Wikipedia gvwiki https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard-ghuillag MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Meanyn Er lheh Resooney Ymmydeyr Resooney ymmydeyr Wikipedia Resooney Wikipedia Coadan Resooney coadan MediaWiki Resooney MediaWiki Clowan Resooney clowan Cooney Resooney cooney Ronney Resooney ronney TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1597 389322 387314 2026-08-13T20:12:45Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ymmydcosoylagh|yn ellan 'syn Oarpey|y çheer neuchroghagh t'er enney fo'n ennym cheddin|Pobblaght Nerin}} [[Coadan:Ireland from space edit.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Jalloo feer-ghaait er Nerin, jeant ec [[NASA]] er 4 J. Geuree, lesh y [[Yn Keayn Sheear|Cheayn Sheear]] da'n sheear as [[Mooir Vannin]] da'n shiar]] [[Coadan:IRL Europe location.png|250px|thumb|right|Soiaghey Nerin 'syn Oarpey]] Ta '''Nerin''' ({{lang-ga|Éire}}, {{lang-en|Ireland}}, [[Baarle Albinagh Ultagh|Ullanish]]: ''Airlann'') yn [[Rolley ellanyn 'syn Oarpey rere eaghtyr|trass ellan smoo]] 'syn [[Yn Oarpey|Oarpey]] as ny [[Rolley ellanyn rere eaghtyr|feedoo ellan smoo]] 'sy [[Yn Chruinney|Chruinney]].<ref name='unep'>{{cite web|url=http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm|title=Islands by Area|date=1998-02-18|work=UN System-Wide Earthwatch|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]|accessdate=30-08-2008|language=Baarle|archivedate=2015-12-01|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20151201081219/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm}}</ref> T'ee ny soie ayns sheear hwoaie ny [[Yn Oarpey|h-Oarpey]] as t'ee cruinnit lesh keeadyn dy ellanyn as ellaneenyn. Ta'n [[Yn Vretyn Vooar|Vretyn Vooar]] soit da'n shiar as ish scarrit veih Nerin liorish [[Mooir Vannin]]. Ta [[Pobblaght Nerin]] coodaghey 5/6 dy eaghtyr yn ellan. Ta [[Nerin Hwoaie]], cooid jeh'n [[Reeriaght Unnaneysit]], coodaghey'n chooid elley, as t'ee ny soie ayns shiar hwoaie yn ellan. Ta'n ellan jeant seose jeh cruink as sleityn injil ta cruinnlaghey strah rea lheeadagh as ta awinyn yn-shiaulley sheeyney stiagh çheu sthie. Ta glasseraght rank 'syn ellan - troar jeh'n speyr faarkagh vog ayn. Va çheshvean yn ellan coodit liorish keylljyn gloo derrey ny 1600yn agh jiu t'ee ny h-ard smoo jee-cheyllit 'syn Oarpey.<ref>{{cite book |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |title=Book of Migrations: Some Passages in Ireland |publisher=Verso |year=1997 |location=Lunnin |pages=100 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M7PixoY16fkC&pg=PA100 |isbn=1-85984-186-4 }}</ref> Ta shey [[sheeintagh|sheeintee]] ghooghyssagh as feed ayns Nerin. Ta'n [[shynnagh ruy]], yn [[arkan sonney]], as y [[broc]] so-akin dy mennick, agh ta'n [[mwaagh slieau|mwaagh Yernagh]], y [[feeaih ruy]] as [[kayt ny miljyn|kiyt ny miljyn]] ry-gheddyn chammah. T'eh oolit dy vel 6.2 millioonyn dy 'leih ayns Nerin. Ta beggan ny sloo na 4.5 millioonyn dy 'leih cummal ayns Pobblaght Nerin as ta beggan ny sloo na 1.8 millioonyn dy 'leih cummal ayns Nerin Hwoaie.<ref name="2008population">V'eh er ooley 'sy vlein 2008 dy row 4,422,100 cummaltee ayns Pobblaght Nerin as 'sy vlein cheddin va 1,775,000 cummaltee ayns Nerin Hwoaie. 'Sy vlein 2009 v'eh oolit dy row 4,459,300 cummaltee ayns Pobblaght Nerin. Cha nel ooley 'sy vlein 2009 da Nerin Hwoaie er ny chur magh dys shoh. Ta ny h-oolaghyn shoh çheet as bingyn staydraaoil reiltyssagh oikoil veih'n daa heer: * {{cite web | url=http://www.cso.ie/releasespublications/documents/population/current/popmig.pdf | title=Population and Migration Estimates | publisher=Central Statistics Office | location=Divlyn | year=2009 }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/population/midyear/mye_report_2008.pdf | title=Population and Migration Estimates Northern Ireland (2008) | author=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency | publisher=Department of Finance and Personnel | location=Beeal Feirshtey | year=2008 | accessdate=2010-01-11 | archivedate=2010-02-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217112629/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/population/midyear/mye_report_2008.pdf }}</ref> Ta ny h-earrooyn shen taishbyney bishaghey mooar ayns sleih-earroo yn ellan veih'n 4.2 millioonyn va cummal ayn ayns ny 1960yn, agh t'eh foddey ny sloo veih'n 8 millioonyn va cummal er yn ellan ayns ny 1840yn leah roish çheet [[Yn Gortey Mooar|y Ghortey Mooar]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://memory.loc.gov/learn//features/immig/irish2.html|title= Irish-Catholic Immigration to America|date= 2007-05-07|work= Immigration…|publisher= Library of Congress|accessdate=2010-01-01}}</ref> Ayns ny Mean Eashyn [[Ruegys Normanagh er Nerin|haink ny Normanee]] dys Nerin as fo-yerrey haink jerrey lesh y lhing Normanagh as toshiaght lesh y [[Aaghoaill Hiudaragh Nerin|chioneys Sostynagh ayns ny 1500yn]]. Ayns ny 1600yn, va corys dy [[Eaghtyrys Protestoonagh|chioneys Sostynagh Protestoonagh]] er ny chummey dys neuvondeish dy chur er y vooar chooid [[Catoleagh Raueagh|Chatoleagh Raueagh]] as Phrotestoonagh yiooldagh, as v'eh sheeynt car ny 1700yn. Ayns 1801, haink Nerin dy ve ny cooid jeh'n [[Reeriaght Unnaneysit ny Bretyn Mooar as Nerin|Reeriaght Unnaneysit]]. Rere [[Caggey Seyrsnys Nerin|caggey er son seyrsnys]] 'sy 20-oo eash leah haink y çheer dy ve [[Rheynn magh Nerin|rheynnit]] ayns daa ayrn - [[Steat Seyr Nerin]] as [[Nerin Hwoaie]]. Haink Steat Seyr Nerin dy ve ny smoo seyr harrish ny jeihaghtyn agh hannee Nerin Hwoaie lesh y [[Reeriaght Unnaneysit]]. Haghyr [[ny Trubbylyn|boirey theayagh ayns veih ny 1960yn jeianagh derrey ny 1990yn]]. Huitt y mooadys dy voiraghyn lurg [[Conaant Jeheiney Caaisht|conaant politickagh]] ayns 1998. Ayns 1973, hie'n daa ayrn jeh'n ellan stiagh 'sy [[Boodeeys Tarmaynagh Oarpagh|Voodeeys Tarmaynagh Oarpagh]] ([[yn Unnaneys Oarpagh]] jiu). Haghyr [[Yn Teegyr Celtiagh|bishaghey tarmaynagh neusampleyrit]] ayns Pobblaght Nerin veih ny 1990yn meanagh derrey'n [[Geyre-ghaue argidoil Nerin (2008-2010)|gheyre-ghaue argidoil Yernagh ayns 2008-2010]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Alan|last1=Barrett|first2=Ide|last2=Kearney|first3=Jean|last3=Goggin|editor1-first=Tim|editor1-last=Callan|title=Quarterly Economic Commentary|work=Research Bulletin|month=Spring|year=2009|publisher=Economic and Social Research Institute|location=Divlyn|url=http://www.esri.ie/UserFiles/publications/20090429104918/QEC2009Spr_ES.pdf|access-date=2010-04-02|archive-date=2014-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623203211/http://www.esri.ie/UserFiles/publications/20090429104918/QEC2009Spr_ES.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Shennaghys == {{Ardart|Shennaghys Nerin}} ::''Son shennaghys Nerin veih'n vlein 1921, jeeagh-shiu er [[Shennaghys Phobblaght Nerin]] as [[Shennaghys Nerin Hwoaie]].'' === Y roie-hennaghys as yn eash vean-eashagh === Va'n chooid smoo dy Nerin coodit lesh rio derrey jerrey ny [[eash rioee|h-eash rioee]] jerrinagh ny smoo na 9,000 bleeantyn er dy henney. Va yrjidyn marrey ny s'inshley ec y traa shen as va Nerin, myrane lesh y nabooys eck y Vretyn Vooar, kianglt rish [[yn Oarpey vooar-heeragh]] as cha row ad nyn ellanyn. Haink sleih [[mean chlaghagh]] car [[Eash ny Claghyn]] gys yn ellan mychione ny bleeaney 8,000 RC as haink yn eirinys ny yei lesh çheet [[yn Eash-Chloaie Noa]] mychione 4,500 derrey 4,000 RC tra va [[keyrrey|kirree]], [[goayr|goair]], [[ollagh]] as [[grine]]yn currit stiagh veih [[lieh-innys ny h-Ibeir]]. Ayns [[Achaidh Chéide]], ta corys rheaymyssagh dy vagheryn, y corys shinney 'sy dowan foddee, freilt fo coodagh dy voaney ayns [[Coontae Vay Eo]] noa-emshiragh,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/West/CeideFields/ |title=Céide Fields |author=Heritage Ireland |publisher=Office of Public Works|accessdate=2008-10-23}}</ref> as ta'n corys shen çheet ass y lhing shen, ny beggan ny yei. Ta'n corys shen jeant seose jeh rheynnagyn beggey ta scarrit veih nyn geilley liorish [[boalley cloaie-çhirrym|boallaghyn cloaie-çhirrym]], as va ny magheryn lhiassit er feie shiartanse dy cheeadyn eddyr 3,500 as 3,000 RC. V'ad [[curnagh]] as [[oarn]] ny troaryn smoo scanshoil. Hoshee [[yn Eash Ooha]] – ta meenit liorish ymmyd meain – mychione ny bleeaney 2,500 RC tra va'n çhaghnoaylleeaght caghlaa seihill y phobble car y lhing shen liorish noaidyn lheid as y [[queeyl|wheel]], goaill greienys er [[dow|dew]], [[fidderaght|jannoo fidderaght er eggaghyn feeit]], gimbylagh [[alcoal]], as obbyr-veainey schleioil, cur magh greieyn caggee as greieyn noa, as jesheenaghey airh vraew as cliejeeneydys, lheid as [[jialg broghil|jialgyn broghil]] as [[torc]]yn. [[Coadan:Uragh Stone Circle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Liagchiorcal na h-Iúraigh]], [[liagh-chiarkyl]] [[noa-littagh]] ayns [[Coontae Cherree]]]] Ta'n [[Yn Eash Yiarn|Eash Yiarn]] ayns Nerin kianglt dy tradishoonagh rish sleih t'er enney myr ny ''[[Celtiee]]''. V'eh er credjal dy cadjin dy ren ny Celtiee coloinaghey Nerin ayns straih dy ruegyssyn eddyr y 8-oo as y 1-d cheead-bleeaney RC. V'eh raait, dy ren ny [[Gaeil]], y straih yerrinagh jeh ny Celtiee, rheynn magh yn ellan ayns queig ny ny smoo reeriaghtyn lurg y choloinaghey j'ee oc. Ansherbee, ta ard-schoillaryn jiu cur foayr ayns reartys ta cur trimmid da skeaylley dy chultoor veih ardjyn çheumooie jeh'n ellan as nagh haghyr coloinaghey cahnagh.<ref name="prospectmag">{{cite journal | last = Oppenheimer | first = Stephen | title = Myths of British Ancestry | journal = Prospect Magazine | issue = 127 | date = 2006-10-21 | url = http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/10/mythsofbritishancestry/ | accessdate = 2008-11-07 | issn = 1359-5024 | archive-date = 2011-10-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015212548/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/10/mythsofbritishancestry/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mascheretti | first1 = Silvia | last2 = Rogatcheva | first2= Margarita | last3 = Gündüz | first3 = Islam | last4 = Fredga |first4= Karl | last5= Searle | first5= Jeremy | title = How Did Pygmy Shrews Colonize Ireland? Clues from a Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Sequences | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society | volume = 270 | issue = 1524 | publisher = Royal Society | location = | date = 2003-08-07 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691416/ | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2003.2406 | accessdate = 2008-11-07 | page = 1593 }}</ref> Ta feddynyn magh lheid as [[Fear Chluain Uí Chaomháin]] taishbynit myr feanish jeh'n reayrtys shen. Ta ny recortyssyn screeuee s'leah er Nerin çheet ass çheer-oaylleeyn classicagh [[Yn seihll Greagagh-Raueagh|Greagagh-Raueagh]]. Ta [[Ptolemy]] ayns yn ''[[Almagest]]'' echey çheet er Nerin myr ''Mikra Brettania'' (''Y Vretyn Veg''), ayns cosoylaght rish yn ellan smoo, va enmyssit ''Megale Brettania'' echey (''Y Vretyn Vooar'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freeman |first=Philip |title=Ireland and the classical world |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2001 |location=Austin, Texas |pages=65 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA65 |isbn=0-292-72518-3 }}</ref> Ayns yn obbyr ny s'anmey echey, ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'', ta Ptolemy çheet er Nerin myr ''[[Hibernia|Iwernia]]'' as er y Vretyn Vooar myr ''Albion''. Va ny h-enmyn "noa" shen goit ass enmyn dooghyssagh er ny h-ellanyn ec y tra shen. Va ny shenn-enmyn, ayns neu-chosoylaght, crooit roish cur fys dy jeeragh rish sleih ynnydagh.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Freeman|title=Ireland and the Classical World|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|year=2001}}</ref> Ren ny [[Yn Çhenn Raue|Rauee]] ny s'anmey çheet er Nerin lesh yn ennym shen chammah agh ayns y chummey [[Ladjynaghey]], ''[[Hibernia]]'',<ref>{{cite web | title = Hibernia | work = Roman Empire | publisher = United Nations of Roma Victrix | url = http://www.unrv.com/provinces/hibernia.php | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archive-date = 2010-03-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326085530/http://www.unrv.com/provinces/hibernia.php | url-status = dead }}</ref> ny [[Scotia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Hart |first=John |title=Irish Pedigrees: or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation |publisher=J. Duffy and Co. |year=1892 |location=Divlyn |page=725}}</ref> Ta Ptolemy recortyssey shey cleinyn jeig va cummal ayns dagh ayrn dy Nerin 'sy vlein 100 BNJ.<ref>{{cite journal| first1=R | last1=Darcy | first2= William|last2= Flynn| title = Ptolemy's Map of Ireland: a Modern Decoding|journal=Irish Geography|volume=14|issue=1|date=Mart 2008|pages=49&emdash;69|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a791562641&fulltext=713240928 Informaworld.com|accessdate=2010-01-01}}</ref> Cha nel eh baghtal cre'n torçh dy chiangley v'ayn eddyr yn Impiraght Raueagh as ny cleinyn ayns Nerin henndeeagh. Ta screeuyn moyllee er çheu mooie er mayrn çheet ass screeuyn Raueagh, er wheesh dy vel coontyssyn dooghyssagh çheet ass [[feeleeaght Yernagh|feeleeaght]] as feayn-skeealleydaght Yernagh. Agh, ta mooarane dy chooinaghyn Raueagh er ny gheddyn ayns Nerin, myr sampleyr ayns [[Sí an Bhrú]].<ref>Carson, R.A.G. and O'Kelly, Claire: ''A catalogue of the Roman coins from Newgrange, Co. Meath and notes on the coins and related finds'', pages 35-55. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 77, section C</ref> Va Nerin ny mestey jeh cleinyn trughanagh agh, goaill toshiaghey 'sy 7-oo cheead-bleeaney BNJ, va sheiltynys dy reeoilaght ashoonagh oltit dy keimagh trooid yn eie jeh [[Ard Ree Nerin]]. Ta lettyraght Yernagh vean-eashagh soilshaghey straih begnagh gyn baarney jeh Ard Reeaghyn ta sheeyney sheear harrish millaghyn dy vleeantyn, agh ta screeuderyn shennaghys noa-emshiragh credjal dy row yn sleim shen cummit 'sy 8-oo cheead-bleeaney dy chur trimmid er staydys ny possanyn politickagh troshtagh as ad croghey bun y reill oc jeeragh stiagh ayns ny traaghyn shenndeeagh.<ref name="DOC">[[Dáibhí Ó Cróinín]], "Ireland, 400–800", ayns Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), ''A New History of Ireland 1: Prehistoric and Early Ireland'', Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 182–234.</ref> V'eh raait dy ren yn Ard Ree reirey ny reeriaghtyn queiggagh va jannoo seose Nerin. Va ree er lheh ec dagh fer jeh ny reeriaghtyn shen agh v'ad fo-viallys da'n Ard Ree ayns ennym er y chooid sloo. Haink yn Ard Ree magh ass ny reeaghyn queiggagh as ren eh reirey [[reeriaght ny Mee]], lesh preeu-valley jesh-chliaghtagh ayns [[Teamhair]]. Cha daink er yn eie dy ve ny feerid agh ayns [[Eash ny Loghlynee#Nerin|Eash ny Loghlynee]] agh cha row ee ny h-eie chohassooagh erbee.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jaski |first=Bart |year=2005 |title=Kings and kingship |editor=Seán Duffy |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia |location=Abingdon and New York |pages=251–254|ref=}}, p.253</ref> Agh va reill ynrican dy leigh ayns Nerin: y corys briwnagh screeuee va enmyssit [[ny Leighyn Briwnagh]], as va reirit ec lught keirdey dy leigh-oaylleeyn va enmyssit ''briwnyn''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ginnell |first=Laurence |authorlink=Laurence Ginnell |title=The Brehon laws: a legal handbook |publisher=T Fisher Unwin |year=1894 |location= |pages=81 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t6wuAAAAIAAJ&vq=%22The%20Brehons%22&pg=PA81 }}</ref> Ta ''[[Recortys Nerin]]'' recortyssey da daink yn Aspick [[Palladius]] gys Nerin er mishoon sushtal 'sy vlein 431 BNJ veih [[Paab Celestine II]] dys ny Yernee dy hushtallaghey, agh tra haink eh gys Nerin va'n pobble "credjal ayns fockle Chreest" hannah<ref>{{CathEncy |wstitle=St. Palladius |title=St. Palladius |author=Patrick Francis Moran |accessdate=2010-03-27 }}</ref> Ta'n recortys hene recortyssey dy daink [[Noo Perick]], yn ard-noo Yernagh share er enney, 'sy vlein lurg shen. Ta resoonaght foast ayn er mishoonyn Phalladius as Pherick, agh ta co-choardailys ayn er taghyrt y daa vishoonyn<ref>{{cite book | last = De Paor | first = Liam | title = Saint Patrick's World: The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age | publisher = Four Courts, Dublin | year = 1993 | location = Divlyn | page = 78, 79 | url = | isbn = 1-85182-144-9 }}</ref> as ta shickyrys ayn er tuittym y hradishoon druaiaghtagh shinney noi'n chredjue noa.