ડિસેમ્બર 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;– કિંગ્સ કોલેજ, કેમ્બીજ આર્ચીવ દ્વારા કેટલાંક અપ્રકાશિત દસ્તાવેજોની સ્કેન કરેલી પ્રતો *{{MathGenealogy|id=8014}} *[http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ- ટુવર્ડઝ એ ડીઝીટલ માઈન્ડઃ ભાગ 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |date=2007-08-03 }} સીસ્ટમ ટુલબોક્સ, 11 ડિસેમ્બર 2001 *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] ફિલોસોફીનું સ્ટેનફઓર્ટ એનસાઈક્રોપીડિયા. 3 જૂન ૨૦૦૨. *[http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822093918/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |date=2008-08-22 }} ''સમય'' 100 * [http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} Alan Turing] 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} RKBExplorer * [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html ''ધી માઈન્ડ એન્ડ ધી કમ્પ્યુટીંગ મશીન'' ] ''ધી રુથફોર્ડ જર્નલ'' - એક 1949 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ અને અન્યો પર ચર્ચા * [http://www.turingcentenary.eu/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વર્ષ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} * [http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ CiE 2012: ટ્યુરિંગ સેન્ટીનરિ કોન્ફેરન્સ ] 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} * [http://www.visualturing.org/ વિઝ્યુઅલ ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }}{{Dead link|date=જુલાઈ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/TuringMachines.html ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન કેલક્યુલેટરસ] વોલ્ફ્રામઆલ્ફા === પેપર્સ === * [http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper ટ્યુરિંગના પેપરો, અહેવાલો અને વ્યાખ્યાનો ઉપરાંત અનુવાદિત આવૃત્તિઓ અને સંગ્રહોની વિસ્તૃત યાદી] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} 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[http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=116 ડોનાલ્ડ ડબલ્યુ. ડેવિસ સાથે મૌખિક ઇતિહાસ મુલાકાત], ચાર્લેસ બાબ્બેજ ઈન્સ્ટીટ્યુટ, યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ મિન્નેસોટા; યુ.કે. ખાતે ક્મપ્યુટર પ્રોજેક્ટોને વર્ણવતાં ડેવિઝ નેશનલ ફિઝિક્સ લેબોરેટરી, 1947થી ટ્યુરિંગના ડિઝાઈનીંગ કામની સાથે બે એસીઈ કમ્પ્યૂટરોના વિકાસ સુધી * [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=81 નિકોલસ સી. મેટ્રોપોલીસ સાથે મૌખિક ઇતિહાસ મુલાકાત], ચાર્લેસ બાબ્બેજ ઈન્સ્ટીટ્યુટ, યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ મીન્નેસોટી. લોસ ઍલામોસ નેશનલ લેબોરેટરી ખાતે, કમ્પ્યૂટર સેવાઓ માટેના પ્રથમ નિયામક મેટ્રોપોલીસ હતાં- ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ અને જ્હોન વોન ન્યુમનવચ્ચેના સંબંધો સહિતના મુદ્દાઓનો સમાવેશ [[શ્રેણી:વિસંગત પ્રશિસ્ત સ્વરૂપની સાથે લેખો]] [[શ્રેણી:ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ]] [[શ્રેણી:કમ્પ્યૂટર ડિઝાઈનરો]] [[શ્રેણી:કમ્પ્યૂટરનો પાયો નાખનારા]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ નાસ્તિકતાવાદીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનિઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ સંશોધકો]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ તર્કશાસ્ત્રી]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ ગણિતશાસ્ત્રીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ ફિલસૂફીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:દૂરના અંતર સુધી દોડનારાઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૧૨માં જન્મ]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૫૪માં મૃત્યુ]] r53974rnll4j3wdw7nfderx9mg1bds8 એર અરેબિયા 0 65450 902620 836664 2026-07-19T05:07:58Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Airbus A320-214, Air Arabia JP7617617.jpg|thumb|તુલોઝ-બ્લાગનેક એરપોર્ટ નજીક એક એર અરેબિયા એરબસ A320-200 (2012)]] '''એર અરેબિયા''' ઓછા ખર્ચ વાળી એરલાઈન્સ છે. જેની મુખ્ય કચેરીઓ શારજાહ ફ્લાઈટ કેન્દ્ર, શારજાહ ઇન્ટરનેશનલ એરપોર્ટ, સંયુક્ત આરબ અમીરાતમાં છે. આ એરલાઈનની 51 સ્થળોથી સુનિશ્ચિત ચલાવામાં આવે છે. જેમાં મધ્ય પૂર્વ, ઉત્તર આફ્રિકા, ભારતીય ઉપખંડમાં, મધ્ય એશિયા અને યુરોપથીના  22 દેશોમાં, કાસાબ્લાન્કાના  9 દેશોમાં, ફેજ, નદોર અને ટૅંજિયર અને એલેક્ઝાન્ડ્રિયાના 4 દેશોમાં છે. તે ઘણી ફ્લાઈટ્સ સાથેના  જોડાણો ની તક આપે છે જેનું કેન્દ્ર શારજાહ છે.  