વિકિપીડિયા guwiki https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A0 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter દ્રશ્ય-શ્રાવ્ય (મિડિયા) વિશેષ ચર્ચા સભ્ય સભ્યની ચર્ચા વિકિપીડિયા વિકિપીડિયા ચર્ચા ચિત્ર ચિત્રની ચર્ચા મીડિયાવિકિ મીડિયાવિકિ ચર્ચા ઢાંચો ઢાંચાની ચર્ચા મદદ મદદની ચર્ચા શ્રેણી શ્રેણીની ચર્ચા TimedText TimedText talk વિભાગ વિભાગ ચર્ચા Event Event talk મુકેશ 0 1077 905374 904204 2026-09-18T07:20:02Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = મુકેશ | image = Mukesh 2016 stamp of India.jpg | birth_name = મુકેશ ચંદ માથુર | birth_date = ૨૨ જુલાઈ ૧૯૨૩ | birth_place = [[દિલ્હી]],ભારત | death_date = ૨૭ ઓગષ્ટ ૧૯૭૬ | death_place = ડેટ્રોઇટ, મિશિગન, [[યુનાઇટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ ઓફ અમેરિકા]] | nationality = ભારતીય | occupation = પાર્શ્વ ગાયક | years_active = ૧૯૪૦–૧૯૭૬ | spouse = {{marriage|સરલાદેવી રાયચંદ|1946}} | other_names = વોઇસ ઓફ ધ મિલેનિયમ, ટ્રેજેડી કિંગ | children = ૫ | relatives = નીતિન મુકેશ (પુત્ર), નીલ નીતિન મુકેશ (પૌત્ર) | awards = {{plainlist| * ૧ રાષ્ટ્રીય ફિલ્મ પુરસ્કાર * ૨ બંગાળ ફિલ્મ જર્નાલીસ્ટ એસોશિએશન એવોર્ડ * ૩ શ્રેષ્ઠ પુરૂષ પાર્શ્વ ગાયક ફિલ્મફેર એવોર્ડ }} | signature = Mukesh Signature.svg }} '''મુકેશ''' (૨૨ જુલાઈ ૧૯૨૩ - ૨૭ ઓગષ્ટ ૧૯૭૬) ખૂબ જ જાણીતા [[ભારત|ભારતીય]] [[પાર્શ્વગાયક]] હતા. તેમની ગણના હિન્દી ફિલ્મ ઉદ્યોગના સૌથી લોકપ્રિય પાર્શ્વ ગાયકોમાં થાય છે.<ref>{{cite book |title= Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |url= https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt0000unse |last= Gopal |first= Sangita |author2=Sujata Moorti |year= 2008 |publisher= University of Minnesota Press|isbn= 0-8166-4579-5 |page= [https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt0000unse/page/94 94]}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'' by Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen. Oxford University Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-85170-455-7}}, page 169.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/mukeshs-93rd-birthday|title=Mukesh's 93rd Birthday|website=www.google.com|language=en|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> તેમની ગાયકી માટે મળેલાં પુરસ્કારોમાં ''રજનીગંધા (૧૯૭૩)'' ફિલ્મનું ''કઈ બાર યું હી દેખા હૈ..'' ગીત માટે તેમને શ્રેષ્ઠ પુરૂષ પાર્શ્વ ગાયક ફિલ્મફેર એવોર્ડ મળેલ છે. મુકેશ અભિનેતા રાજકપૂર, મનોજ કુમાર, [[દિલીપ કુમાર]] તેમજ સુનિલ દતના અવાજ તરીકે પ્રખ્યાત હતા.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mukesh-remembering-the-singer-with-the-midas-touch/story-kTGymf56kD6so2K4tL0dDO.html|title=Mukesh: Remembering the singer with the midas touch |author=Rohit Vats|website=Hindustan Times|date=27 August 2014|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> ==પ્રારંભિક જીવન== મુકેશનો જન્મ દિલ્હી ખાતે હિંદુ કાયસ્થ પરિવારમાં થયો હતો.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abdul Jamil Khan |title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&pg=PA316 |year=2006 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-438-9 |pages=316–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIsBeVv1qDE&t=884|title=Exclusive : Neil Nitin Mukesh & Nitin Mukesh In Conversation With Karan Thapar|date=23 October 2016}}</ref> તેઓ ઇજનેર પિતા જોરાવર ચંદ માથુર અને માતા ચંદ્રાણી માથુરના દસ સંતાનો પૈકી એક (છઠ્ઠા) હતા. તેઓએ તેમની બહેન સુંદર પિયારીના સંગીત શિક્ષક પાસેથી સંગીતનું પ્રાથમિક જ્ઞાન મેળવ્યું. દસમા ધોરણથી તેઓ અભ્યાસ છોડી પબ્લિક વર્ક્સ વિભાગની નોકરીમાં જોડાયા.આ દરમિયાન જ તેમણે પોતાની ગાયન ક્ષમતા અને સંગીત વાદ્યો પર કૌશલ્ય હસ્તગત કર્યું.<ref name="MM">{{cite news |last1=Chobey |first1=Ankita |title=8 Life Facts about Bollywood's Golden Voice Mukesh on his Bi |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/8-life-facts-about-bollywoods-golden-voice-mukesh-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/53338576.cms |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=22 July 2016 |archive-date=4 ઑગસ્ટ 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804040413/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/8-life-facts-about-bollywoods-golden-voice-mukesh-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/53338576.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==કારકિર્દી== મુકેશના અવાજ ની પરખ કરનાર હતા એમના દૂરના સગા મોતીલાલ. મુકેશના બહેનના લગ્નમાં એમને ગાતા સાંભળી મોતીલાલ ખૂબ જ પ્રભાવિત થયા હતા અને મુકેશને [[મુંબઈ]] લઈ આવ્યા હતા અને એમના ઘરમાં રહેવા કહ્યું. મુકેશને ગાવાનું પ્રશિક્ષણ આપવા માટે પણ એમણે વ્યવસ્થા કરી આપી હતી. મોતીલાલની ઓળખાણથી મુકેશને [[હિન્દી]] ફિલ્મ ''નિર્દોષ'' (૧૯૪૧) માં મુખ્ય કલાકાર તરીકે કામ મળ્યું હતું. ૧૯૪૫ માં રજુ થયેલી ફિલ્મ ''પહલી નઝર'' માં એમને પાર્શ્વ ગાયક તરીકે ગાવાનો પ્રથમ મોકો મળ્યો હતો. મુકેશે હિન્દી ફિલ્મ માટે ગાયેલું પહેલું ગીત હતુ ''દિલ જલતા હૈ તો જલને દે'' જેમાં મોતીલાલ એ કામ કર્યું હતુ. ==અભિનેતા અને નિર્માતા== મુકેશે એક અભિનેતા તરીકે તેમની કારકિર્દીની શરૂઆત ૧૯૪૧માં રજૂ થયેલી ફિલ્મ ''નિર્દોષ''થી કરી. આ ફિલ્મમાં નલિની જયવંત મુખ્ય અભિનેત્રી હતાં. તેમની બીજી ફિલ્મ ''અદબ અર્જ (૧૯૪૩)'' હતી. ૧૯૫૩માં રાજકપૂરને મુખ્ય ભૂમિકામાં દર્શાવતી ફિલ્મ ''આહ''માં મહેમાન ભૂમિકા ભજવી હતી. આ જ વર્ષે આવેલી ફિલ્મ ''માશૂકા''માં તેમણે મુખ્ય અભિનેતાનું પાત્ર ભજવ્યું હતું. ફિલ્મની મુખ્ય અભિનેત્રી સુરૈયા હતી. ફિલ્મ ''અનુરાગ (૧૯૫૬)'' માં તેઓ મુખ્ય અભિનેતા ઉપરાંત સહ નિર્માતા અને સંગીતકાર પણ હતા. ૧૯૫૧માં આવેલી ફિલ્મ ''મલ્હાર''ના નિર્માતા પણ મુકેશ જ હતા.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006715/bio Mukesh]. IMDb</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030119104929/http://www.singermukesh.com/reellife.htm Movies Of Mukesh]. singermukesh.com</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-malhar-1951/article3257837.ece Blast from the past: Malhar (1951)]. The Hindu (29 March 2012). Retrieved on 6 November 2018.</ref> ==અંગત જીવન== મુકેશના લગ્ન સરલા ત્રિવેદી સાથે થયા હતાં. સરલાના પિતા રાયચંદ ત્રિવેદી આ લગ્નની વિરુદ્ધમાં હતાં. ૨૨ જુલાઇ ૧૯૪૬ના રોજ કાંદિવલી (મુંબઈ)ના એક મંદિરમાં તેઓએ અભિનેતા મોતીલાલના સહયોગથી લગ્ન કરી લીધા હતા. તેમના પરિવારમાં રીટા, નિતિન (ગાયક), નલિની, મોહનીશ અને નમ્રતા એમ પાંચ સંતાનો હતા. અભિનેતા નીલ નિતિન મુકેશ એ તેમનો પૌત્ર છે. ==અવસાન== ૧૯૭૬ના વર્ષમાં જ્યારે તેઓ અમેરીકામાં એક કોન્સર્ટ માટે ગયા હતા ત્યારે [[હૃદયરોગનો હુમલો|હૃદયરોગ]]ના હુમલાને કારણે તેમનું મૃત્યુ થયું હતું. ==પુરસ્કાર== [[File:Mukesh 2016 postcard of India.jpg|thumb|મુકેશ- ભારતના જાણીતા ગાયક શ્રેણી પોસ્ટકાર્ડ પર]] ===રાષ્ટ્રીય ફિલ્મ પુરસ્કાર=== * ૧૯૭૪ – શ્રેષ્ઠ પુરૂષ પાર્શ્વ ગાયક ફિલ્મફેર એવોર્ડ ''રજનીગંધા (૧૯૭૩)'' ફિલ્મના ''કઈ બાર યું હી દેખા હૈ..'' ગીત માટે. ===ફિલ્મફેર પુરસ્કાર=== ====વિજેતા==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! વર્ષ ! ગીત ! ફિલ્મ ! સંગીત નિર્દેશક ! ગીતકાર |- | ૧૯૫૯ | "સબ કુછ સીખા હમને" | ''અનારી'' | શંકર જયકિશન | શૈલેન્દ્ર |- | ૧૯૭૦ | "સબસે બડા નાદાન" | ''પહેચાન'' | શંકર જયકિશન | વર્મા મલિક |- | ૧૯૭૨ |"જય બોલો બેઈમાન કી" |''બેઈમાન'' | શંકર જયકિશન | વર્મા મલિક |- | ૧૯૭૬ |"કભી કભી મેરે દિલ મેં" | ''કભી કભી'' | ખય્યામ | સાહિર લુધિયાનવી |} ====નામાંકન==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! વર્ષ ! ગીત ! ફિલ્મ ! સંગીત નિર્દેશક ! ગીતકાર |- | ૧૯૬૨ | "હોઠોં પે સચ્ચાઈ રહેતી હૈ" | ''જીસ દેશ મેં ગંગા બહેતી હૈ'' | શંકર જયકિશન | શૈલેન્દ્ર |- | ૧૯૬૫ | "દોસ્ત દોસ્ત ના રહા" | ''સંગમ'' | શંકર જયકિશન | શૈલેન્દ્ર |- | ૧૯૬૮ | "સાવન કા મહિના" | ''મિલન'' | લક્ષ્મીકાંત પ્યારેલાલ | આનંદ બક્ષી |- | ૧૯૭૧ | "બસ યેહી અપરાધ" | ''પહેચાન'' | શંકર જયકિશન | નીરજ |} ===બંગાળ ફિલ્મ જર્નાલીસ્ટ એસોશિએશન એવોર્ડ=== '''વિજેતા''' * ૧૯૬૭ – શ્રેષ્ઠ પુરૂષ પાર્શ્વ ગાયક – ''તીસરી કસમ''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071228025258/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196730.htm 30th Annual BFJA Awards]. bfjaawards.com</ref> * 1968 – શ્રેષ્ઠ પુરૂષ પાર્શ્વ ગાયક – ''મિલન''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100108050315/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196831.htm 31st Annual BFJA Awards]. bfjaawards.com</ref> * 1970 – શ્રેષ્ઠ પુરૂષ પાર્શ્વ ગાયક – ''સરસ્વતીચંદ્ર''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223011312/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197033.htm 33rd Annual BFJA Awards]. bfjaawards.com</ref> ==ફિલ્મોગ્રાફી== === પાર્શ્વગાયન === * ''પહલી નજર'' (૧૯૪૫) * ''મેલા'' (૧૯૪૮) * ''આગ'' (૧૯૪૮) * ''અન્દાજ'' (૧૯૪૯) * ''આવારા'' (૧૯૫૧) * ''શ્રી ૪૨૦'' (૧૯૫૫) * ''પરવરિશ'' (૧૯૫૮) * ''અનાડી'' (૧૯૫૯) * ''સંગમ'' (૧૯૬૪) * ''મેરા નામ જોકર'' (૧૯૭૦) * ''ધરમ કરમ'' (૧૯૭૫) === જાણીતાં ગીતો === * ''તૂ કહે અગર''( ફિલ્મ્ 'અન્ચદાઝ્) * ''જિન્દા હૂઁ મૈ ઇસ તરહ સે'' * ''મેરા જૂતા હૈ જાપાની'' (ફિલ્મ ''આવારા'') * ''યે મેરા દીવાનાપન હૈ'' (ફિલ્મ ''યહૂદી'') * ''કિસી કી મુસ્કુરાહટો પે હો નિસાર'' (ફિલ્મ અનાડી'''') * ''ઓ જાને વાલે હો સકે તો લૌટ કે આના'' (ફિલ્મ ''બન્દીની'') * ''દોસ્ત દોસ્ત ના રહા'' (ફિલ્મ ''સંગમ'') * ''જાને કહાઁ ગયે વો દિન'' (ફિલ્મ ''મેરા નામ જોકર'') * ''મૈને તેરે લિયે હી સાત રંગ કે સપને ચુને'' (ફિલ્મ ''આનન્દ'') * ''ઇક દિન બિક જાયેગા માટી કે મોલ'' (ફિલ્મ ''ધરમ કરમ'') * ''મૈ પલ દો પલ કા શાયર હૂઁ''( ફિલ્મ્ કબભિક્ભિ ) * ''કભી કભી મેરે દિલ મેં ખયાલ આતા હૈ'' (ફિલ્મ ''કભી કભી'') * ''ચંચલ શીતલ નિર્મલ કોમલ'' (ફિલ્મ ''સત્યમ શિવમ સુન્દરમ'') * "કહિ દુર જબ દીન ઢલ જાયે" (ફિલ્મ ''આનન્દ'') === ગુજરાતી ગીતો === * સજન મારી પ્રીતડી સદીઓ પૂરાણી (જીગર અને અમી, સંગીત: મહેશ-નરેશ) * આવો રે આવો રે ઓ ચિતડું ચોરી જાનારા (ખીમરો-લોડણ) * આવો તોય સારું * હે તને જાતાં જોઇ પનઘટની વાટે * ચાલ્યા જ કરું છું ચાલ્યા જ કરું છું * મને તારી યાદ સતાવે * નજરના જામ છલકાવીને ચાલ્યા ક્યાં તમે (નીલગગનના પંખેરું ) * મારા ભોળા દિલનો * ઓ નીલગગનના પંખેરું (નીલગગનના પંખેરું ) * સનમ જો તુ બને ગુલ તો બુલબુલ હું બની જાઉં * નજરને કહી દો * પંખીડાને આ પીંજરું જૂનું જૂનું લાગે ==સંદર્ભો== {{Reflist}} == બાહ્ય કડીઓ == {{Commons category|Mukesh Chand Mathur}} * {{IMDb name|id=0006715}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061205023545/http://singermukesh.com/ www.SingerMukesh.com – A Dedicated Web Site To Singer Mukesh] * [http://www.singermukesh.com મુકેશને લગતી તમામ માહિતી એકત્રિત કરતી વેબસાઇટ] [[શ્રેણી:વ્યક્તિત્વ]] [[શ્રેણી:ગાયક]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૨૩માં જન્મ]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૭૬માં મૃત્યુ]] 2ph4y9knbgsg7ls5sucif25t155jyw9 મેવાડા (તા. ધાનેરા) 0 28614 905362 905293 2026-09-17T14:50:47Z Dinesh P Purohit 9677 /* */ 905362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian jurisdiction | type = ગામ | native_name = મેવાડા | state_name = ગુજરાત | district = બનાસકાંઠા | taluk_names = [[ધાનેરા તાલુકો|ધાનેરા]] | latd = 24.528722 | longd = 72.163836 | area_total = | altitude = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density = | leader_title_1 = | leader_name_1 = | leader_title_2 = | leader_name_2 = | postal_code_type = પિનકોડ | postal_code = ૩૮૫ ૫૪૫ | area_code = +૯૧ ૨૭૪૮ | area_code_type = ટેલિફોન કોડ | registration_plate = GJ-08 | blank_title_1 = સગવડો | blank_value_1 = [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[માધ્યમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]], દૂધની ડેરી | blank_title_2 = મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય | blank_value_2 = [[ખેતી]], [[પશુપાલન]] | blank_title_3 = મુખ્ય ખેતપેદાશ | blank_value_3 = [[ઘઉં]], [[બાજરી]], [[રાયડો]], મગફળી, દિવેલા, [[શાકભાજી]] | blank_title_4 = નજીકનું રેલવે સ્ટેશન | blank_value_4 = [[ધાનેરા રેલ્વે સ્ટેશન]] | blank_title_5 = નજીકનું શહેર | blank_value_5 = [[ધાનેરા]] }} '''મેવાડા''' [[ભારત]] દેશના પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં આવેલા [[ગુજરાત|ગુજરાત રાજ્ય]]ના ઉત્તર ભાગમાં આવેલા [[બનાસકાંઠા જિલ્લો|બનાસકાંઠા જિલ્લા]]માં આવેલા કુલ ૧૦ (દસ) તાલુકાઓ પૈકીના એક એવા [[ધાનેરા તાલુકો|ધાનેરા તાલુકા]]માં આવેલું અને રેલ નદીના તટે વસેલું એક ગામ છે. મેવાડા ગામના લોકોનો મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]] તેમજ [[પશુપાલન]] છે. આ ગામમાં મુખ્યત્વે [[ઘઉં]], [[બાજરી]], [[રાયડો]], મગફળી, દિવેલા તેમજ અન્ય [[શાકભાજી]]ના પાકની [[ખેતી]] કરવામાં આવે છે. આ ગામમાં [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા|પ્રાથમિક]] અને [[માધ્યમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]], આરોગ્ય કેન્દ્ર તેમજ દૂધની ડેરી જેવી સવલતો પ્રાપ્ય થયેલી છે. == ધાર્મિક સ્થળો == મેવાડા ગામમાં સ્વયંભૂ પ્રકટ ઢાંકણિયા [[શિવ|મહાદેવ]], ભડથિયા (પુરોહિત)ની કુળદેવી [[આશાપુરા માતા]] અને [[કૃષ્ણ|ઠાકોરજી]]નાં મંદિરો આવેલાં છે. {{ગુજરાત ગામ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:ધાનેરા તાલુકો]] kkugi9wgl3vytgrv6b57xq23rjtis9k ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ 0 31006 905365 905329 2026-09-17T23:44:18Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup}} {{Infobox scientist | name = ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ | image =Alan Turing az 1930-as években.jpg| image_width = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Maida Vale]], London, England, United Kingdom | death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|6|7|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Wilmslow]], [[Cheshire]], England, United Kingdom | nationality = British | field = [[Mathematician]], [[logician]], [[cryptanalyst]], [[computer scientist]] | work_institutions = [[University of Cambridge]]<br />[[Government Code and Cypher School]]<br />[[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]]<br />[[University of Manchester]] | alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]<br />[[Princeton University]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Alonzo Church]] | doctoral_students = [[Robin Gandy]] | known_for = [[Halting problem]]<br />[[Turing machine]]<br />[[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]<br />[[Automatic Computing Engine]]<br />[[Turing Award]]<br />[[Turing Test]]<br />[[Turing pattern]]s | prizes = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />[[Fellow of the Royal Society]] }} '''ઍલન મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગ''', ઓબીઈ, એફઆરએસ; 23 જૂન 1912 – 7 જૂન 1954), અંગ્રેજી ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી, તર્કશાસ્ત્રી,સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષક અને કમ્પ્યૂટર વૈજ્ઞાનિક હતા. તેમણે ટ્યુરિંગ મશિન સાથે ગાણિતિક નિયમો અને ગણતરીની વિભાવનાનું નિર્દિષ્ટીકરણ પૂરું પાડીને કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના વિકાસમાં અત્યંત પ્રભાવશાળી યોગદાન આપ્યું હતું, જેણે આધુનિક [[કમ્પ્યૂટર]]ના સર્જનમાં મહત્તવપૂર્ણ ભૂમિકા ભજવી હતી.<ref name="AFP"/> [[બીજું વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ|બીજા વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ]] દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગે ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સાયફર સ્કૂલ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક, બ્રિટનના કોડબ્રેકીંગ સેન્ટર માટે કામ કર્યું. થોડા સમય માટે તેઓ હટ 8 વિભાગના મુખ્યાધિકારી હતા, આ વિભાગ જર્મન નૌકા સૈન્યને સંબંધિત સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષણમાટે જવાબદાર હતું. તેમણે જર્મનસંકેતલિપિને તોડતી પદ્ધતિઓમાંની એક યોજના નક્કી કરી રાખી હતી, જેમાં બોમ્બે પદ્ધતિ, ઈલેક્ટ્રોમીકેનીકલમશીન ઈનીગ્મા મશીન માટે ગોઠવણી શોધી શકે છે, તેનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. યુદ્ધ પછી તેમણે નેશનલ ફિઝીકલ લેબોરેટરી ખાતે કામ કર્યું, જ્યાં એસીઈ(ACE), એક સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય એવા કમ્પ્યૂટર પ્રોગ્રામની સૌ પ્રથમ ડિઝાઈન તૈયાર કરી. તેમના જીવનના અંત ભાગમાં ટ્યુરિંગને ગાણિતિક જીવવિજ્ઞાનમાં રસ પડ્યો. તેમણે આકાર વિકાસ(મૉર્ફોજિનેસિસ)નું રસાયણશાસ્ત્ર આધારિત પેપર લખ્યું,<ref>{{Cite journal| last= Turing | first= A. M. | title = The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis | journal = Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London, series B | volume = 237 | pages = 37–72 | year = 1952 }}</ref> અને તેમણે ઓસીલેટીંગકેમિકલ રીએક્શન જેમ કે બીલોઅસોય- ઝાબોટીન્સ્કાય રીએક્શનનું અનુમાન કર્યું, જેનું 1960ના દાયકાઓમાં સૌ પ્રથમ વખત અવલોકિત બન્યું. ટ્યુરિંગની સજાતીયતા 1952માં ફોજદારી ફરિયાદમાં પરિણમી- તે સમયે યુનાઈટેડ કિંગડ્મમાં સજાતીય વર્તણૂક ગેરકાયદેસર હતી- અને તેમણે જેલના વિકલ્પ તરીકે સ્ત્રી હોર્મોન(રાસાયણિક ખસીકરણ)ની સાથે સારવાર સ્વીકારી હતી. તેઓ 1954માં તેમના 42મા જન્મદિવસનાં કેટલાંક અઠવાડિયા પહેલાં, સાઈનાઈડ ઝેરથી મૃત્યુ પામ્યા. કાયદેસરની તપાસમાં તે આત્મહત્યા હોવાનું શોધાયું હતું, તેમની માતા અને કેટલાક અન્ય લોકો તેમના મોતને એક અકસ્માત હોવાનું માની રહ્યાં હતાં. 10 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009ના રોજ, ઈન્ટરનેટ ઝુંબેશને અનુસરતાં, યુદ્ધ પછી ટ્યુરિંગની સાથે જે રીતનો વ્યવહાર થયો હતો, તે માટે બ્રિટિશ સરકાર વતી બ્રિટિશ વડાપ્રધાન ગોર્ડોન બ્રાઉને સત્તાવાર જાહેર માફી માંગી હતી. .<ref name="PM-apology">{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8249792.stm | title = PM apology after Turing petition | date = 11 September 2009 | work = BBC News}}</ref> == બાળપણ અને યુવાની == ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું ગર્ભધાન [[છત્રપુર]],[[ઓરિસ્સા]], ભારતમાં થયું હતું.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref> તેમના પિતા, જુલિયસ મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગભારતીય નાગરિક સેવાના સભ્ય હતા. જુલિયસ અને તેની પત્ની સારા (પૂર્વાશ્રમમાં સ્ટોનેય; 1881–1976, એડવર્ડ વોલ્લર સ્ટોનેય, મદ્રાસ રેલ્વેના મુખ્ય એન્જિનીયરની પુત્રી હતાં) ઇચ્છતાં હતાં કે ઍલનનો ઉછેર ઈંગ્લેન્ડમાં થાય, તેથી તેઓ મૈડા વેલે<ref name="englishheritaget">{{Cite web | url = http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T | title = London Blue Plaques | access-date = 10 February 2007 | work = English Heritage}}</ref>, લંડનમાં પાછાં આવ્યાં, જ્યાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનો જન્મ 23 જૂન 1912ના રોજ થયો, જે પાછળથી કોલોન્નાડે હોટલપર બિલ્ડીંગની બહારની બાજુ<ref>{{openplaque|381}}</ref>એ એક વાદળી તકતી દ્વારા નોંધાયેલું હતું.<ref name="Hodges1983P5"/><ref name="turingorguk">{{Cite web| url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html | title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook | access-date=26 September 2006}}</ref> તેમને જ્હોન નામનો મોટો ભાઈ હતો. તેમના પિતાનું નાગરિક સેવા કમિશન હજી પણ સક્રિય હતું અને ટ્યુરિંગના બાળપણનાં વર્ષો દરમિયાન તેમનાં માતા-પિતા તેમના બે પુત્રોને નિવૃત્ત આર્મી દંપતી પાસે મૂકી, હેસ્ટીંગ્સ, ઈંગ્લેન્ડ<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=6}}</ref> અને ભારત વચ્ચે આવ-જા કરતાં હતાં. જીવનમાં ખૂબ જ જલદી, ટ્યુરિંગે પાછળથી વધુ પ્રમુખતાઓ દર્શાવી હતી જે પ્રતિભાસંપન્ન હોવાની નિશાની દર્શાવતી હતી.<ref name="toolbox">{{Cite web |title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1 |first=G. James |last=Jones |date=11 December 2001 |url=http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |access-date=27 July 2007 |work=System Toolbox |archive-date=3 ઑગસ્ટ 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> છ વર્ષની ઉંમરે તેમના વાલીએ સેન્ટ મિશેલ, દિવસની સ્કૂલમાં તેમનું નામ નોંધાવ્યું હતું. તેમની પ્રતિભા શરૂઆતમાં જ મુખ્ય શિક્ષિકાએ ઓળખી કાઢી, એવી રીતે તેમના ક્રમશઃ ઘણા શિક્ષકોએ તેમની પ્રતિભા ઓળખી હતી. 