<ref name="cah">{{cite book |last=Cahill|first=Tim| title= How the Irish Saved Civilization |year=1996|publisher= Anchor Books |isbn= 0385418493}}</ref> Va ny schoillaryn Creestee Yernagh nyn sur-schoillaryn ayns [[Ladjyn]] as Greagish as ayns jeeghtys Creestee. 'Sy chultoor maynaghoil lurg goaill Creestee Nerin, va studeyrys er y Ladjyn as y Ghreagish freilt ayns Nerin car [[Ny Mean Eashyn|ny Mean Eashyn Leah]] ayns neu-chosoylaght rish buill elley 'syn Oarpey, raad haghyr [[ny h-Eashyn Dorraghey]] lurg [[tuittym yn Impiraght Raueagh]].<ref name="cah"/><ref name="Eer">{{cite book |editor=Dowley, Tim, et al.| title=Eerdman's Handbook to the History of Christianity |year=1977|publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. |location= Grand Rapids, Michigan|language= |isbn= 0-8028-3450-7}}</ref> Haghyr blaaghey ayns ny h-ellynyn, lheid as daahghey laue-screeuyn, obbyr-veainey as jallooderys as va tashtee lheid as ''[[Leabhar Cheanannais]]'' troarit, myrane lesh cliejeeneydys ornaidagh as shiartanse dy croshyn cloaie grainnit<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Margaret |authorlink=Margaret Stokes |title=Early Christian art in Ireland |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1888 |location=London |pages=9, 87, 117 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=25gTAAAAQAAJ |isbn= }}</ref> ta foast ry-akin er feie'n ellan jiu. Veih'n 9-oo eash, ren straihyn dy ruegyssyn [[Ny Loghlynee|Loghlynagh]] craghey mannishteryn as baljyn Yernagh.<ref>{{citation |last=Ó Corráin |first=Donnchadh |authorlink=Donnchadh Ó Corráin |title=Vikings & Ireland |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/General%20Vikings%20in%20Ireland.pdf |accessdate=2010-03-19 }}</ref> Chur ny ruegyssyn shen lesh taghyrt cadjin dy chraghey as caggey va ry-gheddyn dy dowin ayns Nerin hannah. === Ruegyssyn Normanagh as Sostynagh === {{Ardart|Ruegys Normanagh Nerin|Aaghoaill Hiudaragh Nerin}} [[Coadan:Trim Castle 6.jpg|thumb|right|Tholtanee [[Caisleáin Bhaile Átha Troim]] veih'n 11-d cheead-bleeaney ayns [[Coontae ny Mee]], y [[Ard-obbrinys Normanagh|cashtal Normanagh]] smoo ayns Nerin.]] Er 1 Boaldyn, 1169, haink turrys-contoyrtys dy reejereeyn [[Bretyn|Bretnagh]]-[[Normanee|Normanagh]] er y çheer ec [[Banú|Cuan an Bhainbh]] ayns [[Coontae Logh Garman]] lesh sheshaght chaggee va jeant seose jeh mygeayrt shey keead dy hidooryn. Va'n turrys stiurit liorish [[Richard de Clare, 2-h Eearley Pembroke|Richard de Clare]], as eh enmyssit ''Strongbow'' ("bow troshtagh") rere y lajerid echey myr sideyr.<ref>{{cite web | last = Chrisafis | first = Angelique | title = Scion of traitors and warlords: why Bush is coy about his Irish links | work = World News | publisher = The Guardian | date = 2005-01-25 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis | accessdate = 2008-11-08 }}</ref> Va'n ruegys shen, va taghyrt ec tra cheddin jeh bishaghey Normanagh noa, jeant ec cuirrey [[Diarmait Mac Murchada]], ree Lion. 'Sy vlein 1166, hie Mac Murchada gys Anjou, y Rank lurg caggey lesh [[Tighearnán Ua Ruairc]], veih [[Breifne]], as ren eh shirrey er cooney veih'n [[Impiraght Angevin|ree Angevin]], [[Inry II Hostyn|Inry II]], as eh geearree e reeriaght dy aaghoaill. 'Sy vlein 1171, haink Inry gys Nerin dy yannoo aavriwnys er immeeaght chadjin y hurrys-contoyrtys. V'eh geearree kioneys reeoil dy aachur er y ruegys as eh bishaghey magh veih'n smaght echey. Ren Inry chur kioneys er Strongbow as ny çhiarnyn-caggee Bretnagh-Normanagh reesht, as ren eh cleayney er ny reeaghyn [[Nerin Ghaelgagh|Yernagh]] eh dy ghoaill rish myr ard-hiarn, red va shickyrit ayns [[Conaant Windsor 1175|Conaant Windsor]] 'sy vlein 1175. Va'n ruegys lowit liorish kiarailyn y [[Bulley Paabagh|Vulley Paabagh]] ''[[Laudabiliter]]'', va soilshit magh liorish [[Paab Adrian IV|Adrian IV]] 'sy vlein 1155. Ren y bulley cur creeaght er Inry dy ghoaill greim er Nerin son aa-reaghey argidoil as reiragh [[Yn Agglish Cheltiagh|yn Agglish Yernagh]] as e mestey stiagh 'sy chorys Agglishagh Raueagh dy oaseiraghey. Va aastrughtoorey er ny toshiaghey hannah ec keim agglishagh lurg [[Ard-choyrle Cheanannais]] 'sy vlein 1152. Ta arganys ayn mychione y vulley, agh ta'n varrantoilid echey goit dy mie jiu.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ó Clabaigh|first=Colmán N. |year=2005 |title=Papacy |editor=Seán Duffy |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia |location=Abingdon as York Noa |pages=361–362}}, p.361</ref> Hug eh çhiarnys er Nerin gys Inry ayns ennym y phaabaght.<ref name="Curtis 2002 49">{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Edmund|title=A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922 |publisher=Routledge|location=York Noa|year=2002|page=49|isbn=0 415 27949 6}}</ref> 'Sy vlein 1172, ren y paab noa, [[Paab Alistair III|Alistair III]], cur creeaght er Inry son yn Agglish Yernagh dy ghoaill stiagh ny smoo lesh yn Agglish Raueagh. V'eh lhiggit da Inry jaghee dy phing 'sy çhiollagh myr contoyrtys bleeanagh dy chur er y phobble. Ta'n jaghee shen, va enmyssit [[pingyn Pheddyr]], foast ry-akin ayns Nerin myr toyrtys arryltagh. Reir garraghyn, ghow Inry lesh yn enmys [[Çhiarn Nerin]] ren Inry bronney er e vac aeg, [[John Lackland]], 'sy vlein 1185. Ren eh cur sheese y steat Yernagh myr [[Çhiarnaght Nerin]]. Tra hooar eiyrtyssagh Inry baasedy doaltattym ayns 1199, ren John eiraghey crooin Hostyn as dreill eh Çhiarnaght Nerin. Harrish y cheead-bleeaney lurg shen, ren leigh Normanagh cur stiagh ayns ynnyd y Leigh Briwnagh as ec jerrey y trass eash jeig yeianagh va corys feudagh Normanagh currit er bun er feie'n chooid smoo dy Nerin liorish ny [[Normanee Yernagh]]. Va buill chummaltit cowrit liorish bunneeaght ny barranaghtyn, ny mannoryn, ny baljyn as toshiaght y chorys coontae noa-emshiragh. Va lhieggan jeh'n [[Yn Çhiart Vooar|Çhiart Vooar]] ([[Çhiart Vooar Nerin]]), soilshit magh 'sy vlein 1216, as eh cur ''Divlyn'' ayns ynnyd ''Lunnin'' as ''yn Agglish Yernagh'' ayns ynnyd ''Agglish Hostyn'', as va [[Parlamaid Nerin]] bunnit 'sy vlein 1297. Ansherbee, veih mean y 14-oo eash, lurg [[Yn Gorley Doo|y Ghorley Doo]], hie buill chummaltit Normanagh ayns Nerin stiagh ayns lhing voalaghey. Ren reileyderyn Normanagh as sleih mullee Yernagh dooghyssagh eddyr-phoosey as haink ny h-ardjyn fo smaght ny Normanee dy ve jeant Gaelgagh. Ayns ayrnyn ennagh, dirree cultoor Yernagh-Normanagh mestit ayn. Myr freggyrt da shen, va [[Slattyssyn Cheeill Chennee]] currit er bun ayns 1367 liorish [[Parlamaid Nerin|y Pharlamaid Yernagh]]. Va ne leighyn shen nyn bossan dy leighyn va cummit dy chur lhiettal er lheie ny Normanee stiagh ayns sheshaght Nerin as ren ad cur feme er y theay Sostynagh ayns Nerin y Vaarle dy loayrt, cliaghtaghyn Sostynagh dy ghoaill rish, as gow rish y leigh Hostynagh.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080418095229/http://www.nde.state.ne.us/SS/irish/unit_1.html Laws that Isolated and Impoverished the Irish]". Nebraska Department of Education.</ref> Ansherbee, ec jerrey y 15-oo eash va'n kioneys Sostynagh meanagh begnagh immeeit as va cultoor as çhengey Yernagh aanoa, lesh cleanaghyn Normanagh, ayns yn ard-voayl reesht. Agh hannee stiurey fo Crooin Hostyn gyn brishey gyn crampys ayns ard mygeayrt Divlyn as yn ard shen enmyssit [[Yn Phaal|y Phaal]] as fo conaantyn [[Leigh Poyning]] veih'n vlein 1494, va slattys jeh'n Pharlamaid Yernagh fo-viallys da lowal rish [[Parlamaid Hostyn]]. Va reill Sostynagh aaniartit as bishit 'sy 16-oo eash, ansherbee, as ren eh shen leeideil gys [[aaghoaill Hiudaragh Nerin]]. Va ruegys begnagh slane cooilleenit roish toshiaght y 17-oo eash lurg [[Caggey ny Nuy Bleeaney (Nerin)|Caggey ny Nuy Bleeaney]] as [[Immeeaght ny h-Eearlaghyn]]. Va'n gurneil shen niartit car ny caggaghyn (lheid as [[Caggaghyn ny Tree Reeriaghtyn]] as y [[Caggey Illiamagh ayns Nerin|Caggey Illiamagh]]) as y choloinaghey Sostynagh as Albinagh ([[Plandailyn Nerin]]) 'sy 17-oo eash. T'eh er credjal dy hooar 20,000 sidooryn Yernagh baase car Caggey ny Tree Reeriaghtyn, as t'eh oolit dy hooar 200,000 shivoilee baase myr eiyrtys er cochiangle jeh gonney, scughey, gastid cheylley as paitt car y chaggey. Va 16,000 shivoilee elley prowit as shiaullit myr sleabyn gys [[ny h-Injyn Sheear]]. Ta screeuderyn shennaghys ennagh gooley dy hooar seose gys lieh-chooid dy sleih-earroo Nerin baase myr eiyrtys jeh'n chaggey.<ref>{{cite web | title = The curse of Cromwell | work = A Short History of Ireland | publisher = BBC Northern Ireland | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml | accessdate = 2008-11-08 }}</ref> Ren kestalyn crauee jeh'n 17-oo eash cur rheynn scarreydagh ayns Nerin. Ren ammys crauee feddyn magh y tastid 'sy leigh er y leighaltys da'n Ree as da'n Pharlamaid Yernagh. Lurg goaill rish y Test Act 1673 as lesh barriaght ny forseyn jeh'n reeriaght ghooblit jeh [[Illiam III Hostyn|Illiam]] as [[Moirrey II Hostyn|Moirrey]] harrish ny [[Jamyssaght|Jamyssee]], va lhiettrimys currit er Catolee Raueagh as er Protestoonee Neuchoardailagh anchochredjuagh rish soie myr olteynyn ayns [[Parlamaid Nerin]]. Fo ny [[Leighyn Kerree (Nerin)|leighyn kerree]], va cairyn deiney ny smoo as ny smoo goit ass ny Catolee Raueagh as ny Protestoonee Neuchoardailagh goaill stiagh cairyn da eirys. Va tooilley slattyssyn kerree cooyllagh currit rish ayns ny bleeantyn 1703, 1709 as 1728. Ren eh creaghney corys slane dy chur neuvondeish er Catolee Raueagh as Neuchoardailee Phrotestoonagh, as lhig ny slattyssyn shen lhiasaghey sleih mullee jeh Coardailee Anglicaanagh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laws in Ireland for the Suppression of Popery |publisher=University of Minnesota Law School |url=http://library.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/offices.html |accessdate=2009-01-23 }}</ref> Va'n lught reill Anglo-Yernagh shen enmyssit [[Eaghtyrys Protestoonagh]]. === Yn unnaneys rish y Vretyn Vooar === [[Coadan:Half-hanging on travelling gallows.gif|thumb|upright|[[Lieh-chroghey]] deyrit da [[Yernee Unnaneysit]] fo ouyrys]] Ren emshir neuchadjin, myrane lesh çheet [[lheeah (fungys)|lheeah]] praase veih America Hwoaie, cur failleil ny praaseyn er bun. Myr eiyrtys jeh shen, haghyr [[Gonney Nerin (1740-1741)|gonney 'sy vlein 1740]]. T'eh er ooley dy hooar mychione 250,000<ref name="cormac_famine">{{cite book|first=Cormac|last=Ó Gráda|title=The Great Irish Famine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge |year=1989|page=12|isbn=0 521 55266 4}}</ref> baase (mychione un 'er ayns dagh hoght fer jeh'n phobble) rere y phaitt as yn asslaynt ny lurg. Ren y reiltys Yernagh cur lhiettrimys er assphurtal arroo as va'n çheshaght chaggee freilt ayns nyn marrickyn oc, agh cha ren ad ny smoo na shen.<ref name="cormac_famine"/><ref name="crawford_feast">{{cite|first1=Leslie|last1=Clarkson|first2=Margaret|last2=Crawford|Feast and Famine: Food and Nutrition in Ireland, 1500-1920|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2001|page=274|isbn=0 19 822751 5}}</ref> Ren sleih ooasle as reagheydyssyn jeirk kiarail couyr agh cha row ad jaral cur streeaney er y vaasoilid ny lurg.<ref name="cormac_famine"/><ref name="crawford_feast"/> 'Syn eiyrtys lurg y ghonney, ren bishaghey ayns troarey çhynskylagh as freayney ayns traght cur rish troggalys 'syn ellan. Haghyr mooadaghey mooar ayns earroo yn phobble 'sy lieh jerrinagh jeh'n eash shoh as va [[ard-obbrinys Shorshagh|leggad ard-obbrinagh Horshagh]] Nerin troggit. 'Sy vlein 1782, va [[Leigh Poynings]] mooghit as hug eh shen da Nerin far-heyrsnys slattysagh veih'n Vretyn Vooar da'n chied cheayrt veih tra'n ruegys Normanagh. Ansherbee, va'n kiart freilt ec y reiltys Goaldagh reiltys Nerin dy enmys harrish co-choardail y pharlamaid Yernagh. 'Sy vlein 1798, haink olteynyn jeh'n tradishoon Protestoonagh Neuchoardailagh ([[Presbyteraght|Presbyteyree]] son y chooid smoo) ry-cheiley lesh ny Catolee Raueagh ayns irree magh pobblaghtagh va cur ardsmooinaght da as stiurit ec [[Sheshaght ny Yernee Unnaneysit]] as v'eh yn dean oc steat seyr dy chur er bun ayns Nerin. Dyn y wooise da'n chooney veih'n Rank, va'n [[Irree Magh ny Bleeaney 1798 (Nerin)|irree magh]] currit fo chosh liorish ny reiltyssyn Goaldagh as Yernagh as liorish forseyn kern. 'Sy vlein 1800, hie [[Slattys yn Unnaneys 1800|Slattys Unnaneys]] trooid ny parlamaidyn Goaldagh as Yernagh, as haink eh stiagh ayns bree er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1801. Ren eh unnaneysey [[Reeriaght Nerin]] as [[Reeriaght ny Bretyn Mooar]] stiagh ayns reeriaght hingil va enmyssit [[Reeriaght Unnaneysit ny Bretyn Mooar as Nerin]]. Va shiaulley yn Slattys 'sy Pharlamaid Yernagh jeant liorish y vooar-chooid, agh cha hie eh trooid y Pharlamaid 'sy chied cheayrt ayns 1799. Rere docamadyn jeh'n traa as scrutaghey shendeeagh, hie eh trooid y Pharlamaid lesh cooney sollaghey laueys, lesh cooney argid va kiarit liorish Oik y Çhirveish Folliaghtagh Ghoaldagh, as liorish bronney ooashlidyn, buill as onnoryn son voteyn dy hickyraghey.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |title=The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland, 1782-1992 |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |year=1994 |location=Washington, DC |page=28 |isbn=0-81320-784-3 }}</ref> Lesh shen, haink Nerin dy ve ny cooid jeh'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit heeynt, va reirit dy jeeragh veih'n [[Parlamaid y Reeriaght Unnaneysit|pharlamaid 'sy Vannishter Heear]] ayns [[Lunnin]]. Va shirveishaght [[lhiass-ree]]oil currit er bun myrane lesh yn Ard-Scrudeyr ec [[Cashtal Ghivlyn]]. [[Coadan:Emigrants Leave Ireland by Henry Doyle 1868.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Emigrants Leave Ireland'' ("Arragheryn Magh Faagail Nerin"), grainney liorish Henry Doyle ta soilshaghey magh yn arraghey magh gys America lurg [[Yn Gortey Mooar (Nerin)|y Ghortey Mooar]] ayns Nerin]] Hooar mychione un villioon Yernee baase 'sy [[Yn Gortey Mooar (Nerin)|Ghortey Mooar]] car ny 1840yn as daag ny smoo na un villioon deiney elley.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Irish Potato Famine | publisher = Digital History | date = 2008-11-07 | url = http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/irish_potato_famine.cfm | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archivedate = 2012-08-23 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120823030816/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/irish_potato_famine.cfm }}</ref> Rish jerrey ny jeihaght, va lieh-chooid jeh [[sthie-arraghey gys ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] çheet ass Nerin. Haink yn arraghey magh dy ve ny chooid ghowin jeh'n aigney as ren y sleih-earroo tuittym gys mean y 20-oo eash. Jeeragh roish y ghortey, va'n coontey-pobble recortyssey 8.2 millioon dy 'leih 'syn ellan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html |title=1841: A window on Victorian Britain - This Britain |publisher=[[The Independent]] |date=2006-04-25 |accessdate=2009-04-16 |last=Vallely |first=Paul }}</ref> Agh cha nel earroo yn phobble er roshtyn gys ny h-earrooyn shen veih'n traa shen.