એર  અરેબિયાનું ધ્યાન એલેક્ઝાન્ડ્રિયા અને કૅસબ્લૅંકા  શહેરોમાં વધુ છે. ફ્લાઈટ એર અરેબિયાએ  આરબ એર કેરિયર્સ સંસ્થાની  સભ્ય છે. ==ઈતિહાસ== એર અરેબિયાની સ્થાપના 3 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2003 ના રોજ ડૉ સુલતાન બિન મોહમદ અલ- કુઅસિમિ  દ્વારા જારી અમીરી આદેશ પ્રમાણે કરવામાં આવી હતી. આ પ્રદેશમાં પ્રથમ લો-ભાડું એરલાઇન બની. આ એરલાઇનની  કામગીરી 28 ઓક્ટોબર 2003ના  પ્રથમ ફ્લાઇટ શારજાહ થી બેહરીન ઇન્ટરનેશનલ એરપોર્ટ યુએઈ પરથી  શરૂ કરાઈ. એરલાઇન બિઝનેસમાં  પ્રથમ વર્ષ ર્થી નફાકારક હતો। તે 2007ના પ્રારંભિકમાં તેના સ્ટોક 55% માટે  જાહેર ઓફર  શરૂ કરી. ==કોર્પોરેટ બાબતો== ===વડામથક=== આ શારજાહ ઇન્ટરનેશનલ એરપોર્ટ મિલકત પર મુખ્યમથક  શારજાહ એરપોર્ટ  ફ્લાઈટ સેન્ટરમાં છે, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airarabia.com/en/contact-us |title=સંપર્ક માહિતી|publisher= એર અરેબિયા|date= ૨૧ જૂન ૨૦૧૦ |access-date=}}</ref> એરપોર્ટ  કેન્દ્રિય દુબઇ થી 15 કિલોમીટર (9.3 માઈલ) દૂર છે.  ===ઈજીપ્ત=== એર અરેબિયા ઈજીપ્ત 9  સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009ના રોજ  એર અરેબિયાએ જાહેર કર્યું કે ફ્લાઈટ એર અરેબિયા ઈજીપ્તનું સંયુક્ત જોડાણ ઇજિપ્તીયન મુસાફરી અને પ્રવાસન કંપની ટ્રેવ્કો ગ્રુપ સાથે જે એલેક્ઝાન્ડ્રિયા, ઈજીપ્તમાં આવેલ છે.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airarabia.com/en/air-arabia-egypt |title=એર અરેબિયા નવા ઇજિપ્તીયન એરલાઇન જાહેરાત કરી|publisher= એર અરેબિયા|date= |access-date= ૨૦૧૧-૧૦-૦૮}}</ref>એરલાઇનને ઓપરેટિંગ લાયસન્સ 22 મે 2010માં  પ્રાપ્ત થયું  તેના પરથી તેને કોમર્શિયલ ફ્લાઇટ્સ 1લી  જૂન 2010  શરુ  થઇ. ===જોર્ડન=== એર અરેબિયા જોર્ડન 7 જૂન 2010ના રોજ એર અરેબિયાએ તાન્તાશ  ગ્રુપ સાથે કરાર કર્યો, ફ્લાઈટ એર અરેબિયા જોર્ડન અમ્માન, આ સૂચિત એરલાઇન રાણી આલિયા ઇન્ટરનેશનલ એરપોર્ટ થી યુરોપ, મધ્ય પૂર્વ અને ઉત્તર આફ્રિકા સુધીની ફ્લાઈટ્સનું સંચાલન કરશે <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/air-arabia-signs-deal-launch-budget-carrier-in-jordan-281661.html |title=એર અરેબિયા ચિહ્નો જોર્ડન માં બજેટ કેરિયર શરૂ કરવા વ્યવહાર|publisher= અરેબિયન બિઝનેસ |date= ૨૦૧૦-૦૬-૦૭ |access-date= ૨૦૧૧-૧૦-૦૮}}</ref> 14 જૂન 2011માં એરલાઇને જાહેરાત કરી હતી.કે ક્ષેત્રીય અશાંતિ તેમ જ  બળતણ ખર્ચમાં વધારો થવાના પગલે કેન્દ્ર  સ્થાપિત કરવાની  યોજનાને  વિલંબ થયો હતી<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/14/uk-airarabia-jordan-idUSLNE75D06Z20110614 |title= એર અરેબિયા અશાંતિ, ઇંધણ ભાવ વચ્ચે જોર્ડન યોજના વિલંબ |publisher= રોઇટર્સ |date= જૂન ૧૪, ૨૦૧૧ |access-date= જૂન ૧૪, ૨૦૧૧ |archive-date= 2014-05-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140519183318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/14/uk-airarabia-jordan-idUSLNE75D06Z20110614 |url-status= dead }}</ref>  જાન્યુઆરી 2015માં ફ્લાઈટ એર અરેબિયાએ  પેટ્રા એરલાઇન્સના 49% હિસ્સો અધિગ્રહણ કરી લીધો, આ એરલાઇન્સનો  મુખ્ય શેરહોલ્ડર રમ ગ્રુપ છે જેનો 51% હિસ્સો છે. પેટ્રા એરલાઇન્સ 2015ના   એર અરેબિયા જોર્ડન તરીકે રિબ્રાન્ડ થઈ,  તે શરૂઆતમાં 2 એરબસ A320 એરક્રાફ્ટ કામ કરશે અને પછી એક નવા હબ તરીકે અમ્માનને વિકસાવવા માટેની  યોજના છે.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleartrip.com/flight-booking/air-arabia-airlines.html |title=એર અરેબિયા |publisher=લેઅર્ત્રીપ |date= |access-date=૨૦૧૫-૨૪-૦૪ |archive-date=2014-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706213018/http://www.cleartrip.com/flight-booking/air-arabia-airlines.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===મોરોક્કો=== એર અરેબિયા એ મોરોક્કન સાથે સંયુક્ત જોડાણ કર્યું અને તેના રોકાણકારો ફ્લાઈટ એર અરેબિયાની સ્થાપના મોરોક્કો ના સૌથી મોટા શહેર, કૅસબ્લૅંકામાં કરી હતી, 6 મે 2009માં ત્યાં કામગીરી શરૂ કરી તે તેમને યુરોપ અને આફ્રિકા માં વિસ્તૃત કરી આ મરોક  કાફલામાં મુખ્યત્વે યુરોપિયન સ્થળો સેવા આપતા ચાર એરક્રાફ્ટ સમાવેશ થાય છે. ===નેપાલ તિરસ્કૃતઉડાન=== એર અરેબિયાએ 2007માં નેપાલની રાજધાની કાઠમંડુમાં યેતી એરલાઇન્સ સાથે સંયુક્ત જોડાણનો કરીને એશિયા અને મધ્ય પૂર્વમાં, ઓછા ખર્ચે આ સેવા શરૂ થઇ અને આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય સ્થળો માટે સેવા પૂરી પાડે છે  આર્થિક પરિસ્થિતિ અને સરકારના  અસમર્થનના લીધે,  2008માં નિલંબિત કરવામાં આવી. ===ફ્લાઈટ એર અરેબિયાના સ્થળોમાં થયેલા ફેરફાર=== ફેબ્રુઆરી 2014થી  મધ્ય પૂર્વ, ઉત્તર આફ્રિકા, એશિયા અને [[યુરોપ]], કૈરો, ઇજીપ્ત જેવા 90 એરપોર્ટ પર  સેવા આપે છે. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airarabia.com/en/destinations |title=સ્થળો - એર અરેબિયા |publisher= એર અરેબિયા |date= |access-date= ૨૦૧૩-૧૨-૧૯}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/air-arabia-adds-cairo-as-its-90th-worldwide-destination/ |title=એર અરેબિયા તેની ૯૦ મી વિશ્વવ્યાપી ડેસ્ટિનેશન કૈરો ઉમેરે |publisher=સમાચાર.બીહાર્પ્રભા.