1924માં, 14 વર્ષની ઉંમરે, તેઓ ડૂરસેટમાં બજાર ભરાય એવા શહેર શેરબોર્નમાં જાણીતી સ્વતંત્ર્ય શાળાશેરબોર્ન શાળામાં ગયા. સત્રના પ્રથમ દિવસે બ્રિટનમાં સામાન્ય હડતાળ હતી, પણ તેને પ્રથમ દિવસે હાજર રહેવું હતું તે નિર્ધારિત હતું, તેથી તેણે તેની સાઈકલ સાઉથએમ્પટોનથી શાળા સુધી {{convert|60|mi|km}}થી વધુ દોરીને લઈ ગયો, આખી રાત પ્રવાસી માટેની વીશીમાં રોકાયો.<ref name="metamagical">{{Cite book|title=Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern |url=https://archive.org/details/metamagicalthema0000hofs |first=Douglas R. |last=Hofstadter |year=1985 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0-465-04566-9 |oclc=230812136}}</ref> [[ચિત્ર:KingsCollegeChapel.jpg|thumb|કિંગ્સ કોલેજ, કેમ્બ્રીજ ખાતે કમ્પ્યૂટર ખંડનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગના નામથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું, જ્યાં તેઓ 1931માં વિદ્યાર્થી અને 1935માં ફેલો બન્યા હતા.]] ટ્યુરિંગની કુદરતી રુચિ ગણિત અને વિજ્ઞાન હોવાથી શેરબોર્નમાં કેટલાક શિક્ષકો, જેમની શિક્ષણની વ્યાખ્યામાં સાહિત્યપર વધુ ભાર આપતા હતા, પરિણામે તેઓ પ્રત્યેથી તેમને આદર ન મળ્યો. તેમના મુખ્ય શિક્ષકે તેમના વાલીને લખ્યું હતું- "હું આશા રાખું છું કે તે બે સ્ટૂલની વચ્ચે ન પડે. જો તેને જાહેર શાળામાં રહેવું હશે, તો તેણે ચોક્કસપણે ''શિક્ષિત'' થવાનું ધ્યેય રાખવું જ પડશે. જો તેણે માત્ર''વિજ્ઞાનના વિશેષજ્ઞ'' બનવું હશે, તો તે જાહેર શાળામાં તેનો સમય બરબાદ કરી રહ્યો છે. "<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=26}}</ref> આ બધું થવા છતાં, ટ્યુરિંગે અભ્યાસમાં નોંધનીય ક્ષમતા દર્શાવવાની ચાલુ રાખી. 1927માં પ્રાથમિક કલનશાસ્ત્રનો અભ્યાસ કર્યાં વિના જ તેને જટિલ સમસ્યાઓ ઉકેલવામાં મજા આવતી હતી. 1928માં, 16 વર્ષની ઉંમરે, ટ્યુરિંગને [[આલ્બર્ટ આઇન્સ્ટાઇન|આર્બલ્ટ આઈન્સ્ટાઈન]]ના કાર્યનો ભેટો થયો, તેણે માત્ર તેને સમજી લીધું એટલું જ નહીં, પણ તેણે એક લખાણમાંથી, કે જેમાં ક્યારેય એવું સ્પષ્ટપણે દર્શાવાયું નહોતું, તેમાંથી ન્યુટનના ગતિના નિયમોઅંગે આઈન્ટાઈનના પ્રશ્નો અંગે અનુમાન લગાવ્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=34}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગની આશાઓ અને આકાંક્ષાઓ તેણે શાળામાં પોતાનાથી સહેજ મોટા વિદ્યાર્થી, ક્રિસ્ટોફર મોર્કોમ સાથે વિકસાવેલી નજીકની મિત્રતા દ્વારા વધુ ઊભરી. મોર્કોમ ટ્યુરિંગની પ્રથમ પ્રેમ જિજ્ઞાસા હતી. મોર્કોમ તેઓની શેરબોર્ન ખાતેની છેલ્લા સત્રના માત્ર થોડાં અઠવાડિયાં પહેલાં, ગાયનું ચેપી [[દૂધ]] પીધા પછી સંકોચાઈને, ગાયનાં ફેફસાંના ક્ષય રોગની જટિલતાથી મૃત્યુ પામ્યો.<ref name="teuscher">** {{Cite book|last=Teuscher |first=Christof (ed.) |authorlink=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturinglifele0000unse |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=3-540-20020-7 |oclc=53434737 62339998}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગનો ધાર્મિક વિશ્વાસ કકડભૂસ થઈ ગયો અને તે નાસ્તિક બની ગયો. તેણે તમામ વસ્તુઓ જડવાદજ છે, એવી હકીકત ખાતરીપૂર્વક સ્વીકારી લીધી, જેમાં જીવિત માનવીય મગજનો પણ સમાવેશ થાય છે,<ref>પાઉલ ગ્રે, [http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822093918/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |date=2008-08-22 }} સદીના સૌથી મહત્વના ટાઈમ સામાયિકના લોકો, પાન નં ૨</ref> પણ તે હજી પણ એવું માનતા હતાં કે મૃત્યુ પછી આત્માનું અસ્તિત્વ હોય છે.<ref>[http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/spirit.html ધી ઈન્સ્પીરેશન ઓફ લાઈફ એન્ડ ડેથ, 1928–1932] ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ સ્કેપબુક </ref> == યુનિવર્સિટી અને ગણનક્ષમતા (કમ્પ્યૂટેબિલિટી) અંગેનું કાર્ય == [[ચિત્ર:Alan Turing Memorial Closer.jpg|thumb|સેકવિલે પાર્ક, માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું યાદગાર પૂતળું]] શેરબોર્ન પછી, ટ્યુરિંગ કેમ્બ્રિજ, કિંગસ્ કોલેજમાં અભ્યાસ કરવા ગયો. ત્યાં તેણે તેના ગ્રેજ્યુએશન પહેલાંના ત્રણ વર્ષો 1931થી 1934 પસાર કર્યાં, [[ગણિત]]માં પ્રથમ વર્ગ ઓનર્સ સાથે ગ્રેજ્યુએટ થયો અને 1935માં સેન્ટ્રલ લિમિટ થિયરમ પરના મહાનિબંધની ક્ષમતા પર કિંગ કોલેજ ખાતે ફેલોતરીકે ચૂંટાઈ આવ્યો.<ref>જોહ્ન ઓલ્ડરીચનો ત્રીજો વિભાગ જુઓ, "ઈંગ્લેન્ડ અને કોન્ટીનેન્ટલ પ્રોબેબલીટી ઈન ઈન્ટ વોર યર્સ", જર્નલ ઈલેક્ટોનીક d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, ભાગ 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html ડિસેમ્બર 2009] જર્નલ ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિક d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> તેમના અતિમહત્ત્વના પેપર "ઓન કમ્યૂટેબલ નંબરસ્, વીથ એન એપ્લીકેશન ટુ ધી ''એન્ટ્સેઈડંગસપ્રોબ્લેમ (Entscheidungsproblem)'' ",<ref>{{Cite journal | last= Turing | first= A. M. |year=1936 | publication-date = 1936–37 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 42 | pages = 230–65 | doi= 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | url = http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf}} (અને {{Cite news| last = Turing | first = A.M. | publication-date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 43 | pages = 544–6 | doi = 10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544 | year = 1938 }})</ref> ટ્યુરિંગે ગણતરી અને પ્રૂફની મર્યાદાઓ પરના 1931ના કુર્ટ ગોડેલનાં પરિણામો પર પુનઃસૂત્રો તારવી, ગોડેલના વૈશ્વિક ગાણિતિક આધારિત યાંત્રિક ભાષા સાથે ફેરબદલી કરીને યાંત્રિક અને સરળ ડિવાઈસો મૂક્યા, જે ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો તરીકે જાણીતાં બન્યાં. તેમણે સાબિત કર્યું કે કેટલાંક આવા મશીનો કોઈપણ કલ્પના જો અલ્ગોરિધમ પ્રમાણે રજૂ કરવામાં આવે તો તેની ગાણિતિક ગણતરી કરવા માટે તે સક્ષમ બનશે. તેઓ સાબિત કરતાં ગયા કે ટ્યુરિંગના મશીન માટે અચકાવવાની સમસ્યા અનિશ્ચિત છે જે સૌ પ્રથમ વખતે દર્શાવતાં ''એન્ટ્સેઈડંગસપ્રોબ્લેમ (Entscheidungsproblem)'' નો કોઈ ઉકેલ નથી કે એવું સાબિત કરતા ગયા હતા. તે નક્કી કરવું શક્ય નથી, વાસ્તવમાં, જ્યારે પણ ગાણિકીત ક્રિયા ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનને આપવામાં આવશે ત્યારે તે હંમેશા અચકાશે કે કેમ. જો કે તેમના લેમ્બડા કલનને આદર આપવામાં એલોન્ઝો ચર્ચને સમકક્ષ પ્રુફ પથી તેમનું પ્રુફ પ્રકાશિત થયું હતું, તે વખતે ટ્યુરિંગ ચર્ચના કામથી અજાણ હતા. ટ્યુરિંગે તેમની યાદશક્તિમાં લખ્યું હતું કે તેઓ આ 1936 પેપર સ્વીકારવા અંગે નિરાશ થયા હતા અને તે અંગે માત્ર બે વ્યક્તિઓએ પ્રતિક્રિયા આપી- તેઓ હતા [[Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Heinrich Scholz|હૈન્રીચ સ્કૂલઝ]]અને રિચાર્ડ બેવેન બ્રેઈથવેઈટ. ટ્યુરિંગનો અભિગમ નોંધનીય પણે ઘણો ખુલ્લો અને સ્વયંસ્ફૂર્ત છે. અન્ય કોઈ પણ મશીનની જે એક આવું મશીન પણ કાર્ય કરી શકે એવા વિચારને પણ એક યુનિવર્સલ (ટ્યુરિંગ) મશીનની તેની ધારણામાં નવીનતાથી ઉતાર્યો હતો. અથવા બીજા શબ્દોમાં, કોઈની પણ ગણતરી કરવાની ક્ષમતા સાબિત થાય છે તે ગણતરી કરે છે, તેનો અડસટ્ટો લગાવાય છે. ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો આ દિવસોમાં ગણતરી કરવાના સિદ્ધાંતમાં અભ્યાસ માટે કેન્દ્રિય ભાગ છે, સ્ટીફન વોલ્ફ્રામ દ્વારા 2 રાજ્ય 3 ચિહ્નો ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન શોધ એક સૌથી સરળ ઉદાહરણબને છે.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/10/college-kid-pro/ કોલેજ કીડ પ્રૂવ ધેટ વોલ્ફ્રામસ ટ્યુરિંગ મશિન યુનિવર્સલ કમ્પ્યૂટરોમાંનું સૌથી સરળ છે] વાયર્ડ 24 ઓક્ટોબર 2007</ref> પેપરવ્યાખ્યાયિત સંખ્યાઓની કલ્પના પણ રજૂ કરે છે. સપ્ટેમ્બર 1936થી જુલાઈ 1938 સુધી તેમણે ઍલોન્ઝો ચર્ચ હેઠળ અભ્યાસ કરવા માટે ઇન્સ્ટિટયૂટ ફોર એડવાન્સડ સ્ટડી, પ્રીન્સેટન, ન્યુ જર્સી ખાતે તેમનો મોટા ભાગનો સમય પસાર કર્યો. સાથો સાથ પોતાના માત્ર ગાણિતને લગતા કામમાં તેમણે સાંકેતિક લિપિનો અભ્યાસ કર્યો અને એક વિદ્યુત યાંત્રિક દ્વિગુણ ગુણકના ચોથા તબક્કામાંથી ત્રણનું નિર્માણ પણ કર્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=138}}</ref> જૂન 1938માં તેમણે પ્રીન્સેટનમાંથી તેમની Ph.D.ની ડીગ્રી મેળવીઃ તેમનો મહાનિબંધ સાપેક્ષ ગણતરીની કલ્પનાને રજૂ કરતો હતો, જ્યાં ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનો કહેવાતી ભાવિ આગાહી સાથે દલીલ કરે છે, સમસ્યાઓના અભ્યાસને મંજૂરી આપતાં, તે એક ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન દ્વારા ઉકેલી શકાતું નથી. કેમ્બ્રીજ ખાતે પાછા આવતાં, તેમણે લુડ્વીગ વિટ્ટુજેનસ્ટીન દ્વારા ગણિતની સ્થાપનાઅંગેના વ્યાખ્યામાં હાજરી આપી હતી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=152}}</ref> શિષ્ટાચારના કડક પાલનથી ટ્યુરિંગના પ્રતિકાર સાથે બે વ્યક્તિઓએ દલીલ કરી અને અસહમતિ દાખવી અને વિટ્ટજેનસ્ટીનની દલીલ એ હતી કે ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી કશા પણ તદ્દન સત્યો શોધી કાઢતા નથી પણ તેના બદલે તેઓ તેનું નવનિર્માણ કરે છે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=153–154}}</ref> તેમણે અંશકાલીન સમય માટે ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સિફર સ્કૂલ (GCCS) સાથે કામ પણ કર્યું. == સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણ == [[ચિત્ર:Turing flat.jpg|thumb|બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે તબેલામાં બે કોટેજો.જ્યારે તેઓ હટ 8માં ગયા ત્યારે તેમણે અહીં 1939થી ૧૯૪૦ સુધી કામ કર્યું. ]] બીજા વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે જર્મન સંકેતોને તોડવામાંના પ્રયત્નોમાં એક મુખ્ય સહભાગી હતા. યુદ્ધ પહેલાં સીફર બ્યુરોમાંથી પોલેન્ડમાં મેરિન રેજેવ્સ્કી,જેર્ઝી રોઝીસ્કીઅને હેન્રીક ઝીગાલ્સ્કી દ્વારા સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણના કામની શરૂઆત પર, તેમણેઈનીગ્મા મશીન અને લોરેન્ઝ એસઝેડ 40/42 (એક ટેલીપ્રિન્ટર(ટેલીટાઈપ) બ્રિટિશ દ્વારા ''ટ્યુની'' કોડવાળું નામ ધરાવનાર સાંકેતિક જોડાણ) એ બંનેને તોડવા માટે ઊંડા જ્ઞાન દ્વારા ફાળો આપ્યો હતો, અને થોડા સમય માટે, જર્મન નૌકાદળના સિગ્નલો વાંચવા માટે જવાબદાર વિભાગ હટ 8ના મુખ્ય વ્યક્તિ હતા. સપ્ટેમ્બર 1938થી ટ્યુરિંગ કોડ તોડતી બ્રિટિશ સંસ્થા ગવર્મેન્ટ કોડ અને સાઈફર સ્કૂલ(GCCS), સાથે ખંડ-સમય માટે (અનુમાન અનુસાર બ્રિટિશ ફોરેન ઓફિસમાટે) કામ કર્યું હતું. તેમણે જર્મન ઈનીગ્મા મશીનની સમસ્યા પર કામ કર્યું અને GCCSના સિનિયર કોડબ્રેકર ડીલ્લી ક્નોક્ષસાથે મળીને કામ કર્યું.<ref>જેક કોપલેન્ડ, "કોલોસ્સસ અને કમ્પ્યૂટરની ઉંમરનું ચિત્ર, પાના નં 352 ''એક્શન ધી ડે'' , 2001</ref> 4 સપ્ટેમ્બર 1939એ જર્મની પર યુકે(UK)એ યુદ્ધનું એલાન કર્યું, ત્યારે ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક, જીસીસીએસના યુદ્ધ સમયના સ્ટેશન પર હાજર થયા હતા.<ref name="Copeland2006p378">કોપલેન્ડ, 2006 પાન નં. 378</ref> 1945માં, ટ્યુરિંગને તેમની યુદ્ધ સમયની સેવાઓ બદલ ઓબીઈ દ્વારા સન્માન આપવામાં આવ્યું, પણ તેમનું કાર્ય ઘણાં વર્ષો સુધી ખાનગી રહ્યું. ટ્યુરિંગ પાસે બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે કંઈક પ્રતિષ્ઠિત વિચિત્રતા હતી. જેક ગુડ, સંકેતલિપિના વિશ્લેષક, જેમણે તેમની સાથે કામ કર્યું હતું, તેમણે ટ્યુરિંગ વિશે રોનાલ્ડ લેવિને ટાંકીને કહ્યું: <blockquote> દરેક વર્ષે જૂનના પ્રથમ અઠવાડિયામાં તેને હે ફિવર (પરાગને લીધે થતી ઉધરસ અને ક્યારેક દમનો વિકાર)નો ખરાબ હુમલો લાગુ પડતો હતો, અને તેઓ પરાગરજને દૂર રાખવા માટે ઓફિસમાં પહેરવાનો સર્વિસ ગેસ માસ્ક સાયકલ ચલાવતી વખતે પહેરી લેતા. તેમની સાયકલમાં ખરાબી હતીઃ ચેન નિયમિત અંતરાલે ઉતરી જતી. તેને સમી કરાવવાને બદલે તેઓ ગોળ ફરતાં પેડલની ગણતરી કરતાં અને ચેન સરખી કરવાના સમયે સાયકલ પરથી ઉતરી હાથ દ્વારા ચેનને સરખી કરતા. તેમની અન્ય વિચિત્રતા એ હતી કે તેઓ તેમના મગ (પ્યાલા)ને ચોરી થતો અટકાવવા માટે રેડિયેટરની પાઈપ સાથે બાંધી દેતા.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewin|1978|p=57}}</ref></blockquote> બ્લેત્ચલેય ખાતે કામ કરતી વખતે, ટ્યુરિંગ, એક પ્રતિભાસંપન્ન લાંબુ અંતર દોડનારા હતા, પ્રસંગોપાત્ત જ્યારે તેમની જરૂરિયાતત ઉચ્ચ-સ્તરી બેઠકો માટે પડતી ત્યારે તેઓ {{convert|40|mi}} થી [[લંડન]] સુધી દોડતા.<ref>''બોડીગાર્ડ ઓફ લીઝ'' , એન્થોની કેવ બ્રાઉન દ્વારા, 1975.</ref> === ટ્યુરિંગ- વેલ્ચમેન બોમ્બી === બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્કમાં આવ્યાં પછી થોડા અઠવાડિયામાં,<ref name="Copeland2006p378"/> ટ્યુરિંગ ચોક્કસ પ્રકારના ઈલેક્ટ્રોમીકેનીકલ મશીન વિશે જણાવ્યું, જે ઈનીગ્માને તોડવા માટે બોમ્બા કરતાં વધુ ઝડપી મદદ કરી શકે છે, 1938 પછી મૂળ પોલીશ-ડિઝાઈન બોમ્બામાં સુધારાવધારા થયા બાદ તેનું નામ બોમ્બી થયું. ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી ગોર્ડોન વેલ્ચમેન દ્વારા વધુ તીવ્ર બનાવવાના સૂચન સાથે બોમ્બી એક પ્રાથમિક સાધનોમાંનું એક બન્યું અને ઈનીગ્મા પર પ્રહાર કરવા-સંદેશાઓના વિનિમયમાં રક્ષણ મેળવવાના ઉપયોગમાં યંત્ર પાસે કામ લેવામાં મુખ્ય બન્યું. [[ચિત્ર:Bombe-rebuild.jpg|thumbnail|બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે બોમ્બીની એક સંપૂર્ણ અને કાર્યશીલ પ્રતિકૃતિ]] જેક ગુડનો મત: <blockquote>મારા ''મતે'' ટ્યુરિંગનો અત્યંત મહત્તવનો ફાળો બોમ્બી, સંકેતલિપિનું વિશ્લેષણ કરતાં મશીનની ડિઝાઈન કરવામાં હતો. તેમની પાસે એવો વિચાર હતો કે જેનો તમે ઉપયોગ કરી શકો, પરિણામ રૂપે, તર્ક શાસ્ત્રનો એક પ્રમેયમાં વાહિયાતની બદલે બિનતાલીમી કાન લાગે છે, તેનાથી વિરોધાભાસી તમે ''દરેક વસ્તુનું'' અનુમાન લગાવી શકો છો.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1155383/episodes "ધી મેન હુ ક્રેક્ડ ઈનીગ્મા"], UKTV ઔતિહાસિક ચેનલની દસ્તાવેજી શ્રેણીઓનો ચોથો ભાગ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1157073/ "હિરોઝ ઓફ વર્લ્ડ વોર 2"]</ref></blockquote> બોમ્બી ઈનીગ્મા સંદેશા (એટલે કે રોટરનો ક્રમ, રોટરની ગોઠવણી, વગેરે)માટે શક્ય એટલી સાચી ગોઠવણોના ઉપયોગ માટે શોધ કરતું હતું, અને યોગ્ય'' ભાષાંતરઃ'' સંભાવ્ય વાક્યનો એક ટુકડાનો ઉપયોગ કરતું. રોટરો(જેને 10<sup>19</sup> દરજ્જાનો ઓર્ડર અથવા યુ બોટ ચાર-રોટર માટે 10<sup>22</sup>થી ભિન્ન હોય છે)<ref>"ધી મેન હુ ક્રેક્ડ ઈનીગ્મા"માં પ્રોફેસર જેક ગુડ, 2003: "જો મારી યાદદાસ્ત સાચી છે", તેમની ચેતવણી સાથે </ref>ના દરેક શક્ય ગોઠવણીઓ માટે બોમ્બી ભાષાંતરના આધાર પર તાર્કીક અનુમાનોની સાંકળની ભજવણી કરી, ઈલેક્ટ્રીક રીતે તેનું અમલીકરણ કરતું. જ્યારે વિરોધાભાસ ઉદ્ભવે ત્યારે બોમ્બીને શોધી કાઢવામાં આવે છે, અને તે ગોઠવણીને કાઢી નાખવામાં આવે છે અને પછી બીજા પર આગળ વધવામાં આવે છે. મોટાભાગની શક્ય ગોઠવણીઓ વિરોધાભાસો સર્જે છે અને તેને નાશ કરવામાં આવે છે, માત્ર ખૂબ ઓછા ઊંડાણપૂર્વક સંશોધન કરવા માટે બાકી રહે છે. ટ્યુરિંગનું બોમ્બી 18 માર્ચ 1940માં પ્રથમ વખત ઈન્સ્ટોલ થયું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=191}}</ref> યુદ્ધ પૂર્ણ થતાં પહેલાં 200 થી પણ વધારે બોમ્બીઓ કાર્યાન્વિત કરવામાં આવ્યાં હતાં.<ref name="codebreaker">{{Cite web|title=Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer |last=Copeland |first=Jack |coauthors=Diane Proudfoot |month=May | year=2004 |url=http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html |access-date=27 July 2007}}</ref> === હટ 8 and નોકાદળનું ઈનીગ્મા === [[ચિત્ર:AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg|thumbnail|સ્ટેફન કેટ્ટલ દ્વારા બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું, અમેરિકાના પરોપકારી સીડની ઈ ફ્રેન્ક દ્વારા સોંપાયેલું કાર્ય.<ref>[58]</ref>]] ટ્યુરિંગે જર્મન નોકા દળના ઈનીગ્માની ખાસ મુશ્કેલ સમસ્યાને ઉકેલવાનું નક્કી કર્યું "કારણ કે તેના માટે કોઈ અન્ય કંઈ પણ કરી રહ્યા નથી અને હું મારી જાતે તે કરી શકું છું".<ref name="MahonP14">{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=14}}</ref> ડિસેમ્બર 1939માં, ટ્યુરિંગે નોકાદળની સૂચના આપતાં તંત્રના જરૂરી ભાગનો ઉકેલી આપ્યો, જે અન્ય સેવાઓ દ્વારા ઉપયોગમાં લેવામાં આવતાં સૂચકોના તંત્ર કરતાં વધુ જટિલ હતો.<ref name="MahonP14"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=184–186}}</ref> જે રાત્રિએ તેમણે નોકાદળના સૂચક તંત્રનો ઉકેલ લાવ્યા તે જ રાત્રિએ તેમને ''બન્બુરીસ્મુસ'' નો વિચાર આવ્યો, આ એક પરિણામરૂપ આંકડાકીય પદ્ધતિ, જે નૌકાદળના ઈનીગ્માને તોડવામાં મદદરૂપ બનવા માટે હતી. (જેને અબ્રાહમ વાલ્ડેપાછળથી સિક્વેન્શ્યલ એનાલિસીસ) "જોકે હું ચોક્કસ ન હતો કે વાસ્તવમાં તે કામ કરી જશે, અને જ્યાં સુધી વાસ્તવમાં કેટલાંક દિવસો સુધી ઈનીગ્માને તોડ્યા ત્યાં સુધી હું ચોક્કસ ન હતો."<ref name="MahonP14"/> આ માટે તેમણે પુરાવાઓનું વજન માપવાની શોધ કરી, જેને તેઓ''બન'' કહેતા હતા. બાનબુરીસ્મઅસ ઈનીગ્મા રોટોરસના કેટલાક આદેશોને ધ્યાન બહાર મૂકી શકતાં, પરિણામરૂપે બોમ્બી પરનો પરીક્ષણ ગોઠવણીનો જરૂરી સમય ઓછો થઈ ગયો. 1941માં, ટ્યુરિંગે હટ 8ના સહકાર્યકર જોઅન ક્લાર્કે, એક સાથી ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી સમક્ષ લગ્નનો પ્રસ્તાવ મૂક્યો, પણ તેઓના વિવાહ ખૂબ જ ઓછા સમય માટે રહ્યો. પોતાની સમલૈગિકતા અંગે તેમની વાગ્દત્તાને જણાવ્યાં બાદ, નવાઈ પમાડે તેવી વાત બહાર આવવાથી તેણી અસ્વસ્થ હતી, તેથી ટ્યુરિંગે નક્કી કર્યું કે લગ્ન સાથે આગળ નહીં વધી શકે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=176–178}}</ref> જૂલાઈ 1942માં, જર્મનીના નવા જેહૈમસ્ચ્રૈબર મશિન (''ખાનગી લેખક'' ) દ્વારા લોરેન્ઝ સીફર વિરૂદ્ધ તૈયાર કરવામાં આવેલાં સંદેશાઓના<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=380}}</ref> ઉપયોગ માટે ટ્યુરિંગે ''ટ્યુરિંગ્રેરી'' (અથવા મજાકમાં ''ટ્યુરિંગીસમસ'' )નામની પદ્ધતિની યોજના બનાવી. જેનું બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે કોડનું નામ ''ટ્યુની'' હતું. તેમણે મેક્સ ન્યુમેનના માર્ગદર્શન હેઠળ ટોમ્મી ફ્લાવરસ સાથે ટ્યુની ટીમની પણ શરૂઆત કરી, જે કોલોસ્સઅસ કમ્પ્યૂટર, દુનિયાનું સૌ પ્રથમ ડિઝીટલ ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિક કમ્પ્યૂટરના નિર્માણમાં પડ્યાં હતાં, જે સરળ એવું પહેલાનું મશીન(હીથ રોબિન્સન)ના બદલે મૂકવાનું હતું અને તેની અત્યંત ઝડપી કામ કરવાની ગતિ દરરોજ બદલાતી સાઈફરની ઉપયોગીતાને લાગુ કરવા માટેની ડિક્રિપ્શન તકનીકના ભૌતિક-બળને મંજૂરી આપતું હતું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=72}}</ref> એક સતત ખોટી ધારણા એ છે કે ટ્યુરિંગ કોલોસ્સઅસના ડિઝાઈનમાં એક મુખ્ય વ્યક્તિ હતી, પણ તે કિસ્સો એવો ન હતો.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=382,383}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગએ નવેમ્બર 1942માં સંયુક્ત રાજ્ય અમેરિકાનો પ્રવાસ કર્યો અને નોકાદળના ઈનીગ્મા પર સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષક તરીકે અને વોશીંગ્ટનમાં બોમ્બીના નિર્માણમાં યુએસ નૌકાદળ સાથે કામ કર્યું, અને સલામત ભાષા ઉપકરણના વિકાસ સાથે બેલ લેબ્સખાતે સહાયક ભૂમિકા ભજવી. તેઓ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે માર્ચ 1943માં પાછા આવ્યા. તેમની ગેરહાજરી દરમિયાન, હ્યુગ એલેક્ઝેન્ડરેઅધિકૃત રીતે હટ 8ના પ્રમુખ તરીકેનું સ્થાન ગ્રહણ કર્યું હતું, જોકે એલેક્ઝાન્ડર થોડા સમય માટે ''ડે ફાક્ટો'' ના પ્રમુખ તરીકે હતા- ટ્યુરિંગને રોજ-બ-રોજની ભાગાદોડી વાળા વિભાગમાં થોડો રસ હતો. ટ્યુરિંગ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષણના એક સામાન્ય સલાહકાર બન્યા. એલેક્ઝાન્ડરે તેમના યોગદાન અંગે આ પ્રમાણે લખ્યું: <blockquote>હટ 8ની સફળતામાં ટ્યુરિંગનું કામ સોથી મોટું પરિબળ હતું તે બાબતે કોઈના મનમાં પ્રશ્ન ન થવો જોઈએ. શરૂઆતના દિવસોમાં તે માત્ર સંકેતલિપિનો વિશ્લેષક હતો, જે ઉકેલવા લાયક સમસ્યાને વિચારતો અને તે માત્ર હટની અંદરના મુખ્ય સૈદ્ધાંતિક કામ માટે પ્રાથમિક પણ જવાબદાર ન હતો પણ તે વેલ્ચમેન સાથે દરેક મુદ્દાની રજૂઆત કરતો અને બોન્બીની શોધ માટે મુખ્ય શ્રેય માટે ઉત્સુક હતો. તે હંમેશા કહેવું મુશ્કેલ છે કે દરેક વ્યક્તિ તદ્-ન અનિવાર્ય છે પણ જો હટ 8 માટે કોઈ અનિવાર્ય હતું તો તે ટ્યુરિંગ હતો. જ્યારે અનુભવ અને રોજિંદું કાર્ય પાછળથી સહેલું લાગે છે ત્યારે શરૂઆતનું કામ હંમેશા ભૂલી જવાય છે અને હટ 8માંના ઘણાં એવું અનુભવે છે કે બહારની દુનિયાને ટ્યુરિંગના યોગદાનનું મહત્તવ ક્યારેય સંપૂર્ણ પણે સમજાઈ શકશે નહીં.