<ref>{{cite news | last = Quinn| first = Eamon | title = Ireland Learns to Adapt to a Population Growth Spurt | work = Europe | publisher = New York Times | date = 2007-08-19 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/world/europe/19ireland.html?ex=1345176000&en=ab2b49203b6fb511&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss | accessdate = 2008-11-08 }}</ref> Huitt earroo yn phobble gys ny 1961 as ayns 2006 ren y coontae jerrinagh ([[Coontae Lheeahtrim]]) y chied irree ayns sleih-earroo veih'n vlein 1841. Dirree eie yn [[ashoonaghys Yernagh]], mastey Catolee Raueagh son y chooid smoo, car y 19-oo as y 20-oo eash. Va [[Daniel O'Connell]] ny ghooinney ard-cheimnagh mastey ny fir jeh'n eie shen. V'eh reiht myr oltey yn pharlamaid son [[Innys (co-heiyderys y Pharlamaid Goaldagh)|Innys]] ayns eiyrtys yindyssagh ga nagh vel eh jargal e hoiag y ghoaill er oyr dy row eh ny [[The Test Act|Chatoleagh Raueagh]]. Ren O'Connell stiurey troddan breeoil va goit ec Ard-Vinishter [[Arthur Wellesley, 1-d Duic Wellington|Duic Wellington]], va ny hidoor as ny steateyr va ruggit ayns Nerin. Ren eh stiurey yn Slattys trooid pharlamaid ny Mannishter Heear, lesh cooney veih'n ard-vinishter ry heet [[Robert Peel]], as ren Wellington geddyn barriaght er [[Shorys IV y Reeriaght Unnaneysit|Shorys IV]] y billey dy fo-screeu as dy fockley magh myr leigh. Ren [[Shorys III y Reeriaght Unnaneysit|ayr Horys]] goll noi plan yn eear-Ard-Vinishter, [[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt the Younger]], e lheid billey dy chur stiagh 'sy pharlamaid lurg yn Unnaneys 'sy vlein 1801 er yn oyr dy row eh credjal dy row eh ayns contraartys rish [[Slattys Coloinaghey 1701]]. Cha row y troddan eiyrtyssagh son mooghey yn Slattys Unnaneysey ec O'Connell raahoil. Ny s'anmey 'sy cheead-blein, ren [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] as fir elley troggal troddan er son hene-reiltys çheu-sthie 'syn Unnaneys, ny "[[Billaghyn Reill Thie Nerin|Reill Thie]]". Va ny h-Unnaneyseyryn, goaill stiagh ad 'sy chooid hwoaie jeh'n ellan er lheh, noi eie yn Reill Thie, er yn oyr dy row ad credjal dy beagh y sorçh reill shen fo kioneys anaaseyn Catoleagh.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kee | first = Robert | title = The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism | publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicholson | year = 1972 | location = Lunnin | pages = 376–400 | url = | isbn = 029717987X }}</ref> Lurg shiartanse dy eabyn billey Reill Thie dy hiaulley trooid y pharlamaid, v'eh begnagh kinjagh dy beagh fer goll trooid y pharlamaid 'sy vlein 1914. Son lhiettrimys dy chur er shen, va [[Arryltee Ulley]] currit er bun 'sy vlein 1913 fo stiurey [[Edward Carson|Çhiarn Carson]]. Va [[Arryltee Nerin]] currit er bun myr eiyrtys er shen 'sy vlein 1914, as y dean oc son y [[Trass Slattys Reill Thie|Billey Reill Thie]] dy hickyraghey as eh goll trooid y pharlamaid. Hie'n Slattys trooid y pharlamaid lesh shaghney "shallidagh" er ny shey coondaeghyn ayns Queiggey Ulley. Ansherbee, roish lowal y Slattys v'eh currit tayrnit magh car y [[Yn Chied Chaggey Dowanagh|Chaggey Mooar]]. Va Arryltee Yernagh rheynnit ayns daa phossan. Ghow y vooar-chooid, mychione 175,000 dy 'leih, fo [[John Redmond]], yn ennym [[Arryltee Ashoonagh]] as chur ad cooney da cassey Nerin 'sy chaggey. Dreill y vyn-chooid, mychione 13,000 dy 'leih, yn ennym, Arryltee Nerin, as v'ad goll noi cassey Nerin 'sy chaggey.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kee | first = Robert | title = The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism | publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicholson | year = 1972 | location = London | pages = 478–530| isbn = 029717987X }}</ref> Va [[Irree Magh y Chaisht|Irree Magh anraahoil y Chaisht]] 'sy vlein 1916 stiurit liorish y possan shen jerrinagh, as ren y freggyrt Goaldagh, cur gys baase jeh ny fir hoshee, caghlaa yn teaym ashoonagh gys Reill Thie. Hooar y partee currit rish seyrsnys, [[Sinn Féin]], screeuyn-drommey mooarey ayns Ard-Reihys ny bleeaney 1918 as 'sy vlein 1919 va parlamaid as reiltys lhieu hene fogrit magh – [[Pobblaght Nerin (1919-1922)|Pobblaght Nerin]]. Ren ny h-eaghtyryssyn Goaldagh eab y doolane shen dy chur fo chosh, agh haghyr caggey keylley myr eiyrtys veih'n vlein 1919 derrey Jerrey Souree ny bleeaney 1921, as y caggey shen creaghney ayns scuirr caggee.<ref name="autogenerated34">{{cite journal|last=Morough|first=Michael|title=History Review |month=Mee ny Nollick|year=2000 |pages=34–36}}</ref> Va'n [[Conaant Anglo-Yernagh]] creaghnit eddyr y Reiltys Goaldagh as çhaghteryn jeh'n [[Yn Chied Dáil|Chied Dáil]] (Çhionnal Nerin) 'sy vlein 1921. Hug y conaant slane seyrsnys da Nerin ayns cooishyn thie as begnagh slane seyrsnys ayns polasee joarree. Ansherbee, lhisagh da dagh çhaghter Yernagh jean loo ammys da'n Chrooin Ghoaldagh. As va steat reill thie jeant jeh [[Nerin Hwoaie]] çheu sthie jeh [[Steat Seyr Nerin]] noa, agh va olt reih magh eck, olt va jeant jeeragh ny lurg.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kee | first = Robert | title = The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism | publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicholson | year = 1972 | location = Lunnin | pages = 719–748 |isbn = 029717987X }}</ref> Ren arganeyssyn mychione ny kiarailyn rheynn 'sy ghleashaght ashoonagh as haghyr [[Caggey Theayagh Nerin|caggey theayagh]] eddyr y reiltys noa 'sy Steat Seyr as adsyn va goll noi'n chonaant, as ad stiurit liorish [[Éamon de Valera]]. Haink jerrey oikoil lesh y chaggey theayagh ayns Mee Voaldyn 1923 tra ren de Valera fogrey magh oardagh er scuirr-chaggee.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gwynn|first=Stephen|title=Ireland Since the Treaty|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_1934-01_12_2/page/322|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=12|number=2|month=Jerrey Geuree|year=1934|page=322}}</ref> == Reiltys == {{Jeeagh|Shennaghys Nerin|Politickaght Phobblaght Nerin|Deyn-oaylleeaght as politickaght Nerin Hwoaie}} {{Caslys-çheerey jalloo Choondaeghyn Nerin|thumb=yes|position=right|upright=1.5|caption=Caslys-çheerey jeh'n 32 choontae tradishoonagh Nerin. Ta ny 26 coondaeghyn ayns Pobblaght Nerin taishbynit ayns eayney dorraghey, as ta ny 6 coondaeghyn ayns Nerin Hwoaie taishbynit ayns eayney gial. {{hide in print|1=Ta dagh fer jeh ny coondaeghyn nyn giangley yn-chriggaragh dys yn art fo'n ennym cheddin.}}}} Ta Nerin rheynnit ayns daa unnidyn politickagh: * [[Pobblaght Nerin]], shickyrit er 21 Jerrey Geuree 1919 as currit er bun dy h-oikoil er 6 Nollick 1922, (''Ireland'' ny ''Éire'' ("Nerin") [[Enmyn steat Nerin|dy h-oikoil]]), steat seyr ta coodaghey 5/6 dy eaghtyr yn ellan. She [[Divlyn]] e [[preeu-valley]]. * [[Nerin Hwoaie]], currit er bun er 3 Boaldyn 1921, cooid jeh'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit ta coodaghey 1/6 dy eaghtyr yn ellan. She [[Beeal Feirshtey]] e preeu-valley. Dy tradishoonagh, ta Nerin rheynnit stiagh ayns [[Queiggaghyn Nerin|kiare queiggaghyn]]: [[Queiggey Connaghtey]] (sheear), [[Queiggey Lion]] (shiar), [[Queiggey Mooan]] (jiass), as [[Queiggey Ulley]] (twoaie). Rere corys v'er ny lhiassaghey eddyr y 13-oo as y 17-oo eashyn,<ref>{{cite book | last =Crawford | first =John | title =Anglicizing the Government of Ireland: The Irish Privy Council and the Expansion of Tudor Rule 1556-1578 | publisher =Irish Academic Press | year =1993|isbn=0716524988 }}</ref> ta [[Coondaeghyn Nerin|daa choontae tradishoonagh jeig as feed]] ayns Nerin. Ta shey coondaeghyn as feed jeu nyn soie ayns Pobblaght Nerin as ta [[Coondaeghyn Nerin Hwoaie|shey coondaeghyn]] nyn soie ayns Nerin Hwoaie. Ta dagh fer jeh ny shey coondaghyn ayns Nerin Hwoaie soit ayns Queiggey Ulley myrgeddin (as nuy coondaeghyn 'sy wheiggey 'sy clane). Lesh shen, ta'n ennym ''Ullee'' currit dy mennick er Nerin Hwoaie myr co-cheayllagh, ga nagh vel y daa enmys co-chagliagh. Ayns Pobblaght Nerin, ta ny coondaeghyn jannoo bunneydys da corys gurneilys ynnydagh. Ta ny coondaeghyn [[Coontae Ghivlyn|Divlyn]], [[Coontae Chorkee|Corkee]], [[Coontae Limmeragh|Limmeragh]], [[Coontae ny Galliu|Galliu]], [[Coontae Phurt Largey|Purt Largey]], as [[Coontae Hybbyrt Aarey|Çhybbyrt Aarey]] er nyn rheynn magh ayns unnidyn reiragh ny sloo. Agh, t'ad coontit myr coondaeghyn er son cooishyn cultooragh as cooishyn reiragh ennagh, lheid as shirveishyn postagh as [[Ordnance Survey Ireland]], ansherbee. Cha nel ny coondaeghyn ayns Nerin Hwoaie coontit ymmydit er son cooishyn gurneilys reiragh,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/section1.htm |title=The Gazetteer of British Place Names: Main features of the Gazetteer |publisher=www.gazetteer.co.uk |accessdate=2010-01-23 |language=Baarle |archive-date=2010-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111105121/http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/section1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> agh, myrane lesh y Phobblaght, ta ny joaraghyn tradishoonagh ymmydit ry hoi cooishyn neu-formoil lheid as leegyn spoyrt as ayns co-hecksyn cultooragh as turrysagh myrane lesh ayns enmyssyn postagh.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/destinationNI/byCounty.aspx|title= NI by County|date= |work= Discover Northern Ireland|publisher= Northern Ireland Tourist Board|accessdate= 2010-01-01|language= Baarle|archive-date= 2009-12-26|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091226125807/http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/destinationNI/byCounty.aspx|url-status= dead}}</ref> Ta staydys ard-valley ayns Nerin er ny vriwnyssey rere [[kaart reeoil]] ny [[slattyssaght|slattyssagh]]. She [[Divlyn]], lesh ny smoo na 1 villioon dy chummaltee ayns [[Ard Ghivlyn Mooar]],<ref> {{cite book |title=Census 2006 Volume 1 - Population Classified by Area: Tables 7 and 12 |url=http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_Table_7_and_12.pdf |pages=Table 12, p.139: Alphabetical list of Towns with their population, 2002 and 2006 |format=[[PDF]] |author=Central Statistics Office |date=26 Averil 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-15 |nopp=true}} </ref> yn ard-valley smoo er yn ellan. T'ad ny [[Ard-valjyn ayns Nerin|h-ard-valjyn elley]] na:<ref name="2006population" group="Note">Ta ny h-earrooyn shoh soilshaghey coontey-pobble 2006 da Pobblaght Nerin as ooley-pobble 2006 da Nerin Hwoaie. * {{cite web | url=http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Final%20Principal%20Demographic%20Results%202006.pdf | title=Principal Demographic Results | work=Census 2006 | author=Central Statistics Office | publisher=Stationary Office | location=Divlyn | year=2007 | accessdate=2010-01-11 }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/qtr_report/qtr4_2007.pdf | title=The Registrar General's Quarterly Report | author=Northern Ireland Research and Statistics Agency | publisher=National Statistics | year=2007 | accessdate=2010-01-11 | archivedate=2010-02-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217132038/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/qtr_report/qtr4_2007.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/Census/Excel/ks_settlements/ks07a_com_st.xls | title=Table KS07a: Religion (Numbers) | publisher=National Research and Statistics Agency | location=Beeal Feirshtey | accessdate=2010-01-11 | archivedate=2010-02-17 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217111556/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/Excel/ks_settlements/ks07a_com_st.xls }}</ref> * [[Beeal Feirshtey]] (276,459 cummaltee) * [[Corkee]] (190,384)<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_volume_1_pop_classified_by_area.pdf Census 2006]|4.22&nbsp;MB}}, Reiltys Nerin</ref> * [[Doirrey]] (110,768) * [[Galliu]] (72,700) * [[Lis ny Garvagh]] (71,465) * [[Limmeragh]] (52,539) * [[Yn Euar]] (27,433) * [[Yn Lurgain]] (25,048) * [[Ard Maghey]] (14,590) Foddee [[Keeill Chennee]] (22,179 cummaltee), ee dy chur sheese myr ard-valley rere leigh, ga nagh vel ee ny h-ard-valley dy h-oikoil ny smoo. Ta ny smoo cummaltee ayns baljyn ennagh na t'ayn ayns ny h-ard-valjyn ta currit 'sy rolley heose agh cha nel ad er enney myr ard-valjyn er yn oyr nagh vel kaartyn shendeeagh ny staydys slattyssagh oc. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Queiggey !! Sleih-earroo<ref name="2006population" group="Note"/> !! Eaghtyr(km²)<ref name="areaDensity">{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/statistics/areabyprovince.htm|title=Area by Province|work=Principal Statistics|publisher=Central Statistics Office|location=Corkee|accessdate=2010-01-11|language=Baarle}} <!-- Ta shin er n'gheddyn eaghtyr NH myr eiyrtys jeh leodys eaghtyr PN veih'n clane eaghtyr --/>--></ref>!! Glooaght (d/km²)<ref name="areaDensity" /> !! Ard-valley smoo |- | align=left| [[Queiggey Connaghtey]] || 503,083 || 17,713 || 28 || [[Galliu]] |- | align=left|[[Queiggey Lion]] || 2,292,939 || 19,801 || 100 || [[Divlyn]] |- | align=left| [[Queiggey Mooan]] || 1,172,170 || 24,608 || 48 || [[Corkee]] |- | align=left| [[Queiggey Ulley]] || 2,008,333 || 22,300 || 90 || [[Beeal Feirshtey]] |} === Undinyssyn ooilley-ellanagh === Dyn y wooise da'n rheynn pholitickagh, ta ellan Nerin foast gobbraghey myr un unnid ayns ram magheryn ta goaill harrish bingyn reiltysagh. Ta un chorys [[arraghey|arraghee]], [[çhellinsh]], bree as ushtey ec y daa reiltys. Lesh kuse veg dy limmaghyn ardghooagh, ta'n ellan ny unnid reiragh da reagheydyssyn as sheshaghtyn crauee, cultooragh as spoyrt. Ta un 'wirran eddyrashoonagh ec yn ellan ayns y chooid smoo jeh spoyrtyn, lheid as ayns [[ruggyr]], as ta'n 17-oo Mart er ny chelloorey er feie'n ellan myr feailley tradishoonagh Yernagh [[Laa'l Perrick|Noo Perrick]]. She limmey da'n chorys ooilley-ellanagh t'ayns y [[soccer|toccer]] as daa 'wirran eddyrashoonagh ayn. Ta [[Conaant Veeal Feirshtey]] 1998 cour rish co-obbraghey politickagh eddyr y daa reiltys. Ta'n [[Coonseil Hirveishagh Hwoaie-Yiass|Choonseil Hirveishagh Hwoaie-Yiass]], va currit er bun fo conaantyn y Chonaant, ny h-undinys raad dy vel shirveishee reiltysagh veih'n jiass as veih'n twoaie jargal çheet ry-cheilley dys polaaseyn ooilley-ellanagh dy chur er bun as dy chur ayns focklyn ayns daa "ard co-obbraghey" jeig lheid as eirinys, y çhymmyltaght as arraghey. Ta "bingyn cooilleenaght" ooilley-ellanagh ec shey jeh ny h-ardjyn shen. Myr sampleyr, ta sauçhys bee stiurit ec y [[Food Safety Promotion Board]] as ta [[Tourism Ireland]] geddyn margey da'n ellan er feie. Ta tree parteeghyn politickagh mooarey, [[Sinn Féin]], [[Partee Glass Nerin]] as, er y gherrid, [[Fianna Fáil]] reaghit er bunneydys ooilley-ellanagh. Cha nel agh soiagyn ec Sinn Féin ayns y daa reiltys, ansherbee. Dyn y wooise da'n firrinaght dy vel y daa reiltys goaill ymmyd jeh daa [[argid cadjin]] er lheh (yn [[oarey]] as y [[punt Sostynagh]]), ta kuse vooar dy traght gurneilit er bunneydys ooilley-ellanagh. Ta olteynys 'syn [[Unnaneys Oarpagh]] lhiggey da shen, dy paartagh. Ta olteynyn veih'n cho-phobble dellal as veih crooderyn polaase geamagh er son "tarmaynys ooilley-ellanagh" er yn oyr dy nod ad goaill vondeishyn ass [[tarmaynyssyn scaailley]] as dys cohirreydaght dy hroggal.