કોમ |date= |access-date=૧, ૨૦૧૪ માર્ચ |archive-date=2014-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310053814/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/air-arabia-adds-cairo-as-its-90th-worldwide-destination/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===કાફલો=== માર્ચ 2015 ના અનુસાર, એર અરેબિયા કાફલામાં નીચેના વિમાન સમાવે થાય છે, જે  સરેરાશ 3.1 વર્ષથી સાથે છે, તે બધામા એકોનોમિક વર્ગની  કેબિન લેઆઉટમાં  તમામ 162/168 પેસેન્જર બેઠકોનો  સાથે સમાવેશ થાય છે. ==સંદર્ભ== <references/> [[શ્રેણી:ભારતીય એરલાઈન્સ]] 60k45qays6aou8wd7ta1sg3ej16js8c ઉદય કોટક 0 91260 902617 882299 2026-07-19T03:40:21Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{માહિતીચોકઠું વ્યક્તિ |નામ = ઉદય કોટક |ફોટો = |ફોટોસાઇઝ = |ફોટોનોંધ = |જન્મ તારીખ = ૧૫ માર્ચ ૧૯૫૯ |જન્મ સ્થળ = [[મુંબઈ]] |મૃત્યુ તારીખ = |મૃત્યુ સ્થળ = |મૃત્યુનું કારણ = |રહેઠાણ = |રાષ્ટ્રીયતા = ભારતીય |હુલામણું નામ = |જન્મ સમયનું નામ = |નાગરીકતા = ભારતીય |અભ્યાસ = |શિક્ષણ સંસ્થા = |ક્ષેત્ર = |વ્યવસાય = કોટક મહિંદ્રા બેંકના સ્થાપક અને ચેરમેન |સક્રિય વર્ષ = |વતન = |ખિતાબ = |પગાર = |વાર્ષિક આવક = |ઉંચાઇ = |વજન = |મુદત = |પક્ષ = |વિરોધીઓ = |ધર્મ = |જીવનસાથી = પલ્લવી કોટક |ભાગીદાર = |સંતાન = ૨ |માતા-પિતા = |સગાંસંબંધી = |પુરસ્કારો = |હસ્તાક્ષર = |વેબસાઇટ = |નોંધ = }} '''ઉદય કોટક''' (જન્મ ૧૫ માર્ચ ૧૯૫૯) એ એક ભારતીય બેન્કર છે. તે કોટક મહિન્દ્રા બેંકના એક્ઝિક્યુટિવ વાઈસ ચેરમેન અને મેનેજિંગ ડાયરેક્ટર છે. ૧૯૮૦ના દાયકામાં જ્યારે ભારતીય હજી એક સંરક્ષિત અર્થતંત્ર હતું અને આર્થિક વિકાસ કુંઠિત હતો ત્યારે ઉદય કોટકે આકર્ષક પગારવાળી આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય કંપનીની નોકરી છોડી સ્વયં રોજગાર કરવાનું નક્કી કર્યું.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ey/2014/07/02/rendezvous-with-destiny-ey-world-entrepreneur-of-the-year-2014-highlights/|title=Rendezvous with destiny EY World Entrepreneur of the Year 2014|last=Pinelli|first=Maria|date=૨ જુલાઇ ૨૦૧૪|website=|publisher=Forbes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064822/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ey/2014/07/02/rendezvous-with-destiny-ey-world-entrepreneur-of-the-year-2014-highlights/|archive-date=2018-01-18|dead-url=|access-date=૧૭ જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૧૮|url-status=dead}}</ref> ત્યાર બાદ થોડા વર્ષો સુધી તેમણે બિલ ડિસ્કાઉંટીંગ, શેર દલાલી (સ્ટોક બ્રોકિંગ), ઈનવેસ્ટમેંટ બેંકિંગ, કાર ફાયનાંસ, જીવન વીમો અને મ્યુચલ ફંડ જેવા વિવિધ નાણાંકીય ક્ષેત્રે વિવિધધંધાકીય પહેલ કરી. ૨૨ માર્ચ ૨૦૦૩ના દિવસે ભારતીય કોર્પોરેટ્સના ઇતિહાસમાં કોટક મહિંદ્રા ફાયનાંસ લિમિટેડ આર. બી. આય. દ્વારા બેંકિંગ લાયસન્સ મેળવનારી સૌ પ્રથમ ભારતીય કંપની બની. ''[[ફોર્બ્સ|૨૦૧૮માં ફોર્બ્સ]]'' એ તેમની સંપત્તિ ૧૦૬૦ કરોડ જેટલી આંકી છે.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/uday-kotak|title=Uday Kotak|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Forbes|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=૧૭ જાન્યુારી ૨૦૧૮|author=}}</ref> ૨૦૦૬માં તેમણે [[ગોલ્ડમૅન સૅશ]] સાથેની ૧૪ વર્ષની ભાગીદારીનો અંત કરી બે ઉપ કંપનીઓમાંના ૨૫% શેર ૭.૨૦ કરોડમાં ખરીદી લીધા હતા.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/feb/090210-Uday-Kotak-Kotak-Mahindra-Loan-recovery.htm|title='Uday Kotak and his men threatened my family'|last=Dutta|first=Anshuman G|date=૯ ફેબ્રુઆરી ૨૦૧૦|work=mid-day.com|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|access-date=}}</ref> == શરૂઆતનું જીવન અને અભ્યાસ == ઉદય કોટકનો જન્મ ગુજરાતી [[લોહાણા]] સમાજના ઉચ્ચ મધ્યમ વર્ગના સંયુક્ત પરિવારમાં થયો હતો.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Uday-Kotak|title=Uday Kotak|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=૧૭ જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૧૮}} [[શ્રેણી:CS1 errors: dates]]</ref> તેમના પરિવારમાં ૬૦ જણાં હતાં જેઓ એક છત નીચે રહેતા અને એક જ રસોડે જમતા હતા. શરૂઓઆતમાં પરિવાર કપાસના ધંધામાં હતો. આ પારિવારિક વ્યવસ્થાને તેઓ "કાર્યમાં મૂડીવાદ અને ઘરમાં સમાજવાદ" એમ ઓળખાવતા.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/walk-the-talk/walk-the-talk-with-uday-kotak/331667|title=Walk The Talk with Uday Kotak|last=|first=|date=૨૬ જુલાઇ ૨૦૧૪|work=ndtv.com|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|access-date=૧૭ જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૧૮}}</ref> ક્રિકેટ અને સિતારવાદન તેમના ખાસ શોખ છે. ૨૦૧૪ને એનડીટીવીને આપેલા સાક્ષાત્કારમાં તેમણે જણાવ્યું કે હવે તેઓ [[સિતાર]] વગાડી શકતા નથી. ગણિતશાસ્ત્રમાં મહારતે તેમના વ્યાવસાયિક કારકીર્દીની પસંદગી પર પ્રભાવ પાડ્યો. તેમણે મુંબઈની સિડેનહામ કૉલેજમાંથી સ્નાતકની પદવી મેળવી અને જમનાલાલ બજાજ ઈન્સ્ટીટ્યૂટ ઑફ મેનેજમેંટમાંથી ૧૯૮૨માં વ્યવસ્થાપન વિષયમાં (મેનેજમેન્ટ)માં અનુસ્નાતક પદવી મેળવી.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/business-leaders/uday-kotak.html|title=Uday Kotak Biography|date=૩ જૂન ૨૦૧૫|website=mapsofindia.com|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> == કારકીર્દી == એમ.બી.એ. પૂર્ણ કર્યા પછી ઉદય કોટકે ''કોટક કેપિટલ મેનેજમેંટ ફાયનાંસ લિમિટેડ'' નામની કંપની શરૂ કરી જે પાછળાથી ''કોટક મહિંદ્રા ફાયનાંસ'' તરીકે ઓળખાઈ. ૮૦,૦૦૦ યુ.