<ref>{{ Harvnb | Alexander | circa 1945 }}</ref></blockquote> યુદ્ધના પછીના ભાગમાં તેઓ હાન્સ્લોપ પાર્ક ખાતે કામ કરવા ગયા, જ્યાં તેઓ એન્જિનીયર ડોનાલ્ડ બેયલેયની મદદથી ઈલેક્ટ્રોનિકસના જ્ઞાનમાં વધુ વિકાસ કર્યો. તેઓએ સાથે એક પોર્ટેબલ સુરક્ષિત આવાજ સંચાર જેનું કોડનું નામ ''ડેલીલાહ'' હતું, તેનું ડિઝાઈન તૈયાર કરી અને નિર્માણ કર્યું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=270}}</ref> તેનો હેતુ લાંબા અંતરાલ માટે રેડિયો ટ્રાન્સમીશન સાથેના ઉપયોગ માટેની ક્ષમતાની ઉણપ અને કોઈ પણ કિસ્સામાં તેની વિવિધ ઉપયોગીતા માટેનો હતો, ડેલીલાહનું નિર્માણ યુદ્ધ દરમિયાન ઉપયોગમાં લેવા માટે મોડુ પૂર્ણ થયું હતું. જોકે ટ્યુરિંગે અધિકારીઓને વિંસ્ટન ચર્ચિલનું ભાષણનું રેકોર્ડીંગ એનક્રિપ્ટીંગ/ડિક્રિપ્ટીંગ દ્વારા નિર્દેશિત કર્યું હોવા છતાં, ડેલીલાહનો ઉપયોગ કરવા માટે સ્વીકારવામાં ન આવ્યું. ટ્યુરિંગે SIGSALY, એક સલામત અવાજ તંત્રના વિકાસ માટે બેલ લેબ્સ સાથે સલાહ પણ લીધી, જેનો ઉપયોગ યુદ્ધના પાછળના વર્ષોમાં થયો હતો. == શરૂઆતના કમ્પ્યૂટરો અને ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ == તેઓ 1945થી 1947 સુધી ચર્ચ સ્ટ્રીટ, હેમ્પટન<ref>{{openplaque|1619}}</ref> ખાતે રહેતા હતા અને નેશનલ ફિઝીક્સ લેબોરેટરીમાં હતા, જ્યાં તેઓ એસીઈ (ઓટોમેટીક કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ એન્જિન)ની ડિઝાઈન પર કામ કરતા હતા. તેમણે 19 ફેબ્રુઆરી 1946ના રોજ એક પેપરની રજૂઆત કરી, જે એક પ્રોગ્રામનો સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય તેવા કમ્પ્યૂટરની સૌ પ્રથમ વિગત આપતી ડિઝાઈન હતી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=108}}</ref> જોકે એસીઈ એ શક્ય કરી શકાય એવી ડિઝાઈન હતી, તેમ છતાં યુદ્ધના સમયે બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ગોપનીય વાતાવરણ હોવાથી પ્રોજેક્ટ શરૂ કરવામાં વિલંબ થયો અને તેમનો ભ્રમ દૂર થયો. 1947ના વર્ષમાં પાછળથી એક સેબિટીકલ વર્ષ (અભ્યાસ અને પ્રયાસ માટે અપાતી રજાઓ) માટે કેમ્બ્રીજ પાછા આવ્યા. જ્યારે તેઓ કેમ્બ્રીજ પાછા આવ્યાં ત્યારે પાયલોટ એસીઈ તેમની ગેરહાજરીમાં તૈયાર થઈ ગયો હતો. તેનો પ્રથમ પ્રોગ્રામ 10 મે 1950ના રોજ અમલમાં મૂકવામાં આવ્યો. 1948માં તેમને માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે ગણિત વિભાગમાં રીડર તરીકે નિયુક્ત કરવામાં આવ્યા. 1949માં, તેઓ યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ લેબોરેટરીના ઉપ નિયામક બન્યા, અને સોથી પહેલાં પ્રોગ્રામનો સંગ્રહ કરી શકાય એવા કમ્પ્યૂટરોના એક માન્ચેસ્ટર માર્ક 1ના સોફ્ટવેર અંગે કામ કર્યું. આ સમય દરમિયાન તેમણે વધુ એબસ્ટ્રેક કામ ચાલુ રાખ્યું અને "કમ્પ્યુટીંગ મશીનરી અને ઈન્ટલીજન્સ"માં (માઈન્ડ, ઓક્ટોબર 1950), ટ્યુરિંગ કૃત્રિમ બુદ્ધિમત્તાની સમસ્યાને સંબોધતાં હતા, અને એક સૂચિત પ્રયોગ જે ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ તરીકે જાણીતું બન્યું, મશીન માટે સ્ટાન્ડર્ડ નિર્ધારિત કરવાનો પ્રયત્ન "બુદ્ધિમત્તા" કહેવાઈ. વિચાર એ હતો કે જો કમ્પ્યૂટરમાં વિચારવામાં ઝીણવટથી તપાસ કરનારની કરામત મૂકી શકાય જે એક વ્યક્તિ સાથે વાર્તાલાપ કરતો હતો તો કમ્પ્યૂટરને "વિચારવાનું" કહી શકાય. પેપરમાં ટ્યુરિંગે સૂચવ્યું હતું કે વયસ્કના મનનું અનુકરણ કરે એવા પ્રોગ્રામને બનાવવા કરતાં એક સરળ પ્રોગ્રામ બનાવવો બાળકોના મનનું અનુકરણ કરે અને પછી શિક્ષણના એક કોર્ષ તરીકેનો ઉદ્દેશ્ય બનાવવો. ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણથી વિરોધાભાસી સ્વરૂપ ઈન્ટરનેટ પર વ્યાપકપણ ઉપયોગમાં લેવાય છે- વપરાશકાર વ્યક્તિ છે કે કમ્પ્યૂટર એ નક્કી કરવા માટેનો હેતુપૂર્વકનું CAPTCHA (કેપ્ચા) પરીક્ષણ છે. 1948માં, ટ્યુરિંગ તેમના પૂર્વ ઉપસ્નાતક સાથીકાર્યકર ડી.જી.ચેમ્પરનોવ્ની સાથે કામ કરતાં, કમ્પ્યૂટર માટે [[ચેસ]]નો પ્રોગ્રામ લખવાની શરૂઆત કરી, જે હાલમાં ઉપલબ્ધ નથી. 1952માં, પ્રોગ્રામને અમલી બનાવવા માટે પૂરતા પ્રમાણમાં શક્તિશાળી એવા કમ્પ્યૂટરની ઉણપને કારણે, ટ્યુરિંગે રમત રમી જેમાં તેમણે કમ્પ્યૂટરનું અનુકરણ કર્યું, એક ચાલ રમવા માટે લગભગ અડધો કલાક લીધો. રમતની નોંધ લેવાઈ હતી.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1356927 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વિરુદ્ધ એલીક ગ્લેન્ની(1952) "ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ"] Chessgames.com</ref> પ્રોગ્રામ ટ્યુરિંગના સહકાર્યકર એલીક ગ્લેન્નીના માટે ખોઈ દીધો છે, જો કે એવું કહેવામાં આવે છે કે પ્રોગ્રામે ચેમ્પરનોવ્નીની પત્ની વિરુદ્ધ રમત જીતી લીધી હતી. તેમનું ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણએક મહત્ત્વપૂર્ણ અને ઉત્તેજક વિશેષતા ધરાવતું હતું અને કૃત્રિમ બુદ્ધિમત્તા સંદર્ભેની ચર્ચમાં છેલ્લું યોગદાન હતું, જે અડધી સદી કરતાં વધુ ચાલુ રહ્યું.<ref>સેજીન, એ.પી.., સીકેક્લી, આઈ., અને એકમેન, વી. (2000) ટ્યુરિંગનું પરીક્ષણ: 50 વર્ષો પછી. માઈન્ડસ એન્ડ મશીનસ, Vol. 10, પાનું&nbsp;463–518.</ref> તેમણે લુ વિઘટનની પદ્ધતિ પણ 1948માં શોધી હતી, જેનો વર્તમાન સમયમાં મેટ્રીક્સ સમીકરણના ઉકેલમાં ઉપયોગ થાય છે.<ref>[http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm સ્પાઈસ 1 2 3 અને બીયોન્ડ][http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm ઈન્ટુસોફ્ટ ન્યુઝલેટર, ઓગસ્ટ 2003]</ref> == પેટર્નનું બંધારણ અને ગાણિતીય જીવવિજ્ઞાન == ટ્યુરિંગે 1952થી તેમના 1954માં થયેલા મૃત્યુ સુધી ગાણિતીય [[જીવવિજ્ઞાન]] ખાસ કરીને મોર્ફોજીનેસીસ પર કામ કર્યું હતું. તેમણે 1952માં પેટર્ન બંધારણની ટ્યરિંગની પૂર્વધારણા રજૂ કરતું હતું, ધી ''કેમિકલ બેઝીઝ ઓફ મોર્ફોજીનેસીસ'' વિષય પર એક પેપર પ્રકાશિત કર્યું હતું.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061128093244.htm "કંટ્રોલ મિકેનીઝમ ફોર બાયોલોડીકલ પેટર્ન ફોર્મેશન ડેકોડેડ"] ''સાયન્સ ડેઈલી'' , 30 નવેમ્બર 2006</ref> તેમના રસનો કેન્દ્ર વિસ્તાર ફિબોનાકી ફિલ્લોટેક્સીઝ, ગ્રહ માળખામાં ફિબોનાકી આંકડાઓનું અસ્તિત્વ સમજવાનું હતું. તેઓ રીએક્શન-ડીફ્યુઝન સમીકરણોનો ઉપયોગ કરતાં જે પેટર્ન બંધારણના ક્ષેત્રના મધ્યસ્થાને છે. જ્યારે 1992માં ''કલેક્ટેડ વર્ક ઓફ એ.એમ.ટ્યુરિંગ'' પ્રકાશિત થયું ત્યાં સુધી પછીના પેપરો અપ્રકાશિત રહ્યાં. આ ક્ષેત્રમાં તેમનું યોગદાન આધારભૂત ભાગ ગણવામાં આવે છે.<ref>[http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html ટ્યુરિંગઝ લાસ્ટ, લોસ્ટ વર્ક ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823032620/http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html |date=2003-08-23 }} સ્વીનટનસ</ref> == અનુચિતતા માટે ગુનેગાર ઠરવું == જાન્યુઆરી 1952માં, ટ્યુરિંગ માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં સિનેમાની બહાર આર્નોલ્ડ મૂર્રેને મળ્યાં હતાં. એક બપોરના ભોજના પછી ટ્યુરિંગે મૂર્રેને તેમના ઘરે સપ્તાહાંત પસાર કરવા માટે આમંત્રણ આપ્યું, મૂર્રેએ આમંત્રણ સ્વીકાર્યુ હોવા છતાં ટ્યુરિંગના ઘરે દેખાયા નહીં. આ જોડી માન્ચેસ્ટરમાં પછીના સોમવારે ફરીવખત મળી, ત્યારે મૂર્રેએ ટ્યુરિંગને તેમના ઘરે આવવાનું નિમંત્રણ સ્વીકાર્યું. થોડા અઠવાડિયા પછી મૂર્રેએ ટ્યુરિંગના ઘરની ફરી વખત મુલાકાત લીધી અને તે દેખીતું હતું કે રાત પણ ત્યાંજ વીતાવી.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=266}}</ref>તેમના ઘરમાં મળતિયાઓને તોડફોડમાં મૂર્રેએ મદદ કર્યાં બાદ, ટ્યુરિંગે પોલીસમાં ગુનો નોંધાવ્યો. તપાસ દરમિયાન, ટ્યુરિંગે મૂર્રે સાથેના જાતીય સંબંધ સ્વીકાર્યો. તે સમયે યુનાઈટેડ કિંગડ્મમાં સમલૈગિંક કૃત્યો ગેરકાનૂની હતાં<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=458}}</ref> અને તેથી ક્રિમીનલ લો અમેન્ડન્ટ એક્ટ 1885ના સેકશન 11 હેઠળ અનુચિતતા બદલ તે બંને પર આરોપ લગાવવામાં આવ્યો, 15 વર્ષથી વધુ વર્ષ પહેલાં ઓસ્કાર વાઈલ્ડ માટે આ જ ગુના હેઠળ આરોપ લગાવવામાં આવ્યો હતો.<ref name="LeavittP268">{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=268}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગને કેદમાં પૂરાવું અથવા પોતાની કામવાસનાને ઓછી કરવા માટે હોર્મોનની સારવાર સ્વીકારવી એ બે વિકલ્પ આપવામાં આવ્યા હતા. તેમણે ઈસ્ટ્રોજન હોર્મોન ઈન્જેક્શન દ્વારા રાસાયણિક કૅસ્ટ્રેશન(ખસીકરણ)નો સ્વીકાર કર્યો.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a,2.html |title=ટ્યુરિંગ, ઍલન(1912–1954) |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2009-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901020647/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/turing_a%2C2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગ ગુનેગાર ઠરતાં તેમની સુરક્ષા મંજૂરીને દૂર કરવામાં આવી અને GCHQ માટે તેમની સંકેતલિપિ વિશ્લેષક સલાહકાર તરીકેનું કામ ચાલુ રાખવા પર પ્રતિબંધ મૂકવામાં આવ્યો. તેમના બ્રિટિશ પાસપોર્ટ રદ કરી નાખવામાં આવ્યો, જો કે તેમનુ ગુનેગાર ઠરવા પછી યુનાઈટેડ સ્ટેટમાં તેનો પ્રવેશ નિષેધ કરવામાં આવ્યો.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} તે સમયે, સોવિએટ એજન્ટો દ્વારા સમલૈગિંકો અને જાસૂસોને ઝાંસામાં લેવાની ઉત્કૃત જીજ્ઞાસા લોકોમાં હતી,<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=269}}</ref> કારણ કે તાજેતરમાં કેમ્બ્રીજ પાંચના પ્રથમ બે સભ્યો ગાય બુર્ગીસ્સ અને ડોનાલ્ડ મેક્લીન KGBના બે તરફ એજન્ટ તરીકે બહાર આવ્યા હતા. ટ્યુરિંગ પર જાસૂસ તરીકેનો ક્યારેય આરોપ લાગ્યો ન હતો, પણ બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે જેટલા પણ લોકોએ કામ કર્યું હતું, તેમને તેમની યુદ્ધ સમયની કામગીરી અંગે ચર્ચા કરતાં અટકાવવામાં આવ્યા હતા.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=143}}</ref> == મૃત્યુ == 8 જૂન 1954એ ટ્યુરિંગના સફાઈ કરનારને જણાયું કે તેમનું મૃત્યુ થયું છે. તેમનું મૃત્યુ આગળના દિવસે થયું હતું. પોસ્ટમોર્ટમ રિપોર્ટમાં જણાયું હતું કે તેમના મૃત્યુનું કારણ સાઈનાઈડનું ઝેર હતું. જ્યારે એવું જાણવા મળ્યું કે અડધું ખવાયેલું સફરજન તેમની પથારીની બાજુમાં પડ્યું હતું,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=488}}</ref> અને તેમ છતાં તે સફરજનનો સાઈનાઈડ પરીક્ષણ કરવામાં ન આવ્યું, સફરજનનો ઉપયોગ કરીને તેમને ઘાતક માત્રા સાઈનાઈડ આપવામાં આવ્યું હોઈ શકે એવું અનુમાન કરવામાં આવે છે. એક કાયદાકીય તપાસે એ નક્કી કર્યું હતું કે તેમણે આત્મહત્યા કરી હતી અને તેમને 12 જૂન 1954ના રોજ સ્મશાનમાં અગ્નિદાહ આપવામાં આવ્યો.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=529}}</ref> ટ્યુરિંગની માતાએ ઘણી તર્ક પૂર્ણ દલીલો કરી કે લેબોરેટરીનાં રસાયણોની લાપરવાહી ભર્યા સંગ્રહના કારણે સાઈનાઈડ ગળી જવું તે આકસ્મિક હતું. પોતાની માતાને કંઈક સત્યાભાસી અસ્વીકાર લાગે, તે માટે ટ્યુરિંગે જાણી જોઈને પોતાની જાતને સંદિગ્ધ રીતે નાખી હોય તેમ બની શકે એવું તેમના ચરિત્ર લેખક એન્ડ્રુવ હોજેસએ સૂચવ્યું હતું.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=488, 489}}</ref> કેટલાક અન્યોએ એવું સૂચવ્યું હતું કે ટ્યુરિંગ ફરીથી 1937ની ફિલ્મ ''સ્નો વ્હાઈટ'' માંથી પોતાની પસંદગીના પરીકથાના એક દ્રશ્યનું પુનઃઅભિનય કરી રહ્યો હોય તેમ બની શકે, "જેમાં તેને ખાસ કરીને એક ચૂડેલ ઝેરી દારૂમાં પોતાનું સફરજન ડૂબાડે છે એ દૃશ્યમાં ખૂબ મજા આવતી હતી."<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=140}}</ref> === સમાધિલેખ === {{quote| Hyperboloids of wondrous Light<br /> Rolling for aye through Space and Time<br /> Harbour those Waves which somehow Might<br /> Play out God's holy pantomime <ref>{{Cite book|last=Turing |first=A. M. |title=Postcard to [[Robin Gandy]] |year=1954 |publisher=Turing Digital Archive, AMT/D/4 image 16, [http://www.turingarchive.org/ The Turing Digital Archive]}}</ref>}} == માન્યતા અને શ્રદ્ધાંજલિઓ == [[ચિત્ર:Turing Plaque.jpg|thumbnail|વિલ્મસ્લોવ, ચેશીર ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગના ઘર પર તકતીથી કરવામાં આવેલું ચિહ્ન ]] ટ્યુરિંગના મૃત્યુ (અને તેમનું યુદ્ધ સમયનું કાર્ય હજી પણ ઓફિશ્યલ સીક્રેટસ એક્ટનો વિષય હતો) પછી થોડા સમયમાં રોયલ સોસાયટી દ્વારા એક જીવનચરિત્ર પ્રકાશિત થયું.{{quote|Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work that might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. For his work at the Foreign Office he was awarded the OBE.|{{Cite book|last=Newman |first=M. H. A. |title=Alan Mathison Turing |year=1955 |publisher=The Royal Society |isbn =|series=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1955, Volume 1}}}1966થી એસોશિયેશન ફોર કમ્પ્યૂટીંગ મશીનરીદ્વારા એવી વ્યક્તિને ટ્યુરિંગ એવોર્ડ આપવામાં આવે છે, જેણે કમ્પ્યુટીંગ સમુદાયમાં ટેક્નીકલ યોગદાન આપ્યું હોય. તે કમ્પ્યૂટરની દુનિયામાં તેને [[નોબૅલ પારિતોષિક|નોબલ પ્રાઈઝ]]ને સમકક્ષ સર્વોચ્ચતમ સન્માન ગણવામાં આવે છે.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/|title=ACM'S Turing Award Prize Raised To $250,000|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] press release|date=27 July 2007|access-date=16 October 2008|author=Steven Geringer|archive-date=30 ડિસેમ્બર 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230233653/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/|url-status=dead}}</ref>એલન ટ્યુરિંગ અંગેનો હુગ વ્હાઈટમોર દ્વારા ''બ્રેકીંગ ધી કોડ'' 1986નું નાટક છે. આ નાટકના શો લંડનના વેસ્ટ એન્ડમાં નવેમ્બર 1986થી અને બ્રોડવેમાં 15 નવેમ્બર 1987થી શરૂ થયા અને 10 એપ્રિલ 1988માં પૂર્ણ થયા. 1996માં બીબીસી ટેલીવિઝનનું પણ નિર્માણ થયું હતું. દરેક કિસ્સાઓમાં ડેરેક જોકાબી ટ્યુરિંગનું પાત્ર ભજવતા. ટોની એવોર્ડ માટે બ્રોડવે નિર્માણનું ત્રણ વખત નામ નિયુક્ત કરવામાં આવ્યો જેમાં નાટકમાં શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનેતા, નાટકમાં શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનિત અભિનેતા અને નાટક માટે શ્રેષ્ઠ માર્ગદર્શનનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. અને ડ્રામા ડેસ્ક એવોર્ડ માટે શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનેતા અને શ્રેષ્ઠ અભિનિત અભિનેતાનો સમાવેશ થાય છે. 2008માં "ડેન્જરસ નોલેજ" નામની બીબીસી દસ્તાવેજીફિલ્મમાં તપાસ કરવામાં આવેલાં ચાર ગણીતશાસ્ત્રીઓમાંના એક ટ્યુરિંગ હતું.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/dangerous-knowledge.shtml|title=Dangerous Knowledge|publisher=BBC Four|date=11 June 2008|access-date=25 September 2009}}</ref> 23 જૂન 1998ના રોજ, ટ્યુરિંગના 86ના જન્મદિવસે, એન્ડ્રુ હોજેસ, તેમના જીવનચરિત્રકે, તેમના જન્મસ્થાન અને તેમના બાળપણનું ઘર વોર્રીંગટ્ન ક્રીસેન્ટ, લંડન અને પછીથી કોલોન્નેડ હોટલ ખાતે અધિકૃતપણે ઈંગ્લીશ હેરિટેજવાદળી તકતીનું અનાવરણ કર્યું હતું.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/oration.html | title=Unveiling the official Blue Plaque on Alan Turing's Birthplace | access-date=26 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013143212/http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348 | archive-date=13 ઑક્ટોબર 2007 | title=About this Plaque&nbsp;– Alan Turing | access-date=25 September 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref> તેમના મૃત્યુની 50મી વર્ષગાંઠે, એક યાદગાર તકતીનું અનાવરણ તેમના પહેલાંના રહેઠાંણ હોલીમેડ,વિલ્મસ્લો, ચેરશીર ખાતે 7 જૂન 2004માં કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું.<ref>{{openplaque|3276}}</ref> 13 માર્ચ 2000ના રોજ, સેઈન્ટ વિન્સેટ અને ગ્રીનાડીન્સે દ્વારા 20મી સદીની શ્રેષ્ઠ સિદ્ધઓની ઉજવણી માટે ટિકિટો બહાર પાડવામાં આવી, જેમાંની એક શૂન્ય અને એક સંખ્યાના પુનરાવર્તિત પૂર્વભૂમિકા સાથે ટ્યુરિંગનું પોર્ટેટ મૂકવામાં આવ્યું છે અને તેની નીચે આ પ્રમાણેનું લખાણ લખવામાં આવ્યું છેઃ"1937: ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગસ થીયરી ઓફ ડીજિટલ કમ્પ્યુટીંગ".28 ઓક્ટોબર 2004ના રોજ,જોહ્ન ડબલ્યુ મીલ્સ દ્વારા સર્જિક ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું કાંસ્ય આધારિત શિલ્પ ગીલ્ડફોર્ડમાં યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ સૂર્રેય ખાતે અનાવૃત કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. જે ટ્યુરિંગના મૃત્યુના 50 વર્ષ સૂચવતું હતું- કેમ્પસમાં તેઓ તેમના પુસ્તકો લઈ જતાં રજૂ કરવામાં આવ્યાં છે.<ref name="univsurrey">{{Cite web |url=http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/press/oct2004/281004a/ |title=The Earl of Wessex unveils statue of Alan Turing |access-date=10 February 2007 |archive-date=23 ઑક્ટોબર 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023193441/http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=799%2C277813&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status=dead }}</ref>2006માં, બોસ્ટન પ્રાઈડે તેમના માનદ્ ગ્રાન્ડ માર્શલનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ આપ્યું હતું.<ref name="bostonpride">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bostonpride.org/honorarymarshal.php |title=Honorary Grand Marshal |access-date=10 February 2007 |archive-date=1 જાન્યુઆરી 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101213356/http://www.bostonpride.org/honorarymarshal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> પ્રિન્સટન એલ્યુમની વિકલીનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ રાખવામાં આવ્યું, જે પ્રિન્સટન યુનિવર્સિટીના ઇતિહાસમાં અત્યંત મહત્તવપૂર્ણ વિદ્યાર્થીઓમાં બીજા હતા, બીજા અન્ય રાષ્ટ્રપતિ જેમ્સ મેડિસન હતાં. બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક ખાતે ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન આકાર 1.5 ટનની પ્રતિમાનું અનાવરણ 19 જૂન 2007ના રોજ કરવામાં આવ્યું. વેલ્શ સ્લેટના લગભગ અડધા મિલિયન ટુકડાઓથી તેનું નિર્માણ કરવામાં આવ્યું, સ્ટેપ્હન કેટ્ટલ દ્વારા શિલ્પનું સર્જન કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું, આ કામ સ્વર્ગસ્થ અમેરિકાના અબજોપતિ સિડની ફ્રેન્ક દ્વારા સોંપવામાં આવ્યું હતું.<ref>[http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075/article.html બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક અનવેઈલ્સ સ્ટેટ્યુ કમેમરેટીંગ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227171427/http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075/article.html |date=2012-02-27 }} , બ્લેત્ચલેય પાર્ક પ્રેસ રીલીઝ, 20 જૂન 2007</ref>ટ્યુરિંગને માન્ચેસ્ટર શહેર, જેમાં તેઓ તેમની જીવનના અંત સુધી કામ કર્યાં રહ્યાં, ત્યાં તેમને વિવિધ રીતે માનસન્માન મળ્યું હતું. 1994માં A6010 રોડ (માન્ચેસ્ટર શહેરનો આંતરિક રિંગ રોડ) બનાવવામાં આવ્યો, જેનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વે રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું. આ રસ્તો આગળ જતાં વધારે પહોળા પુલમાં લઈ જતો હતો અને તેનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ બ્રીજ રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. 23 જૂન 2001માં માન્ચેસ્ટરશહેરમાં ટ્યુરિંગનું પુતળું અનાવૃત કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. તે સેકવિલે પાર્કમાં, વિટવર્થ સ્ટીટની ઉપર યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટરઅને કેનલ સ્ટ્રીટ ગે વિલેજની વચ્ચે આવેલું છે. યાદગાર પૂતળું, "ફાધર ઓફ કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ"ને વર્ણવતું ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું બગીચામાં કેન્દ્ર સ્થાને એક બાંકડાની ઉપર બેઠું છે. આ પૂતળાનું અનાવરણ ટ્યુરિંગના જન્મદિવસે થયું હતું. [[ચિત્ર:Sackville Park Turing plaque.jpg|left|thumbnail|200px|ટ્યુરિંગનું યાદગાર પૂતળાની તકતી ]] ટ્યુરિંગને એક સફરજન પકડીને દર્શાવવામાં આવ્યાં છે. – એક શિષ્ટ પ્રતીક વર્જિત પ્રેમની રજૂઆત કરવામાં વપરાય છે, સફરજન [[આઇઝેક ન્યુટન|આઈઝેક ન્યુટન]]ના ગુરુત્વાકર્ષણ બળના સિદ્ધાંતના વિચારને રજૂ કરે છે અને ટ્યુરિંગના પોતાના મૃત્યુનો અર્થ પણ સૂચવે છે. બાંકડા પર રાહતમાં બેઠેલાં કાંસામાં પૂતળા હેઠળ આ વાક્ય મૂકવામાં આવ્યું છે 'ઍલન મેથીસન ટ્યુરિંગ 1912–1954', અને જો ઈનીગ્મા મશીન: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'નું વિશ્લેષણ કરવામાં આવે તો તેમનું જીવનસૂત્ર 'કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના સ્થાપક' એવું બનશે. પૂતળાના પગ પાસેનું એક તકતી કહે છે 'કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનના પિતા, ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી, તર્કશાસ્ત્રી, યુદ્ધ સમયના કોડ તોડનારા, પૂર્વાગ્રહના શિકાર બનેલા'. બેર્ટ્રાન્ડ રસેલનું વાક્ય પણ આ પ્રમાણે કહે છે 'ગણિત, સાચી રીતે જોવાયેલું, સત્યના માત્ર સ્વામિ નહીં, પણ સર્વોચ્ચ સુંદરતાના સ્વામી- શિલ્પની જેમ ઠંડી અને તપસ્યાની સુંદરતા.' શિલ્પકારે તેના જૂના એમસ્ટ્રાડ કમ્પ્યૂટરને દફનાવી દીધું, જે એક પહેલાંનું જાણીતું કમ્પ્યૂટર હતું, એક શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ તરીકે તકતીની નીચે લખ્યું હતું, " ધી ગોડ ફાધર ઓફ ઓલ મોર્ડન કમ્પ્યૂટર્સ".<ref name="computerburied">^ જુઓ{{Cite news | title = Computer buried in tribute to genius | publisher = Manchester Evening News| date = 15 June 2001 | url = http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/27/27595_computer_buried_in_tribute_to_genius.html | access-date = 23 June 2009 }}</ref> આધુનિક કમ્પ્યૂટરના સર્જનમાં ટ્યુરિંગની ભૂમિકા માટે 1999માં ''ટાઈમ સામાયિકે'' [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|20 સદીના 100 અત્યંત મહત્ત્વના લોકો]]માંના એક તરીકે ટ્યુરિંગનું નામ મૂક્યું હતું, અને કહ્યું હતું: "હકીકત એ છે કે દરેક વ્યક્તિ જે કીબોર્ડ થપાટ લગાવે છે, સ્પ્રેડશીટ અથવા વર્ડ પ્રોસેસીંગ પ્રોગ્રામ ચાલું કરે છે, તે ટ્યુરિંગ મશીનના મૂર્ત સ્વરૂપ પર કામ કરે છે."