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028204341/http://www.forfas.ie/ncc/reports/ncc_ndp_submission/ncc061114_ndp_submission_dept_finance_webopt.pdf|archivedate=2008-10-28|url=http://www.forfas.ie/ncc/reports/ncc_ndp_submission/ncc061114_ndp_submission_dept_finance_webopt.pdf|year=2006|title=National Competitiveness Council Submission on the National Development Plan 2007-2013|publisher=National Competitiveness Council|accessdate=2008-11-07}}</ref> Ta'n ellan gobbraghey myr margey singil ayns ard [[lectraghys]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.allislandmarket.com/about/|title= About SEMO|date= |work= allislandmarket.com|publisher= Single Electricity Market Operator (SEMO)|accessdate= 2008-10-26|archive-date= 2008-06-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080620020544/http://www.allislandmarket.com/about/|url-status= dead}}</ref> as ta claareyn ayn dys margey singil dy chur er bun da [[gas najooragh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/breaking-news/uk-ireland/politics/dup-minister-expresses-support-for-single-gas-market-13442926.html |date=2007-05-18|title=DUP minister expresses support for single gas market|publisher= Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> Ta pohlldey da ventyryssyn shen çheet dy mennick veih'n [[reiltys Yernagh]] as veih parteeghyn politickagh [[Ashoonaghys Yernagh|ashoonagh]] ayns [[Çhionnal Nerin Hwoaie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/io/agreement.htm|date=1998-04-10|title=Agreement Reached in the Multi-party Negotiations|publisher=[[Çhionnal Nerin Hwoaie]]|accessdate=2008-10-26|archivedate=2008-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820090331/http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/io/agreement.htm}}</ref> == Çheer-oaylleeaght == {{Ardart|Çheer-oaylleeaght Nerin|Creg-oaylleeaght Nerin}} {{jeeagh|Speyr Nerin}} [[Coadan:Ireland physical large.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5|Troghyn fishigagh Nerin]] Ta fainey dy sleityn slystagh cruinnlaghey strahyn rea injil ayns çheshvean yn ellan. She [[Corrán Tuathail]] ({{lang-en|Carrauntoohill}}) ayns [[Coontae Cherree]] y slieau s'yrjey nyn mast'oc, as eh 1,038 m er yrjid.<ref name="OSIFAQS">{{cite web |title =Frequently Asked Questions |work=osi.ie|publisher=[[Ordnance Survey of Ireland]] |url=http://www.osi.ie/en/faq/faqs.aspx |accessdate=2009-09-30 }}</ref> Ta'n thalloo smoo traauoil soit ayns Queiggey Lioin.<ref>{{cite book|first=Victor|last=Meally|title=Encyclopaedia of Ireland|publisher=A. Figgis|location=Dublin|year=1968}}</ref> Foddee ardjyn sheear dy ve sleitagh as creggagh lesh reayrtyssyn glassey. Ta [[Yn Çhannon|Awin ny Shannon]], yn awin s'liurey 'syn ellan as ee 386 km er lhiurid, girree ayns [[Coontae yn Chavan]] 'sy neear hwoaie as t'ee roie dys ard-valley [[Limmeragh]] 'sy neear meanagh.<ref>{{cite web | title = Nature and Scenery | work = Discover Ireland | publisher = Tourism Ireland | url = http://www.discoverireland.com/gb/about-ireland/nature/ | accessdate = 2008-11-09 }}</ref> Rere y ghlasseraght rank er yn ellan, troar jeh'n speyr vog as [[fliaghey]] mennick, ta'n far-ennym "''Ellan Sheear-ghlass Nerin''" currit urree. Ta [[speyr vooiragh]] vog ry-gheddyn ayns Nerin lesh kuse veg dy feeganyn. Ta'n speyr ny speyr ellanagh as [[sonderaght|honderagh]] dy cadjin as t'ee scapail veih ny çhiassidyn geyrey ta ry-gheddyn er dowan-lheeadyn cheddin elley er feie ny Cruinney.<ref name="MEclimate">{{cite web | title =Climate of Ireland | work = Climate | publisher = Met Éireann | url =http://www.met.ie/climate/climate-of-ireland.asp | accessdate =2008-11-11 }}</ref> T'eh shen ny eiyrtys jeh ny geayaghyn fliughey tempreilagh ta baardaghey veih sheear yiass y [[Yn Keayn Sheear|Cheayn Sheear]]. Ta frassaghey tuittym car ny bleeaney agh t'eh eddrym son y chooid smoo, 'sy niar er lheh. Ta'n neear ny s'fliaghey dy meanagh as eh crommey hug sterrymyn ass y Cheayn Sheear, 'syn 'ouyir jeianagh as car meeghyn y gheuree er lheh. T'ad cur geayaghyn jeeillagh lhieu as [[fliaghey]] lane ny smoo da ny h-ardjyn shen, myrane lesh [[sniaghtey]] as [[sniaghtey garroo]]. Ta ny h-ardjyn ayns twoaie [[Coontae ny Galliu|Choontae ny Galliu]] as 'sy niar jeh [[Coontae Vay Eo]] recortyssey yn chooid smoo jeh [[tendreil]] er yn ellan as ee taghyrt er eddyr queig as jeih laaghyn 'sy vlein ayns ny h-ardjyn shen.<ref name="MErainfall">{{cite web | title = Rainfall | work= Climate|publisher = Met Éireann | url = http://www.met.ie/climate/rainfall.asp | accessdate = 2008-11-05}}</ref> Ta'n chooid sloo jeh sniaghtey ry-gheddyn ayns [[Queiggey Mooan]] 'sy jiass, as ta'n chooid smoo jeh sniaghtey ry-gheddyn ayns [[Queiggey Ulley]] 'sy twoaie. Ta ny h-ardjyn sthie beggan ny s'çhoe car y tourey as beggan ny s'feayrey car y gheurey. Dy cadjin, ta 40 laaghyn 'sy vlein ny sloo na'n poynt rio {{nowrap|0&nbsp;°C}} {{nowrap|(32&nbsp;°F)}} ec stashoonyn emshir sthie, ayns cosoylaght rish 10 laaghyn ec stashoonyn slystagh. Ta Nerin cleaynit liorish skallaneyn çhiass ny keayrtyn, ayns 1995, 2003 as 2006 er y gherrid. Myrane lesh y chooid elley jeh'n Oarpey, va Nerin fo chleaney jeh emshyr feer feayr car geurey ny bleeaney 2009–2010. Huitt çhiassidyn dys -13&nbsp;°C (9&nbsp;°F) ayns buill ennagh as huitt kuse vooar dy [[sniaghtey|niaghtey]], seose dys 1 m ayns ardjyn sleitagh. [[Coadan:Irl-Carrantuohill summit.jpg|thumb|left|Ta [[Corrán Tuathail]], y slieau s'yrjey ayns Nerin, ny hoie ayns [[na Cruacha Dubha]].]] Ta'n ellan jeant seose jeh [[queiggey creg-oaylleeagh|queiggaghyn creg-oaylleeagh]] eigsoylagh. Foddey 'sy neear, mygeayrt [[Coontae ny Galliu]] as [[Coontae Ghoon ny Ghoal]], ta co-hroggalys aileagh as ceaghlagh jeh keim eddyr meanagh as ard, jeh cleunys [[Caledoneedagh]] ry-akin, cosoylagh rish [[Gaeltaght ny h-Albey]]. Harrish Ullee hiar yiass as sheeyney sheear yiass dys [[Yn Lhongfort|y Lhongfort]] as jiass dys [[yn Ooive]] ta queiggey ta jeant seose jeh creggyn Ordoveeshagh as Shillooragh ry-akin, lesh cosoylaghtyn rish [[Thalloo Ard ny h-Albey]]. Ny s'odjey da'n jiass, rish coose [[Coontae Logh Garman|Choontae Logh Garman]], ta ard ta jeant seose jeh [[imlaght|imlee]] hryalagh stiagh dys creggyn ny smoo Ordoveeshagh as Shillooragh ry-akin, cosoylagh rish adsyn t'er ny gheddyn ayns [[Bretyn]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Geology of Ireland | work = Geology for Everyone | publisher = Geological Survey of Ireland | url = http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology+for+Everyone/Geology+of+Ireland.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-05 | archive-date = 2008-03-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080327113851/http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology%2Bfor%2BEveryone/Geology%2Bof%2BIreland.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Bedrock Geology of Ireland | work = Geology for Everyone | publisher = Geological Survey of Ireland | url = http://www.gsi.ie/NR/rdonlyres/0302F251-C4ED-4938-BCF0-CF228A3E8F6A/0/GSI_GeolIreland_A4.pdf | accessdate = 2008-11-05 | archive-date = 2008-10-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081028204341/http://www.gsi.ie/NR/rdonlyres/0302F251-C4ED-4938-BCF0-CF228A3E8F6A/0/GSI_GeolIreland_A4.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> 'Sy neear yiass, mygeayrt [[Bá Bheanntraí]] as [[na Cruacha Dubha]], ta ard jeh creggyn Devonagh, feer vee-chummit, agh nagh vel [[creg cheaghlagh|ceaghlagh]], ry-gheddyn.<ref>{{cite web | title = Geology of Kerry-Cork - Sheet 21 | work = Maps | publisher = Geological Survey of Ireland | year = 2007 | url = http://www.gsi.ie/Publications+and+Data/Maps/Geology+of+Kerry-Cork+-+Sheet+21.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-09 | archive-date = 2007-12-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212143431/http://www.gsi.ie/Publications%2Band%2BData/Maps/Geology%2Bof%2BKerry-Cork%2B-%2BSheet%2B21.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ta'n fainey neuchorrymagh shen dy chreg-oaylleeaght "chreg chreoi" coodit liorish lane-choodaghey dy clagh eayil Carboanar harrish çheshvean ny çheerey, as eh shen lhiggey da reayrt çheerey troaragh as rank. Ta'n clyst heear mygeayrt [[Lios Dún Bhearna]] – [[Boirinn]] – jeant seose jeh troghyn [[karst]] mie-lhiassit.<ref>{{cite web | author = Karst Working Group | title = The Burren | work = The Karst of Ireland: Limestone Landscapes, Caves and Groundwater Drainage System | publisher = Geological Survey of Ireland | year = 2000 | url = http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/the_burren/burren_karst.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-05}}</ref> Ta ronsaghey da hiddracarboanyn goll er shooyl lurg y chied feddyn magh mooar ayns magher gas [[Kione Sailey (rois)|Chione Sailey]] magh veih coose [[Coontae Corkee|Choontae Chorkee]] ayns ny 1970yn meanagh.<ref>{{cite web | title = Irish Natural Gas Market | work = Story of Natural Gas | publisher = Bord Gáis | url = http://www.bordgais.ie/corporate/index.jsp?1nID=93&2nID=97&3nID=353&nID=363 | accessdate = 2008-11-05 | archivedate = 2009-09-04 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090904060414/http://www.bordgais.ie/corporate/index.jsp?1nID=93&2nID=97&3nID=353&nID=363 }}</ref><ref name="sch">{{cite book | last1 = Shannon | first1 = Pat| last2 = Haughton | first2= P.D.W. | last3= Corcoran|first3= D.V. | title = The Petroleum Exploration of Ireland's Offshore Basins | publisher = Geological Society | year = 2001 | location = London | page = 2 | isbn = 1423711637}}</ref> Ny s'anmey, 'sy vlein 1999, va tashtyn scanshoil dy [[gas najooragh|ghas najooragh]] feddynit magh ayns [[Magher Gas an Choirib]] magh veih coose [[Coontae Vay Eo|Choontae Vay Eo]]. Ta magher ooil Heilbhic, er ooley dy vel ny smoo na 28 millioonyn dy stoandaghyn (4,500,000 m³), ny ronsaghey noa elley.<ref>{{cite web | title = Providence sees Helvick oil field as key site in Celtic Sea | publisher = [[Irish Examiner]] | date = 2000-07-17 | url = http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2000/07/17/current/bpage_2.htm | accessdate = 2008-01-27}}</ref> === Buill anaase === {{Ardart|King jurnaa hurryssagh ayns Nerin}} Ta tree [[Boayl Eiraght Dowanagh|Buill Eiraght Ghowanagh]] er yn ellan: [[Brú na Bóinne]], [[Sceilig Mhichíl]] as [[Clochán an Aifir]].<ref>{{cite web | title = World Heritage List | work=World Heritage| publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list | accessdate = 2010-01-01 }}</ref> Ta buill ennagh elley er y rolley treealagh, lheid as [[Boirinn]] as [[Moin Stíobhaird]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Tentative Lists | work=World Heritage | publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/ | accessdate = 2010-01-01 }}</ref> Ta buill hurryssagh ennagh elley ayns Nerin goaill stiagh [[Cashtal Vun Raite]], [[Carraig Phádraig]], [[Aillte an Mhothair]], [[Mainistir na Croise Naofa]] as [[Cashtal an Bhlarna]].<ref name="facts2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.failteireland.ie/getdoc/975fbac0-cf5d-4574-946e-26700b8a4efa/Tourism-Facts-2006.aspx |title=Tourism Facts 2006 |accessdate=2008-10-22 |author= |year=2006 |format=PDF |publisher=Fáilte Ireland |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721123846/http://www.failteireland.ie/getdoc/975fbac0-cf5d-4574-946e-26700b8a4efa/Tourism-Facts-2006.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta buill vaynaghoil scanshoil hendeeagh goaill stiagh [[Gleann Dá Loch]] as [[Cluain Mhic Nóis]], as ad freillt myr Cowrey Ashoonagh ayns Pobblaght Nerin.<ref>{{cite web | title = Search By County | work = National Monuments | author = National Monuments Service | publisher = Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government | url = http://www.archaeology.ie/en/NationalMonuments/SearchByCounty/ | accessdate = 2010-01-01 | archivedate = 2010-02-20 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100220110315/http://www.archaeology.ie/en/NationalMonuments/SearchByCounty/ }}</ref> She [[Divlyn]] y boayl smoo turryssagh<ref name="facts2006"/> as t'eh ny valley da shiartanse jeh ny cleaynyn smoo pobbylagh lheid as [[Thie Stoyr Guinness]] as [[Leabhar Cheanannais]].<ref name="facts2006"/> Ta'n neear as y neear yiass, ta goaill stiagh [[Loghyn Cheeill Airney]] as [[Corca Dhuibhne]] ayns Coontae Cherree as [[Conamara]] as [[Ellanyn Aran]] ayns [[Coontae ny Galliu]], nyn muill hurryssagh phobbylagh chammah.<ref name="facts2006"/> Ta [[thieyn steatagh]], v'er nyn droggal car y 17-oo, y 18-oo, as y 19-oo eash ayns aghtyn Pallaadagh, noa-Chlassicagh, as noa-Ghothagh, lheid as [[Caisleán an Bhardaigh]], [[Teach Bhaile an Chaisleáin]], [[Teach Bheanntraí]], nyn muill hurryssagh myrgeddin. Ta thieyn ennagh er ny aahroggal myr thieyn oast, lheid as [[Caisleán Dhrom Ólainn]]. <gallery caption="Buill Eiraght Ghowanagh ayns Nerin" perrow="3"> File:Causeway-code poet-4.jpg|[[Clochán an Aifir]]<br />[[Coontae Aontrym]] File:Klosteranlage Skellig Michael.jpg|[[Sceilig Mhichíl]]<br />[[Coontae Cherree]] File:Newgrange_ireland_750px.jpg|[[Brú na Bóinne]]<br />[[Coontae ny Mee]] </gallery> == Blaanid as beiyn == {{Ardart|Beiyn Nerin|Rolley lossreeyn cuishlagh 'sy Vretyn Vooar as Nerin|Biljyn ny Bretyn Mooar as Nerin}} [[Coadan:Irl-female red deer Killarney.jpg|thumb|right|Ta'n [[feeaih ruy]] (''Cervus elaphus'') ny heeintagh smoo ayns Nerin. Va'n fotograf shoh jeant ayns [[Pairk Ashoonagh Cheeill Airney]].]] Er yn oyr dy row Nerin scarrit magh veih'n Oarpey vooarheeragh rere yrjidyn marrey va girree lurg yn [[eash rioee]] yerrinagh, ta ny sloo sorçhyn dy veiyn as dy lossreeyn ayn na t'ayn 'sy [[Yn Vretyn Vooar|Vretyn Vooar]] na 'syn [[Yn Oarpey|Oarpey]]. Cha nel agh 26 dooieyn dy heeintee çheet ass Nerin er dooghyssaght. Ta dooieyn ennagh, lheid as y [[shynnagh]], yn [[arkan sonney]], as y [[broc]] nyn nooieyn feer lhieenar, tra ta dooieyn elley lheid as y [[mwaagh slieau|mwaah Yernagh]], y [[feeaih ruy]] as [[kayt ny miljyn]] er nyn vakin ny s'anvenkey. Ta beiyn marrey, lheid as y [[turtyl]], y [[sharkagh]], y [[meeyl mooar]] as y [[doraid]], ry-akin magh veih'n choose dy mennick. Ta mychione 400 dooieyn dy ushagyn er nyn recortyssey ayns Nerin. Ta kuse vooar jeh ny h-ushagyn shen nyn ushagyn arraghee, goaill stiagh y [[gollan geayee soailt]]. Ta'n chooid smoo jeh dooiyn ushag ayns Nerin çheet ass [[yn Eeslynn]], [[Greenlynn]] as [[yn Affrick]]. Ta shiartanse dy horçhyn dy [[oayl (eggoaylleeaght)|oayldyn]] ry-gheddyn ayns Nerin, goaill stiagh thalloo eirinagh, thalloo keylley foshlit, [[keylljyn lhean-ghuillagagh sonderagh as mestit]], keylljyn dy [[biljyn-cughlin|viljyn-cughlin]], [[curragh|curreeyn]] [[moaney]] as sorçhyn eigsoylagh dy oayldyn slystagh. Agh ta'n eirinys stiurey rheynnyn dy ymmyd thallooin ayns Nerin, ansherbee, as y stiurey shen cur caglee er thallooyn er lheh da oayldyn najooragh,<ref name="www2000">{{cite web | title = Land cover and land use | work = Environmental Assessment | publisher = Environmental Protection Agency | year = 2000 | url = http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/assessment/land/ | accessdate = 2007-07-30 | archivedate = 2008-09-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916125736/http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/assessment/land/ }}</ref> da sheeintee feie mooarey er lheh as ad er laccal ny smoo thalloo dauesyn. Er yn oyr nagh vel [[cragheyder]] baarelagh ayns Nerin, ta earrooyn dy veiyn, lheid as feeaihee lieh-feie, nagh vel streeanit ec cragheyderyn beggey, lheid as y shynnagh, streeanit ec jeelymyn bleinoil. Dy h-ard-ghooagh, cha nel aarnieuyn ayns Nerin as cha nel agh un pheisht (y [[jiolgan leaghyr bio-breayagh|jiolgan leaghyr cadjin]]) ta çheet ass yn ellan. Ta dooieyn anvio goaill stiagh y [[feeaih mooar Yernagh]], y [[filliu Yernagh]] as yn [[awk vooar]]. Ta dooieyn dy ushagyn eear-anvio, goaill stiagh yn [[urley buigh]], er nyn gur stiagh reesht lurg jeihaghtyn dy neuveays. Derrey ny traaghyn mean-eashagh, va Nerin gloo-choodit rish [[darragh (billey)|darree]], [[juys (Pinus)|juyssyn]] as [[beih (billey)|beihyn]]. Jiu ta keylljyn coodaghey mychione 9% (4,450&nbsp;km² ny un villioon d'acyryn)<ref name="coillte">{{cite web | title = National | work = Forest Facts | publisher = [[Coillte Teoranta]] | url = http://www.coillte.ie/coillteforest/forest_facts/forest_facts_by_county/national/ | date = 2008-11-05 | accessdate = 2010-01-01 | archivedate = 2016-04-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160403085840/http://www.coillte.ie/coillteforest/forest_facts/forest_facts_by_county/national/ }}</ref> eaghtyr Nerin, as ta'n earroo shoh taishbyney dy vel Nerin ny h-ard smoo jee-cheyllit 'syn Oarpey. Ta cooid vooar jeh'n thalloo coodit rish thalloo fassee, as ta ram dooieyn dy lossreeyn feie. Ta [[aittin]] (''[[Ulex europaeus]]''), [[conney frangagh]] feie, ry-gheddyn dy mennick ayns thallooyn ard, as ta [[renniagh|renniee]] ry-gheddyn dy mennick ayns ny h-ardjyn smoo bog, 'sy neear er lheh. Ta Nerin ny balley da keeadyn dy ghooieyn dy lossreeyn, as fir oc nagh vel ry-gheddyn magh ass yn ellan, as t'ee er ny ve "coloinit" rish faiyryn, lheid as ''[[Spartina anglica]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hackney|first=Paul|url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/invasive/species.asp?item=2680|title=Spartina Anglica|work=Invasive Alien Species in Northern Ireland|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=National Museums Northern Ireland|archivedate=2011-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519055358/http://www.habitas.org.uk/invasive/species.asp?item=2680}}</ref> [[Coadan:Gorse-Ulex europaeus.jpg|thumb|Yn aittin (''[[Ulex europaeus]]'')]] Ta'n vlaanid [[algey|algagh]] as [[famlagh|famlee]] jeh'n torçh feayr sonderagh. Ta 574 dooieyn jeu 'sy clane as foddee ad dy rang-oardraghey myr shoh: * 264 [[Rhodophyta]] * 152 [[Heterokontophyta]] * 114 [[Algey glass|Chloropyta]] * 31 [[Cyanophyta]] Ta dooieyn ny s'genney goaill stiagh:<ref name="Guiry and Nic Dhonncha 01">{{cite_journal | last = Guiry | first = M.D. | last2 = Nic Dhonncha | first2 = E.N | title = The Marine Macroalgae of Ireland: Biodiversity and Distribution in Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters | location = Beeal Feirshtey| publisher = Ulster Museum | year = 2001 | journal = Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001 | issue = Publication No. 8 }}</ref> * ''Itonoa marginifera'' (J. Ag.) (Masuda & Guiry) * ''[[Schmitzia hiscockiana]]'' Maggs and Guiry * ''[[Gelidiella calcicola]]'' Maggs & Guiry * ''Gelidium maggsiae'' Rico & Guiry * ''Halymenia latifolia'' P.Crouan & H.Crouan ex Kützing. Ta'n ellan er ny ve coloinit liorish algaghyn ennagh, as fir jeu feer fondit. Myr sampleyr:<ref name="Minchin 01">{{cite journal | last = Minchin | first = D. | title = Biodiversity and Marine Invaders | place = Beeal Feirshtey| publisher = Ulster Museum | year = 2001 | journal = Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001 | issue = Publication No. 8 }}</ref> * ''Asparagopsis armara'', as y bun echey 'syn Austrail. V'eh recortyssit ayns Nerin da'n chied cheayrt liorish M. De Valera 'sy vlein 1939 * ''[[Colpomenia peregrina]]'', feer lhieenar dy ynnydagh as er ny recortyssey da'n chied cheayrt ayns ny 1930yn * ''[[Sargassum]] muticum'', feer fodnit ayns shiartanse dy buill er cooseyn y jiass, y neear, as y niar hwoaie Er oyr y speyr vog ayns Nerin, ta ram dooieyn, goaill stiagh dooieyn [[fo-ghrianchryss]]agh lheid as [[Arecaceae|biljyn palm]], er ny aase ayns Nerin. === Troar yn eirinys === [[Coadan:Pasture at the Viewpoint - geograph.org.uk - 15065.jpg|thumb|Thalloo fassee glass faggys da [[Beanntraí]].]] Ta'n shennaghys foddey dy troarey eirinagh, kianglt rish aghtyn eirinagh noa-emshiragh lheid as ymmyd smaghtaghey noidyn as eoylley, as teaumey veih sollaghar jeeragh stiagh ayns glish, awinyn as loghyn builley er ny h-eggo-choryssyn ushtey oor najooragh as cur broo er bea-neuchaslid ayns Nerin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarecoco.ie/water-waste-environment/biodiversity/ |title=Biodiversity|publisher=Clare County Council |accessdate=2010-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasthills.org/minisite/adult_version/draftottersapmar07-2.pdf|title=Otter Lutra Lutra|work=Northern Ireland Species Action Plan|publisher=Environment and Heritage Service|format=PDF|year=2007|accessdate=2010-01-01|archive-date=2011-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205005310/http://www.belfasthills.org/minisite/adult_version/draftottersapmar07-2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta thalloo dy vagheryn glassey er son lhiassaghey troaryn as troggal ollee cur cagliagh er y thalloo t'er geddyn da soiaghey seose dy ghooieyn feie dooghyssagh. Ansherbee, ta cleighee, ymmydit dy tradishoonagh dy freayll as dy chur creeagh er joaraghyn thallooin, shassoo seose myr thalloo coadee da blaanid feie ghooghyssagh. Ta'n eggo-chorys shen sheeyney magh harrish ny çheerey as t'eh gobbraghey myr moggyl dy chianglaghyn as ad freayll remladyn jeh'n çhenn eggo-chorys v'er ny heeyney magh er feie'n ellan. Ta argidyn coonee fo'n [[Polaase Eirinagh Cadjin|Pholaase Eirinagh Cadjin]], as ad cur pohlldey da aghtyn eirinagh va freayll cleighee, goll trooid aachummaghyn. Ayns ny shenn traaghyn, hug y Polaase Eirinagh Cadjin argidyn coonee da aghtyn eirinagh jeeillagh, foddee, as ad cur trimmid er troarey gyn joaraghyn y chur er ymmyd neulhietrimmagh dy eoyllaghyn as dy smaghtyn noidyn myr sampleyr, agh ta ny h-aachummaghyn, t'er çheet magh er y gherrid, jee-chiangley argidyn coonee veih cormidyn troaragh as t'ad er ny chur stiagh shirreydyssyn çhymmyltagh as shirreydyssyn elley.<ref name="cap_reforms">{{cite web | title = CAP Reform - A Long-term Perspective for Sustainable Agriculture | work = Agriculture and Rural Development | publisher = European Commission | url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/index_en.htm | accessdate = 2007-07-30}}</ref> Ta keylljyn coodaghey mychione 10% dy eaghtyr ny çheerey, as ta'n chooid smoo jeu enmyssit da troarey traghtee.<ref name="www2000"/> Ta ardjyn keyllagh jeant seose dy cadjin jeh garaghyn dy viljyn un-chultooragh neu-ghooghyssagh, as foddee dy vel eh shen cur er bun oayldyn nagh vel cooie da dooieyn dooghyssagh dy neu-vertebree. Ta remladyn jeh'n cheyll ghooghyssagh ry-akin skahit er feie'n ellan, ayns [[Pairk Ashoonagh Cheeil Airney]] er lheh. Ta ardjyn najooragh gymmyrçh cleighee as faalyn dys ro-yndyragh dy lhiettal liorish [[Feeaihee Nerin|feeaihee]] as [[keyrrey|kirree]] ta shooyl trood ardjyn neu-lhiassit. Ta'n yndyraght 'syn aght shen cur lhietrimmys er aaghiennaghtyn najooragh ny keylljyn ayns ram ardjyn ny çheerey.<ref>{{Cite book | first = Dick | last = Roche | authorlink = Dick Roche | title = National Parks | publisher = Seanad Éireann | url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0185/S.0185.200611080008.html | volume = 185 | date = 2006-11-08 | accessdate = 2007-07-30}} Resoonaght y [[Seanad Éireann|Seanad]] va goaill stiagh yn Eear-Hirveishagh Çhymmyltaght, Eiraght as Gurneilys Ynnydagh</ref> == Tarmaynys == {{ardart|Shennaghys tarmaynagh Nerin|Tarmaynys Phobblaght Nerin|Tarmaynys Nerin Hwoaie}} Cha daink y [[çhyndaa çhynskylagh]] dys Nerin da'n chooid smoo. Ta deiney ennagh credjal nagh daink y çhyndaa çhynskylagh dys Nerin dys Nerin er oyr gennid gheayil as yiarn, as ad nyn roie-chonaantyn da çhyndaaghyn çhynskylagh rere reayrt ennagh. Ta cremeyderyn jeh'n reayrt shen cowraghey magh çheeraghyn elley raad nagh row ny cooid shen ayn agh raad haghyr y çhyndaa çhynskylagh as t'ad cur cooishyn elley ayn myr oyryn.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LamjgLbhTvwC&pg=PA314&dq=ireland+failed+to+industrialize+due+to+lack+of+coal+and+iron&cd=1#v=onepage&q=ireland%20failed%20to%20industrialize%20due%20to%20lack%20of%20coal%20and%20iron&f=false|first=Cormac|last=O'Grada|title=Ireland: A New Economic History,1780-1939|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994}}</ref> Ta screeudeeyryn shennaghys ennagh cowraghey magh yn unnaneys doaltattym lesh y tarmaynys share dy strughtooragh ayns Sostyn. T'ad cowraghey magh dy row leaghyn yiarn as geayil ayns Nerin cha neugheyr as ayns buill ennagh ayns Sostyn – as beggan ny s'inshley er leagh ayns buill ennagh – as er ny bleeantyn jeeragh roish [[Aght yn Unnaneys 1801|yn unnaneys lesh y Vretyn Vooar]], va çhynskylaghey ry-akin ayns Nerin ('sy çhynskyl [[lieen]] er lheh).<ref>{{cite|first=Joel|last=Mokyr|Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy, 1800-1850|publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Oxon |year=1983}}</ref> Lesh y chovestey eddyr y daa harmaynys dy doaltattym, rere y reayrt shen, hoshee Nerin gassphurtal bee as obbreeyn dys y 'vooar-heer' ayns ynnyd e çhynskylaghey hene.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Jacobsen|title=Chasing Progress in the Irish Republic|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1994}}</ref> Haghyr arraghey magh mooar lurg y Ghortey Mooar ayns ny 1800yn meanagh as darr eh shen derrey ny 1980yn.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100528170938/http://migration.ucc.ie/pmeinishowenfinal.htm Irish Emigration, past and present. Lessons to be learned?]. University College Cork.</ref> Ansherbee, haghyr caghlaa mooar ayns tarmaynys Nerin car ny 1990yn, as bishaghey tarmaynagh neuchadjin taghyrt car ny bleeantyn shen ayns Pobblaght Nerin, ayns phenomenon t'er enney myr "[[Yn Teegyr Celtiagh]]",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicoll |first=Ruaridh |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/10/ireland-financial-crisis-emigration |title=Ireland: As the Celtic Tiger roars its last |date=2009-05-16 |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=2010-03-30 }}</ref> as lesh çheet shee ayns Nerin Hwoaie. 'Sy vlein 2005, va Pobblaght Nerin currit 'sy chied ynnyd myr y boayl share er y theihll myr balley cummal, rere scrutaghey "[[quallid-vea]]" liorish yn earish-lioar ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Economist Intelligence Unit’s quality-of-life index|journal=The Economist: the World in 2005|format=PDF|publisher=The Economist Group|url=http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.PDF|accessdate=2010-01-22}}</ref> Ghow Pobblaght Nerin olteynys ayns [[oarey|cryss yn oarey]] ayns 1999, tra hannee Nerin Hwoaie lesh y [[punt Sostynagh|phunt Sostynagh]]. Hie Pobblaght Nerin as Nerin Hwoaie stiagh ayns goll ergooyl ayns 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0520/breaking8.htm |title=Ireland 'technically' in depression |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |accessdate=2010-01-23 |date=2009-05-20 |last=Slattery |first=Laura |archiveurl=https://archive.is/8u7X|archivedate=2012-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sheldon-filger/irelands-economy-in-free_b_185874.html |title=Ireland's Economy in Free Fall Collapse |publisher=Huffington Post |date=2009-04-12 |accessdate=2010-01-23 |last=Filger |first=Sheldon }}</ref> as ayns 2009, va'n chormid vee-staartaght ayns Pobblaght Nerin ec 12.5%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=teilm020&tableSelection=1&plugin=1 |title=Harmonised unemployment rate by gender - total - % (SA) |publisher=Eurostat |accessdate=2010-01-23 |last= |first= }}</ref> rere [[geyre-ghaue argidoil Nerin (2008-2010)|geyre-ghaue argidoil Nerin ayns 2008–2010]]. === Arraghey === {{Ardart|Arraghey ayns Nerin|Raaidyn ayns Nerin}} [[Coadan:Aerlingus.a320-200.ei-dei.arp.jpg|thumb|[[Airbus A320]] jeh chooid [[Aer Lingus]]]] Ta queig kied phurtyn aer eddyrashoonagh ayns Nerin: [[Purt Aer Ghivlyn]], [[Purt Aer Eddyrashoonagh Veeal Feirshtey]] (An Gearrán Fearnóige), [[Purt Aer Chorkee]], [[Purt Aer ny Shannon]] and [[Purt Aer Eear Nerin Chnoc Mhuire|Purt Aer Eear Nerin]] (Cnoc Mhuire). Ta Purt Aer Ghivlyn ny purt aer smoo tarrooagh,<ref>{{cite web | title =About us | work =Dublin Airport | publisher =Dublin Airport Authority | url =http://www.dublinairport.com/about-us/ | accessdate =2008-11-09 | archive-date =2008-11-03 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081103014741/http://www.dublinairport.com/about-us/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> as 22 villioon dy hroailtee goll trooid y phurt aer dagh blein,<ref>{{cite web | title =Dublin Airport tops 23 million passengers in 2007 | work =Business | publisher =Thomas Crosbie Media | date =2008-01-22 | url =http://www.breakingnews.ie/business/mheyojojcwgb/ | accessdate =2008-11-09 | archivedate =2009-06-25 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090625225342/http://www.breakingnews.ie/business/mheyojojcwgb/ }}</ref> as ta terminal as roievollagh noa er ny hroggal ec y traa t'ayn.<ref>{{cite web | title =DAA To Begin Building New Terminal Within Weeks | work =Press Releases | publisher =Dublin Airport Authority | date =2007-07-29 | url =http://www.dublinairportauthority.com/media-centre/press-releases/112007.html | accessdate =2008-11-09 | archivedate =2009-09-26 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090926071932/http://www.dublinairportauthority.com/media-centre/press-releases/112007.html }}</ref> Ta dagh fer jeu cour shirveishyn aer dys y Vretyn Vooar as yn Oarpey vooar-heeragh, as ta purtyn aer Beeal Feirshtey Eddyrashoonagh, Divlyn as y Çhannon cour shirveishyn harrish yn Atlantagh. Er feie shiartanse dy jeihaghtyn va'n Çhannon ny purt aalhieeney scanshoil da bollee harrish-Atlantagh.<ref>{{cite web | title =Shannon stopover to go by 2008 | work =Business News | publisher =RTE | date =2005-11-11 | url =http://www.rte.ie/business/2005/1111/shannon.html | accessdate =2008-11-09 }}</ref> Er y gherrid, ta shirveish roie-vynscrutaghey er ny foshley ayn as ee lhiggey da troailtee goll trooid custymyn sthie-arragh Americaanagh roie faagail Nerin. Ta shiartanse dy phuirt aer ny sloo ayn chammah: [[Purt Aer Chaayr Veeal Feirshtey George Best]], [[Purt Aer Chaayr Ghoirrey]], [[Purt Aer ny Galliu]], [[Purt Aer Cherree]] (An Fearann Fuar), [[Purt Aer Shliggee]] (An Leathros), [[Purt Aer Phurt Largey]] as [[Purt Aer Ghoon ny Ghoal]] (An Charraig Fhinn). Ta shirveishyn skedjalit veih ny buill ardjynagh shen goll dys buill elley ayns Nerin as 'y Vretyn Vooar son y chooid smoo. Ta lhuingyssyn aer ta bunnit ayns Nerin goaill stiagh [[Aer Lingus]] (eear-[[lhuingys aer ashoonagh]] Phobblaght Nerin), [[Ryanair]], [[Aer Arann]] as [[CityJet]]. [[Coadan:H&W Cranes2.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Samson and Goliath (craaynyn)|Samson and Goliath]]'', lhong-chaardee [[Harland & Wolff]], [[Beeal Feirshtey]], [[Nerin Hwoaie]]]] Ta ard-phuirt ec Nerin ayns [[Puirt Ghivlyn|Divlyn]], [[Puirt Veeal Feirshtey|Beeal Feirshtey]], [[Purt Chorkee|Corkee]], [[Purt Ros Láir|Ros Láir]], [[Purt Ghoirrey|Doirrey]] as [[Purt Phurt Largey|Purt Largey]]. Ta puirt ny sloo ry-gheddyn ayns [[Inver Mooar]], [[Beeal yn Aah, Coontae Vay Eo|Beeal yn Aah]], [[Droghad Aah]], [[Doon Jialgan]], [[Doon Laoire]], [[Faing]], [[Galliu]], [[Laarney]], [[Limmeragh]], [[Ros Vic Treoin]], [[Shliggagh]], [[An Pointe]] as [[Keeill Mantan]]. Ta 3.6 millioonyn dy hroailtee goll trooid puirt 'sy Phobblaght as ad goll tessen [[Mooir Vannin|y vooir eddyr Nerin as y Vretyn Vooar]] dagh blein.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/statistics/passengermovementbysea.htm |title=Direct Passenger Movement by Sea from and to Ireland (Republic) (000's) |publisher=Central Statistics Office |year=2006 |accessdate=2010-01-24}}</ref> Ta'n vooar chooid dy hraght chooid hrome leeideilit liorish y vooir. Ta ny puirt ayns Nerin Hwoaie stiurey 10 millioonyn dy hunnaghyn (11 villioon dy [[thunney giare|hunnaghyn giare]]) jeh traght chooid lesh y Vretyn Vooar dagh blein, tra ta ny puirt ayns Pobblaght Nerin stiurey 7.6 millioonyn dy hunnaghyn (8.4 millioonyn dy hunnaghyn giare). Ta shirveishyn assaig eddyr y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin trooid Mooir Vannin as t'ad goaill stiagh bollee veih [[Abertawe]] dys Corkee, veih [[Abergwaun]] as [[Penfro]] dys Ros Láir, veih [[Caergybi]] dys Doon Laoire, veih [[Stroin Roauyr]] dys Beeal Feirshtey as veih [[Machair an Sgithich]] dys Laarney. Myrane lhieusyn ta kiangley assaig eddyr [[Lerphoyll]] as Beeal Feirshtey trooid [[Doolish]] ayns [[Mannin]]. Ta'n baatey assaig gleashtan smoo, yn ''[[MV Ulysses]]'', stiurit ec [[Irish Continental|Irish Ferries]] er y vollagh eddyr Divlyn as Caergybi. Myrane lesh shen, ta baataghyn assaig goll veih Ros Láir as Corkee dys [[Yn Rank|y Rank]]. [[Coadan:Ireland transport map.