એસ. ડોલર જેટલું ભંડોળ કુટુંબીઓ અને મિત્રો પાસેથી જમા કરી તેમને બિલ ડિસ્કાઉંટીંગ વ્યવસાયની શરૂઆત કરી અને આગળ વધી તે વિવિધ નાણાકીય સેવાઓ પૂરી પાડનારી ૧૯ બિલિયન ડોલર (માર્ચ ૨૦૧૪)ની થાપણો ધરાવતી એક મોટી સંસ્થા બની ગઈ. માર્કેટ કેપિટલ અનુસાર આ બેંક ૬૦૦ શાખાઓ સાથે ભારતની ચોથા ક્રમની નીજી બેંક બની રહી.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kotak.com/sites/default/files/press_release/09oct13.pdf|title=Dr. K. C. Chakrabarty, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India, formally inaugurates Kotak Mahindra Bank’s landmark 500th branch and 1,000th ATM|publisher=Kotak.com|format=PDF|access-date=૪ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૧૫|archive-date=2014-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815181131/http://www.kotak.com/sites/default/files/press_release/09oct13.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virsanghvi.com/People-Detail.aspx?Key=12|title=Vir Sanghvi|date=૫ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૧૫|website=virsanghvi.com|access-date=૧૭ જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૧૮}}</ref> ૨૦૧૪ના વર્ષમાં તેમણે ડચ નાણાકીય જૂથ INGની માલિકીની ''આઈએનજી વૈશ્ય બેંક'' સાથે ૨૦૪ બિલિયન ડોલરનો કરાર કર્યો, જેને પરિણામે તેમની બેંકના શૅર સૌથી ઊંચી સપાટીએ પહોંચ્યા અને તેમની અસ્કાયતો બમણી થઈ ગઈ.<ref name="kylewong">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/uday-kotak/?list=billionaires|title=Uday Kotak|last=Kyle Wong|website=Forbes}}</ref> ૨૦૧૫માં તેઓ સામાન્ય વીમા (જનરલ ઈન્સ્યોરેન્સ) ક્ષેત્રમાં ઉતર્યા અને તેમણે સુનીલ મિત્તલની ભારતી એરટેલ સાથે કરાર કરી સ્મોલ પેમેંટ બેંક ચાલુ કરી. તેમણે કોટક મહિંદ્રા બેંકમાં પોતાનો ભાગ ૪૦% જેટલો લાવી મૂક્યો છે. ૨૦૧૬ સુધી તેમણે તેમનો ભાગ ૩૦% જેટલો કરવો પડશે. == સન્માન અને પુરસ્કાર == * જૂન ૨૦૧૪, અર્ન્સ્ટ ઍન્ડ યંગ, વર્લ્ડ આંત્રેપ્રેન્યોર ઍવોર્ડ, ૨૦૧૪.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/uday-kotak-named-ey-world-entrepreneur-of-the-year-2014/|title=Uday Kotak named EY World Entrepreneur Of The Year 2014|website=news.biharprabha.com|publisher=Biharprabha|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=18 જાન્યુઆરી 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118122537/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/uday-kotak-named-ey-world-entrepreneur-of-the-year-2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * મની માસ્ટર્સ : નાણાકીય વિશ્વમાં સૌથી શક્તિ શાળી વ્યક્તિઓની આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય યાદી ફોર્બ્સ સામાયિક (ને ૨૦૧૬)માં સ્થાન પામનાર તે એક માત્ર ભારતીય હતા.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2016/05/11/money-masters-the-most-powerful-people-in-the-financial-world/#387ed2f4266e|title=Sole Indian Financier to feature in Money Masters: The Most Powerful People in the financial World|last=Vardi|first=Nathan|date=૧૧ મે ૨૦૧૬|publisher=Forbes Magazine|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> * ૨૦૧૭માં ઇન્ડિયા ટુડે એ તેમને સૌથી શક્તિશાળી ભારતીય વ્યક્તિઓની યાદિમાં ૮મે ક્રમાંકે મુક્યા હતા. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan/1/928939.html|title=India's 50 powerful people|date=૧૪ એપ્રિલ ૨૦૧૭|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> == સભ્યપદ == ભારત સરકારની નાણાકીય માળખાગત સુવિધા માટેની કમિટી, ભારતીય પ્રતિભૂતિ ઔર વિનિમય બોર્ડની મૂળભૂત માર્કેટની સલાહકર કમિટી, નેશનલ ઈન્સ્ટીટ્યૂટ ઑફ સિક્યૂરીટી માર્કેટ્સ અને ICRIERના બોર્ડ ઑફ ગવર્નર્સ આદિના તેઓ સભ્ય છે. તેઓ મહિન્દ્રા યુનાયટેડ વર્લ્ડ કૉલેજ ઑફ ઈંડિયા અને સી.આય.આયની નેશનલ કાઉન્સીલના સભ્ય છે. == સંદર્ભ == {{Reflist|2}} [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતી વ્યક્તિત્વ]] [[શ્રેણી:જીવિત લોકો]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૫૯માં જન્મ]] hmkdy3a8odbw0x9kiusx039ezk075e8 કવાંટનો મેળો 0 121473 902622 876348 2026-07-19T08:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox recurring event |native_name = ગેરનો મેળો |native_name_lang = gu |image = Kavant Fair 16.jpg |alt = ગેરનો મેળો |caption = કવાંટના મેળામાં પરંપરાગત વેશભૂષામાં ભીલ, રાઠવા,નાયકા અને ધાનુક આદિવાસી સમુદાય |status = <!-- e.g. defunct, active, inactive ... --> |genre = આદિવાસી મેળો |date = |begins = ફાગણ વદ ત્રીજ |ends = |frequency = વાર્ષિક |location = [[કવાંટ (તા. કવાંટ)|કવાંટ]], [[છોટાઉદેપુર જિલ્લો|છોટાઉદેપુર]], [[ગુજરાત]] |coordinates = {{coord|22.09259|N|74.05648|E|display=inline}} |country = [[ભારત]] |participants = ભીલ,રાઠવા,નાયકા અને ધાનુક આદિવાસી |attendance = |activity = }} '''કવાંટનો મેળો''' એ [[છોટાઉદેપુર જિલ્લો|છોટાઉદેપુર વિસ્તાર]]ના [[આદિવાસી]]ઓનો મેળો છે જે [[હોળી]]ના તહેવાર પછી તરત [[કવાંટ (તા. કવાંટ)|કવાંટ]] ગામમાં યોજાય છે.