<ref name="AFP">{{Cite web |title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |publisher=''[[Time Magazine]]'' |quote=The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-date=2011-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226144919/http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2002માં,''બીબીસી'' એ વૈશ્વિક સ્તરે કરવામાં આવેલાં 100 શ્રેષ્ઠ બ્રિટીશરોના મતદાનમાં ટ્યુરિંગને 21મો ક્રમાંક મળ્યો હતો.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm | title = 100 great British heroes | date = 21 August 2002 | work = BBC News }}</ref> એપલ કમ્પ્યૂટરનો લોગો મોટા ભાગે ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગને શ્રદ્ધાંજલિ આપવા માટે આત્મહત્યાની તેમની પદ્ધતિને એક કટકાના સાથેના સંદર્ભમાં ખોટી રીતે લેવામાં આવે છે.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html |title=Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising|work= The Independent |publisher=www.independent.co.uk |access-date=14 September 2009 | location=London | date=4 January 2008}}</ref> લોગોના રચયિતા<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo | title = Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo | publisher = creativebits| access-date = 14 September 2009 }}</ref> અને કંપનીએ લોગોની ડિઝાઈનમાં ટ્યુરિંગને કોઈ પણ અંજલિ આપ્યાનો ઈન્કાર કર્યો છે.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=280}}</ref> 2010માં, અભિનેતા/નાટ્યલેખક જેડ ઈસ્ટેબેનએ ટ્યુરિંગને સોલો સંગીત "આઈકોન્સઃ ધી લેસ્બીયન ઍન્ડ ગે હિસ્ટરી ઓફ ધી વર્લ્ડ, ભાગ 4" માં વર્ણવ્યાં છે. === સરકારનું માફીનામું === ઓગસ્ટ 2009માં, જોહ્ન ગ્રેહામ-ક્યુમીનએ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંહની સામે સમલૈગિંક તરીકે કાયદેસરના પગલાં ભરવા બદલે બ્રિટિશ ગવર્મેન્ટને મરણોત્તર થયેલાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગની માફી માંગવાની એક અરજી દાખલ કરવાની શરૂઆત કરી હતી.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Thousands call for Turing apology |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8226509.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=31&nbsp;August 2009 |access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title = Petition seeks apology for Enigma code-breaker Turing | url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html | publisher = CNN | date = 01&nbsp;September 2009 | access-date = 1 September 2009}}</ref> આ અરજીને ટેકો કરતી હજારો લોકોની સહી મળી.<ref name="PMapology"/><ref>યુકેના નાગરિકો માટે જ અરજી ખુલી હતી. </ref> વડાપ્રધાન ગોર્ડન બ્રાઉને આ અરજીને સ્વીકારી, 10 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009ના રોજ માફી માંગતું વિધાન રજૂ કર્યું અને ટ્યુરિંગ સાથેના વર્તાવ અંગે આઘાતની લાગણી વ્યક્ત કરી.<ref name="PM-apology"/><ref name="PMapology">{{Cite web | title = Treatment of Alan Turing was "appalling" | url = http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20571 | publisher = Prime Minister's Office | date = 10 September 2009 | access-date = 21 માર્ચ 2011 | archive-date = 12 સપ્ટેમ્બર 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090912142412/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20571 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <blockquote> ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ માટે ન્યાયની માંગણી માટે હજારો લોકો એકઠા થયા અને તેમની સાથે જે રીતે વર્તન કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું તે માટે આઘાતની લાગણી વ્યક્ત કરી. જ્યારે ટ્યુરિંગને તે સમયે કાયદા હેઠળ લાવવામાં આવ્યા હતા અને આપણે ઘડિયાળને પાછી ફેરવી શકતા નથી, તેમની સાથે કરવામાં આવેલો વ્યવહાર એકદમ અયોગ્ય હતો અને હું અને આપણે તેમની સાથે જે કંઈ થયું તે બદલ હૃદયના ઊંડાણ પૂર્વક માફી માંગવાની મળેલી તક બદલ હું ખુશ છું.... તેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારના બદલે, અને ઍલનના કામને કારણે એ તમામ જેઓ મુક્તપણે રહે છે, તેમના વતી મને એ કહેતાં અત્યંત ગર્વ થાય છેઃ અમે માફી માંગીએ છીએ, તમે આના કરતાં ઘણી સારી લાયકાત ધરાવો છો.<ref name="PMapology"/> </blockquote> === યુનિવર્સિટીઓ દ્વારા મળેલો આદર === [[ચિત્ર:Alan Turing Building 1.jpg|thumbnail|યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર ખાતે ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગનું બિલ્ડીંગ]] બ્રિટીશ સોસાયટી ફોર ધી હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ મેથેમેટીક્સઅને બ્રિટિશ લોજીક કોલોક્વીયમ દ્વારા ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન અને સિદ્ધિઓની ગોઠવણી કરી પ્રસંગની ઉજવણી 5 જૂન 2005ના રોજ કરવામાં આવી હતી. *સુર્રેય યુનિવર્સિટીએ તેના મુખ્ય ચોકમાં ટ્યુરિંગનું પૂતળું મૂક્યું છે. *"ટ્યુરિંગ ડેઈઝ" તરીકે કહેવાતી ગણતરીની થીયરી પર ઈસ્તાનબુલ બીલ્જી યુનિવર્સિટીએ વાર્ષિક કોન્ફરન્સનું આયોજન થયું.<ref name="bilgiuniv">{{Cite web | url = http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/ | title = Turing Days @ İstanbul Bilgi University | access-date = 10 February 2007 | archive-date = 1 ઑગસ્ટ 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130801193650/http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> *ઓસ્ટ્રીન ખાતે ટેક્સાસ યુનિવર્સિટીએ કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ પ્રોગ્રામનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ સ્કોલરસ રાખી આદર આપ્યો છે.<ref name="texturingschol">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/honors/turing/ |title=Turing Scholars Program at the University of Texas at Austin |access-date=16 August 2009 |archive-date=17 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217072341/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/honors/turing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *ઉતર ફ્રાન્સમાં આવેલી લીલી યુનિવર્સિટી ખાતે આવેલા કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સ વિભાગ (LIFL<ref name="lifl">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lifl.fr/ |title=Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=22 જુલાઈ 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014047/http://www.lifl.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) ના એક પ્રયોગશાળાનું નામ ઍલન એમ. ટ્યુરિંગના સન્માનમાં ટ્યુરિંગ રાખવામાં આવ્યું (કુર્ટ ગોડેલ પછી અન્ય પ્રયોગશાળાનું નામ રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું). *ચિલિની પોન્ટીફીકલ કેથોલિક યુનિવર્સિટી, પ્યુરટો રીકોની પોલીટેક્નીક યુનિવર્સિટી, [[કોલમ્બીયા|કોલંબિયા]] બોગોટામાં લોસ એન્ડેસ યુનિવર્સિટી, કિંગસ કોલેજ, વેલ્સમાં કેમ્બ્રીજઅને બેનગોર યુનીવર્સીટીના કમ્પ્યૂટર સાયન્સના વિભાગનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગ પાછળ રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું. *યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ માન્ચેસ્ટર, ધી ઓપન યુનિવર્સિટી, ઓક્સફર્ડ બ્રુકસ યુનિવર્સિટી અને આર્હુસ યુનિવર્સિટી (ડેનમાર્ક, અર્હુસમાં) તમામના મકાનનું નામ ટ્યુરિંગના નામથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. *સર્રેય રીસર્ચ પાર્કમાં ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ રોડનું નામ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગના નામ પરથી રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. *હોર્નબોસ્ટેલ મોલમાં આવેલી કાર્નેગી મેલોન યુનિવર્સિટીમાં ગ્રેનાઈટનો બાંકડો છે, જેની પર એ.એમ.ટ્યુરિંગ નામ કોતરાયેલું છે. *તાજેતરમાં ઈકોલ ઈન્ટરનેશનલ ડેસ સાયન્સ ડુ ટ્રાઈટેમેન્ટ ડે ઈન્ફોર્મેશનના બનેલાં ત્રીજા બીલ્ડીંગનું નામ "ટ્યુરિંગ" રાખવામાં આવ્યું છે. == આ પણ જુઓ == {{Portal box|Biography|Logic|LGBT}} *ટ્યુરિંગ ડીગ્રી *ટ્યુરિંગ સ્વીચ *વણ ગોઠવેલું મશીન *ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વર્ષ *ગુડ-ટ્યુરિંગ પુનરાવર્તનની સંભાવનાઓ *ટુરિંહ મશીનના ઉદાહરણો *ટ્યુરિંગ પરીક્ષણ == નોંધ == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == સંદર્ભો == {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{ Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer | url = https://archive.org/details/governmentmachin0000agar | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2003 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-01202-7 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Alexander | first = C. Hugh O'D. | author-link = Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander | date = ''circa'' 1945 | title = Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm | publisher=The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1}} * {{ Cite book | last = Beniger | first = James | title = The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society | url = https://archive.org/details/controlrevolutio0000unse | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1986 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-16986-7 }} * {{Citation | last = Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | origyear = 1864 | publication-date = 2008 | editor-last = Campbell-Kelly | editor-first = Martin | editor-link = Martin Campbell-Kelly | title = Passages from the life of a philosopher | publisher = Rough Draft Printing | isbn = 978-1-60386-092-5 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Bodanis | first = David | author-link = David Bodanis | title = Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World | url = https://archive.org/details/electricuniverse0000boda_a1q6 | year = 2005 |publisher = Three Rivers Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-307-33598-4 | oclc = 61684223 }} * {{Cite book | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Campbell-Kelly | last2 = Aspray | first2 = William | title = Computer: A History of the Information Machine | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465029907 | publisher = Basic Books | year = 1996 | location = New York | isbn = 0-465-02989-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Ceruzzi | title = A History of Modern Computing | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru | publisher = MIT Press | year = 1998 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London | isbn = 0-262-53169-0}} * {{ Cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred Chandler | title = The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business | url = https://archive.org/details/visiblehandmanag00chan | publisher = Belknap Press | year = 1977 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-94052-0 }} * {{ Cite journal | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: Its Origins and Originators | journal = [[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 38–45 | year = 2004 |doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2004.26 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack (ed.) | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = The Essential Turing | year = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-825079-7 | oclc = 156728127 224173329 48931664 57434580 57530137 59399569 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland (ed.) | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine | url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingsautom0000unse_k5v2 | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-856593-3 | oclc = 224640979 56539230 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers | url = https://archive.org/details/colossussecretso0000unse | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-284055-4 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Edwards | first = Paul N | title = The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America | publisher = MIT Press | year = 1996 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-55028-8 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Hodges | first = Andrew | authorlink = Hodges, Andrew | year = 1983 | title = Alan Turing: the enigma |location = London | publisher = Burnett Books | isbn = 0-04-510060-8 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Hochhuth | first = Rolf | authorlink = Rolf Hochhuth | title = Alan Turing: en berättelse | publisher = Symposion | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-91-7868-109-9 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Leavitt | first = David | authorlink = David Leavitt | year = 2007 | title = The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewtoomuc0000leav | publisher = Phoenix | isbn = 978-0-7538-2200-5 | ref = harv }} * {{ Cite book | last = Levin | first = Janna | authorlink = Janna Levin | title = A Madman Dreams Of Turing Machines | url = https://archive.org/details/madmandreamsoftu0000levi_y7k7 | publisher = Knopf | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-3240-2 }} * {{ Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Lewin | title = Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story | url = https://archive.org/details/ultragoestowarse0000lewi | edition = Classic Penguin | series = Classic Military History | year = 1978 | publication-date = 2001 | publisher = Hutchinson & Co | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-56649-231-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book| last = Lubar | first = Steven | year = 1993 | title = Infoculture | url = https://archive.org/details/infoculturesmith00luba | location = Boston, Massachusetts and New York | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-395-57042-5}} * {{ Cite document | last = Mahon | first = A.P. | title = The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945 | publisher = UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2 | year = 1945 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm | access-date = 10 December 2009 | ref = harv }} *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Turing|title=Alan Mathison Turing}} *પેટઝોલ્ડ, ચાર્લેસ (2008). "ધી એનોટાટેડ ટ્યુરિંગ: અ ગાઈડેડ ટુર થ્રુ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગસ હિસ્ટોરીક પેપર ઓન કમ્યુટેબીલીટી એન્ડ ધી ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન". ઈન્ડિયાનાપોલીસ: વિલેય પબ્લીશીંગ. આઈએસબીએન 978-0-470-22905-7 *સ્મીથ, રોજર (1997). ''ફોન્ટાના હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ ધી હ્યુમન સાયન્સીસ'' . લંડન: ફોન્ટાના. *વૈઝેનબૌમ, જોસેફ (1976). ''કમ્પ્યૂટર પાવર એન્ડ હ્યુમન રીઝન'' . લંડન: ડબ્લ્યુ.એચ. ફ્રીમેન. આઈએસબીએન 0-7167-167-0463-3 * {{Cite book | last = Turing | first = Sara Stoney | title = Alan M Turing | publisher = W Heffer | year = 1959 }} ટ્યુરિંગની માતા, જેણે ગ્લોરિફાઈંગ હીઝ લાઈફ નામની ૧૫૭ પાનાનું જીવનચરિત્ર લખી, ઘણાં વર્ષો સુધી તેને જીવિત રાખ્યો. તે 1959માં પ્રકાશિત થઈ હતી, અને તેથી તેનું યુદ્ધનું કાર્ય આવરી ન લઈ શકાયું. ભાગ્યેજ ૩૦૦ પ્રતો વેચાઈ હતી (સારા ટ્યુરિંગ થી લીન ન્યમેન, 1967, સેન્ટ જ્હોન કોલેજ, કેમ્બ્રીજની લાઈબ્રેરી). પ્રસ્તાવનાના ૬ પૃષ્ઠો લીન ઈરવીન દ્વારા લખવામાં આવ્યા હતા, સંભારણાંઓ અને તેના વારંવાર બોલાયેલાં વાક્યોનો સમાવેશ થયો છે. * {{Cite book | last = Whitemore | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Whitemore | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Andrew | authorlink2 = Andrew Hodges | title = Breaking the code | publisher = S. French | year = 1988 }} આ 1986 હ્યુગ વ્હાઈટમોર પ્લે ટ્યુરિંગના જીવન અને મૃત્યુની વાર્તા કહે છે. મૂળ વેસ્ટ એન્ડ અને બ્રોડવેમાં ડેરેક જાકોબીએ ટ્યુરિંગનો અભિનય કર્યો હતો અને તેણે 1997માં નાટક આધારિત ટેલિવિઝન ફિલ્મમાં અભિનયનું પુનસર્જન કર્યું હતું, જે સંયુક્તપણે બીબીસી અને ડબલ્યુજીબીએચ, બોસ્ટન દ્વારા બનાવાઈ હતી. નાટકનું પ્રકાશન અંબર લેન પ્રેસ, ઓક્સફર્ડ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવ્યું છે. - એએસઆઈએન: B000B7TM0Q *વિલિયમસ, મિશેલ આર. (1985) ''એ હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ ક્મ્યુટીંગ ટેક્નોલોજી'' , ઈન્ગલેવુડ ક્લીફ્ફસ, ન્યુ જર્સી: પ્રેન્ટીસ-હોલ, આઈએસબીએન 0-8186-7739-2 *{{Cite book|last=Yates |first=David M. |title=Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]] |location=London |isbn=0-901805-94-7 |oclc=123794619 40624091 }} {{Refend}} == બાહ્ય લિંક્સ == {{External links|date=August 2010}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Alan Turing}} *[http://www.turing.org.uk/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] એક [http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html ટૂંકી જીવનકથા] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721235734/http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html |date=2018-07-21 }} સાથે એન્ડ્રુ હોજેસ દ્વારા ચલાવવામાં આવતી સાઈટ *[http://www.alanturing.net/ AlanTuring.net&nbsp;– જેક કોપલેન્ડ દ્વારા ][http://www.alanturing.net/ ટ્યુરિંગ એચીવ ફોર ધી હિસ્ટ્રી ઓફ કમ્પ્યુટીંગ] *[http://www.turingarchive.org/ ધી ટ્યુરિંગ એચીવ]{{Dead link|date=ડિસેમ્બર 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&nbsp;– કિંગ્સ કોલેજ, કેમ્બીજ આર્ચીવ દ્વારા કેટલાંક અપ્રકાશિત દસ્તાવેજોની સ્કેન કરેલી પ્રતો *{{MathGenealogy|id=8014}} *[http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ- ટુવર્ડઝ એ ડીઝીટલ માઈન્ડઃ ભાગ 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |date=2007-08-03 }} સીસ્ટમ ટુલબોક્સ, 11 ડિસેમ્બર 2001 *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] ફિલોસોફીનું સ્ટેનફઓર્ટ એનસાઈક્રોપીડિયા. 3 જૂન ૨૦૦૨. *[http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822093918/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html |date=2008-08-22 }} ''સમય'' 100 * [http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} Alan Turing] 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D%7Bhttp://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date=2008-08-28 }} RKBExplorer * [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html ''ધી માઈન્ડ એન્ડ ધી કમ્પ્યુટીંગ મશીન'' ] ''ધી રુથફોર્ડ જર્નલ'' - એક 1949 ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ અને અન્યો પર ચર્ચા * [http://www.turingcentenary.eu/ ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ વર્ષ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} * [http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ CiE 2012: ટ્યુરિંગ સેન્ટીનરિ કોન્ફેરન્સ ] 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |date=2011-07-16 }} * [http://www.visualturing.org/ વિઝ્યુઅલ ટ્યુરિંગ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163234/http://www.visualturing.org/ |date=2011-07-28 }}{{Dead link|date=જુલાઈ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.wolframalpha.com/examples/TuringMachines.html ટ્યુરિંગ મશીન કેલક્યુલેટરસ] વોલ્ફ્રામઆલ્ફા === પેપર્સ === * [http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper ટ્યુરિંગના પેપરો, અહેવાલો અને વ્યાખ્યાનો ઉપરાંત અનુવાદિત આવૃત્તિઓ અને સંગ્રહોની વિસ્તૃત યાદી] 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224231856/http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper |date=2012-02-24 }} BibNetWiki * [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=116 ડોનાલ્ડ ડબલ્યુ. ડેવિસ સાથે મૌખિક ઇતિહાસ મુલાકાત], ચાર્લેસ બાબ્બેજ ઈન્સ્ટીટ્યુટ, યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ મિન્નેસોટા; યુ.