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|Raaidyn yiarn, puirt ushtey scanshoil, puirt aeragh, as bayryn gleashtanagh (goaill stiagh adsyn ta begnagh creaghnit) ayns Nerin]] Va'n moggyl dy raaidyn yiarn ayns Nerin lhiassit ec ram colughtyn preevaadjagh car y 19-oo eash, as fir oc geddyn argid choonee reiltysagh 'sy 19-oo eash yeianagh. Rosh y moggyl y roshtynys smoo ayns 1920. V'eh coardit dy beagh towse lheanagh jeh 1,600 mm (5&nbsp;tr 3 oar)<ref name="ciatrans">{{cite web | title =CIA World Factbook - Ireland - Transportation | publisher =CIA | date =2008-11-06 | url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ei.html#Trans | accessdate =2008-11-11 | archivedate =2019-05-06 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20190506104239/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ei.html#Trans }}</ref> myr towse stundayrtit er yn ellan, ga dy row keeadyn dy chilometeryn dy raaidyn yiarn lesh towse keyl jeh 914mm (3&nbsp;tr).<ref name="ciatrans"/> Ta traenyn troailtagh liauyr ayns Pobblaght Nerin stiurit ec [[Iarnród Éireann]] as t'ad kiangley yn chooid smoo jeh ny baljyn smoo. Ayns Nerin Hwoaie ta dagh shirveish stiurit ec [[Northern Ireland Railways]]. Ayns bishaghey lesh shen, ta fer jeh ny raaidyn yiarn lught çhymnit smoo 'syn Oarpey soit ayns Nerin ta stiurit ec [[Bord na Móna]] as ta beggan ny sloo na 1,400 km er lhiurid.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bnm.ie/corporate/index.jsp?&1nID=93&2nID=97&3nID=97&pID=357&nID=359 |title=Description of Railway |publisher=Bord na Móna |accessdate=29 Mart 2010 |archive-date=2007-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119085020/http://www.bnm.ie/corporate/index.jsp?&1nID=93&2nID=97&3nID=97&pID=357&nID=359 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayns Divlyn, ta daa voggyl raaidey yiarn kiarail arraghey 'syn ard-valley as ayns yn ard ta cruinnlaghey yn ard-valley. Ta'n [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit]] ny yn DART ("Arraghey Tappee Ard Ghivlyn") kiangley çheshvean yn ard-valley rish ny fo-valjyn slystagh. Hoshee corys raaidey yiarn eddrym, y [[Luas]] ("Leahys"), gobbraghey ayns 2004 as t'eh gymmyrkey troailtee dys ny fo-valjyn meanagh as heear. Ta shiartanse dy linnaghyn Luas plannit myrane lesh [[Raad Yiarn Fo-halloo Ghivlyn|raad yiarn fo-halloo]]. Ta'n DART stiruit ec Iarnród Éireann as ta'n Luas stiurit ec [[Veolia]] fo kiartys dellal veih'n [[Railway Procurement Agency]] ("Bing Feddyn Streebee Raaidey Yiarn"). Fo conaantyn plan y reiltys Yernagh, [[Transport 21]], va'n raad yiarn eddyr Corkee as [[Mainistir na Corann]] aa-oshlit ayns 2009. Ta aa-oshley yn raad yiarn [[yn Ooive]]–[[Cluain Saileach]] as [[Bollagh Raad Yiarn Sheear]] coontit mastey obbraghyn ry-heet jeh'n phlan cheddin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heavy Rail |work=Project |publisher=Transport 21 |date=2008-06-18 |url=http://www.transport21.ie/Projects/Heavy_Rail/Heavy_Rail.html |accessdate=2008-11-11 |archivedate=2008-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207115734/http://www.transport21.ie/Projects/Heavy_Rail/Heavy_Rail.html }}</ref> Ta ny shirveishyn ayns Nerin Hwoaie feer ghoan ayns cosoylaght rish y chooid elley jeh Nerin ny rish y Vretyn Vooar. Va moggyl raad yiarn mooar giarrit ayns ny 1950yn as ny 1960yn.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rpsi-online.org/schools/irishrailwaysystem.htm |title=The Irish Railway System |publisher=The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland |accessdate=2010-03-29 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821004624/http://www.rpsi-online.org/schools/irishrailwaysystem.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta shirveishyn roie goaill stiagh bollee fo-valjagh dys [[Laarney]], [[yn Euar]], as [[Beannchar]], myrane lesh shirveishyn dys Doirrey. Ta crouw-linney goll veih [[Cooil Rhennee]] dys [[Port Rois]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.translink.co.uk/NIRailwaysBetterTimetables.asp |title=Northern Ireland Railways Timetables |publisher=Translink |accessdate=2010-03-29 }}</ref> Ta gleashtaneyryn ayns Nerin gimman er y chlee. Ta moggyl rheamyssagh dy raaidyn as moggyl lhiassagh dy vayryn gleashtanagh sheeyney magh veih Divlyn as Beeal Feirshtey er lheh. Dy shendeeagh, va'n chooid smoo jeh raaidyn ayns shelloo shellooderyn thallooin as ny s'anmey ren Barrantyssyn Giat Cassee çhaglym keeshyn er son ny raaidyn as ayns y vlein 1800 va 16,100 km dy raaidyn ayns Nerin.<ref>{{cite web | title =History of Transport in Ireland, Part 1 | work =About Us | publisher =[[Córas Iompair Éireann]] | url =http://www.cie.ie/about_us/schools_and_enthusiasts.asp#1 | accessdate =2008-11-11 | archivedate =2004-04-10 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20040410110553/http://www.cie.ie/about_us/schools_and_enthusiasts.asp#1 }}</ref> Ayns ny bleeantyn caie, chur Reiltys Nerin plan arraghee noa er bun as y plan shen ny halee argidagh smoo ayns corys arraghee Nerin: baihaghey €34 billioonyn veih 2006 derrey 2015. Ta obbyr er shaleeyn raaidey er ny hoshiaghey as ta fir jeu er ny chreaghney.<ref>{{cite web | title =Roads | work =Projects | publisher =Transport 21 | date =2008-06-18 | url =http://www.transport21.ie/Projects/Roads/Roads.html | accessdate =2008-11-11 | archivedate =2008-12-08 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081208022517/http://www.transport21.ie/Projects/Roads/Roads.html }}</ref> Va ny kied shirveishyn [[baroose post]] ayns Nerin conaantit liorish [[John Anderson (delleyder Albinagh)|John Anderson]] lesh William Bourne ayns 1791 as eh er ny yeeilley er son lhiasaghey stayd ny raaidyn.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Parliamentary papers, Reports from Committees, Volume 20 |publisher=House of Commons |location=London |pages=3, 38–43 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K0wSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA6-PA42&dq=john+anderson+mail+coach+ireland&ei=L2yxS4mHLoOGyATgwYyiCA&cd=1#v=onepage&q=john%20anderson%20mail%20coach%20ireland&f=false |year=1837 |accessdate=2010-03-29 }}</ref> Va'n corys dy varooseyn post, dy charriadsyn as dy "vianyn" lhiasit ny smoo ec [[Charles Bianconi]], soit ayns [[Cluain Meala]], veih'n vlein 1815 myr roie-haghter y chorys arraghee Yernagh.<ref>{{cite web |last =Murphy |first=John |title=Bianconi home to become Clonmel hotel |publisher=Irish Examiner |date=2005-01-04 |url=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2005/01/04/story573513087.asp | accessdate =2008-11-11 }}</ref> Jiu, t'ad ny h-ard-cholughtyn baroose na [[Bus Éireann]] ayns Pobblaght Nerin as [[Ulsterbus]] ayns Nerin Hwoaie, as y daa jeu garral shirveishyn troailtagh rheamyssagh ayns dagh paart jeh'n ellan. Ta [[Bus Átha Cliath]] garral shirveishyn baroose da ard Ghivlyn mooar as ta [[Metro (Beeal Feirshtey)|Metro]] stiurey shirveishyn ayns ard Veeal Feirshtey mooar. Ta cowraghyn raaidey as caglee vieauid ayns Pobblaght Nerin taishbynit ayns kilometeryn 'syn oor, as ny caglee er nyn caghlaa 'sy vlein 2005. Ta cowraghyn foddeeaght as caglee vieauid ayns Nerin Hwoaie foast goaill ymmyd jeh unnidyn impiroil cosoylagh rish y chooid elley jeh'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit. === Moggylyn bree === Er y chooid smoo jeh'n tammylt va ny moggylyn lectraghys ayns Pobblaght Nerin as Nerin Hwoaie scarrit veih nyn geilley. Va'n daa voggyl jeu cummit as troggit dy neuchroghagh lurg y rheynn magh. Agh, myr eiyrtys jeh caghlaaghyn harrish ny bleeantyn jeianagh, t'ad kianglt nish ry-cheilley lesh tree eddyr-chianglaghyn<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cer.ie/en/electricity-transmission-network-interconnection.aspx |title=Interconnection |publisher=Commission for Energy regulation |accessdate=2010-03-30 |archivedate=2011-01-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128172244/http://www.cer.ie/en/electricity-transmission-network-interconnection.aspx }}</ref> as t'ad kianglt trooid y Vretyn Vooar rish yn Oarpey vooar-heeragh. Ta'n soiaghey ayns Nerin Hwoaie ny smoo co-chast er yn oyr nagh vel colughtyn preevaadjagh kiarail [[Northern Ireland Electricity]] (NIE) lesh dy liooar lectraghys. Ayns Pobblaght Nerin, cha ren [[Bord Soláthar Leictreachais|yn ESB]] jeianaghey ny stashoonyn lectraghys echey as ta feddynaght stashoonyn lectraghys çheet er 66% de meanagh, nane jeh ny cormidyn s'messey 'syn Oarpey Heear. Ta [[EirGrid]] troggal linney ym-skeaylley [[Stroo jeeragh ard-voltagh|HVDC]] eddyr Nerin as y Vretyn Vooar lesh mooadys eck er 500 MW, ny mychione 10% jeh shirreydys mullee.<ref>{{cite web |work=East-West Interconnector |url=http://www.interconnector.ie/projects/east-westinterconnector/projectactivity/ |title=Project Activity |date=2009-09-16 |publisher=[[EirGrid]] |accessdate=2009-09-29 |archivedate=2009-10-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004073101/http://www.interconnector.ie/projects/east-westinterconnector/projectactivity/ }}</ref> [[Coadan:RingsendPowerStation1459.jpg|thumb|right|Stashoon lectraghys an Rinn, Divlyn]] Ayns cosoylaght rish y lectraghys, ta'n moggyl rheynn dy [[gas najooragh|ghas najooragh]] er bunneydys ooilley-ellanagh nish, lesh piob-linney ta kiangley [[Baile Mhic Ghormáin]] ayns [[Coontae ny Mee]] as [[Bealach Cláir]], [[Coontae Aontrym]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Bord Gáis Networks : Northern Ireland : South-North Pipeline | publisher = [[Bord Gáis]] | url = http://www.bordgais.ie/networks/index.jsp?1nID=102&pID=109&nID=313 | accessdate = 2009-05-08 | archivedate = 2007-11-19 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071119071243/http://www.bordgais.ie/networks/index.jsp?1nID=102&pID=109&nID=313 }}</ref> Ta'n chooid smoo jeh'n ghas ayns Nerin çhet stiagh trooid eddyr-chianglaghyn eddyr [[Twynholm]] ayns [[Nalbin]] as [[Baile an Lonfoirt]], Coontae Aontrym as [[Loch Sionnaigh]], [[Coontae Ghivlyn]]. Ta ymmyrkey leodagh çheet ass magher gas Chione Sailley magh veih coose Choontae Chorkee<ref>{{cite web | title = Northern Ireland Energy Holdings - Frequently Asked Questions | publisher = [[Northern Ireland Energy Holdings]] | url = http://www.nienergyholdings.com/FAQs/Index.php | accessdate = 2009-05-08 | archivedate = 2011-07-14 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714182024/http://www.nienergyholdings.com/FAQs/Index.php }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Gas Capacity Statement 2007 | publisher = [[Commission for Energy Regulation]] | url = http://www.cer.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=d9f0b11e-3a13-42bb-86b7-f7470a9c68cc | format = PDF | accessdate = 2009-05-08 | archivedate = 2012-03-05 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120305041104/http://www.cer.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=d9f0b11e-3a13-42bb-86b7-f7470a9c68cc }}</ref> as cha nel [[Magher Gas an Choirib]] magh veih coose [[Coontae Vay Eo|Choontae Vay Eo]] er ny foshley dys shoh. Ta'n magher ayns Coontae Vay Eo çheet ny whaiyl lesh condaigys ynnydagh mychione [[Condaigys ghas an Choirib|briwnys arganeagh]] dys y gas dy aaghlenney er çheer. Er y gherrid ta eabyn er ny n'gholl ersooyl ayns Nerin dy ghoaill ymmyd ass [[bree yn-aanooaghey]] lheid as [[bree gheayee]]. Ta [[ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee|ynnydyn mwyljyn-geayee]] er nyn droggal ayns coondaeghyn slystagh lheid as Doon ny Ghoal, May Eo, as Aontrym. Ta ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee er ny ve troggit magh veih coose [[Coontae Cheeill Mantan|Choontae Cheeill Mantan]] ec [[Ynnyd Mwyljyn-Geayee Vullagh Inver Mooar]] as bee eh ny ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee smoo er y theihll. T'eh er credjal dy nee'n ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee ayns Inver Mooar troarey 10% dy lectraghys Nerin tra t'eh creaghnit. Ta troggalys ynnydyn mwyljyn-geayee er ny ve moalit rere condaigys veih co-phobbylyn ynnydagh, as fir jeu credjal nagh vel ny [[turbeen-geeayee|trubeenyn-geayee]] dy h-aalin. She [[Cnoc an Turlaigh]] jeh chooid yn ESB yn un heyrraad ry hoi tastey bree 'sy steat.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Options For Future Renewable Energy Policy, Targets And Programmes issued by Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources | publisher =Hibernian Wind Power Ltd | date =2004-02-27 | url =http://www.hibernianwindpower.ie/hiberwindresponse_dcmnr.pdf | accessdate =2008-11-11 }}</ref> == Deiney == {{Ardart|Deyn-oaylleeaght Nerin}} Ren ny kied deiney cummal ayns Nerin mychione 9,000 bleeantyn er dy henney, agh cha nel mooarane fys er enney ain mychione ny cummaltee [[shenn-chlaghagh|henn-chlaghagh]] ny [[noalittagh]]. Ta ronsaghey gien-oaylleeagh 'sy vlein 2004 coyrlaghey dy daink ny kied chummaltee dys yn ellan as ad çheet harrish ny sheelogheyn rish coose y Cheayn Sheears veih'n Spaainey.<ref name="prospectmag"/> Rere sheiltynyssyn ny s'leah, haink ad veih'n Oarpey veanagh. Ta recortyssyn shendeeagh as caardyssagh goaill baght er beays dussanyn dy chynneeyn eigsoylagh foddee v'ad feayn-skeealleydagh ny firrinagh, lheid as ny [[Cruthin]]ee, ny [[Attacotti|h-Attacotti]], ny [[Conmaicne]], ny [[Eóganachta|h-Eóganachta]], ny [[Érainn|h-Érainn]], as ny [[Soghain]], mastey kynneeyn elley. Harrish y 1,000 bleeaney jerrinagh haink [[ny Loghlynee]], ny [[Normanee]], ny [[Albinee|h-Albinee]], as ny [[Sostynee]] as ad cur lesh y phobble dooghyssagh. Ta'n [[Creestiaght|Chreestiaght]] ny possan crauee smoo ayns Nerin. She [[Catoleaghys Raueagh]] y rheynn chrauee smoo as eh cowraghey 73% jeh pobble yn ellan (as mychione 87%<ref name="census2006-religion"/> jeh pobble Phobblaght Nerin). Ta'n chooid elley jeh'n phobble nyn gooid jeh rheynnyn Protestoonagh eigsoylagh (mychione 53% jeh pobble Nerin Hwoaie).<ref name="niprotestants">{{cite news | last = McKittrick | first = David | authorlink = | title = Census Reveals Northern Ireland's Protestant Population is at Record Low | work = | publisher = Independent | date = 2002-12-19 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/census-reveals-northern-irelands-protestant-population-is-at-record-low-611500.html | accessdate = 2009-12-30 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091110153753/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/census-reveals-northern-irelands-protestant-population-is-at-record-low-611500.html | archivedate = 2009-11-10 }}</ref> She [[Agglish Nerin|Agglish]] [[Anglicaanaghys|Anglicaanagh]] Nerin y nah agglish smoo. Ta'n [[Islamaghys ayns Nerin|pobble Islamagh]] ayns Neirn gaase, rere arraghey stiagh son y chooid smoo. Ta pobble beg dy [[Shennaghys ny h-Ewnyn ayns Nerin|Ewagh]] ry-gheddyn ayns Nerin chammah. Ta 4% pobble ny Pobblaght jannoo cur sheese orroo hene myr deiney gyn craueeaght.<ref name="census2006-religion">{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/census/census2006results/volume_13/volume_13_religion.pdf|title=Census 2006 Volume 13 Religion|format=PDF|publisher=Central Statistics Office |accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> Ta 14% pobble Nerin Hwoaie jannoo y cur sheese cheddin orroo.