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/chhota-udaipur/foreign-tourists-including-tribals-at-the-quant-ger-fair|title=ગુજરાત સમાચાર|last=|first=|date=|website=www.gujaratsamachar.com|publisher=|language=en|access-date=2020-11-26}}{{Dead link|date=જુલાઈ 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> કવાંટના મેળામાં [[ઢોલ]] સાથે અન્ય સંગીતના વાદ્ય સાથે ભીલ, રાઠવા, નાયકા અને ધાનુક આદિવાસી યુવક યુવતીઓ નૃત્ય કરતાં જોવા મળે છે. ભીલ આદિવાસીઓ સ્ત્રી-પુરુષો તેમના માથા પર મોરના પીંછાંની કલગી લગાવે છે અને તેના દ્વારા તેમનો પશુ- પક્ષીઓ પ્રત્યેનો પ્રેમભાવ રજુ કરે છે. અને ઘેરૈયા બને છે. == સ્થાન અને સમય == [[વડોદરા]]થી આશરે સો કિલોમીટરના દુર આવેલા ભીલ, રાઠવા, નાયકા અને ધાનુક આદિવાસીઓના વતન છોટાઉદેપુર જિલ્લામાં કવાંટ ગામમાં હોળી પછીના ત્રીજા દિવસે કવાંટનો મેળો યોજાય છે.<ref name="z">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતના લોકોત્સવો અને મેળા|last=કાલરીયા|first=અશોક|publisher=માહિતી નિયામક,ગુજરાત રાજ્ય|year=૨૦૧૯-૨૦૨૦|isbn=|volume=|location=[[ગાંધીનગર]]|pages=૪૬-૪૭}}</ref> == મેળો == વિવિધ પચ્ચીસ ગામોમાંથી અને [[મધ્ય પ્રદેશ]] અને [[રાજસ્થાન]]માંથી અસંખ્ય આદિવાસી લોકો રંગબેરંગી પોષાક પહેરી આ મેળામાં આવે છે. કવાંટના મેળામાં અન્ય દેશોમાંથી પણ ઘણા લોકો આદિવાસી સંસ્કૃતિને માણવા માટે આ મેળામાં આવે છે.<ref name=":0" /> ભીલ આદિવાસીઓ કુશળ બાણાવળી તરીકે જાણીતા છે.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-07|title=ક્વાંટમાં આદિવાસીઓનો ગેર મેળો|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/tributes-will-be-held-in-quant-on-march-12-people-from-all-over-the-country-will-attend-the-fair-126930318.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Divya Bhaskar|publisher=|language=gu}}</ref> મેળામાં યુવાનો પોતાના આખા શરીર પર ધોળાં ટપકાં કરીને દોરે છે, તથા મોરના પીંછાઓ, વાંસની રંગીન ટોપીઓ અને બળદના ગળે બાંધવામાં આવે તેવા ઘૂઘરાઓનો કંદોરો બનાવી પોતાની કેડ ઉપર બાંધે છે. ત્યાર પછી ઢોલ વગાડવામાં આવે છે અને યુવાનો તાલબદ્ધ રીતે નૃત્ય કરે છે. નાચતાં સમયે ઉત્પન્ન થતો તાલબદ્ધ ઘૂઘરાનો અવાજ આવે છે. [[આદિવાસી|આદિવાસીઓ]]ના આ મેળામાં વિવિધ ગામોમાંથી તૈયાર થઈને આવતી છોકરીઓ જોઈ છોકરાઓ લગ્ન માટે છોકરીઓ પસંદ કરી માંગું નાખતા હોય છે. જે તેમના સામાજીક જીવનનો એક ભાગ છે.<ref name="z" /> આદિવાસીઓના કવાંટના મેળામાં સંગીત-નૃત્યનું ખાસ મહત્વ છે. [[જોડિયા પાવા]], [[ઢોલ]] અને પીહો જેવા વિવિધ સંગીતના સાધનોથી મેળાનું દ્રશ્ય અનેરું બને છે. મેળામાં આવેલ આદિવાસીઓનું રંગબેરંગી કપડાં અને સુંદર ઘરેણાંઓથી તેઓ અલગ જ દેખાય છે. કવાંટનો મેળો આદિવાસી સંસ્કૃતિનું જતન કરનારો મેળો છે.<ref name="z" /> == સંદર્ભ == {{Reflist}} ==બાહ્ય કડીઓ== {{commons category|Kavant Fair|કવાંટનો મેળો}} [[શ્રેણી:આદિવાસી સંસ્કૃતિ]] [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતના લોકમેળા]] [[શ્રેણી:છોટાઉદેપુર જિલ્લો]] 24clgoshdekehvx8jf7ziqhmx22vpq0 ઉત્તરવાહિની નર્મદા પરિક્રમા 0 132112 902616 884637 2026-07-19T03:35:07Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{maplink |frame=yes |plain=yes |frame-lat=21.898274 |frame-long=73.599102 |frame-width=222 |frame-height=222 |frame-align=center |zoom=10 |type=line |id=Q2770534 |stroke-colour=#FFCD00 |stroke-width=3 |title=ઉત્તરવાહિની નર્મદા પરિક્રમા }} '''ઉત્તરવાહિની નર્મદા પરિક્રમા''' એ [[ગુજરાત]] રાજ્યના [[રાજપીપળા]] નજીક [[નર્મદા નદી]]ના કાંઠા પર કરવામાં આવતી પરિક્રમા છે. આ પરિક્રમા [[ચૈત્ર સુદ ૧|ચૈત્ર સુદ એકમ]]થી [[ચૈત્ર વદ ૦))|ચૈત્ર વદ અમાસ]] સુધીના સમયગાળામાં પગે ચાલીને કરવાનું વિશેષ મહત્વ હોય છે. આ એક મહિના દરમ્યાન મોટી સંખ્યામાં ભક્તો પદયાત્રા કરે છે.<ref>{{cite web|date=૧૬ એપ્રિલ ૨૦૨૨|title=ઉત્તરવાહિની નર્મદા પરિક્રમાં માટે હજારો ભાવિક ભક્તો ઊમટી પડયા|url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/dharmlok/thousands-of-devotees-thronged-for-the-uttarvahini-narmada-parikrama|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416053709/https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/dharmlok/thousands-of-devotees-thronged-for-the-uttarvahini-narmada-parikrama|archive-date=૧૬ એપ્રિલ ૨૦૨૨|access-date=૧૬ એપ્રિલ ૨૦૨૨|work=ધર્મલોક પૂર્તિ, [[ગુજરાત સમાચાર]]}}</ref> [[હિંદુ ધર્મ]]ના શાસ્ત્રો પ્રમાણે જ્યારે પણ નદીનો પ્રવાહ ઉત્તર દિશા તરફ વહે છે, ત્યારે એ પ્રવાહ ઉત્તરવાહિની તરીકે ઓળખાય છે તથા એ વિસ્તારમાંથી વહેતી નદીનું ધાર્મિક મહત્વ વધી જાય છે. [[નર્મદા જિલ્લો|નર્મદા જિલ્લા]]ના [[નાંદોદ તાલુકો|નાંદોદ તાલુકા]]ના [[રામપરા (માંગરોલ)|રામપુરા]] ગામથી [[તિલકવાડા]] ગામ સુધી નર્મદા નદીનો પ્રવાહ ઉત્તર દિશામાં વહે છે, આથી અહીં નર્મદા નદીને ઉત્તરવાહિની કહેવામાં આવે છે. નર્મદા નદી લગભગ છ કિમી સુધી ઉત્તર દિશામાં વહેતી હોવાથી ચૈત્ર મહિનામાં પંચકોશી ઉત્તરવાહિની પરિક્રમાનું વિશેષ માહાત્મય છે, જે કુલ ૧૪ કિ.મી. લાંબી છે.