કે. ખાતે ક્મપ્યુટર પ્રોજેક્ટોને વર્ણવતાં ડેવિઝ નેશનલ ફિઝિક્સ લેબોરેટરી, 1947થી ટ્યુરિંગના ડિઝાઈનીંગ કામની સાથે બે એસીઈ કમ્પ્યૂટરોના વિકાસ સુધી * [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=81 નિકોલસ સી. મેટ્રોપોલીસ સાથે મૌખિક ઇતિહાસ મુલાકાત], ચાર્લેસ બાબ્બેજ ઈન્સ્ટીટ્યુટ, યુનિવર્સિટી ઓફ મીન્નેસોટી. લોસ ઍલામોસ નેશનલ લેબોરેટરી ખાતે, કમ્પ્યૂટર સેવાઓ માટેના પ્રથમ નિયામક મેટ્રોપોલીસ હતાં- ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ અને જ્હોન વોન ન્યુમનવચ્ચેના સંબંધો સહિતના મુદ્દાઓનો સમાવેશ [[શ્રેણી:વિસંગત પ્રશિસ્ત સ્વરૂપની સાથે લેખો]] [[શ્રેણી:ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ]] [[શ્રેણી:કમ્પ્યૂટર ડિઝાઈનરો]] [[શ્રેણી:કમ્પ્યૂટરનો પાયો નાખનારા]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ નાસ્તિકતાવાદીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ કમ્પ્યૂટર વિજ્ઞાનિઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ સંશોધકો]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ તર્કશાસ્ત્રી]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ ગણિતશાસ્ત્રીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:અંગ્રેજ ફિલસૂફીઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:દૂરના અંતર સુધી દોડનારાઓ]] [[શ્રેણી:ગણિતશાસ્ત્રી]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૧૨માં જન્મ]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૫૪માં મૃત્યુ]] 0ei3ea5pw1krl4ynh07u50woea3oiup પિસ્તા 0 46223 905369 904975 2026-09-18T03:24:36Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = ''પિસ્તા'' | image = Pistacia vera Kerman.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''પિસ્તાશીયા વેરા (Pistacia vera)'' (કેરમન પ્રજાતિ)ના પાકતા ફળો | image2 = Pistachio macro whitebackground NS.jpg | image2_width = 250px | image2_caption = શેકેલા પિસ્તા, આવરણ સહિત | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | regnum = [[Plantae]] | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] | ordo = [[Sapindales]] | familia = [[Anacardiaceae]] | genus = ''[[Pistacia]]'' | species = '''''P. vera''''' | binomial = ''Pistacia vera'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''પિસ્તા''', '''''પિસ્તાશીયા વેરા'''''એ વનસ્પતિ શાસ્ત્ર અનુસાર એનાકાર્ડીઆસેશી કુળનું વૃક્ષ છે. તેના વૃક્ષો નાનાં હોય છે. તેમનું ઉદ્ભવ સ્થાન બૃહદ ઈરાન ક્ષેત્ર માનવામાં આવે છે. <ref name=IR/><ref name=IGA>{{cite web|title=Pistachios|url=http://www.iga.net/infoaliment.php?lang=en&id=114|publisher=[[IGA_(supermarkets)#Canada|IGA]]|access-date=27 February 2012|quote=Iran, Iraq and Tunisia are the major producers of pistachios.}}</ref>) હાલના સમયમાં સિરિયા, લેબેનોન, તુર્કસ્તાન (ટર્કી), ગ્રીસ, ટ્યુનિશીયા, કિરગીઝસ્તાન, તાજીકિસ્તાન, તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન, [[ભારત]], [[પાકિસ્તાન]], [[ઇજિપ્ત]], ઈટાલી, સીસલી, ઉઝબેકિસ્તાન, અફઘાનીસ્તાન અને અમેરિકા (કેલિફોર્નિયા)માં પણ તેનું વાવેતર કરવામાં આવે છે. આ વૃક્ષના બીજ (કે શિંગ)નો રસોઈમાં અને ખાધ્ય પદાર્થ તરીકે ઉપયોગ કરવામાં આવે છે. '''પિસ્તાચીઓ વેરા'''ને ઘણી વખત પિસ્તાશિયાની અન્ય પ્રજાતિ સમજીને લોકો થાપ ખાઈ જાય છે. આ ફરકને તેમના વાવેતરના સ્થાન અને તેમની શિંગ (બી)ને આધારે જુદા તારવી શકાય છે. તેમની શિંગ નાની હોય છે અને તેમાં ટર્પેન્ટાઈનની તીવ્ર ગંધ હોય છે વળી તેમના આવરણ સખત હોતા નથી. ==ઇતિહાસ == ઇરાકના જામરોમાં પુરાતત્વવિદોએ કરેલા ખોદકામમાં પિસ્તાના અવશેષો મળી આવ્યા છે. <ref name=IR>{{cite web|title=History and Agriculture of the Pistachio Nut|url=http://www.ireco.lu/UK/pistachionut.html|publisher=IRECO|access-date=27 February 2012|archive-date=4 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204202848/http://www.ireco.lu/UK/pistachionut.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> આથી જણાયું છે કે ઈ. પૂ. ૬૭૫૦ વરસ પહેલાં પિસ્તા ખવાતા હતા.<ref name=IR/>ઈ.પૂ. ૭૦૦ ના સમયના રાજા મેરોદક-બલદાનના બેબીલોનના હેંગીંગ ગાર્ડનમાં પિસ્તાના વૃક્ષો હોવાનો પુરાવો મળ્યો છે.<ref name=IR/> અરવાચીન કાળમાં ખવાતા પિસ્તા સૌ પ્રથમ પશ્ચિમ એશિયામાં ઉગાડવામાં આવ્યા હતાં. તે કાળથી મોટેભાગે તેને ઈરાન અને ઈરાકના ઠંડા ક્ષેત્રોમાં ઊગાડાય છે. આનું વાવેતર સિરિયા માર્ગે થઈને ભોમધ્ય સમુદ્રના પ્રદેશ સુધી ફેલાયું. ઈઝરાયેલની હુલા વેલી ક્ષેત્રમાં ૭૮૦૦૦૦ વર્ષ પહેલા પુરાતત્વ શાસ્ત્રીઓને પિસ્તા તેની બીજ તેને ફોલવાના સાધનો આદિ મળી આવ્યાં છે. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblog.com/community/older/2002/F/20022752.html |date=February 2002 |title=Remains of seven types of edible nuts and nutcrackers found at 780,000-year-old archaeological site |publisher=Scienceblog.com |access-date=2010-09-13 |archive-date=2013-04-28 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GD42R0jw?url=http://scienceblog.com/community/older/2002/F/20022752.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> પ્લિની પોતાના "નેચરલ હિસ્ટરી" નામના પુસ્તકમાં જણાવે છે કે હાલમાં પ્રચલિત પિસ્તાશિયા એ સિરિયાનું ખાસ વૃક્ષ છે. સિરિયામાંના રોમન રાજદૂત "લ્યુસીસ વીટેલસ ધ એલ્ડર" (ઈ.સ. ૩૫) તેને ઈટલી લાવ્યાં હતાં અને તેજ કાળ દર્મ્યાન ફ્લૅકસ પોમ્પીયસ તેને હીસ્પેનીયામાંલાવ્યાં હતાં.<ref>[[Pliny's Natural History]], xiii.10.5, xv.22.</ref> ૬ઠ્ઠી સદીના અન્થી મસ દ્વારા લખાયેલા એક પુસ્તક "ધી ઓબ્સર્વેસાને સીબોરમ" (ખોરાકનું અવલોકન)માં પિસ્તાનો ઉલ્લેખ મળે છે. અનાપરથી જાણી શકાય છે પ્રાચીન કાળથી યુરોપમાં પિસ્તા ખવાતા હતાં. બાઈબલમાં પણ પિસ્તાનો ઉલ્લેખ છે. જો કે અમુક સ્થળે તેનો અખરોટ અને બદામ તરીકે ઉલ્લેખ છે હાલના કાળમાં અંગ્રેજી બોલનારા ક્ષેત્રો જેમકે ઓષ્ટ્રેલિયા અને ન્યુ મેક્સિકો<ref name="Herrera">Esteban Herrera (1997) ''Growing pistachios in New Mexico,'' New Mexico State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Circular 532 [http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/circ532.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720013543/http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/circ532.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref> અને કેલિફોર્નિયામાં પણ પિસ્તાના વાવેતરો શરૂ થયા છે. કેલિફોર્નિયામાં આનું વાવેતર ૧૮૫૪માં ઉદ્યાન વૃક્ષ તરીકે થયું હતું. <ref>Mark Rieger, ''Introduction to Fruit Crops'', 2006:359; Rieger asserts that pistachios began to be commercially harvested in the 1970s.</ref> ૧૯૦૪ અને ૧૯૦૫ દરમ્યાન યુનાયટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ ડીપાર્ટમેંટ ઓફ એગ્રીકલ્ચરના ડૅવિડ ફરચાઈલ્ડએ પિસ્તાની ચીનમાં ઉગતી થોષી સખત પ્રજાતિને કેલિફોર્નિયામાં વાવી અને ૧૯૨૯માં તેનું ધંધાદારી ઉત્પાદન શરૂ થયું. <ref name="Herrera"/><ref>{{Cite book | last = Fairchild | first = David | authorlink = David Fairchild | title = The World Was My Garden | url = https://archive.org/details/worldwasmygarden00fair | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | year = 1938| location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/worldwasmygarden00fair/page/174 174] | isbn = 0-686-84310-X}}; Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California,''Biennial report''1905/06, vol. II:392.</ref> ૧૯૧૭ સુધેના કાળમાં પિસ્તાની સિરિયામાં ઊગતી પ્રજતિનું ઉત્પાદન અમેરિકામાં શરૂ થઈ ગયું હતું. .<ref>[[Liberty Hyde Bailey]], ''Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: II.Crops'', 1917, ''s.v.''"Importance of plant introduction" p.</ref> "પિસ્તા" આ નામનો સૌથી ર્પથમ ઉલ્લેખ લગભગ વર્ષ ૧૪૦૦ની આસપાસ થયેલો જોવા મળે છે જ્યાં તેનો "પિસ્તેસ' કે "પિસ્તાશિયા" એવો ઉલ્લેખ થયો છે. એમ મનાય છે કે આ શબ્દ મધ્ય પર્શિયન ભાષાનો છે, જો કે તેની પુસ્ટિ થઈ નથી. મધ્ય પર્શિયન ભાષા થકીએ તે ગ્રીક (પીસ્તાકિયોન, પિસ્તાક), તેમાંથી પ્રાચીન લેટિન (પિસ્તાશિયમ) અને ત્યાંથી તે ઈટલીયન ભાષાના પિસ્તાચિયો તરીકે ફેલાયો. વખત જતાં પર્શિયન ભાષામાં આ શબ્દ ટૂંકાવીને "પિસ્તા" એટલો રહ્યો. પસ્છિમ એશિયામાંથી આ વૃક્ષ યુરોપમાં ફેલાયો.<ref>[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED33517&egs=all&egdisplay=compact ref2], [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pistachio ref2].</ref> == વનસ્પતિશાસ્ત્ર == === નિવસન === પિસ્તાનું વૃક્ષ એ રણની વનસ્પ્તિ છે. આ વૃક્ષ ક્ષારીય જમીન પ્રત્યે ઘણું સહિષ્ણુ હોય છે. એમ જણાવાયું છે કે ૩૦૦૦-૪૦૦૦ ppm (પાર્ટ્સ પર મિલિયન, ભાગ પ્રતિ દસલાખ)જેટલા ક્ષારીય પાણીથી પણ પિસ્તાની ખેતી થઈ શકે છે. <ref name="Herrera"/> પિસ્તાના વૃખો મહદ અંશે સખત હોય ચે અને તેઓ શિયાળાના -૧૦ °સે (૧૪ °ફૅ) થી લઈને ઉનાળાના ૪૭ °સે (૧૧૮ °ફૅ ) સુધીના ઉષ્ણતામાનને સહન કરી શકે છે. આ વૃક્ષને સુકું ઉષ્નતામાન અને સારો નિતાર ધરાવતી જમીન માફ્ક આવે છે. વધુ ભેજ ધરાવતાવાતાવરણમામ્ પિસ્તાના વૃક્ષો સારો વિકાસ પામતા નથી. જો માટી યોગ્ય નિતાર વાળી ન હોય તો શિયાળામાં મૂળ કોહવાઈ જવાનો ભય રહે છે. આના ફળોને પાકવા માટે લાંબા ઉષ્ણ ઉનાળાની જરૂર રહે છે. કિરિગઝસ્તાનના જલાલાબાદ રાજ્યના નૂકેન જિલ્લામાં જિલગીન્ડી આરક્ષિત જંગલને પિસ્તાશિયા વેરા ની જન્મ ભૂમિ તરીકે આરક્ષીત રખાયું છે. == વિશિષ્ટતાઓ == [[File:Pistachios.jpg|thumb|upright|આવરણમાં પિસ્તા]] પિસ્તાનો છોડ ૧૦ મીટર સુધી ઊંચો ઉગે છે. તે પાનખરના ૧૦-૨૦ સેમી લાંબા પાંદડા ધરાવે છે. આના વૃક્ષો ભિન્ન લિંગી હોય છે નર અને માદા વૃક્ષો અલગ અલગ હોય છે. આના પુષ્પો પાંદડી ધરાવે છે અને તેઓ એક લિંગી હોય છે એને ગુચ્છામાં ઊગે છે. આનું ફાળ એક પોલા ઠળિયા સ્વરૂપે હોય છે જેના આવરણની અંદર બીજ હોય છે. આ બીજ ખાવાના ઉપયોગમાં લેવાય છે. આના બીજ ને શિંગ સમજવામાં છે પણ વનસ્પ્તિ શાસ્ત્રની દ્રષ્ટિએ તે શિંગ નથી. તે બાહ્ય સખત આઅવરણ ધરાવતું ફળ છે. આના બીજની છાલ રાખોડી જાંબુડીયા રંગની હોય છે અને તેનો ગર લીલાશ પડત રંગનો હોય છે. તેના બીજ એક ખાસ ષોડમ અને સ્વાદ ધરાવે છે. આના ફળ પાકતા બાહરનું આવરણ લીલામાંથી હલકા કથૈ રંગનો બની જાય છે. તેને ફોડતા, સ્રળતાથી બે ભાગમાં તે તૂટે છે (ફોટો જુઓ). આને ડેહાઈસીન કહે છે અને તે થતાં સાંભળી શકાઅ તેવો અવાજ આવે છે. આના ફાટવાને એક ગુણધર્મ તરીકે સ્વીકારાયો છે. <ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.111.5856&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=35 Towards a comprehensive documentation and use of Pistacia genetic diversity in Central and West Asia, North Africe and Europe], Report of the IPGRI Workshop, 14–17 December 1998, Irbid, Jordan – S.Padulosi and A. Hadj-Hassan, editors</ref> તેમના ફાટવાની ક્ષમતાને આધારે તેમના ધંધાદારી ધોરણે વર્ગી કરાય છે. પિસ્તાનું વૃક્ષ દર બે વર્ષે લગભગ ૫૦ કિલો કે ૫૦૦૦૦ જેટલા પિસ્તા આપે છે. <ref>{{cite book |last=Nugent |first=Jeff |coauthors=Julia Boniface |title=Permaculture Plants: A Selection |access-date=17 June 2008 |date=30 March 2005 |publisher=Permanent Publications |isbn=978-1-85623-029-2 |page=41 |chapter=Pistachio Nuts |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=40n-Z_8ihZMC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41 }}</ref> પિસ્તાનું આવરણ પ્રાકૃતિક રીતે બેગી રંગ (હલકો કથૈ) ધરાવે છે પણ ક્યારેક ધંધાદારી ધોરણે તેને લીલા કે રાતા રંગે રંગવામાં આવે છે. શરૂઆતના સમયમાં હાથ વડે ચુંટાયેલા પિસ્તાના આવરણ પરના ડાઘને છુપાડવા માટે તેના પર રંગ લગાડવામાં આવતો હતો. હાલના સમયમઆં મોટે ભાગે પિસ્તાને યંત્ર દ્વારા ચુંટવામાં આવે છે અને તેમના પર ડાઘ લાગતા નથી. આને કારણે હાલમાં વપરાશ કર્તાની માગણી સિવાય તેના આવરણને રંગ લગાડવામાં આવતો નથી. શેકેલા પિસ્તાને જો સ્ટ્રોબેરી અને મીઠાના દ્રાવણમાં ભેળવવામાં આવે તો તે રાતો રંગ ધારણ કરે છે. ક્યારેક તેને મીઠા અને અમુક ખટાશ ધરાવતા ક્ષારોમાં પલાળીને શેકવામાં આવે છે. એનાકાર્ડીએલી કુળના વૃક્ષો (જેમ કે પોઈઝન એવી, આંબો, કાજુ) ના વૃક્ષોની માફક પિસ્તામાં પણ ઉરિશિઓલ હોય છે જે અલેર્જીકારક પ્રતિક્રિયા નિર્માણ કરે છે.<ref>Mabberley D. J. (1993) The Plant Book (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge), p 27.</ref> {{-}} == વાવેતર == [[File:Pistachios in shells.jpg|thumb|left|ધંધાદારી રીતે ઉછેરેલા પિસ્તા તેની છોતરામાં]] [[ઈરાન]], [[યુનાયટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ]] અને [[તુર્કસ્તાન]] એ પિસ્તાના પ્રમુખ ઉત્પાદકો છે.<ref name=IGA/>આના વૃક્ષોને વાડીઓમાં ઉગાડવામાં આવે છે. પિસ્તાના વૃક્ષને પુખ્તવયનું થવા અને પૂર્ણ ઉત્પાદન ક્ષમતા મેળવવા આપવા માટે ૭ થી ૧૦ વર્ષ જેટલો સમય લાગે છે. આનું ઉત્પાદન દ્વીવર્ષી હોય છે, અર્થાત્ વૃક્ષ પર દર બીજે વર્ષે મબલખ પાક ઉતરે છે. લગભગ ૨૦ વર્ષે મહત્તમ પાક ઉતરે છે. આના વૃક્ષની કાપણી કરીને પાક ઉતારવા સરળતા રહે તેટલો જ વધવા દેવામાં આવે છે. એક નર વૃક્ષ આઠથી દસ માદા વૃક્ષને પૂરી પડે તેટલા પરાગરજનું નિર્માણ કરે છે. યુનાયટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ અને ગ્રીસમાં યંત્રની મદદથી વૃક્ષોને ધ્રુજાવીને પિસ્તાની લણણી કરાય છે. પિસ્તાને સફાઈ અને સુકવણી કર્યા પછી તેનું ખુલ્લા મોઢા વાળા અને બમ્ધ મોમ્વાલા પિસ્તામાં વર્ગીકરણ કરવામાં આવે છે. સૂર્ય પ્રકાશમાં થતી સુકવણી આદર્શ ગણવામાં આવે છે.<ref>Abbas, K.A., Saleh, A.M., Lasekan, Ola and Khalil, Sahar K., "A Review on Factors Affecting Drying Process of Pistachio and Their Impact on Product’s Quality", Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 2, No. 1., March 2010 at hhtp://www.ccsenet.org.jas]</ref> પછી તેને ખાસ યંત્રોદ્વારા શેકીવામાં આવે છે. [[Image:Pistachios th.jpg|right|thumb|છોતરામાં અને બહાર પિસ્તાનું બી]] પિસ્તાના વૃક્ષો ઘણાં રોગનો ભોગ બને છે. બોટ્રોસ્ફારીયા નામનું ફૂગ સંક્રમણ મુખ્ય છે. તેમાં ફૂલ અને કળીઓનો નાશ થાય છે. આ રોગ આખી વાડીઓ પર લાગુ પડી શકે છે. કેલિફોર્નિયામાં સર્વ માદા પિસ્તા વૃક્ષ કેરમન પ્રજાતિના હોય છે. પુખ્તવયના માદા વૃક્ષની ને એકવર્ષના નર પિસ્તા વૃક્ષના મૂળ ઉપર ગ્રાફ્ટિંગ કરાય છે. આ નર પિસ્તાનું વૃક્ષ અન્ય જાતિનું હોઈ શકે છે. ગ્રીસમાં ઉગતા પિસ્તા જુદી પ્રજાતિના હોય છે. તેનું છોતરું લગભગ સફેદ રંગનું હોય છે. તેનો સ્વાદ મીઠો હોય છે અને તેની છાલ લાલ-લીલા રંગની હોય છે. કરમન પ્રજાતિ કરતાં આના બી છોતરાં ઓછાં ખુલેલા હોય છે. ગ્રીસનું મોટાભાગનું ઉત્પાદન એજીના ટાપુ અને થેસલી ક્ષેત્રમાં થાય છે. પિસ્તામાં તેલની વધુ માત્રા અને અલ્પ પાણીના માત્રાને કારણે તેના મોટા નિકાસ જથ્થાઓને આગ લાગવાનું જોખમ રહેલું હોય છે. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.containerhandbuch.de/chb_e/scha/index.html?/chb_e/scha/scha_13_06.html |title=13.6 Risk factor Self-heating/Spontaneous combustion |access-date=17 June 2008 |work=Container Handbook |publisher=GDV}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:10px" |- ! colspan=3|૨૦૧૦ના વર્ષના પિસ્તાના મુખ્ય ૧૦ ઉત્પાદકો{{cite web|title=Top Production - Pistachios, 2010|publisher=FAO|year=2011|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2019-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106233839/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | દેશ || style="text-align:right;"| Production <BR>(મેટ્રીક ટન) || style="text-align:right;"| પેદાશ <BR>(ટન/હેક્ટર) |- | {{flag|ઈરાન}} || style="text-align:right;"| 446,647 ||style="text-align:right;"| 1.78 |- | {{flag|અમેરિકા}} || style="text-align:right;"| 236,775 ||style="text-align:right;"| 4.27 |- | {{flag|તુર્કી}} || style="text-align:right;"| 128,000 ||style="text-align:right;"| 3.03 |- | {{flag|સીરિયા}} || style="text-align:right;"| 57,500 ||style="text-align:right;"| 1.53 |- | {{flag|ચીન}} || style="text-align:right;"| 48,700 ||style="text-align:right;"| 2.48 |- | {{flag|ઈટલી}} || style="text-align:right;"| 9,170 ||style="text-align:right;"| 2.6 |- | {{flag|ગ્રીસ}}|| style="text-align:right;"| 9,000 ||style="text-align:right;"| 1.76 |- | {{flag|અફઘાનિસ્તાન}} || style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 ||style="text-align:right;"| 1.43 |- | {{flag|ટ્યુનિશિયા}} || style="text-align:right;"| 2,600 ||style="text-align:right;"| 0.06 |- | {{flag|કિર્ગિસ્તાન}} || style="text-align:right;"| 800 ||style="text-align:right;"| 1.33 |- !'''વિશ્વમાં કુલ''' !! style="text-align:right;"|944,347 !!style="text-align:right;"| 2.03 |} == વપરાશ == પિસ્તાના બી કે દાણા પ્રાય: સીધી ખાવામાં આવે છે. તેને મીઠા સાથે શેકીને ખારા પિસ્તા પણ લોકપ્રિય છે. આ સિવાય તેનો ઉપયોગ મિઠાઈ અને આઈસક્રીમ ને શણગારવા માટે થાય છે. પિસ્તામાંથી પિસ્તા માખણ, <ref>Ardekani, A. S. H., Shahedi, M., & Kabir, G. (2009). Optimizing Formulation of Pistachio Butter Production. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 13( 47), 49–59. http://journals.iut.ac.ir/emag/jstnar/eabsv13n47y2009p60.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819040318/http://journals.iut.ac.ir/emag/jstnar/eabsv13n47y2009p60.pdf |date=2011-08-19 }}</ref><ref>Ardakani, Shahedi, M., & Kabir, G. (2006). Optimizing of the process of pistachio butter production. Acta Horticulturae (Vol. 726, pp. 565–568). http://www.pubhort.org/actahort/books/726/726_94.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403192040/http://www.pubhort.org/actahort/books/726/726_94.htm |date=2013-04-03 }}</ref> પિસ્તાની પેસ્ટ<ref>Shakerardekani, A., Karim, R., Mohd Ghazali, H., & Chin, N. L. (2011). Effect of roasting conditions on hardness, moisture content and colour of pistachio kernels. . International Food Research Journal, 18, 704–710. http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(02)%202011/(35)%20IFRJ-2010-286.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120132131/http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(02)%202011/(35)%20IFRJ-2010-286.pdf |date=2022-01-20 }}</ref> અને અન્ય મિઠાઈ જેમકે બકલાવા અને પિસ્તા ચોકલેટ <ref>Ardakani. (2006). The vital role of pistachio processing industries in development of Iran non-oil exports. Acta Horticulturae (Vol. 726, pp. 579–581). http://www.pubhort.org/actahort/books/726/726_97.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403140403/http://www.pubhort.org/actahort/books/726/726_97.htm |date=2013-04-03 }}</ref> પિસ્તા હલવો,<ref>Shaker Ardakai, A., Mir Damadiha, F., Salehi, F., Shahedi, M., Kabir, G. H., Javan Shah, A., et al. (2007). Pistachio Halva Production. Iran Pistachio Research Institute. Document Number: 29328. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2009%2FIR%2FIR0901.xml%3BIR2008001687 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231143649/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2009%2FIR%2FIR0901.xml%3BIR2008001687 |date=2018-12-31 }}</ref> પિસ્તા લોકુમ કે બિસ્કોટી અને સીત કાપ જેવાકે મોર્ટાડેલા પણ બને છે. યુનાયટેડ સ્ટેટ્સમાં તાજા પિસ્તા વાપરી પિસ્તા સલાડ, પિસ્તા પુડીંગ, વ્હીપડ ક્રીમ બને છે અને કેનમાં નાખીને તેને સચવાય પણ છે <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recipesource.com/fgv/salads/18/rec1881.html |title=Pistachio Salad |publisher=RecipeSource |access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> જુલાઈ ૨૦૦૩માં અમેરિકાના ફુડ અને ડ્રગ એડમિનિસ્ટ્રેશને કેટલાક સૌ પ્રથમ તે દાવાની પુષ્ટી કરી હતી જેમાં જણાવાયું જતું કે વૈજ્ઞાનિક પુરાવા જણાવે છે કે પિસ્તા ને અન્ય શિંગ તેમાં રહેલા કોલેસ્ટ્રોલ અને સંતૃપ્ત ચરબીને કારણે ના ૪૨.૫ ગ્રામ સુધી લેતાં તે હૃદય વિકારના ભયને ઘટાડે છે"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhcnuts2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617172958/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhcnuts2.html |archive-date=17 જૂન 2008 |title=Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505) |access-date=17 June 2008 |author=Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements |date=23 July 2003 |publisher=[[Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition]] |url-status=live }}</ref> વિશ્વમાં ચીની લોકો પિસ્તાનું સૌથી વધુ સેવન કરે છે. ચીને લોકો વાર્ષિક ૮૦,૦૦૦ ટન અને એમેરિના લોકો ૪૫૦૦૦ ટન, રશિયાના લોકો ૧૫૦૦૦ ટન અને ભારતીય લોકો વાર્ષિક ૧૦૦૦૦ ટન પિસ્તા વાપરે છે. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://iran-daily.com/1389/3/2/MainPaper/3686/Page/4/Index.htm# |title=No. 3686 &#124; Domestic Economy &#124; Page 4 |publisher=Irandaily |access-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709184139/http://iran-daily.com/1389/3/2/MainPaper/3686/Page/4/Index.htm%23 |archive-date=9 જુલાઈ 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> == સ્વાસ્થ્ય સંબંધે ફાયદા == {{ઢાંચો:પોષક તત્વો | name = Pistachio nuts, dry roasted, w/o salt | kJ = 2391 | protein = 21.35 g | fat = 45.97 g | carbs = 27.65 g | fiber = 10.3 g | sugars = 7.81 g | glucose = 0.23 g | fructose = 0.13 g | iron_mg = 4.2 | manganese_mg = 1.275 | calcium_mg = 110 | magnesium_mg = 120 | phosphorus_mg = 485 | potassium_mg = 1042 | zinc_mg = 2.3 | vitC_mg = 2.3 | pantothenic_mg = 0.513 | vitB6_mg = 1.274 | folate_ug = 50 | thiamin_mg = 0.84 | lutein_ug = 1205 | riboflavin_mg = 0.158 | niacin_mg = 1.425 | right = 1 | source_usda = 1 }} પેન્સીલવાનીયા રાજ્ય વિશ્વવિદ્યાલયમાં કરાયેલા સંશોધનમાં જણાઇ આવ્યું છે કે પિસ્તાના સેવનથી સ્વયંસેવકોના રક્તમાં ઓછી સાંદ્રતા ધરાવતા પીપો પ્રોટીન (એલ ડી એલ- કોલેસ્ટ્રોલ) ઘટે છે અને રક્તમાં એન્ટીઓક્સિડન્ટની માત્રા વધે છે. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Kay |first=Colin D |coauthors=Sarah K Gebauer, Sheila G West and Penny M Kris-Etherton |date=1 April 2007|title=Pistachios reduce serum oxidized LDL and increase serum antioxidant levels |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=A1091–a |url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/meeting_abstract/21/6/A1091-a |access-date=18 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pistachios May Calm Acute Stress Reaction |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070430155822.htm |work=ScienceDaily |date=1 May 2007 |access-date=17 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pistachios lower risk of heart disease |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550195/Pistachios-lower-risk-of-heart-disease.html |work=Telegraph News |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited |date=2 May 2007 |access-date=17 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="CDKay">{{cite journal | author=Kay CD, Gebauer SK, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM | title=Pistachios Increase Serum Antioxidants and Lower Serum Oxidized-LDL in Hypercholesterolemic Adults | journal=The Journal of Nutrition | volume=140 | issue=6 | year= 2010 | pages=1093–1098 | pmid=20357077 | doi=10.3945/jn.109.117366 | pmc=3140215}}</ref> ઉંદરો પર થયેલા પરીક્ષણોમાં જણાયું છે કે રોજની જરૂરી ખાદ્ય કેલેરીના ૨૦% ભાગ પીસ્તામાંથી મેળવાય તો એચ. ડી. એલ કોલેસ્ટ્રોલના ફાયદા વધી એલ.ડી.એલ. નું પ્રમાણ ઘટ્યા વગર એલડી એલ નું ઓક્સિડેશન ઓછું કરે છે.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Aksoy N, Aksoy M, Bagci C, Gergerlioglu HS, Celik H, Herken E, Yaman A, Tarakcioglu M, Soydinc S, Sari I, Davutoglu V | title=Pistachio intake increases high density lipoprotein levels and inhibits low-density lipoprotein oxidation in rats | journal=The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume=212 | issue=1 | year=2007 | pages=43–48 | url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/212/1/212_43/_article | pmid=17464102 | doi=10.1620/tjem.212.43 }}{{Dead link|date=ઑગસ્ટ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> મીઠા વગરના શેકેલા પિસ્તા ખાતાં શરીમાં બીજ જરૂરી ચરબી અને મીઠાનો જમાવ અટકે છે જે હ્રદય વિકાર માટે જવાબદાર છે અને હાયપર ટેન્શન જેવી વ્યાધિઓ નોતરે છે. માનવ પર થયેલા સંશોધનોમાં જણાયું છે કે રોજ ૩૨-૬૩ ગ્રામ પીસ્તાનું સેવન કરવાથી શરીરમં લ્યુટેઈન ના પ્લાસમા સ્તરમાં, આલ્ફા કેરોટીન, બીટા કેરોટીન અને ગામા ટોકોફેરોલમાં વધારો થાય છે.<ref name="CDKay" /> ==વિષાબાધા અને સલામતી== અન શિંગ કે સૂકામેવાના દાણા સમાન નબલી રીતે વાવેતર કરાયેલ પિસ્તામાં એફ્લાટોક્સિઓનનું સ્તર વધુ હોય છે. એફ્લા ટોક્સિન એ એક કેન્સરકારક રસાયણ હોય છે. પિસ્તાના વૃક્ષ પર એસ્પેરજીલિયસ ફ્લેવસ અને એસ્પેરજીલિયસ સપેરેસિટીકસ જેવી ફૂગ (મોલ્ડ) ના સંક્રમણથી આ રસાયણો ઉત્પન્ન થાય છે. આ સંક્રમણ માટી, અયોગ્ય સાચવણી કે પ્રાણીઓ દ્વારા થઈ શકે છે. આવી ફુગનું વધુ પ્રમાણ રાખોડી કે કાળા રંગની કવક સ્વરૂપે જોઈ શકાય છે. આવા સંક્રમીત વ્રક્ષની બદામ ખાવું જોખમી છે.<ref name=fao1998>{{cite web|title=Prevention of aflatoxin in pistachios|author=E. Boutrif|publisher=FAO, United Nations|year=1998|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/W9474t/W9474t06.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=જુલાઈ 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ગરમ અને ભેજવાળા વાતાવરણમાં એફ્લાટોક્સિન સંક્રમણ ની શક્યતા વધુ હોય છે. એફ્લાટોક્સિન સંક્રમિત ખોરાક ખાવાથી વિશ્વમાં ઘણી તીવ્ર બિમારી થયેલ હોવાનું જણાયું છે.કેન્યા જેવા દેશોમાં તો આને કરણે મૃત્યુ થયેલ પણ નોંધાયેલ છે.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aflatoxins in pistachios|publisher=European Union|year=2008|url=http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/downloads/jrc_irmm_aflatoxins_leaflet.pdf}}</ref> કાપણી પહેલાં પિસ્તાના છોતરાં આપોઆપ બે ભાગમાં ફાટે જાય છે. જ્યારે પિસ્તાની છાલ એમની એમ જ રહે છે. આ છાલ પિસ્તાના ગર પર થતા ફૂગ અને કીટકોના હમલાને રોકે છે. પણ આ છાલનું રક્ષણ નબળાં વાડી વ્યવસ્થાપન, પક્ષીઓ આદિને કારને જોખમાય છે. અમુક પિસ્તાના છોતરામ્ વહેલાં ફાટી જાય છે. તેમાં પિસ્તાનું છોતરું અને છાલ બંને સાથે ફાટી પડે છે. આને કારણે એફ્લાટોક્સિન સંક્રમણ પ્રત્યે તે ઉઘાડા પડે છે. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Doster and Michailides|title=Aspergillus Moulds and Aflatoxins in Pistachio Nuts in California|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytopathology_1994-06_84_6/page/583|journal= Phytopathology|volume= 84|issue=6|pages=583–590|year= 1994}}</ref> અમુક એફ્લાટોક્સિનને લણણીના પ્રક્રિયકો દ્વારા નિયંત્રીત કરી શકાય છે અને અમુક સમયે આખો બેચ રદ્દ કરવો પડે છે. સપ્ટેમ્બર ૧૯૯૭માં યુરોપીયન યુનિયને ઈરાનના પિસ્તામાં વધુ એફ્લાટોક્સિન હોવાને કારણે તેના પર પ્રતિબંધ મુક્યો હતો. જે ડિસેમ્બર ૧૯૯૭માં ઈરાને પરીક્ષણના ઉચ્ચ ધારાદોરન અપનાવ્યા પછી દૂર કરાયો. <ref name=fao1998/> == છોતરાનો પુનર્વપરાશ == પિસ્તાના ખાલી છોતરાનો પણ ઉપયોગ કરવામાં આવે છે. ખારા પિસ્તાના છોતરાને વપરાશ પહેલાં ધોઈને સાફ કરવામાં આવે છે. તેનો ઉપયોગ પ્રાથમિક ઇંધણ તરીકે થાય છે. આગ શરૂ કરવા માટે તેને કાગળના ડૂચા સાથે વાપરવામાં આવે છે. આ સિવાય ઘરમાં ઉગાડવામાં આવતા છોડવાઓના કૂંડામાં સૌથી નીચે તેનેઓ થર કરવામાં આવે છે. આને કારણે પાણી નીતરી જાય છે અને માટી ટકી રહે છે. જે છોડને અમ્લીય મૃદા જોઈએ તેમાં મલ્ચ તરીકે. તેને લાકડા જેવા પદાર્થમાંથી કંપોસ્ટ બનાવવાની વિધીમાં ઉમરવામાં આવે છે. ખારાપિસ્તાના છોતરા ધોઆયા વગર વાપરીને તેન્ કુંડામાં નીચે રાખી શકાય છે આમ કરતાં ગોકળગાય અને સ્લગ જેવા જંતુઓ કુંડાથી દૂર રહે છે. અમુક કલાકૃતિઓ જેમકે હોલીડે ઓર્નામેંટ આદિમાં પિસ્તાના છોતરા વપરાય છે.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.recyclethis.co.uk/20060424/how-can-i-reuse-or-recycle-pistachio-shells |title=How can I reuse or recycle pistachio shells?|work=recyclethis.co.uk |year=2006 |access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> સંશોધકો માને છે કે પિસ્તાના છોતરાં પારાના પ્રદુષણની સફાઈ કરવા ઉપયોગી થઈ શકે છે.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/08/000802074641.htm |title=Unlikely Mix: Used Tires, Pistachio Shells Can Clean Up Pollution |work=Sciencedaily.com |year=2000 |access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> == સંદર્ભ== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[શ્રેણી:સૂકોમેવો]] g8ks3k1ggbc83f7ri82jbyr7dj7241b સીનુગ્રા (તા. અંજાર) 0 54885 905370 813690 2026-09-18T06:12:46Z ~2026-50349-06 89120 /* */ 905370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | native_name = {{PAGENAME}} | type = ગામ | latd = 23.095937 | longd = 69.969156 | skyline = Chabutro Sinugra.jpg | skyline_alt = ચબુતરો | skyline_caption = શેઠ ખોરા રામજી ચાવડા દ્વારા ઇસ ૧૯૦૦માં બંધાયેલો ચબુતરો<ref name="Cutch">Shree Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj : A brief History & Glory of our fore-fathers : by Raja Pawan Jethwa. (2007) Calcutta. Section:(I) KGK and Architect built by them mainly in Princely State of Cutch.</ref> | locator_position = right | state_name = ગુજરાત | state_name2 = | district = [[કચ્છ જિલ્લો|કચ્છ]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | altitude = 27 | population_as_of = | population_total = | population_density = | area_magnitude= sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = | postal_code = ૩૭૦૧૧૦ | vehicle_code_range = જીજે-૩૯ | sex_ratio = 0.894| unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | સ્થિતિ=યોગ્ય }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' [[ભારત]]ના [[ગુજરાત]] રાજ્યના [[કચ્છ]] જિલ્લાના [[અંજાર તાલુકો|અંજાર તાલુકા]]માં આવેલું એક ગામ છે.<ref name="bvndp1234">{{cite web |url = http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/marugam-2.htm |title = કચ્છ જીલ્લા પંચાયત - મારો તાલુકો - અંજાર |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104084135/https://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/marugam-2.htm |archive-date = ૪ જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૧૧ |publisher = ગુજરાત સરકાર}}</ref> આ ગામના લોકોનો મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], નોકરી તેમ જ [[પશુપાલન]] છે. આ ગામમાં મુખ્યત્વે [[મગ]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[જુવાર]], [[રજકો]] તેમ જ અન્ય શાકભાજીના પાકની ખેતી કરવામાં આવે છે. આ ગામમાં [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]] તેમ જ દૂધની ડેરી જેવી સવલતો પ્રાપ્ય થયેલી છે.<ref name="bvndp1234"></ref> {{અંજાર તાલુકાના ગામ}} ==સંદર્ભ== {{Reflist}} {{ગુજરાત ગામ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:અંજાર તાલુકો]] opk579e2tpubx63ld1b4kb4t1u56zoy 905371 905370 2026-09-18T06:32:44Z ~2026-50349-06 89120 /* */ 905371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | native_name = {{PAGENAME}} | type = ગામ | latd = 23.095937 | longd = 69.969156 | skyline = Chabutro Sinugra.jpg | skyline_alt = ચબુતરો | skyline_caption = શેઠ ખોરા રામજી ચાવડા દ્વારા ઇસ ૧૯૦૦માં બંધાયેલો ચબુતરો<ref name="Cutch">Shree Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj : A brief History & Glory of our fore-fathers : by Raja Pawan Jethwa. (2007) Calcutta. Section:(I) KGK and Architect built by them mainly in Princely State of Cutch.</ref> | locator_position = right | state_name = ગુજરાત | state_name2 = | district = [[કચ્છ જિલ્લો|કચ્છ]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | altitude = 27 | population_as_of = | population_total = | population_density = | area_magnitude= sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = | postal_code = ૩૭૦૧૧૦ | vehicle_code_range = જીજે-૩૯ | sex_ratio = 0.894| unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | સ્થિતિ=યોગ્ય }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' [[ભારત]]ના [[ગુજરાત]] રાજ્યના [[કચ્છ]] જિલ્લાના [[અંજાર તાલુકો|અંજાર તાલુકા]]માં આવેલું એક ગામ છે.<ref name="bvndp1234">{{cite web |url = http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/marugam-2.htm |title = કચ્છ જીલ્લા પંચાયત - મારો તાલુકો - અંજાર |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104084135/https://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/marugam-2.htm |archive-date = ૪ જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૧૧ |publisher = ગુજરાત સરકાર}}</ref> આ ગામના લોકોનો મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], નોકરી તેમ જ [[પશુપાલન]] છે. આ ગામમાં મુખ્યત્વે [[મગ]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[જુવાર]], [[રજકો]] તેમ જ અન્ય શાકભાજીના પાકની ખેતી કરવામાં આવે છે. આ ગામમાં [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]] તેમ જ દૂધની ડેરી જેવી સવલતો પ્રાપ્ય થયેલી છે.<ref name="bvndp1234"></ref>આ ગામમાં રહેતા રાઠોડ (રાજપુત) સમાજ સ્વ. મેઘરાજજી ના વંશજો છે જેવો મૂળ રાજસ્થાનથી આવેલ છે.[૧] {{અંજાર તાલુકાના ગામ}} ==સંદર્ભ== {{Reflist}} {{ગુજરાત ગામ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:અંજાર તાલુકો]] 66ok4uiaqk9paxxf0g0alhrqsuzsusz 905372 905371 2026-09-18T06:41:46Z ~2026-50349-06 89120 /* */ 905372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | native_name = {{PAGENAME}} | type = ગામ | latd = 23.095937 | longd = 69.969156 | skyline = Chabutro Sinugra.jpg | skyline_alt = ચબુતરો | skyline_caption = શેઠ ખોરા રામજી ચાવડા દ્વારા ઇસ ૧૯૦૦માં બંધાયેલો ચબુતરો<ref name="Cutch">Shree Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj : A brief History & Glory of our fore-fathers : by Raja Pawan Jethwa. (2007) Calcutta. Section:(I) KGK and Architect built by them mainly in Princely State of Cutch.</ref> | locator_position = right | state_name = ગુજરાત | state_name2 = | district = [[કચ્છ જિલ્લો|કચ્છ]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | altitude = 27 | population_as_of = | population_total = | population_density = | area_magnitude= sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = | postal_code = ૩૭૦૧૧૦ | vehicle_code_range = જીજે-૩૯ | sex_ratio = 0.894| unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | સ્થિતિ=યોગ્ય }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' [[ભારત]]ના [[ગુજરાત]] રાજ્યના [[કચ્છ]] જિલ્લાના [[અંજાર તાલુકો|અંજાર તાલુકા]]માં આવેલું એક ગામ છે.<ref name="bvndp1234">{{cite web |url = http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/marugam-2.htm |title = કચ્છ જીલ્લા પંચાયત - મારો તાલુકો - અંજાર |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104084135/https://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/marugam-2.htm |archive-date = ૪ જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૧૧ |publisher = ગુજરાત સરકાર}}</ref> આ ગામના લોકોનો મુખ્ય વ્યવસાય [[ખેતી]], [[ખેતમજૂરી]], નોકરી તેમ જ [[પશુપાલન]] છે. આ ગામમાં મુખ્યત્વે [[મગ]], [[તલ]], [[બાજરી]], [[જુવાર]], [[રજકો]] તેમ જ અન્ય શાકભાજીના પાકની ખેતી કરવામાં આવે છે. આ ગામમાં [[પ્રાથમિક શાળા]], [[પંચાયતઘર]], [[આંગણવાડી]] તેમ જ દૂધની ડેરી જેવી સવલતો પ્રાપ્ય થયેલી છે.<ref name="bvndp1234"></ref> {{અંજાર તાલુકાના ગામ}} ==સંદર્ભ== {{Reflist}} {{ગુજરાત ગામ સ્ટબ}} [[શ્રેણી:અંજાર તાલુકો]] opk579e2tpubx63ld1b4kb4t1u56zoy હરિલાલ ગાંધી 0 120556 905375 904064 2026-09-18T09:56:27Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = હરિલાલ ગાંધી | image = Harilal Mohandas Gandhi in 1910.jpg | image_size = 225px | caption = હરિલાલ ગાંધી, ૧૯૧૨ | birth_name = હરિલાલ ગાંધી | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1888|8|23}} | birth_place = [[દિલ્હી]], બ્રિટિશ ભારત | death_date = {{death date and age|1948|06|18|1888|08|23|df=yes}} | death_place = [[મુંબઈ|બોમ્બે]], [[બોમ્બે સ્ટેટ]] | other_names = હિરાલાલ ગાંધી | occupation = | spouse = ગુલાબ ગાંધી | children = રાણી, મનુ, કાંતિલાલ, રસિકલાલ, શાંતિલાલ. | parents = [[મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી]]<br />[[કસ્તુરબા|કસ્તુરબા ગાંધી]] }} '''હરિલાલ મોહનદાસ ગાંધી''' ([[ઓગસ્ટ ૨૩|૨૩ ઓગસ્ટ]] ૧૮૮૮ – [[જૂન ૧૮|૧૮ જૂન]] ૧૯૪૮) [[મહાત્મા ગાંધી|મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી]] અને [[કસ્તુરબા|કસ્તુરબા ગાંધી]]ના સૌથી મોટા પુત્ર હતા.<ref name="gft">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012232237/http://www.kincafe.com/family-tree/mahatma-gandhi/ Gandhi Family Tree]</ref> તેમને ત્રણ નાના ભાઈઓ [[મણીલાલ ગાંધી]], રામદાસ ગાંધી અને દેવદાસ ગાંધી હતા. == પ્રારંભિક જીવન == હરિલાલનો જન્મ ૨૩ ઓગસ્ટ ૧૮૮૮ના રોજ તેમના પિતા ઉચ્ચ અભ્યાસ માટે ઇંગ્લેન્ડ ગયા તેના થોડા સમય પહેલાં જ થયો હતો.<ref name="Gandhiserve">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gandhiservefoundation.org/about-mahatma-gandhi/collected-works-of-mahatma-gandhi/|title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|website=www.gandhiservefoundation.org|publisher=Gandhiserve foundation (Berlin)|access-date=4 March 2019|archive-date=6 માર્ચ 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044204/https://www.gandhiservefoundation.org/about-mahatma-gandhi/collected-works-of-mahatma-gandhi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> હરિલાલ તેમની માતા સાથે ભારતમાં રહ્યા. હરિલાલે ભારતની સ્વતંત્રતા ચળવળમાં ભાગ લીધો હતો અને ૧૯૦૮ અને ૧૯૧૧ની વચ્ચે સત્યાગ્રહી તરીકે ૬ વખત જેલમાં ગયા હતા.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gandhi : the man, his people and the empire|year=2015|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhimanhispeop0000gand_d1p1|last=Gandhi, Rajmohan|isbn=9781910376263|oclc=936199613}}</ref> તેમની વારંવાર જેલવાસ સહન કરવાની તૈયારીના કારણે તેમને '''છોટે ગાંધી'''નું બિરુદ મળ્યું હતું. તેઓ પણ ઉચ્ચ અભ્યાસ માટે ઇંગ્લેન્ડ જવાની ઇચ્છા રાખતા હતા અને તેમને પિતાની જેમ બેરિસ્ટર બનવાની આશા હતી. જોકે તેમના પિતાએ આ બાબતનો ભારપૂર્વક વિરોધ કર્યો હતો અને તેઓ એવું માનતા હતા કે પશ્ચિમી શૈલીનું શિક્ષણ ભારત પરના બ્રિટીશ શાસન સામેના સંઘર્ષમાં મદદરૂપ થશે નહીં. જેનાથી પિતા અને પુત્ર વચ્ચે તણાવ સર્જાયો હતો.<ref name="Opposition">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article2275430.ece|title=The Mahatma and his son|date=22 July 2007|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 August 2016|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> આખરે તેના પિતાના નિર્ણય સામે બળવો કરીને, ૧૯૧૧માં હરિલાલે કુટુંબ સાથેના બધા સંબંધો તોડી નાખ્યા. ૧૯૦૬માં<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mahatma-Gandhi-opposed-son-marrying-young/articleshow/47126787.cms|title=Mahatma Gandhi opposed son marrying young|last=Desai|first=Sukrat|date=2 May 2015|website=Times of India|access-date= 3 April 2019}}</ref> તેમણે ગુલાબ ગાંધી સાથે લગ્ન કર્યા, જેની સાથે તેમને પાંચ સંતાનો હતા: બે પુત્રી, રાણી અને મનુ; અને ત્રણ પુત્રો, કાંતિલાલ, રસિકલાલ અને શાંતિલાલ. રસિકલાલ અને શાંતિલાલનું નાની ઉંમરે અવસાન થયું. તેમને રાણીના ચાર પૌત્રો (અનુશ્રી, પ્રબોધ, નીલમ સોલંકી, અને નવમલિકા), કાંતિલાલના બે પૌત્રો (શાંતિ અને પ્રદીપ) અને મનુની એક પૌત્રી (ઉર્મિ) હતા. [[સ્પેનિશ ફ્લૂ|૧૯૧૮ના સ્પેનિશ ફ્લૂ]] દરમિયાન ગુલાબનું મૃત્યુ થયા પછી, હરિલાલ તેના બાળકોથી અલગ થઈ ગયા. તેમણે પોતાની પત્નીની બહેન કુમિ અડાલજા સાથે લગ્ન કરવાનું વિચાર્યું, જે એક બાળ વિધવા હતી, તેમ છતાં તે પરિપૂર્ણ થયું નહીં. આનાથી હરિલાલની વધુ પડતી થઈ અને તે ધીરે ધીરે દારૂના બંધાણી બન્યા. ૧૯૪૭ સુધી તેમણે તેમના પિતા સાથે છૂટાછવાયો સંપર્ક રાખ્યો.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gandhi|first=Tushar|title=The truth behind news report suggesting Mahatma Gandhi accused his son Harilal of raping his own daughter: Tushar Gandhi's open letter to media|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-the-truth-behind-news-report-suggesting-mahatma-gandhi-accused-his-son-harilal-of-raping-his-own-daughter-tushar-gandhi-s-open-letter-to-media-1988627|access-date=4 March 2019|publisher=DNA}}</ref> હરિલાલ તેમના પિતાના અંતિમ સંસ્કારમાં એટલી અવ્યવસ્થિત સ્થિતિમાં દેખાયા કે માત્ર થોડા જ લોકો તેમને ઓળખી શક્યા હતા. હરિલાલના બાળકોમાં સૌથી મોટા રામીબહેનની પુત્રી નીલમ પરીખે તેમનું જીવનચરિત્ર 'ગાંધીજીનું ખોવાયેલું ધન'': હરિલાલ ગાંધી''' લખ્યું છે. == ધર્મ પરિવર્તન == મે ૧૯૩૬માં, ૪૮ વર્ષની વયે હરિલાલે જાહેરમાં [[ઇસ્લામ|ઇસ્લામ ધર્મ]] સ્વીકાર્યો અને પોતાનું નામ અબ્દુલ્લા ગાંધી રાખ્યું.