<ref name="niprotestants" /> Dirree sleih-earroo Nerin dy tappee veih'n 16-oo eash derrey'n 19-oo eash veanagh. Haghyr [[Yn Gortey Mooar|gonney]] craaynagh ayns ny 1840yn, as myr eiyrtys, hooar un villioon dy 'leih baase as daag ny smoo na millioon dy 'leih yn ellan jeeragh lurg y ghonney. Harrish y keead-bleeaney eiyrtyssagh huitt sleih-earroo yn ellan dys earroo va lieh chooid jeh'n çhenn earroo, traa va bishaghey tree-filley ayns sleih-earroo ry-akin ayns çheeraghyn Oarpagh elley. [[Coadan:Population density of Ireland map2002.svg|thumb|left|Caslys-çheerey Nerin ta taishbyney [[glooaght y phobble]] rere coontae, 2002. Gow tashtey er y ghlooaght 'sy niar as ayns Ullee]] Chur arraghey magh ass Nerin lesh sleih-earroo Hostyn, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, ny Canadey as ny h-Austrail raad ta [[eebyrtys Yernagh]] mooar cummal jiu. Va ny cooseyn sheear as jiass jeeillit son y chooid smoo rere yn arraghey magh shen. Roish y Ghortey Mooar, va'n ghlooaght cheddin, begnagh, ayns queiggaghyn Connaghtey, Lion as Mooan as cha row Queiggey Ulley cha glooit as y tree queiggaghyn elley. Jiu, ta'n ghlooaght foddey ny s'trimmey ayns Ullee as Lioin, ayns Divlyn er lheh, na ayns y Vooan as Connaghtey. Rere raahys aasagh veih'n jeihaght yerrinagh jeh'n 20-oo eash, haink Nerin dy ve ny boayl da sthie-arraghey. Veih ren [[yn Unnaneys Oarpagh]] sheeyney magh dys [[Yn Pholynn|y Pholynn]] dy ghoaill stiagh ayns 2004, ta ny [[Polynnee]] 'sy chied ynnyd rere earroo sthie-arree (ny smoo na 150,000)<ref>{{cite web | last = Sullivan| first =Kevin | authorlink =Kevin Sullivan (journalist) | title = Hustling to Find Classrooms For All in a Diverse Ireland | work = | publisher = Washington Post | date = 2007-10-24| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/23/AR2007102302162_pf.html | accessdate = 2008-11-09}}</ref>, as sthie-arree elley er nyn jeet veih'n [[Yn Litaan|Litaan]], [[Yn Phobblaght Çheck|y Phobblaght Çheck]], as [[Yn Latvey|y Latvey]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Eircom launches two new Talktime International packages | work =Press Releases: Latest News | publisher =Eircom | date =Jerrey Souree 2007 | url =http://home.eircom.net/about/press/2007/July/10763015 | accessdate =2008-11-09 | archivedate =2008-09-22 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080922023146/http://home.eircom.net/about/press/2007/July/10763015 }}</ref> Ta sthie-arraghey mooar er ny akin ayns Pobblaght Nerin er lheh. Rere coontey-pobble 2006, v'eh recortyssit dy row 420,000 fir whaagh, ny 10% jeh'n sleih-earroo, cummal ayns Pobblaght Nerin.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web | last = Seaver | first = Michael | authorlink = | title = Ireland Steps Up as Immigration Leader | work = | publisher = The Christian Science Monitor | date = 2007-09-05| url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0905/p06s02-woeu.html | accessdate = 2009-12-30}}</ref> Ta cooid vooar jeh ny sthie-arree neu-Oarpagh jeant seose jeh [[Sheenee]] as [[Naigeeree]], myrane lesh deiney ass çheeraghyn Affrickagh elley. T'eh er credjal, ansherbee, dy daag seose dys 50,000 obbreeyn arraghee veih'n Oarpey Hiar roish [[Geyre-ghaue argidoil Nerin (2008-2010)|jerrey ny bleeaney 2008]].<ref name="affluenceends">{{cite web | last = Henry | first = McDonald | authorlink = | title = Ireland's Age of Affluence Comes to an End | work = | publisher = The Guardian | date = 2009-04-05| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/05/ireland-economy-vat-unemployment | accessdate = 2009-12-30}}</ref> Ta'n [[Baarle Yernagh|Vaarle Yernagh]] er ny loayrt ayns Nerin veih ny Mean Eashyn as, rere arraghey çhengagh car y 19-oo eash, ta'n Vaarle er ny chur stiagh ayns ynnyd y [[Yernish]] myr y phreeu-hengey da'n chooid smoo jeh'n phobble.<ref>{{cite book | last = Spolsky | first = Bernard | title = Language policy| publisher = Cambridge University | year = 2004 | location = Cambridge | page = 191 | isbn = 0521011752, 9780521011754 }}</ref> Cha nel y Yernish loayrit dy mennick magh ass y chorys ynsee agh ec mysh 10% sleih-earroo Phobblaght Nerin<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Table 15: Irish speakers aged 3 years and over in each Province, County and City, classified by frequency of speaking Irish, 2006 | work =Census 2006 - Volume 9 - Irish Language | publisher =CSO | date = | url =http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=75639 | accessdate =2008-11-09 | archivedate =2009-02-27 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090227165829/http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=75639 }}</ref> as ta 38% jeu ta ny smoo na 15 bleeaney d'eash rang-oardit myr "Yernisheyryn". Ayns Nerin Hwoaie, she'n Vaarle y çhengey oikoil ''de facto'', agh ta staydys ec y Yernish as ec yn [[Baarle Albinagh Ultagh|Ullanish]], as ee loayrit çheu yiass veih'n joarey chammah. Ayns ny jeihaghtyn jeianagh, rere'n sthie-arraghey, ta ram çhengaghyn elley er ny çheet stiagh dys Nerin, as ad çheet as yn Aishey as yn Oarpey Veanagh son y chooid smoo. <div style="clear:left"></div> == Cultoor == {{ardart|Cultoor Nerin|Cultoor Nerin Hwoaie}} [[Coadan:Ardboe Cross.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Ard-Chrosh Ard Bó]]]] Ta cultoor Nerin jeant seose jeh meeryn cultoor y çhenn sthie-arraghee as cleaynaghyn (lheid as [[Ny Gaeil|cultoor Gaelgagh]]) as, er y gherrid, [[Sostnaghey]] as [[Americaanaghey]] myrane lesh commeeys ayns [[cultoor ny h-Oarpey]]. Rere keeal lheeadagh, Ta Nerin coontit myr nane jeh ny [[Ashoonyn Celtiagh|hashoonyn Celtiagh]] 'syn Oarpey, gollrish [[Nalbin]], [[Bretyn]], [[Yn Chorn|y Chorn]], [[Mannin]] as [[Yn Vritaan (çheer)|y Vritaan]]. Ta'n cochiangle shen dy cleaynaghyn cultooagh ry-akin ayns cummaghyn cam ta enmyssit ''[[Fee (ellynyn reayrtagh)|fee]] Yernagh'' ny ''[[Cront Celtiagh|Cruint Cheltiagh]]''. T'ad ry-akin ayns ornaidys ny h-obbraghyn crauee as neuvonnagh mean-eashagh. Ta'n aght shen foast ennoil jiu ayns cliejeeneydys as ellyn ghraafagh,<ref name="BBC 1">{{cite web|title=Tionchar na gCeilteach|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/articles/view/720/english/|accessdate=2010-01-23|publisher=BBC|date=2009-05-23|work=BBC Northern Ireland website}}</ref> myrane lesh yn aght er lheh jeh [[kiaull Yernagh hradishoonagh|kiaull]] as daunse Yernagh tradishoonagh, as t'ad er ny ve cowreydagh da cultoor "Celtiagh" noa-emshiragh son y chooid smoo. Va paart mooar ec [[Craueeaght ayns Nerin|craueeaght]] ayns lhiasaghey yn theihll cultooragh 'syn ellan veih ny shenn traaghyn (as veih ny [[Plandailyn Nerin|plandailyn]] 'sy 17-oo eash va'n chraueeaght ny focys da enney politickagh as rheynnyn er yn ellan). Ren eiraght roie-Chreestee Nerin roie ry-cheilley lesh [[yn Agglish Cheltiagh]] lurg sushtallaghtyn [[Noo Perrick]] 'sy 5-oo eash. Ren ny [[sushtallaghtyn Yernagh-Albinagh]], er nyn doshiaghey ec y vaynagh Yernagh [[Colum Keeilley]] Noo, sheeyney reayrt Yernagh ny Creestiaght dys [[Sostyn Anglo-Hostynagh|Sostyn]] phaganagh as dys [[Impiraght ny Frankee]]. Hug ny sushtallaghtyn shen çhengey screeuee dys pobble neulettyragh ny h-Oarpey car [[yn Eash Ghorraghey]] lurg [[tuittym ny Raue]], as ad cur y far-ennym "ellan ny nooghyn as ny scollagyn" er Nerin. Ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh, ta [[thieyn oast Yernagh]] er nyn ve coontit myr noa-phostyn y chultoor Yernagh er feie ny Cruinney. Ta'n [[Abbey Theatre]] ("Theater ny Mannishter"), va bunnit ayns 1904 ayns [[Divlyn]], ny heater ashoonagh as ta'n [[An Taibhdhearc|Taibhdhearc]], va bunnit ayns 1928 ayns [[Galliu]], ny heater Yernish ashoonagh.<ref>{{cite web | title = Stair na Taibhdheirce | publisher = An Taibhdheirce | year = 2005 | url = http://www.antaibhdhearc.com/stair.html | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archivedate = 2009-05-30 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090530045428/http://www.antaibhdhearc.com/stair.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = An Taibhdhearc | publisher = Fodors | date = | url = http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/ireland/the-west/review-102098.html | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archivedate = 2011-05-25 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525082941/http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/ireland/the-west/review-102098.html }}</ref> Ta screeuderyn cloie lheid as [[Seán O'Casey]], [[Brian Friel]], [[Sebastian Barry]], [[Conor McPherson]] as [[Billy Roche]] er enney er feie ny Cruinney.<ref>{{cite book | last =Houston | first =Eugenie | title =Working and Living in Ireland | publisher =Working and Living Publications | year =2001|isbn=0-95368-968-9}}</ref> === Ellyn === {{Ardart|Kiaull Nerin|Daunse Yernagh|Çhengaghyn Nerin|Lettyraght Nerin|Ellyn Nerin|Theater Yernagh}} Ta shiartanse dy hengaghyn goll er loayrt ayns Nerin. Ta'n [[Yernish]] y phreeu-hengey ghooghyssagh 'syn ellan. Veih'n 19-oo eash yeianagh, haink y [[Baarle|Vaarle]] dy ve ny preeu-hengey da'n chooid smoo dy 'leih as haink ee stiagh ayns Nerin ayns ny Mean Eashyn. Ta mynlaght vooar foast loayrt ayns Yernish jiu, agh cha nel ee ny kied çhengey agh ec cooid veg jeh'n phobble. Fo [[Bunreacht na hÉireann|bunraght]] Phobblaght Nerin, ta staydys oikoil ec y daa hengey, agh ta staydys ashoonagh ec y Yernish as t'ee coontit myr y chied hengey. Ayns Nerin Hwoaie, ta'n Vaarle ny preeu-hengey, as ta staydys mynlagh ardjynagh er y Yernish as er y [[Baarle Albinagh Ultagh|Vaarle Albinagh Ultagh]]. [[Coadan:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Duillag ghaahit veih [[Leabhar Cheanannais]]]] Ta cohortys mooar jeant ec Nerin ayns lettyraght ny cruinney ayns dagh banglane, 'sy Vaarle er lheh. Ta feeleeaght ayns Yernish coontit myr y [[lettyraght ghooghyssagh|feeleeaght ghooghyssagh]] shinney 'syn Oarpey, as ta ny sampleyryn s'leah çheet ass y 6-oo eash. 'Sy Vaarle, va enney mooar er [[Jonathan Swift]] ayns ny traaghyn echey er son e obbraghyn lheid as ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' as ''[[A Modest Proposal]]'', as t'eh foast enmyssit dy mennick myr y [[grinder]] toshee 'sy Vaarle, as ta enney mooar er [[Oscar Wilde]] son ny keeayllidyn echey ta aaraait dy mennick. 'Sy 20-oo eash haink kiare cosneyderyn jeh [[Aundyr Nobel ayns Lettyraght]] ass Nerin: [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[William Butler Yeats]], [[Samuel Beckett]] as [[Seamus Heaney]]. Faagail magh nagh row [[Aundyr Nobel]] bronnit er [[James Joyce]], t'eh coontit myr nane jeh ny screeuderyn smoo scanshoil jeh'n 20-oo eash. Ta'n noa-skeeal veih'n vlein 1922 ''[[Ulysses (noa-skeeal)|Ulysses]]'' coontit myr nane jeh ny h-obbraghyn smoo scanshoil ayns [[lettyraght yeianagh]] as ta e heihll kelloorit dagh blein er 16 Mean Souree ayns Divlyn, as y laa shen enmyssit "[[Bloomsday]]".<ref>{{cite web | title = Bloomsday 2007 Community Wide Events | work = Past Events | publisher = The James Joyce Centre | date = | url = http://www.jamesjoyce.ie/detail.asp?ID=86 | accessdate = 2008-11-08 }}</ref> Ta lettyraght Yernagh noa-emshiragh kianglt dy mennick rish yn eiraght çheerey eck<ref>{{cite book|first= Andrew|last=Higgins Wyndham|title=Re-imagining Ireland|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|year=2006}}</ref> trooid screeuderyn lheid as [[John McGahern]] as feeleeghyn lheid as Seamus Heaney. [[Coadan:Revolutionary Joyce.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Joyce]], nane jeh ny screeuderyn smoo scanshoil jeh'n 20-oo eash]] Ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh, ta [[kiaull çheerey|kiaull hradishoonagh]] as [[daunse]] Yernagh çheet dy ve ennoil reesht, trooid y phenomenon ''[[Riverdance]]'' er lheh, cloie theateragh jeh daunse tradishoonagh Yernagh.<ref>{{cite book | last = Butler | first = Jean | coauthor = Edited by Andrew Higgins Wyndham | title = Re-imagining Ireland: Re-imageing Irish Dance | publisher = University of Virginia Press | year = 2006 | location = Y Virjeeney | page = 141 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Oo-u0p31yjQC | isbn = 0-81392-544-4}}</ref> Ayns ny bleeantyn meanagh jeh'n 20-oo eash, tra va Nerin jeianaghey, huitt y chiaull hradishoonagh ass foayr, ayns ardjyn baljagh er lheh.<ref>{{cite book | last =Geraghty | first =Des | title =Luke Kelly: A Memoir | publisher =Basement Press | year =1994|pages = 26–30|isbn= 1-85594-090-6}}</ref> Car ny 1960yn, as tayrn stiagh ennal veih gleashaght chiaullee çheerey Americaanagh, haghyr aavioghey ayns anaase ayns kiaull hradishoonagh Yernagh, as va'n aavioghey shen stiurit liorish possanyn lheid as [[The Dubliners]], [[The Chieftains]], [[Emmet Spiceland]], [[The Wolfe Tones]], ny [[Clancy Brothers]], [[Sweeney's Men]] as fir er lheh lheid as [[Seán Ó Riada]] as [[Christy Moore]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Moore | first =Christy | title =One Voice: My Life in Song | publisher =Hodder and Stoughton/Lir | year =2000|isbn= 0-34076-839-8}}</ref> Hug possanyn as kiaulleyderyn, goaill stiagh [[Horslips]], [[Van Morrison]], as [[Thin Lizzy]] meeryn dy chiaull hradishoonagh stiagh 'sy [[kiaull chraaee|chiaull chraaee]] noa-emshiragh as, car ny 1970yn as ny 1980yn, haink yn anchaslys eddyr kiaulleyderyn tradishoonagh as kiaulleyderyn craaee dy ve millit, as cooid vooar dy 'leih goll harrish ny linnaghyn ayns aghtyn cloie. Ta'n cleayney shoh ry-akin ayns obbyr jeianagh jeh ellyneyryn lheid as [[Enya]], [[The Saw Doctors]], [[The Corrs]], [[Sinéad O'Connor]], [[Clannad (possan kiaullee)|Clannad]], [[The Cranberries]], [[Black 47]] as [[The Pogues]] mastey possanyn elley. Car ny 1990yn, haink fo-horçh dy [[kiaull veainagh çheerey|chiaull veainagh çheerey]] magh ayns Nerin as ee mestey [[kiaull veainagh hrome]] lesh kiaull Yernagh as Celtiagh. V'ad ny possanyn toshee jeh'n fo-horçh shen na [[Cruachan (bann)|Cruachan]], [[Primordial (bann)|Primordial]], as [[Waylander (bann)|Waylander]]. Ta possanyn kiaullee noa-emshiragh ennagh goaill ny s'gerrey da feaym "tradishoonagh", goaill stiagh [[Altan (bann)|Altan]], [[Téada]], [[Danú]], [[Dervish]], [[Lúnasa (bann)|Lúnasa]], as [[Solas (bann)|Solas]]. Ta fir elley goaill stiagh ymmodee dy chultooryn myr co-haaghey dy horçhyn, lheid as yn [[Afro Celt Sound System]] as [[Kíla]]. Ta'n chooish ry-akin mastey biallyssyn Yernagh gys yn [[Eurovision Song Contest]], co-hirrey kiaullee ooilley-Oarpagh ta cosnit shiaght keayrtyn ec Nerin, ny ny smoo na un çheer elley.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4563257.stm |title=Ireland in shock Eurovision exit|publisher=BBC Online|date=2005-05-19|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> T'ad yn ellyn ghraafagh as y jallooderys Yernagh s'leah na grainnaghyn ta ry-akin ayns buill lheid as [[Sí an Bhrú]]<ref>{{cite book | last = O'Kelly | first = Michael J. | coauthors = O'Kelly, Claire | title = Newgrange. Archaeology Art and Legend | publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1982 | location = Lunnin | pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bGiMHQAACAAJ | isbn = 978-0500273715 }}</ref> as t'ad ry-gheddyn trooid jeantaneyn veih'n [[yn Eash Ooha|Eash Ooha]] as ny grainnaghyn crauee as [[laue-screeu daahit|laue-screeuyn daahit]] veih'n eash veanagh. Car y 19-oo as y 20-oo wash, haink tradishoon dooghyssagh lajer jeh daahghey magh, goaill stiagh fir lheid as [[John Butler Yeats]], [[William Orpen]], [[Jack Yeats]] as [[Louis le Brocquy]]. === Oaylleeaght === [[Coadan:Robert Boyle 0001.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chur [[Robert Boyle]] Leigh Boyle ayns focklyn]] Va'n fallsoonagh as y jeeaghteyr Yernagh [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena]] coontit myr nane jeh lught share yn tushtey ayns ny Mean Eashyn. Va'n Reejerey [[Ernest Henry Shackleton]], ronseyder Anglo-Yernagh, nane jeh ny h-ard-phersoonyn ayns ronsaght yn Antarctagh. Ren eh, marish lught y hurrys echey, y chied drappal er [[Slieau Erebus]] as ronsaghey magh dy voayl faggyssagh y [[Poull Magnaidagh Jiass|Phoull Magnaidagh Jiass]]. Va [[Robert Boyle]] ny fallsoonagh najooragh, ny chemmigagh, ny 'ishigagh, ny ynlaghteyr as ny [[oayllee ooasle]] jeh'n 17-oo eash. T'eh ammyssit myr nane jeh bunneyderyn ny kemmig noa-emshiragh as ta enney share er son cur ayns focklyn [[Leigh Boyle]].