<ref>{{cite web|date=૫ માર્ચ ૨૦૨૫|title=નર્મદા નદીની ઉત્તરવાહિની પરિક્રમાનો 29 માર્ચથી પ્રારંભ,1 મહિનામાં 30 લાખથી વધુ ભક્તો પરિક્રમા કરશે|url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/uttaravahini-narmada-parikrama-to-begin-from-march-29-30-lakh-devotees-to-join-in-1-month|url-status=dead|archive-date=2025-04-14|work=[[ગુજરાત સમાચાર]]|access-date=2025-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414102840/https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/uttaravahini-narmada-parikrama-to-begin-from-march-29-30-lakh-devotees-to-join-in-1-month}}</ref> [[આદિ શંકરાચાર્ય|આદ્ય શંકરાચાર્યજી]] રચિત ''નર્મદાષ્ટક''માં નર્મદા નદી માટે કહ્યું છે કે, ''અલક્ષલક્ષલક્ષપાપ લક્ષ સાર સાયુધં તતસ્તુજીવજન્તુતન્તુ ભુક્તિ મુક્તિ દાયકંમ્'' અર્થાત પવિત્ર નર્મદા નદીના દર્શનમાત્રથી ભક્તોના પાપોનો નાશ થાય છે. આવું ધાર્મિક મહત્વ ધરાવતી પૂણ્ય સલિલા નર્મદા નદીની સંપૂર્ણ પરિક્રમા પૂર્ણ કરવા આશરે ત્રણથી સાડા ત્રણ હજાર કિલોમીટર જેટલું અંતર કાપવું પડે છે, જે દરેક ભક્તો માટે શક્ય ન હોવાને કારણે શ્રદ્ધાળુઓ ઉત્તરવાહિની નર્મદા પરિક્રમા કરતા હોય છે. ઉત્તરવાહિની નર્મદા પરિક્રમા કરવાથી સંપૂર્ણ નર્મદા પરિક્રમાનું પુણ્યફળ પ્રાપ્ત થાય છે એવી શ્રધ્ધાળુઓની માન્યતા છે. {{સંદર્ભો}} [[શ્રેણી:નર્મદા જિલ્લો]] [[શ્રેણી:જોવાલાયક સ્થળો]] 8yyhy5yw8565m6j9i1wdzdajkt6kfkd સભ્યની ચર્ચા:جيمي 3 138975 902625 843739 2026-07-19T10:36:03Z Neriah 62307 Neriahએ [[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:أيوب]]ને [[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:جيمي]] પર ખસેડ્યું: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/أيوب|أيوب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/جيمي|جيمي]]" 841211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=ايـوب}} -- [[:User:Dsvyas|ધવલ સુધન્વા વ્યાસ]]<sup>[[:User_talk:Dsvyas|ચર્ચા]]/[[:Special:Contributions/Dsvyas|યોગદાન]]</sup> ૦૩:૫૨, ૧૧ માર્ચ ૨૦૨૩ (IST) 3y629fyk0syxyoxrcrybrpuc9l8rzvl ચર્ચા:પરમાર 1 142438 902618 854658 2026-07-19T04:14:47Z ~2026-40259-58 88218 /* Kunkana Ane Parmar */ નવો વિભાગ 902618 wikitext text/x-wiki == (Kunkana)Parmar Rajput == kunkana name parmar cast ma kyathi aavyu please Reply [[વિશેષ:પ્રદાન/2409:4041:2CC1:FD5:0:0:99C8:F113|2409:4041:2CC1:FD5:0:0:99C8:F113]] ૧૭:૧૪, ૧૭ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૨૩ (IST) :please reply Gujarat ma Rajasthan ni border uper aa cast vasavat kare chhe kunkana Parmar bhomiya :Rajput [[વિશેષ:પ્રદાન/2409:4041:2CC1:FD5:0:0:99C8:F113|2409:4041:2CC1:FD5:0:0:99C8:F113]] ૧૭:૧૭, ૧૭ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૨૩ (IST) == Kunkana Ane Parmar == kunkana ane parmar e be alag alag chhe [[વિશેષ:પ્રદાન/&#126;2026-40259-58|&#126;2026-40259-58]] ([[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:&#126;2026-40259-58|talk]]) ૦૯:૪૪, ૧૯ જુલાઇ ૨૦૨૬ (IST) 3z19a2eram8rgc4zq0i9gag2zjz8huh કિત્તુર ચેન્નમ્મા 0 144449 902624 861131 2026-07-19T09:42:48Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 902624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = કિત્તુર રાણી ચેન્નમ્મા | image = File:Kittur Chenamma.jpg | image_size = 270px | caption = બૅંગ્લોરમાં આવેલું રાણી ચિન્નમ્માનું બાવલું | native_name_lang = કન્નડ | other_names = રાણી ચેન્નમ્મા | birth_name = ચેન્નમ્મા | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1778|10|23}} | birth_place = કાકતી, બેલગાવી જિલ્લો, હાલનું [[કર્ણાટક]], ભારત | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1829|02|21|1778|10|23}} | death_place = બૈલહોંગલ, બોમ્બે પ્રેસિડેન્સી, બ્રિટિશ રાજ | nationality = ભારતીય | known_for = ૧૮૫૭ના બ્રિટિશ ઇસ્ટ ઇન્ડિયા કંપની સામેના સંગ્રામ માટે }} '''કિત્તુર ચેન્નમ્મા''' (૨૩ ઑક્ટોબર ૧૭૭૮ - ૨૧ ફેબ્રુઆરી ૧૮૨૯) એ વર્તમાન [[કર્ણાટક|કર્ણાટકના]] ભૂતપૂર્વ રજવાડા કિત્તુરનાં રાણી હતાં. પેરામાઉન્ટસીની અવગણનામાં અને તેમના આધિપત્ય પર નિયંત્રણ જાળવી રાખવાના પ્રયાસમાં તેમણે [[બ્રિટિશ ઈસ્ટ ઇન્ડિયા કંપની|બ્રિટિશ ઈસ્ટ ઈન્ડિયા કંપની]] સામે [[સૈન્ય|સશસ્ત્ર પ્રતિકારનું]] નેતૃત્વ કર્યું હતું. તેમણે પ્રથમ વિદ્રોહમાં કંપનીને હરાવી હતી, પરંતુ બીજા વિદ્રોહ પછી તેઓ યુદ્ધ કેદી તરીકે મૃત્યુ પામ્યાં હતાં. બ્રિટિશ વસાહતીકરણ સામે કિટ્ટુર દળોનું નેતૃત્વ કરનાર પ્રથમ અને થોડા મહિલા શાસકોમાંની એક તરીકે, તેમને કર્ણાટકમાં લોકનાયિકા તરીકે યાદ કરવામાં આવે છે. તેઓ [[ભારતીય સ્વતંત્રતા ચળવળ|ભારતીય સ્વતંત્રતા ચળવળનું]] એક મહત્વપૂર્ણ પ્રતીક પણ છે. == જીવન == === પ્રારંભિક જીવન === કિત્તૂર ચેન્નમ્માનો જન્મ ૨૩ ઓક્ટોબર ૧૭૭૮ના રોજ ભારતના કર્ણાટકના હાલના બેલગાવી જિલ્લાના એક નાનકડા ગામ કાકતીમાં થયો હતો. તેઓ લિંગાયત સમુદાયનાં હતાં અને નાની ઉંમરથી જ તેમણે ઘોડેસવારી, તલવારબાજી અને તીરંદાજીની તાલીમ મેળવી હતી.