<ref>Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), pp374</ref> જોકે ૧૯૩૬ના પાછલા ભાગમાં તેમની માતા કસ્તુરબા ગાંધીની વિનંતીથી તેઓ [[આર્ય સમાજ]] દ્વારા [[હિંદુ]] ધર્મમાં પાછા ફર્યા અને નવું નામ હિરાલાલ અપનાવ્યું.<ref>Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006) p 376</ref> == ગાંધીના પત્રો == જૂન ૧૯૩૫માં, મહાત્મા ગાંધીએ હરિલાલને એક પત્ર<ref>{{cite web | title=Gandhi’s letters to son may trigger storm | website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | date=1935-06-19 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com:443/2014/20140512/main8.htm | access-date=2025-11-19}}</ref> લખીને, "દારૂડિયા અને વ્યાભિચારી" હોવાનો આરોપ લગાવ્યો. તેમના પત્રોમાં,<ref name="Gandhi letters">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mullocksauctions.co.uk/lot-668278-gandhi_three_autograph_letters_signed_his_son.html?p=32|title=Gandhi three autograph letters signed to his son|website=Mullock's Auctions|access-date= 19 September 2016}}</ref> મહાત્મા ગાંધીએ જણાવ્યું હતું કે હરિલાલની સમસ્યાઓ તેમના માટે ભારત માટેના સંઘર્ષ કરતાં વધુ મુશ્કેલ હતી. ૨૦૧૪માં મહાત્મા ગાંધી દ્વારા ૧૯૩૫માં હરિલાલને લખેલા ત્રણ પત્રો હરાજી માટે મૂકવામાં આવ્યા હતા.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gandhis-letters-accusing-son-of-raping-grand-daughter-find-no-buyer/articleshow/35487219.cms|title=Gandhi's letters accusing son of raping grand daughter find no buyer|last=Sinha|first=Kounteya|date=22 May 2014|website=Times of India|access-date= 3 April 2019}}</ref> એક પત્રના અનુવાદમાં ગાંધીજીએ હરિલાલને તેમની પોતાની પુત્રી, મનુ અથવા તેની ભાભી પર બળાત્કાર કરવાનો આરોપ લગાવ્યો હતો.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/lost-in-translation-says-mahatma-kin/cid/182298|title=Lost in translation, says Mahatma kin|date=15 May 2014|website=Telegraph of India|access-date= 3 April 2019}}</ref> તુષાર ગાંધીએ (મહાત્મા ગાંધીના પૌત્ર) કહ્યું હતું કે પત્રનું નબળું ભાષાંતર કરવામાં આવ્યું છે, અને બળાત્કાર તરીકે ભાષાંતર કરાયેલા આ શબ્દનો અર્થ જાતીય શોષણનો અર્થ ન પણ હોઈ શકે. == મૃત્યુ == ગાંધીજીના મૃત્યુ પછીના ચાર મહિના પછી હરીલાલનું મૃત્યુ ૧૮ જૂન, ૧૯૪૮ની રાતે, ૫૯ વર્ષની વયે [[મુંબઈ|મુંબઇની]] મ્યુનિસિપલ હોસ્પિટલમાં (હાલમાં સીવરી ટીબી હોસ્પિટલ) મૃત્યુ થયું હતું. તેમના મૃત્યુનું પ્રમાણપત્ર બ્રૃહદ મુંબઈ મહાનગરપાલિકાના સંગ્રહમાં વાકોલા ખાતે સાચવી રખાયું છે. હરિલાલના મૃત્યુનું પ્રમાણપત્ર દર્શાવે છે કે તેઓ કમાઠીપુરામાં બેભાન અવસ્થામાં મળ્યા પછી તેમને હોસ્પિટલમાં દાખલ કરવામાં આવ્યા હતા.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Old-hospital-records-reveal-lonely-death-of-Gandhis-son/articleshow/17863394.cms|title=OLD HOSPITAL RECORDS REVEAL LONELY DEATH OF GANDHI'S SON|last=Mishra|first=Lata|publisher=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-date=6 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206111959/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Old-hospital-records-reveal-lonely-death-of-Gandhis-son/articleshow/17863394.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> હરિલાલે હોસ્પિટલના કર્મચારીઓ સમક્ષ ખુલાસો કર્યો ન હતો કે તે ગાંધીના પુત્ર છે, અને તેમના પરિવારને તેમના મૃત્યુ પછી જ તેમને હોસ્પિટલમાં દાખલ કરાયા તે વિશે જ ખબર પડી હતી.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/old-hospital-records-reveal-lonely-death-of-gandhis-son/articleshow/17863394.cms|title=Old hospital records reveal lonely death of Gandhi's son|last=Mishra|first=Lata|date=15 December 2012|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-date=3 એપ્રિલ 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403153418/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/old-hospital-records-reveal-lonely-death-of-gandhis-son/articleshow/17863394.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ''ગાંધી, માય ફાધર'' == ''ગાંધી, માય ફાધર'' ચલચિત્ર અને નાટક હરિલાલ અને તેમના પિતા વચ્ચેના મુશ્કેલ સંબંધોનું નિરૂપણ છે. ૩ ઓગસ્ટ ૨૦૦૭ના રોજ ચલચિત્ર રજૂ થયું હતું અને તેના દિગ્દર્શક ફિરોઝ અબ્બાસ ખાન અને નિર્માતા અનિલ કપૂર હતા. અક્ષય ખન્ના દ્વારા હરિલાલની ભૂમિકા ભજવવામાં આવી છે. ખાનનું નાટક, ''મહાત્મા વિ. ગાંધી'',<ref name="Mahatma vs. Gandhi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ferozkhan.com/fz_mahatmasynopsis.htm|title=Archived copy|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120206002842/http://www.ferozkhan.com/fz_mahatmasynopsis.htm|archive-date=6 February 2012|access-date= 2012-08-04}}</ref> જે આ ચલચિત્રથી અલગ હતું પરંતુ વિષય એક જ હતો. ''ગાંધી વિરુદ્ધ ગાંધી'' નામનું [[મરાઠી ભાષા|મરાઠી]] નાટક પણ આ વિષય પર નિર્માણ થયું છે. == પૂરક વાંચન == * ''Harilal Gandhi: What Life'' by Chandulal Bhagubhai Dalal * ''Gandhiji's Lost Jewel: Harilal Gandhi''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-prodigal-who-didnt-return/235415|title=The Prodigal Who Didn't Return|access-date= 6 August 2016}}</ref> by Nilam Parikh, grand daughter of Harilal Gandhi * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Py65JgGBLQC|title=Mahatma Vs Gandhi|last=[[Dinkar Joshi]]|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7992-700-7}} * {{Cite journal|last=Gandhi|first=Gopalkrishna|date=28 April 2007|title=Review: A Son's Story: Harilal Gandhi: A Life|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=42|issue=17|page=1501<!--|pages=3-->|jstor=4419514|access-date=}} == સંદર્ભ == {{Reflist}} {{મહાત્મા ગાંધી}} [[શ્રેણી:મહાત્મા ગાંધી]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૯૪૮માં મૃત્યુ]] [[શ્રેણી:૧૮૮૮માં જન્મ]] kb1amwyi5tmxvt1wp97erv797ld2u9t સભ્યની ચર્ચા:SHB 3 125602 905367 796360 2026-09-18T02:32:35Z Max 75104 Maxએ [[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:SHB2000]]ને [[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:SHB]] પર ખસેડ્યું: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/SHB2000|SHB2000]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/SHB|SHB]]" 796360 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border: 1rem #dd0000 ridge; padding: 0.5em;">Hello! Please message me on [[m:User talk:SHB2000|meta.wikimedia.org]] instead. I may not notice messages on this page.</div> {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=SHB2000}} -- [[:User:Dsvyas|ધવલ સુધન્વા વ્યાસ]]<sup>[[:User_talk:Dsvyas|ચર્ચા]]/[[:Special:Contributions/Dsvyas|યોગદાન]]</sup> ૧૩:૧૭, ૧ જૂન ૨૦૨૧ (IST) tj4c78gtn55d9w4366r14kd91fu8ast માના પટેલ 0 127674 905373 894823 2026-09-18T06:55:12Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson |name = માના પટેલ |image = Maana Patel Ahmedabad 2021.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = ૨૦૨૧માં અમદાવાદમાં એક પ્રેક્ટિસ સેશન સમયે માના |alt = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|03|18|df=yes}} |birth_place = |sport = તરણ |event = બેકસ્ટ્રોક |pb = {{ubl|'''૫૦&nbsp;મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક''': ૨૯.૩૦ (૨૦૧૫, '''NR''') |'''૧૦૦&nbsp;મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક''': 1:03.77 (૨૦૨૧, '''NR''') |'''૨૦૦&nbsp;મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક''': ૨:૧૯.૩૦ (૨૦૧૫, '''NR''')}} |country = {{IND}} |nationality = ભારત |national_team = {{IND}} |medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | મહિલા તરણ સ્પર્ધા}} {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }} {{MedalCompetition|સાઉથ એશિયન ગેમ્સ}} {{MedalGold|૨૦૧૯ કાઠમંડુ|૫૦ મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક}} {{MedalGold|૨૦૧૯ કાઠમંડુ|૧૦૦ મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક}} {{MedalGold|૨૦૧૬ ગુવાહટી|૪x૧૦૦ ફ્રી સ્ટાઈલ રીલે}} {{MedalGold|૨૦૧૬ ગુવાહટી|૪x૧૦૦ ફ્રી મેડલી રીલે}} {{MedalGold|૨૦૧૯ કાઠમંડુ|૪x૧૦૦ ફ્રી સ્ટાઈલ રીલે}} {{MedalGold|૨૦૧૯ કાઠમંડુ|૪x૧૦૦ ફ્રી મેડલી રીલે}} {{MedalSilver|૨૦૧૬ ગુવાહટી|૫૦ મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક}} {{MedalSilver|૨૦૧૬ ગુવાહટી|૧૦૦ મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક}} {{MedalSilver|૨૦૧૬ ગુવાહટી|૨૦૦ મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક}} {{MedalSilver|૨૦૧૯ કાઠમંડુ|૨૦૦ મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક}} {{MedalBronze|૨૦૧૬ ગુવાહટી|૫૦ મી ફ્રી સ્ટાઈલ}} }} '''માના પટેલ''' (જન્મ: ૧૮ માર્ચ ૨૦૦૦) <ref name="aa">{{Cite web|title=Maana Patel – Swimming Federation of India|url=http://swimming.org.in/swimmers/maana-patel/|access-date=2018-05-13|website=swimming.org.in|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514143052/http://swimming.org.in/swimmers/maana-patel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[અમદાવાદ]], [[ગુજરાત|ગુજરાતના]] ભારતીય બેકસ્ટ્રોક સ્વીમર (તરણવીર) છે. == તરણ કારકિર્દી == તેઓ સાત વર્ષના હતા ત્યારે તેમણે તરવાનું શરૂ કર્યું.<ref name="dna1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-maana-patel-the-15-year-old-girl-who-is-making-waves-2106517|title=Maana Patel, the 15-year-old girl who is making waves|date=2015-07-21|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-12|language=en-US}}</ref> તેઓ ટોક્યો ઓલિમ્પિક માટે ક્વોલિફાય કરનાર પ્રથમ ભારતીય મહિલા તરવૈયા બન્યા, તેમણે ૧૦૦ મીટર બેકસ્ટ્રોક ઇવેન્ટમાં ભાગ લીધો હતો.<ref name="bg">{{Cite web|date=July 2, 2021|title=Maana Patel becomes first Indian female swimmer to qualify for Tokyo 2020 Olympics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/story/maana-patel-first-indian-female-swimmer-to-qualify-for-tokyo-2020-olympics-1823099-2021-07-02|access-date=2021-07-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> ૨૦૧૯ માં તેમને પગની ઘૂંટીમાં ઈજા થઈ હતી અને ૨૦૨૧ વર્ષની શરૂઆતમાં જ તેણે તરવામાં પુનરાગમન કર્યું હતું.<ref name="bg" /> જ્યારે તેઓ ૧૩ વર્ષના હતા, ત્યારે ૪૦ મી જુનિયર નેશનલ એક્વેટિક્સ ચૅમ્પિયનશિપ [[હૈદરાબાદ]] ખાતે ૨૦૦ મી બેકસ્ટ્રોક માં ૨.૨૩.૪૧ સેકન્ડ લઈ તેમણે શિખા ટંડનનો ૨૦૦૯નો એશિયન એજ ગ્રુપ ચેમ્પિયનશિપ, ટોક્યોનો, ૨.૨૬.૪૧ સેકન્ડનો રાષ્ટ્રીય વિક્રમ તોડ્યો હતો.<ref name="dna1"/> તેમણે નેશનલ ગેમ્સમાં પણ ૫૦ મીટર બેકસ્ટ્રોક અને ૨૦૦ મીટર બેકસ્ટ્રોકમાં સુવર્ણ ચંદ્રક જીત્યા છે. તેમણે ૬૦ મી નેશનલ સ્કૂલ ગેમ્સ (૨૦૧૫) માં ૧૦૦ મીટર બેકસ્ટ્રોકમાં ગોલ્ડ મેડલ જીત્યો છે અને બેકસ્ટ્રોકમાં રાષ્ટ્રીય રેકોર્ડ તોડ્યો છે. તેમણે, રાશી પટેલ, ગીતાંજલિ પાંડે અને દિલપ્રીત કૌરે સાથે મળીને ૬૦મી નેશનલ સ્કૂલ ગેમ્સમાં ૪ X ૧૦૦ મીટર ફ્રી-સ્ટાઇલ રિલેમાં રજત ચંદ્રક જીત્યો હતો.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/swimmer-manna-patel-clinches-gold-setting-new-record-at-60th-national-school-games/|title=Swimmer Manna Patel clinches gold setting new record at 60th National School Games|date=2015-02-17|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref> તેઓ ૨૦૧૫ માં ઓલિમ્પિક ગોલ્ડ ક્વેસ્ટ માટે પસંદગી પામ્યા હતા.<ref name="dna1"/> તેમણે ૫૦ મીટર, ૧૦૦ મીટર અને ૨૦૦ મીટર બેકસ્ટ્રોકમાં રજત પદક જીત્યા હતા; ૫૦ મીટર ફ્રી સ્ટાઇલમાં કાંસ્ય, ૪ × ૧૦૦ મીટર ફ્રી સ્ટાઇલ રિલે; ૧૨ મી સાઉથ એશિયન ગેમ્સ (2016) માં ૪ × ૧૦૦ મીટર મેડલી રિલેમાં સુવર્ણ પદકો જીત્યા હતા.<ref name="aa"/> ૭૧ મી સિનિયર નેશનલ એક્વેટિક ચેમ્પિયનશિપ - ૨૦૧૮ માં તેમણે ૩ સુવર્ણ ચંદ્રકો જીત્યા.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIA%2F2018%2F10%2F08&entity=Ar02102&sk=16BA6AC1&mode=text#|title=Maana's comeback from injury|date=2018-08-10|work=epaper.timesgroup.com|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en-US}}</ref> બેંગલુરુમાં યોજાયેલી ૧૦ મી એશિયન એજ-ગ્રુપ ચેમ્પિયનશિપ - ૨૦૧૯ માં તેમણે છ પદકો (૧ સુવર્ણ, ૪ રજત, ૧ કાંસ્ય) જીત્યા હતા.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/after-six-medals-in-asian-age-group-cship-maana-feels-shes-back/articleshow/71365104.cms|title=After six medals Maana feels she is back|date=2019-09-30|work=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com|access-date=2019-09-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115171123/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/after-six-medals-in-asian-age-group-cship-maana-feels-shes-back/articleshow/71365104.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/swimming/maana-patel-asian-age-group-swimming-championship-gold-medal-50m-backstroke/article29522444.ece|title=Maana makes comeback|date=2019-09-26|work=sportstar.thehindu.com|access-date=2019-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == અંગત જીવન == તેણે [[અમદાવાદ|અમદાવાદની]] ઉદ્‌ગમ સ્કૂલ ફોર ચિલ્ડ્રનમાં કોમર્સનો અભ્યાસ કર્યો છે.<ref name="dna1"/> તેમને [[ગુજરાત વિદ્યાપીઠ]] સ્વિમિંગ સેન્ટરમાં કમલેશ નાણાવટી દ્વારા કોચિંગ આપવામાં આવી હતી.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/maana-patel-15-year-old-national-swimming-champion-targets-2016-rio-olympics_1634384.html|title=Maana Patel, 15-year-old national swimming champion targets 2016 Rio Olympics|date=2015-07-22|work=Zee News|access-date=2018-05-13|language=en|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171742/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/maana-patel-15-year-old-national-swimming-champion-targets-2016-rio-olympics_1634384.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.siliconindia.com/news/general/Maana-Patel-The-Girl-With-A-Swing-nid-185169-cid-1.html|title=Maana Patel, The Girl With A Swing!|work=siliconindia|access-date=2018-05-13|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171742/https://www.siliconindia.com/news/general/Maana-Patel-The-Girl-With-A-Swing-nid-185169-cid-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> તે હાલમાં મુંબઈના ગ્લેનમાર્ક એક્વાટિક ફાઉન્ડેશનમાં કોચ પીટર કાર્સવેલ હેઠળ ટ્રેનિંગ લે છે. == સંદર્ભ == {{reflist}} [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતી વ્યક્તિત્વ]] [[શ્રેણી:જીવિત લોકો]] [[શ્રેણી:ગુજરાતી ખેલાડી]] [[શ્રેણી:૨૦૦૦માં જન્મ]] 9dei9yqi03ggtl6w4by775boy9rsr02 કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ 0 154832 905366 903158 2026-09-18T00:45:48Z InternetArchiveBot 63183 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ લિમિટેડ (CSL)''' ભારતમાં સૌથી મોટી જહાજ નિર્માણ અને જાળવણી સુવિધા છે.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/2015-16%20English.pdf#page=55 |publisher= Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways| title=Annual Report 2015–16 |access-date=4 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/11_Transportation%20Equipment.pdf#page=6 |publisher= Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Finance| title=Transportation Equipment |access-date=4 September 2022 }}</ref> કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ વિશ્વની એવી જૂની અને ગણીગાંઠી કંપનીઓમાંથી એક છે જેણે વિમાનવાહક જહાજ નું નિર્માણ કર્યું હોય, અને તે આવા યુદ્ધજહાજો બાંધવાની ક્ષમતા ધરાવતી ભારતની એકમાત્ર સુવિધા છે.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandan |first=S. |date=2022-08-30 |title=Cochin Shipyard can build follow-on carrier in about 8 years, says CMD |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cochin-shipyard-can-build-follow-on-carrier-in-about-8-years-says-cmd/article65830573.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> તે ભારતના કેરળ રાજ્યના કોચી બંદર-શહેરમાં દરિયાઈ સેવાઓ સાથે જોડાયેલી સંસ્થાઓની શ્રૃંખલાનો એક ભાગ છે.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Shipping Ministry of India |url=http://shipping.nic.in/shipwing2.htm |title=List of ship building centres in India |access-date=18 July 2008 }}</ref> આ શિપયાર્ડ પ્લેટફોર્મ સપ્લાય વેસલ્સ અને ડબલ-હલ્ડ ઓઇલ ટેન્કર્સનું નિર્માણ કરે છે. તેણે ૧,૨૦,૦૦૦ ડેડવેઇટ ટનેજ (DWT) ની ક્ષમતા ધરાવતા મોટા જહાજોનું પણ નિર્માણ કર્યું છે, જે તેને ક્ષમતાની દૃષ્ટિએ ભારતનું અગ્રણી શિપયાર્ડ બનાવે છે. આ કંપની 'મિનીરત્ન'નો દરજ્જો ધરાવે છે.<ref name="cochin1">{{cite news |last1=Mudgill |first1=Amit |title=Cochin Shipyard rallies over 20% on D-Street debut |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/cochin-shipyard-makes-quite-debut-lists-at-0-7-premium-over-issue-price/articleshow/60014904.cms |access-date=13 June 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 August 2017}}</ref> == ઇતિહાસ == કોચિન શિપયાર્ડની સ્થાપના ઈ.સ. ૧૯૭૨માં ભારત સરકારની એક કંપની તરીકે કરવામાં આવી હતી, અને તેના નિર્માણ કાર્યના પ્રથમ તબક્કાની સુવિધાઓ ઈ.સ. ૧૯૮૨માં કાર્યરત થઈ હતી. ઓગસ્ટ ૨૦૧૨માં, ભારત સરકારે નાણાકીય વર્ષના અંત સુધીમાં પ્રારંભિક સાર્વજનિક ઓફર (IPO) દ્વારા વધુ વિસ્તરણ માટે ₹૧,૫૦૦ કરોડની મૂડી એકત્રિત કરવાના હેતુથી વિનિયોગ (ડાઇવેસ્ટમેન્ટ) ની યોજનાઓની જાહેરાત કરી હતી.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cochin Shipyard Limited firms up plans to go for IPO by year-end|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Cochin-Shipyard-Limited-firms-up-plans-to-go-for-IPO-by-year-end/articleshow/15321579.cms|access-date=23 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023222443/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030104122100.htm|archive-date=23 October 2012|work=The Times of India|df=dmy-all}}</ref> સરકારે ૧૮ નવેમ્બર ૨૦૧૫ના રોજ હિસ્સાના વેચાણ અંગે આખરી નિર્ણય લીધો હતો. ૩.૩૯ કરોડ (૩૩.૯ મિલિયન) શેર વેચવાની યોજના હતી, જેમાંથી ૧,૧૩,૦૦૦ શેર સરકાર પાસે હતા જ્યારે બાકીના નવા ઇક્વિટી શેર હતા. જોકે, ઓગસ્ટ ૨૦૧૭ સુધી આ યોજના અમલમાં આવી શકી નહોતી, જ્યારે કંપનીએ તેનો IPO બહાર પાડ્યો અને તેના શેર BSE અને NSE પર સૂચિબદ્ધ (લિસ્ટ) કર્યા.<ref name="cochin1"/> કંપનીએ ૨૦૨૧ માં 'ટેબમા શિપયાર્ડ્સ' (Tebma Shipyards) નું અધિગ્રહણ કર્યું હતું. == પ્રવૃત્તિઓ == આ શિપયાર્ડ ૧,૧૦,૦૦૦ ડેડવેઇટ ટનેજ (DWT) સુધીના જહાજોનું નિર્માણ કરવાની અને ૧,૨૫,૦૦૦ DWT સુધીના જહાજોનું સમારકામ કરવાની ક્ષમતા અને સુવિધાઓ ધરાવે છે.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cochinshipyard.in/sr-facilities | title=Welcome to Cochin Shipyard : ISO 9001 Certified - the biggest greenfield Shipyard of the Millenium }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cochinshipyard.in/sb-facility | title=Welcome to Cochin Shipyard : ISO 9001 Certified - the biggest greenfield Shipyard of the Millenium }}</ref> === જહાજ નિર્માણ === [[File:Path_to_caves,_Gharapuri,_Maharashtra_400094,_India_-_panoramio_(14).jpg|thumb|left|૨૦૦૨માં કોચીન શિપયાર્ડ દ્વારા બનાવવામાં આવેલ ''મહર્ષિ પરશુરામ'' ]] [[File:Vikrant.jpg|thumb|૨૦૧૭માં કોચીન શિપયાર્ડ ખાતે નિર્માણાધીન INS વિક્રાંત]] [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi commissions the first indigenous aircraft carrier as INS Vikrant, in Kochi, Kerela on September 02, 2022 (2).jpg|thumb|૨ સપ્ટેમ્બર, ૨૦૨૨ના રોજ કેરળના કોચીમાં INS વિક્રાંતને કાર્યરત કરતા પ્રધાનમંત્રી નરેન્દ્ર મોદી]] કોચિન શિપયાર્ડમાંથી બહાર પડનારું પ્રથમ જહાજ ઈ.સ. ૧૯૮૧માં 'એમવી રાણી પદ્મિની' હતું.<ref>{{cite news |author=Priyadershini S. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article2970951.ece |title=Soft hands handling hard steel |work=The Hindu |date=7 March 2012 |access-date=15 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310161414/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article2970951.ece |archive-date=10 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> આ શિપયાર્ડે શિપિંગ કોર્પોરેશન ઓફ ઈન્ડિયા (SCI) ને 'મહર્ષિ પરશુરામ' અને 'અબુલ કલામ આઝાદ' સહિત પ્રત્યેક ૯૫,૦૦૦ DWT ની ક્ષમતા ધરાવતા ભારતના બે સૌથી મોટા ડબલ-હલ 'આફ્રામેક્સ' ટેન્કર્સ બનાવીને સુપ્રત કર્યા છે. કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ લિમિટેડ (CSL) એ યુરોપ અને પશ્ચિમ એશિયાની આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય સ્તરે પ્રખ્યાત કંપનીઓ પાસેથી જહાજ નિર્માણ માટેના ઓર્ડર મેળવ્યા છે. આ શિપયાર્ડ બહામાસના 'ક્લિપર ગ્રૂપ' માટે ૩૦,૦૦૦ DWT ના છ બલ્ક કેરિયર્સનું નિર્માણ કરી રહ્યું છે, જેમાંથી પ્રથમ ત્રણ જહાજો લોન્ચ કરી દેવામાં આવ્યા છે.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030104122100.htm |title=Business : CSL launches three new vessels |date=1 March 2006 |access-date=15 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023222443/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/01/stories/2006030104122100.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |work=The Hindu |df=dmy-all }}</ref> આ ઉપરાંત, નોર્વેની 'સીટેન્કર્સ મેનેજમેન્ટ કંપની' માટે આઠ પ્લેટફોર્મ સપ્લાય વેસલ્સનું નિર્માણ કાર્ય પણ ચાલી રહ્યું છે. કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ લિમિટેડ (CSL) એ 'સીમેન્સ ઇન્ડિયા' અને 'એચન્ડિયા'ના સહયોગથી 'કોચી વોટર મેટ્રો' દ્વારા ઉપયોગમાં લેવાતી બોટ (ફેરી બોટ્સ) ના કાફલાનું પણ નિર્માણ કર્યું છે.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Battery Solutions by Vessel Type - Echandia |url=https://www.echandia.com/en/vessel-types |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.echandia.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314223947/https://www.echandia.com/en/vessel-types |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard handovers India's first Water Metro ferry to Kochi Metro |url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cochin-shipyard-handovers-indias-first-water-metro-ferry-to-kochi-metro |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-18 |title=Water Metro boats win Gussies award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/water-metro-boats-win-gussies-award/articleshow/95592944.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> શિપયાર્ડે જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૨૪માં ૩૧૦ મીટર (૧,૦૨૦ ફૂટ) લાંબો ડ્રાય ડોક (સૂકો ગોદી) કાર્યરત કર્યો હતો, જે વાર્ષિક ૩૦૦ મીટર (૯૮૦ ફૂટ) સુધીની લંબાઈ ધરાવતા છ મોટા જહાજોને સમાવવાની ક્ષમતા ધરાવે છે. આ ડ્રાય ડોક સુએઝમેક્સ ટેન્કર્સ, કન્ટેનર શિપ્સ અને કેપસાઈઝ બલ્ક કેરિયર્સને સંભાળી શકે છે.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-24 |title=$500-million boost for India shipbuilding as Cochin Shipyard, HD Hyundai Group advance JV talks: Report |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/500-million-boost-for-india-shipbuilding-as-cochin-shipyard-hd-hyundai-group-advance-jv-talks-report-13840606.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> ૨૭ ડિસેમ્બર ૨૦૨૪ ના રોજ, 'અદાણી પોર્ટ્સ એન્ડ સેઝ'એ તેની સબસિડિયરી કંપની 'ઓશન સ્પાર્કલ લિમિટેડ' દ્વારા CSL પાસેથી આઠ ટગ બોટ્સ (tug boats) નો ઓર્ડર આપ્યો હતો. આ ઓર્ડર આશરે ₹૪૫૦ કરોડનો છે, જે અંતર્ગત 'ઉડુપી કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ લિમિટેડ' દ્વારા આઠ ૭૦ ટન બોલાર્ડ પુલ એઝિમ્યુથિંગ સ્ટર્ન ડ્રાઇવ ટગ્સ પૂરા પાડવામાં આવશે. તેની ડિલિવરી ડિસેમ્બર ૨૦૨૬ માં શરૂ થશે અને ઓગસ્ટ ૨૦૨૮ સુધીમાં પૂરી થવાની ધારણા છે.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Cochin Shipyard bags Adani Ports tug boat order, deal value estimated at ₹450 crore {{!}} Company Business News | url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cochin-shipyard-bags-adani-ports-tug-boat-order-deal-value-estimated-at-rs-450-crore-11735382563877.html | access-date=2026-05-14 | website=www.livemint.com}}</ref> ૩૦ જૂન ૨૦૨૫ સુધીમાં, CSL પાસે ₹૨૧,૧૦૦ કરોડ (US$ ૨.૨ બિલિયન) ના ઓર્ડર બુક છે, જેમાંથી ૬૬ % ઓર્ડર ભારતીય નૌકાદળ (Indian Navy) તરફથી છે. આ હિસ્સો અગાઉના ૮૮% થી ઘટ્યો છે.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Twesh |date=2026-01-15 |title=Cochin Shipyard delivers first multi-purpose vessel to Germany's HS Schiffahrts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/cochin-shipyard-delivers-first-multi-purpose-vessel-to-germanys-hs-schiffahrts/articleshow/126546025.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> ૧૨ જાન્યુઆરી ૨૦૨૬ ના રોજ, શિપયાર્ડે જર્મની સ્થિત શિપિંગ કંપની 'HS શિફાહર્ટ્સ'ને ૭,૦૦૦ DWT ના આઠ બહુહેતુક જહાજોમાંથી પ્રથમ જહાજ 'HS હાઇન્ઝ' સોંપ્યું હતું. આ જહાજો 'HS ઇકોફ્રાઇટર આઇસ-ક્લાસ' શ્રેણીનો એક ભાગ છે અને તેની પ્રત્યેકની કિંમત ₹૧૧૦ કરોડ (US$ ૧૧ મિલિયન) છે. માર્ચ ૨૦૨૩માં પ્રથમ જહાજના સ્ટીલ-કટિંગ સમારોહ સાથે તેનું નિર્માણ કાર્ય શરૂ થયું હતું. નેધરલેન્ડ સ્થિત 'ગ્રુટ શિપ ડિઝાઇન' દ્વારા ડિઝાઇન કરાયેલા અને DNV વર્ગીકરણ નિયમોનું પાલન કરતા આ જહાજો પ્રોજેક્ટ અને ભારે માલસામાન, સ્ટીલના કોઈલ, કન્ટેનર, લાકડું (ટિમ્બર), કાગળ, કોલસો અને અનાજ જેવી શુષ્ક બલ્ક સામગ્રી તેમજ જોખમી પદાર્થોની હેરફેર માટે બનાવવામાં આવ્યા છે. આ જહાજમાં પરિવહન કરવાના માલસામાનના આધારે ફેરફાર કરી શકાય તે માટે છ ફેરબદલ કરી શકાય તેવા પાટિયાં (મુવેબલ પાર્ટીશન્સ) સાથેનો એક મોટો કાર્ગો હોલ્ડ (માલસામાન રાખવાની જગ્યા) છે. તેમાં 'ટ્વીન ડેક' ગોઠવણની સુવિધા પણ આપવામાં આવી છે.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-16 |title=India's Cochin Shipyard Delivers Advanced Multi-Purpose Vessel To German Shipping Firm |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/indias-cochin-shipyard-delivers-advanced-multi-purpose-vessel-to-german-shipping-firm/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Marine Insight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard delivers multi-purpose cargo vessel MS Heinz to German shipowner |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/maritime/2026/01/15/cochin-shipyard-delivers-multi-purpose-cargo-vessel-ms-heinz-to-german-shipowner.html |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> == નૌકાદળના જહાજો == === INS વિક્રાંત === કોચિન શિપયાર્ડે ભારતનું પ્રથમ સ્વદેશી વિમાનવાહક જહાજ - INS વિક્રાંત (અગાઉ, પ્રોજેક્ટ ૭૧ "એર ડિફેન્સ શિપ") નું નિર્માણ કર્યું છે. આ એરક્રાફ્ટ કેરિયર CSL દ્વારા બનાવવામાં આવેલું સૌથી મોટું યુદ્ધજહાજ છે. ફેબ્રુઆરી ૨૦૨૦માં, તમામ મુખ્ય માળખાકીય અને આઉટફિટિંગ કામગીરી પૂર્ણ જાહેર કરવામાં આવી હતી.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/structural-and-outfitting-work-of-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-complete/articleshow/74070075.cms|title=Structural and outfitting work of India's first indigenous aircraft carrier complete|date=2020-02-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> અંતે ૪ ઓગસ્ટના રોજ દરિયાઈ પરીક્ષણો શરૂ થયા હતા.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's first indigenous aircraft carrier, to be named INS Vikrant, finally begins sea trials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-named-ins-vikrant-finally-begins-sea-trials/articleshow/85031100.cms|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Times of India}}</ref> ૮ ઓગસ્ટ ૨૦૨૧ ના રોજ પાંચ દિવસ સુધી ચાલેલા દરિયાઈ પરીક્ષણો સફળતાપૂર્વક પૂર્ણ થયા હતા.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/pix-vikrant-successfully-completes-5-day-maiden-sea-voyage/20210808.htm|title = Vikrant successfully completes 5-day maiden sea voyage}}</ref> આ જહાજને ૨ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૨૨ ના રોજ ભારતીય નૌકાદળમાં સામેલ કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું.<ref>{{cite news |title=INS Vikrant, 1st India-Made Aircraft Carrier, Commissioned By PM |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-vikrant-indias-first-home-built-aircraft-carrier-commissioned-by-pm-narendra-modi-3308900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904050721/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-vikrant-indias-first-home-built-aircraft-carrier-commissioned-by-pm-narendra-modi-3308900 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> === INS અન્વેશ === CSL એ સંરક્ષણ સંશોધન અને વિકાસ સંગઠન (DRDO) ના સહયોગથી 'INS અન્વેશ'નું નિર્માણ કર્યું છે. આ એક મિસાઇલ રેન્જ ઇન્સ્ટ્રુમેન્ટેશન જહાજ છે, જેનો ઉપયોગ ભારતના બિલિસ્ટિક મિસાઇલ ડિફેન્સ પ્રોગ્રામ માટે 'ફ્લોટિંગ ટેસ્ટ રેન્જ' (તરતા પરીક્ષણ કેન્દ્ર) તરીકે કરવામાં આવે છે.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-20 |title=Cochin Shipyard to build secret vessel for DRDO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-07 |title=Sea trials for floating missile test range INS Anvesh begin this month |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sea-trials-for-floating-missile-test-range-ins-anvesh-begin-this-month-101630984781024.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317073400/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sea-trials-for-floating-missile-test-range-ins-anvesh-begin-this-month-101630984781024.html |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> આના નિર્માણનો ઓર્ડર ૨૦૧૫ માં CSL ને આપવામાં આવ્યો હતો અને ૨૦૧૬ સુધીમાં તેનું નિર્માણ કાર્ય શરૂ થઈ ગયું હતું. ૧૧ માર્ચ ૨૦૨૨ના રોજ આ જહાજને ભારતીય નૌકાદળની સેવામાં સામેલ કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2023-04-25 |title=India Conducts First Test of New Ship-Based BMD System |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/04/india-conducts-first-test-of-new-ship-based-bmd-system/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> === માહે-ક્લાસ કોર્વેટ === કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ લિમિટેડ (CSL) અને ગાર્ડન રીચ શિપબિલ્ડર્સ & એન્જિનિયર્સ (GRSE) એ ભારતીય નૌકાદળ માટે ASW-SWC શ્રેણીના જહાજોનું નિર્માણ કરી રહ્યા છે. CSL દ્વારા કોચી ખાતે બનાવવામાં આવી રહેલા જહાજોને 'માહે ક્લાસ' (Mahe class) અને GRSE દ્વારા બનાવવામાં આવી રહેલા જહાજોને 'અર્નાલા ક્લાસ' (Arnala Class) કહેવામાં આવે છે. ૩૦ એપ્રિલ ૨૦૧૯ ના રોજ, સંરક્ષણ મંત્રાલય અને CSL એ ૮૪ મહિનાની સમયમર્યાદામાં આઠ જહાજોના નિર્માણ માટે ₹૬,૩૧૧ કરોડના કરાર પર હસ્તાક્ષર કર્યા હતા.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-29 |title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft |url=https://psuwatch.com/defencewatch/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-30 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti submarine warfare ships - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> ૧ ડિસેમ્બર ૨૦૨૦ ના રોજ, CSL એ પ્રથમ ASW-SWC જહાજ, 'INS માહે' ના સ્ટીલ-કટિંગ સાથે આ પ્રોજેક્ટનું નિર્માણ કાર્ય શરૂ કર્યું હતું.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian ASW corvette programme cuts first steel {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/premium-indian-asw-corvette-programme-cuts-first-s/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en}}</ref> === આદેશ-ક્લાસ પેટ્રોલીંગ વેસલ === CSL એ ભારતીય કોસ્ટ ગાર્ડ માટે ૨૦ ફાસ્ટ પેટ્રોલ વેસલ્સ (FPVs) નું નિર્માણ કર્યું છે. આ જહાજોની ડિઝાઇન કોચી સ્થિત 'મેસર્સ સ્માર્ટ એન્જિનિયરિંગ અને ડિઝાઇન સોલ્યુશન્સ' (SEDS) દ્વારા તૈયાર કરવામાં આવી છે.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First fast patrol vessel for Coast Guard delivered |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/first-fast-patrol-vessel-for-coast-guard-delivered_879688.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CSL launches Fast patrol vessel {{!}} IRCLASS {{!}} Indian Register of Shipping |url=http://www.irclass.org/news/csl-launches-fast-patrol-vessel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611163108/http://www.irclass.org/news/csl-launches-fast-patrol-vessel |archive-date=2015-06-11 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.irclass.org |language=en}}</ref> === નેક્સ્ટ જનરેશન મિસાઇલ વેસલ્સ ==== ૩૦ માર્ચ ૨૦૨૩ ના રોજ, સંરક્ષણ મંત્રાલયે ₹૯,૮૦૫ કરોડ (US$ ૧.૨ બિલિયન) ના ખર્ચે CSL પાસેથી છ નેક્સ્ટ જનરેશન મિસાઇલ વેસલ્સ (NGMV) હસ્તગત કરવાની મંજૂરી આપી હતી. ૧૬ ડિસેમ્બર ૨૦૨૪ ના રોજ, પ્રથમ NGMV જહાજનો સ્ટીલ-કટિંગ સમારોહ કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ ખાતે યોજાયો હતો. આ જહાજોની ડિલિવરી માર્ચ ૨૦૨૭ થી શરૂ થવાનું નિર્ધારિત છે. == જહાજ સમારકામ == શિપયાર્ડે ઈ.સ. ૧૯૮૨માં સમારકામ સેવાઓ આપવાનું શરૂ કર્યું હતું અને તેણે તેલ ઉત્ખનન ઉદ્યોગના જહાજો સહિત તમામ પ્રકારના જહાજોના અપગ્રેડેશન અને સમારકામની કામગીરી હાથ ધરી છે. આ ઉપરાંત, તેણે ભારતીય નૌકાદળ, ભારતીય કોસ્ટ ગાર્ડ, કેન્દ્રશાસિત પ્રદેશ લક્ષદ્વીપ, મત્સ્યોદ્યોગ વિભાગ, કોચિન પોર્ટ ટ્રસ્ટ, SCI અને ઓઇલ એન્ડ નેચરલ ગેસ કોર્પોરેશન (ONGC) ના જહાજોની નિયમિત જાળવણી અને આયુષ્ય વધારવાના કાર્યો કર્યા છે. તેણે વિમાનવાહક જહાજ 'INS વિરાટ' ના મોટા વ્યાપક સમારકામની કામગીરી પણ સફળતાપૂર્વક પાર પાડી છે. કોચિન શિપયાર્ડ લિમિટેડ (CSL) ને ONGC તરફથી મોટા સમારકામ અને અપગ્રેડેશનના ઓર્ડર પ્રાપ્ત થયા હતા. આમાં વર્ષ ૨૦૦૫-૦૬ માં ત્રણ રિગ્સનું વ્યાપક સમારકામની કામગીરી સામેલ હતી, જે પૈકી 'સાગર વિજય' (મોબાઇલ ઓફશોર ડ્રિલિંગ યુનિટ - MODU), 'સાગર ભૂષણ' (MODU) અને જેકઅપ રિગ 'સાગર કિરણ' નો સમાવેશ થાય છે.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Cochin Shipyard : ISO 9001 Certified - The biggest greenfield Shipyard of the Millenium |url=https://cochinshipyard.in/credentials |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=cochinshipyard.in}}</ref> તેણે ઈ.સ. ૨૦૧૬ અને ૨૦૨૪ માં વિમાનવાહક જહાજ 'INS વિક્રમાદિત્ય' ના મોટા સમારકામની કામગીરી પણ કરી હતી.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2016 |title=CSL completes refit of Indian Navy's aircraft-carrier INS Vikramaditya |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newscsl-completes-refit-of-indian-navys-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-5667275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102004/http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newscsl-completes-refit-of-indian-navys-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-5667275 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=NavalTechnology.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=MoD inks contract worth ₹1207 Cr with Cochin Shipyard Limited for Short Refit and Dry Docking of INS Vikramaditya |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2079380 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> ૫ એપ્રિલ ૨૦૨૪ ના રોજ, CSL એ લાર્સન એન્ડ ટુબ્રોના કટ્ટુપલ્લી શિપયાર્ડ અને મઝગાંવ ડૉક શિપબિલ્ડર્સ પછી યુનાઇટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ નેવીના મિલિટરી સીલિફ્ટ કમાન્ડ ફ્લીટ સપોર્ટ શિપ્સના સમારકામ માટે તેની સાથે 'માસ્ટર શિપ રિપેર એગ્રીમેન્ટ' (MSRA) પર હસ્તાક્ષર કરનાર ત્રીજું ભારતીય શિપયાર્ડ બન્યું હતું.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-04-08 |title=Cochin Shipyard signs ship repair agreement with U.S. Navy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cochin-shipyard-signs-ship-repair-agreement-with-us-navy/article68044085.ece |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Indian Shipyard Wins U.S. Navy Approval for Ship Repairs |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/third-indian-shipyard-wins-u-s-navy-approval-for-ship-repairs |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard signs master ship repair agreement with US Navy |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/cochin-shipyard-signs-master-ship-repair-agreement-with-us-navy/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> MSC દ્વારા સંચાલિત આ જહાજો નાગરિક કર્મચારીઓ (સિવિલિયન ક્રૂ) ધરાવતા અને "USNS" પૂર્વગ (પ્રિફિક્સ) ધરાવતા નોન-કમિશન્ડ ગેર-યુદ્ધપોત 'સપોર્ટ વેસલ્સ' છે. આ કરાર હેઠળ, યુએસ નેવીના સેન્ટ્રલ કમાન્ડના પ્રવાસ પર રહેલા જહાજોનું સમારકામ ભારતમાં કરવામાં આવશે.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASSESSING INDIA-US "MASTER SHIP REPAIR AGREEMENTS" (MSRAs) |url=https://maritimeindia.org/assessing-india-us-master-ship-repair-agreements-msras/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=maritimeindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders inks pact with US Navy to service its fleet - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-inks-pact-with-us-navy-to-service-its-fleet-17744401.htm |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> === અન્ય === આ શિપયાર્ડ મરીન એન્જિનિયરિંગમાં સ્નાતક ઇજનેરોને પણ તાલીમ આપે છે.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard – Marine Engineering Training Website |url=http://cochinshipyard.com/training.html |access-date=17 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117093223/http://cochinshipyard.com/training.html |archive-date=17 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>દર વર્ષે લગભગ સો વિદ્યાર્થીઓને તાલીમ આપવામાં આવે છે. == સંદર્ભો == {{reflist|30em}} 38rdqrbp4jpsgw5o8k54gbgh2r8jubu સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Rathodn 3 155250 905363 2026-09-17T16:16:02Z New user message 14116 નવા સભ્યનાં ચર્ચાનાં પાના પર [[ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|સ્વાગત સંદેશ]]નો ઉમેરો 905363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=Rathodn}} -- [[સભ્ય:Aniket|Aniket]] ([[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Aniket|ચર્ચા]]) ૨૧:૪૬, ૧૭ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૨૬ (IST) d3d02ppfqnjdd9x6cyupsyf460shoy4 સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Rrs077 3 155251 905364 2026-09-17T16:17:28Z New user message 14116 નવા સભ્યનાં ચર્ચાનાં પાના પર [[ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|સ્વાગત સંદેશ]]નો ઉમેરો 905364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=Rrs077}} -- [[સભ્ય:Aniket|Aniket]] ([[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Aniket|ચર્ચા]]) ૨૧:૪૭, ૧૭ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૨૬ (IST) 93b0xlzwzw8efmcw9gw0nk9aqn2ysay સભ્યની ચર્ચા:SHB2000 3 155252 905368 2026-09-18T02:32:35Z Max 75104 Maxએ [[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:SHB2000]]ને [[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:SHB]] પર ખસેડ્યું: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/SHB2000|SHB2000]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/SHB|SHB]]" 905368 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[સભ્યની ચર્ચા:SHB]] 3bfwcmk8hq0wp5salmis00r4qjuijhl સભ્યની ચર્ચા:Surpal sarvaiya 3 155253 905376 2026-09-18T11:29:08Z New user message 14116 નવા સભ્યનાં ચર્ચાનાં પાના પર [[ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|સ્વાગત સંદેશ]]નો ઉમેરો 905376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ઢાંચો:સ્વાગત|realName=|name=Surpal sarvaiya}} -- [[:User:Dsvyas|ધવલ સુધન્વા વ્યાસ]]<sup>[[:User_talk:Dsvyas|ચર્ચા]]/[[:Special:Contributions/Dsvyas|યોગદાન]]</sup> ૧૬:૫૯, ૧૮ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૨૬ (IST) lf4z1r57epdqq97q0ltllusysg5hxw6