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2017|title=Rani Kittur Chennamma: India's Valiant Freedom Fighter|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/06/13/kittur-chennamma-essay/|access-date=2022-04-17|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rani Chennamma of Kitturu|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944|access-date=2022-04-17|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> ૯ વર્ષની ઉંમરથી તેમની સંભાળ રાખ્યા પછી, ૧૫ વર્ષની ઉંમરે દેસાઈ પરિવારના રાજા મલ્લસર્જ સાથે લગ્ન કર્યાં હતાં. === અંગ્રેજો સામે સંઘર્ષ === ચેન્નમ્માના પતિનું ૧૮૧૬માં અવસાન થયું હતું અને તેઓ એક પુત્રને છોડીને ગયા. આ પછી ૧૮૨૪માં તેમના પુત્રનું મૃત્યુ થયું હતું. તેમના પતિ અને પુત્રના મૃત્યુ બાદ, રાણી ચેન્નમ્માએ વર્ષ ૧૮૨૪માં શિવલિંગપ્પાને દત્તક લીધા અને તેમને સિંહાસનનો વારસદાર બનાવ્યા. આનાથી ઈસ્ટ ઈન્ડિયા કંપની ગુસ્સે થઈ ગઈ, અને શિવલિંગપ્પાને હાંકી કાઢવાનો આદેશ આપ્યો. કિત્તૂર રાજ્ય પ્રભારી સેન્ટ જ્હોન ઠાકરેની ધારવાડ કલેક્ટર કચેરીના વહીવટ હેઠળ આવ્યું હતું, જેમાં શ્રી ચેપ્લેન કમિશનર હતા, જે બંનેએ કારભારી નવા શાસનને માન્યતા આપી ન હતી અને કિત્તૂરને બ્રિટિશ નિયંત્રણ સ્વીકારવા માટે સૂચિત કર્યું હતું. આ પગલાને ૧૮૪૮થી સ્વતંત્ર ભારતીય રાજ્યોને જોડવા માટે ભારતના ગવર્નર જનરલ લોર્ડ ડેલહાઉસી દ્વારા પાછળથી રજૂ કરવામાં આવેલી ખાલસા નીતિના પુરોગામી તરીકે જોવામાં આવે છે. ૧૮૨૩માં રાણી ચેન્નમ્માએ [[બોમ્બે પ્રાંત|બોમ્બે પ્રાંતના]] લેફ્ટનન્ટ-ગવર્નર માઉન્ટસ્ટુઅર્ટ એલ્ફિન્સ્ટનને એક પત્ર મોકલ્યો, જેમાં તેમના કેસની દલીલ કરવામાં આવી, પરંતુ વિનંતી ઠુકરાવી દેવામાં આવી, અને યુદ્ધ ફાટી નીકળ્યું.<ref name="south">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i81mLhBEBgQC&q=Kittur+Rani+Chennamma&pg=PA103|title=The South Indian rebellions : before and after 1800|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Subramanian (Ed.)|last2=Gopalakrishnan, edited by S.|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|year=2007|isbn=9788183795005|edition=1st|location=Chennai|pages=102–103}}</ref> બ્રિટિશરોએ કિત્તુરના તિજોરી અને મુગટના ઝવેરાતની આસપાસ સંત્રીઓના એક જૂથને મૂક્યા, જેની કિંમત યુદ્ધ ફાટી નીકળ્યા પછી લગભગ ૧૫ લાખ રૂપિયા હતી.<ref name="jewels">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYYAAAAYAAJ&q=St+John+Thackeray+collector&pg=PA474|title=Disturbances at Kittur and the death of Mr. Thackeray|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company|year=1825|location=London|pages=474–5}}</ref> તેઓએ યુદ્ધ લડવા માટે ૨૦૭૯૭ માણસો અને ૪૩૭ બંદૂકોનું દળ પણ એકત્ર કર્યું,જે મુખ્યત્વે મદ્રાસ નેટિવ હોર્સ આર્ટિલરીની ત્રીજી ટુકડીમાંથી હતું. <ref name="attack">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hELAQAAMAAJ&q=St+John+Thackeray+collector&pg=PA218|title=The Occurrences at Kittur in 1824|last=Asiatic Journal Vol.3|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Co|year=1830|location=London|pages=218–222}}</ref> ઓક્ટોબર 1824 દરમિયાન યુદ્ધના પહેલા વિદ્રોહમાં બ્રિટિશ દળો ભરખમ રીતે હારી ગયાં અને સેન્ટ જોન ઠાકરે, કલેક્ટર અને પોલિટિકલ એજન્ટ, યુદ્ધમાં માર્યા ગયા.<ref name="south" /><ref name="malley">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qI1gUGPKZGsC&q=St+John+Thackeray+Collector&pg=PA76|title=Indian civil service, 1601–1930.|last=O'Malley|first=Lewis Sydney Steward|publisher=Frank Cass|year=1985|isbn=9780714620237|location=London|pages=76}}</ref> ચેન્નમ્માના લેફ્ટનન્ટ અમાતુર બલપ્પા તેમની હત્યા અને બ્રિટિશ દળોના નુકસાન માટે મુખ્યત્વે જવાબદાર હતા.<ref name="fort">{{Cite news|title=Restore Kittur monuments|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2502260.ece?textsize=small&test=2|access-date=13 November 2012|work=The Hindu|date=1 October 2011}}</ref> બે બ્રિટિશ અધિકારીઓ સર વોલ્ટર ઇલિયટ અને મિસ્ટર સ્ટીવનસનને પણ બંધક તરીકે લેવામાં આવ્યા હતા.<ref name="south" /><ref name="malley" /> રાણી ચેન્નમ્માએ તેમને ચૅપ્લેન સાથેની સમજૂતી સાથે મુક્ત કર્યા કે યુદ્ધ સમાપ્ત થઈ જશે, પરંતુ ચૅપ્લેને વધુ દળો સાથે યુદ્ધ ચાલુ રાખ્યું. <ref name="south" /> બીજા હુમલા દરમિયાન, [[સોલાપૂર|સોલાપૂરના]] સબ કલેક્ટર મુનરો, થોમસ મુનરોનો ભત્રીજો માર્યો ગયો.<ref name="malley" /> રાણી ચેન્નમ્મા તેમના નાયબ [[સંગોલી રાયન્ના|સંગોલ્લી રાયન્નાની]] સહાયથી ઉગ્ર લડાઈ લડ્યાં હતાં, પરંતુ આખરે તેને પકડી લેવામાં આવ્યાં. તેમને બૈલહોંગલ કિલ્લામાં કેદ કરવામાં આવ્યાં હતાં હતી, જ્યાં તબિયત બગડવાને કારણે ૨૧ ફેબ્રુઆરી ૧૮૨૯ના રોજ તેમનું અવસાન થયું હતું.<ref name="south" /> == સ્મારકો == === દફન સ્થળ === રાણી ચેન્નમ્માની સમાધિ અથવા દફન સ્થળ બૈલહોંગલમાં છે. <ref name="samadhi">{{Cite news|title=Kittur Rani Chennamma's samadhi lies in neglect|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/hubli/34816715_1_samadhi-rani-chennamma-chennamma-s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720050621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/hubli/34816715_1_samadhi-rani-chennamma-chennamma-s|archive-date=20 July 2013|access-date=6 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 October 2012}}</ref> === પ્રતિમાઓ === * સંસદ ભવન, [[નવી દિલ્હી]] * કર્ણાટકમાં બૅંગ્લોર, બેલગાવી, હુબલી, અને કિત્તુરમાં == લોકપ્રિય સંસ્કૃતિમાં == [[ચિત્ર:Stamp_of_India_-_1977_-_Colnect_353110_-_Kittur_Rani_Channamma.jpeg|thumb|150x150px| ભારતની 1977ની ટિકિટ પર કિત્તુર રાની ચેન્નમ્મા|left]] === પુસ્તકો === * એમએમ કલબુર્ગી દ્વારા '''કિટ્ટુરુ સંસ્થાન સાહિત્ય''' - ભાગ III અને અન્ય લોકો દ્વારા ભાગ I, ભાગ II. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ಕಿತ್ತೂರು ಸಂಸ್ಠಾನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ -ಭಾಗ ೩|url=https://www.bookbrahma.com/book/kittur-samsthan-sahitya-vol-3|access-date=22 October 2022|website=www.bookbrahma.com|language=en|archive-date=31 મે 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531050807/https://www.bookbrahma.com/book/kittur-samsthan-sahitya-vol-3|url-status=dead}}</ref> * એ બી વગ્ગાર દ્વારા '''કિટ્ટુરુ સંસ્થાન દખાલેગાલુ''' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=ಕಿತ್ತೂರು ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ ದಾಖಲೆಗಳು|url=https://www.bookbrahma.com/book/kitturu-samsthaana-dakhalegalu|access-date=22 October 2022|website=www.bookbrahma.com|language=en|archive-date=31 મે 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531050826/https://www.bookbrahma.com/book/kitturu-samsthaana-dakhalegalu|url-status=dead}}</ref> * સંગમેશ તમ્માનગૌદર દ્વારા '''કિટ્ટુરુ રાની ચેન્નમ્મા''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=ಕಿತ್ತೂರು ರಾಣಿ ಚೆನ್ನಮ್ಮ|url=https://www.bookbrahma.com/book/kitturu-raani-chennamma|access-date=22 October 2022|website=www.bookbrahma.com|language=en|archive-date=31 મે 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531050754/https://www.bookbrahma.com/book/kitturu-raani-chennamma|url-status=dead}}</ref> === ચલચિત્રો === * ૧૯૬૨માં કિત્તુર ચેન્નમ્મા કરીને [[કન્નડ ભાષા|કન્નડ]]<nowiki/>માં ફિલ્મ બનાવવામાં આવી, જેમાં બી સરોજ દેવી મુખ્ય ભૂમિકામાં રહ્યાં અને ચલચિત્રનું નિર્દેશન બી આર પંતુલુએ કર્યું.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250471/</ref> * આરઆરઆર ફિલ્મના એત્તારા જેન્ડા ગીતમાં તંગુતુરી પ્રકાશમ, [[વી. ઓ. ચિદમ્બરમ પિલ્લઈ]], કેરળ વર્મા પઝાસી રાજા, [[વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ|સરદાર વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ]], [[ભગત સિંહ]], [[શિવાજી|શિવાજી મહારાજ]] અને [[સુભાષચંદ્ર બોઝ]] સાથે યાદ કરાય છે. === અન્ય === * રાણી ચેન્નમ્માની વીરગાથાઓ લોકગીતો, લાવણી અને ગીગી પદના રૂપમાં લોકો દ્વારા ગવાય છે.<ref name="akademi">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=sangolli+rayanna&pg=PA1293|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti, Volume 2|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1988|isbn=9788126011940|editor-last=Datta|editor-first=Amaresh|location=New Dehi|pages=1293}}</ref> * ૧૯૭૭માં ભારતીય સરકારે તેમની યાદગીરીમાં ટપાલની ટિકિટ બહાર પાડી હતી. * તટરક્ષક જહાજ "કિત્તુર ચેન્નમ્મા"ને ૧૯૮૩માં કાર્યરત કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું અને ૨૦૧૧માં નિષ્ક્રિય કરવામાં આવ્યું.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Dinesh M|title=Coast Guard to acquire 20 ships, 10 aircraft|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/coast-guard-to-acquire-20-ships-10-aircraft/article2139902.ece?css=print|access-date=13 November 2012|work=The Hindu|date=28 June 2011}}</ref> * [[બેંગલુરુ|બેંગ્લોર]] અને [[મિરાજ]]<nowiki/>ને જોડતી [[ભારતીય રેલ|ભારતીય રેલવે]]<nowiki/>ની ટ્રેન ''રાની ચેન્નમ્મા એક્સપ્રેસ''નું નામ તેમના નામ પરથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. == સંદર્ભો == {{Reflist}} [[શ્રેણી:ભારતીય ક્રાંતિકારી]] hrbbxfoht1v8kid8mf5rx1lykgasw8r સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Nagin n ratva 3 154722 902615 2026-07-18T13:08:13Z New user message 14116 નવા સભ્યનાં ચર્ચાનાં પાના પર [[ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|સ્વાગત સંદેશ]]નો ઉમેરો 902615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=Nagin n ratva}} -- [[:User:Dsvyas|ધવલ સુધન્વા વ્યાસ]]<sup>[[:User_talk:Dsvyas|ચર્ચા]]/[[:Special:Contributions/Dsvyas|યોગદાન]]</sup> ૧૮:૩૮, ૧૮ જુલાઇ ૨૦૨૬ (IST) erxhhse5c8zj6lwuf3qq4a8ozw3tk5b સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Kishan solanki pawa pali 3 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