<ref name="scientists">{{cite web | last = Reville | first = William | title = Ireland's Scientific Heritage | work = Understanding Science" series: Famous Irish Scientists | publisher = [[University College Cork]]; Faculty of Science | date = 2000-12-14 | url = http://understandingscience.ucc.ie/pages/irishscientists.htm | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archivedate = 2009-02-05 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205165633/http://understandingscience.ucc.ie/pages/irishscientists.htm }}</ref> Ghow y fishigagh jeh'n 19-oo eash, [[John Tyndall]], magh [[eiyrtys Tyndall]], sheiltynys ta meenaghey cre'n fa dy vel daah gorrym er y speyr. Ta enney share er [[yn Ayr Nicholas Joseph Callan]], Olloo Fallsoonys Najooragh ayns [[Colaashtey Vaanoot]], son ynlaght y [[caslag indughtee|chaslag indughtee]], y [[caghlaader|chaghlaader]], as feddyn magh aght leah dy [[galvaanaghey|ghalvaanaghey]] 'sy 19-oo eash. Ta [[fishigagh|fishigee]] Yernagh ard-ghooagh elley goaill stiagh [[Ernest Walton]], cosneyder yn [[Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig]] 'sy vlein 1951. Marish y [[Reejerey John Douglas Cockcroft]], v'eh ny chied ghooiney ren skeiltey çheshvean y vreneen rere saaseyn ellynagh as hug eh contoyrtyssyn da lhiasaghey sheiltynys noa jeh [[cormid honn]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Finch | first = Eric | coauthors = Denis Weaire | title = Walton Biography | work = | publisher = [[Colaashtey ny Trinaid, Divlyn|Colaashtey ny Trinaid]] Scoill Fishig | date = 2006-10-06 | url = http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/history/walton/walton_biography.php | accessdate = 2008-10-22 }}</ref> Ta unnid çhiassid absoloidagh, y [[Kelvin]] enmyssit ayns onnor William Thomson, ny [[yn Çhiarn Kelvin]]. Ren y Reejerey [[Joseph Larmor]], fishigagh as maddaghteyr, noaidyn ayns toiggalaght y lectraghys, niartallaght, çhiass-niartallaght as sheiltynys lectrane dy stoo. V'eh yn obbyr smoo cleaynagh ayn na ''Aether and Matter'', lioar er fishag sheiltynagh va soilshit 'sy vlein 1900.<ref name="physicsworld">{{cite news|first=Mark|last=McCartney|title=William Thomson: king of Victorian physics|work=Features|publisher=[[Physics World]]|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/16484|date=2002-12-01|accessdate=2008-11-22|archivedate=2008-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715173557/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/16484}}</ref> Chur [[George Johnstone Stoney]] stiagh yn enmys ''[[lectrane]]'' 'sy vlein 1891. V'eh [[John Stewart Bell]] noader dy [[Çhoarym Bell]] as pabyr bentyn rish feddyn magh [[Anleigh Chiral|anleigh Bell-Jackiw-Adler]] as v'eh enmyssit son aundyr Nobel.<ref name="scientists"/> Ta maddaghteyryn ard-ghooagh goaill stiagh lheid as y Reejerey [[William Rowan Hamilton]], as ard-ghoo er son ynlaght y [[kiarneen|chiarneen]]. Va cleayney mooar ec [[Francis Ysidro Edgeworth]] ayns lhiasaghey tarmaynys noa-chlassicagh, as eh goaill stiagh [[kishtey Edgeworth]]. Va [[John B. Cosgrave]] ny hur-oayllee ayns [[sheiltynys earrooee]] as ghow eh magh [[ard-earroo]] lesh 2000 bun-earrooyn 'sy vlein 1999 as [[earroo Fermat]] covestagh recortyssit 'sy vlein 2003. Ren [[John Lighton Synge]] immeeaght ayns magheryn ennagh dy oaylleeaght, goaill stiagh obbrinaght as saaseyn towse-oaylleeagh ayns conastaght chadjin. Va'n maddaghteyr [[John Forbes Nash, Jr.|John Nash]] myr nane jeh ny scollagyn echey. Ta hoght ollooscoillyn as ram Undinyssyn Çhaghnoaylleeaght ayns Nerin myrane lesh [[Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath|Undinys Ard-Studeyrys Ghivlyn]], va bunnit ayns 1940 marish y fishigagh [[Erwin Schrödinger]] myr stiureyder.<ref name="dias">{{cite web | title = School of Theoretical Physics: History - Formation of the School | publisher = Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies | date = 2007-06-01 | url = http://www.stp.dias.ie/history/history1.shtml | accessdate = 2008-11-08 }}</ref> === Spoyrtyn === {{Ardart|Spoyrt ayns Nerin}} :''Jeeagh er neesht: [[Yernee#Spoyrtyn|Rolley spoyrteyryn Yernagh]]'' She [[bluckaneyrys Gaelgagh]] y spoyrt smoo cadjin ayns Nerin rere cronneyderyn as cassey co-phobbylagh, as t'eh jannoo seose 34% jeh frastylyn spoyrt lane ec taghyrtyn ayns Nerin as harrish mooir, as ta'n [[immanaght]] çheet ny yei as ee jannoo seose 23%. Ta [[soccer]] 'sy trass ynnyd lesh 16% dy chronneyderyn as ta [[ruggyr]] 'sy cherroo ynnyd 8%.<ref name="esri">{{cite web|url=http://www.esri.ie/pdf/BKMNINT180_Main%20Text_Social%20and%20Economic%20Value%20of%20Sport.pdf|publisher=The Economic and Social Research Institute|format=PDF|title=The Social Significance of Sport|accessdate=2008-10-21|archivedate=2008-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028204341/http://www.esri.ie/pdf/BKMNINT180_Main%20Text_Social%20and%20Economic%20Value%20of%20Sport.pdf}}</ref> She [[Kione-chloie Bluckaneyrys Ooilley-Nerin]] y taghyrt spoyrt smoo fakinit ayns feaillere spoyrtoil Nerin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_10004396.shtml |title=Initiative’s latest ViewerTrack study shows that in Ireland GAA and soccer still dominate the sporting arena, while globally the Superbowl (sic) was the most watched sporting event of 2005 |publisher=Finfacts.com |date=2006-01-04 |accessdate=2010-01-24}}</ref> T'ad [[snaue]], [[golf]], [[aeroabee]], [[soccer]], [[bluckaneyrys Gaelgagh]] as [[snooker]] ny spoyrtyn lesh y commeeys cloie s'yrjey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esri.ie/UserFiles/publications/20070223162340/BKMNINT178_Main%20Text%20Chapters%201-4.pdf |title=Sports Participation and Health Among Adults in Ireland |publisher=The Economic and Social Research Institute |accessdate=2008-10-15 |archivedate=2015-09-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125738/http://www.esri.ie/UserFiles/publications/20070223162340/BKMNINT178_Main%20Text%20Chapters%201-4.pdf }}</ref> She soccer y spoyrt smoo cadjin ta goaill stiagh fwirranyn eddyrashoonagh. Ta ram spoyrtyn elley goll er chloie as fakin, goaill stiagh [[bluckan bascaidagh]], [[doarneyrys]], [[criggad]], [[eeasteyraght]], [[golf]], [[ratçhal cooyn liauyrey]], [[bluckan laue Gaelgagh|bluckan laue]], [[hockee]], [[ratçhal cabbil]], [[spoyrt gleashagh|spoyrtyn gleashagh]], [[lheimyraght chabbil]] as [[leddoge]]. ==== Spoyrtyn magheragh ==== [[Coadan:Tyrone Blanket Defence.jpg|thumb|right|Çheer Eoin noi Kerree ayns [[Feniaghtys Bluckaneyrys Shinshyragh Ooilley-Nerin]] ayns 2005]] T'ad yn immanaght, bluckaneyrys Gaelgagh, bluckan laue, as [[cloie cruinn]] spoyrtyn ashoonagh Nerin as ad enmyssit ry-cheiley myr [[cloiaghyn Gaelgagh]]. Ta cloiaghyn Gaelgagh stiurit rish [[Cumann Lúthchleas Gael]] (CLG), faagail magh bluckaneyrys Gaelgagh mreih as [[cammageeaght]] (lhieggan mreih jeh'n immanaght), as ad stiurit liorish sheshaghtyn er lheh. Ta kione-cherroo y CLG (as y phreeu-staid) soit ayns [[Páirc an Chrócaigh]] ayns twoaie Ghivlyn. Ta ard-chloiaghyn y CLG cloit ayn, goaill stiagh [[Feniaghtys Bluckaneyrys Shinsharagh Ooilley-Nerin]] as [[Feniaghtys Immanaght Shinsharagh Ooilley-Nerin]]. Car aahroggal [[Bóthar Lansdún|staid Bóthar Lansdún]], va ruggyr as soccer eddyrashoonagh cloit ayn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501459.html|title=For First Time, Croke Park Is Ireland's Common Ground |date=2007-02-06 |accessdate=2008-08-14 |publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref> Ta dagh cloieder y CLG, myrane lesh ad er y chorrym s'yrjey, nyn ancheirdee nagh vel cur failt er faillee. Va'n [[Irish Football Association]] (IFA) ny reagheydys reirey son soccer harrish yn ellan. Ta'n gamman er ny ve cloit ayns cummey reirit ayns Nerin veih ny 1870yn. She [[Cliftonville F.C.]] ass Beeal Feirshtey y club shinney ayns Nerin. V'eh cloit son y chooid smoo, ayns ny kied jeihaghtyn er lheh, mygeayrt Beeal Feirshtey as ayns Queiggey Ulley. Ansherbee, va clubyn ennagh va bunnit çheumooie jeh Beeal Feirshtey credjal dy row yn IFA cur foayr da clubyn Protestoonagh ta bunnit ayns Ullee ayns cooishyn lheid as reih da'n fwirran ashoonagh. Ayns 1921, lurg taghyrt raad, dyn y wooise da gialdyn ny s'leah, scugh yn IFA aa-chloie lieh-yerrinagh 'syn [[Irish Cup]] veih Divlyn gys Beeal Feirshtey<ref>{{cite web | title = FAI History: 1921–1930 | work = | publisher = Football Association of Ireland | date = 2009-06-05 | url = http://www.fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222&Itemid=226 | accessdate = 2009-12-30 }}</ref> as, myr eiyrtys, daag clubyn va bunnit ayns Divlyn y çheshaght as chur ad Football Association of the Irish Free State er bun. Jiu, ta'n çheshaght 'sy jiass enmyssit myr [[Football Association of Ireland]] (FAI). Dyn y wooise da'n neu-hashtey er y çheshaght veih ny sheshaghtyn ayns [[Ashoonyn Thie|h-Ashoonyn Thie]], va'n FAI currit er enney ec [[FIFA]] ayns 1923 as va'n chied chloie eddyrashoonaght reaghit as cloit ayns 1926 (noi'n [[Fwirran ashoonagh soccer ny h-Iddaal|Iddaal]]). Ansherbee, va ny fwirranyn ec daa heshaght yn IFA as yn FAI reiht veih deiney as ooilley Nerin, as hooar sleih ennagh capyn da cloiaghyn as ad cloie er son y daa 'wirran. Ren y daa jeu cur sheese er nyn vwirranyn myr ''Nerin''. [[Coadan:Paul O'Connell Ireland Rugby.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Paul O'Connell]] roshtyn da'n vluckan car [[Linney-magh (spoyrt)|linney-magh]] noi'n [[Fwirran ashoonagh ruggyr unnaneys ny h-Argenteen|Argenteen]] ayns 2007]] Ayns 1950, ren FIFA gurneil ny sheshaghtyn cloiederyn dy reih veih ny thallooyn er lheh oc as, ayns 1953, ren eh gurneil dy nee "[[Fwirran ashoonagh soccer Phobblaght Nerin|Pobblaght Nerin]]" yn ennym va currit er fwirran ashoonagh yn FAI, as "[[Fwirran ashoonagh soccer Nerin Hwoaie|Nerin Hwoaie]]" yn ennym va currit er fwirran yn IFA veih shen magh (lesh lhimmaghyn er lheh). Ghow Nerin Hwoaie ayrn ayns kione-chloiaghyn [[Cappan y Theihll (FIFA)|Cappan y Theihll]] ayns ny bleeantyn [[Cappan y Theihll 1958 (FIFA)|1958]] (as ad er nyn rosh gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh), [[Cappan y Theihll 1982 (FIFA)|1982]] as [[Cappan y Theihll 1986 (FIFA)|1986]]. Ghow Pobblaght Nerin ayrn ayns kione-chloiaghyn Cappan y Theihll ayns [[Cappan y Theihll 1990 (FIFA)|1990]] (as ad er nyn rosh gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh), ayns [[Cappan y Theihll 1994 (FIFA)|1994]] as ayns [[Cappan y Theihll 2002 (FIFA)|2002]] as ghow ad ayrn ayns [[Feniaghtys ny h-Oarpey (UEFA)|Feniaghtys ny h-Oarpey]] ayns [[Euro 1988 (UEFA)|1988]]. Ta anaase mooar Yernagh ayns leegyn soccer [[Ard-rheynn soccer Hostyn|Sostynagh]] as [[Ard-rheynn soccer ny h-Albey|Albinagh]]. Ayns neu-chosoylaght rish soccer, ta Nerin cur un [[Fwirran ashoonagh ruggyr Nerin|'wirran ashoonagh ruggyr]] magh er y vagher, as ta'n fwirran as y spoyrt er feie Nerin stiurit ec un heshaght, yn [[Irish Rugby Football Union]] (IRFU). Ghow fwirran ruggyr Nerin ayrn ayns dagh [[Cappan Ruggyr y Theihll]], as rosh ad gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh ayns kiare jeu. Va cloiaghyn ruggyr cloit ayns Nerin car Cappanyn y Theihll ayns ny bleeantyn [[Cappan Ruggyr y Theihll 1991|1991]] as [[Cappan Ruggyr y Theihll 1999|1999]]. Ta kiare fwirranyn keirdey Yernagh ayn as da dagh fer jeu cloie 'sy [[Magners League]] as tree jeu cloie er son [[Cappan Heineken]]. Ta ruggyr Yernagh er ny heet dy ve ny smoo cohirreydagh ec corrymyn eddyrashoonagh as queiggagh veih'n vlein 1994 tra haink y spoyrt dy ve ny spoyrt keirdey. Car y traa shen, ren [[Ulster Rugby|Ullee]] ([[Cappan Heineken 1998–99|1999]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The Fourth Heineken Cup Final | work = Match report | publisher = European Rugby Cup | date = 1999-01-30 | url = http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/82_629.php | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archivedate = 2009-01-10 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110045827/http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/82_629.php }}</ref>), [[Munster Rugby|y Vooan]] ([[Cappan Heineken 2005–06|2006]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Munster fulfil their destiny | work = Match report | publisher = European Rugby Cup | date = 2006-05-20 | url = http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/12_5287.php | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archivedate = 2007-09-30 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154712/http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/12_5287.php }}</ref> and [[Cappan Heineken 2007-08|2008]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Munster claim second Heineken Cup | work = Match report | publisher = European Rugby Cup | date = 2008-05-24 | url = http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/12_10240.php | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archivedate = 2008-08-04 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080804070439/http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/12_10240.php }}</ref>) as [[Leinster Rugby|Lion]] ([[Cappan Heineken 2008–09|2009]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Leicester Tigers v Leinster | work = Match report | publisher = European Rugby Cup | date = 2009-05-23 | url = http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/12_12682.php | accessdate = 2009-06-11 | archivedate = 2009-05-18 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090518140148/http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/12_12682.php }}</ref>) cosney y Cappan Heineken. Ayns bishaghey rish shen, ta fwirran eddyrashoonagh Nerin er gheddyn ny smoo as ny smoo rah ayns [[Feniaghtys ny Shey Ashoonyn]] noi ny fwirranyn reiht elley Oarpagh. Haink y rah shen, goaill stiagh [[Tree-Chrooin (ruggyr unnaneys)|Tree-Chrooinyn]] ayns 2006 as 2007, ry-cheiley lesh greim glen dy varriaghtyn, ta enmyssit [[Grand Slam (ruggyr unnaneys)|Grand Slam]], ayns 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/match-centre_multimedia.php |title=Official RBS 6 Nations Rugby |publisher=www.rbs6nations.com |accessdate=2010-01-23 |archivedate=2011-11-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106225808/http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/match-centre_multimedia.php }}</ref> Va [[fwirran criggad Nerin]] mastey ny h-ashoonyn coheshaghtagh chossyn ayrn ayns [[Cappan Criggad y Theihll 2007]]. Chur Nerin [[Fwirran ashoonagh criggad ny Pakistaan|y Phakistaan]] fo haart as ren ad creaghney 'sy nah ynnyd 'sy cho-rheynn, as hooar ad ynnyd ayns keim y Super 8 jeh'n feniaghtys. Ghow y fwirran ayrn 'syn [[ICC World Twenty20 2009]] lurg e cho-varriaght ayns [[Qualleeaght da'n ICC World Twenty20 2009|ny qualleeaghtyn]], raad ghow ad ayrn ayns keim y Super 8. Myrane lesh shen chossyn Nerin y [[Qualleeaght da Cappan ICC y Theihll 2009|Whalleeaght da Cappan ICC y Theihll]] as ad shickyraghey nyn ynnyd ayns [[Cappan Criggad y Theihll 2011]], myrane lesh staydys [[One Day Indernational|ODI]] oikoil derrey 2013. Ta [[Fwirran ashoonagh ruggyr leeg Nerin|fwirran ruggyr leeg Nerin]] jeant seose son y chooid smoo jeh cloieyderyn ta bunnit ayns Sostyn lesh kianglaghyn lught thie Yernagh, as cloiederyn elley çheet magh ass cohirrey ynnydagh ass yn Austrail. Rosh Nerin ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh ayns [[Cappan Ruggyr Leeg y Theihll 2000]]. ==== Spoyrtyn elley ==== [[Coadan:Irl-Sligo horse racing.jpg|thumb|[[Ratçhal cabbil]] ayns [[Shliggagh]]]] Ta [[ratçhal cooyn liauyrey]] as [[ratçhal cabbil]] nyn spoyrtyn ennoil as cadjin ayns Nerin. Ta ram sleih frastyl er staidyn cooyn liauyrey as ta ram cruinnaghtyn ratçhal cabbil goll er taghyrt ayn. Ta ard-ghoo er yn ellan son fuilleeaght as ynsaghey cabbil roie as ta ram cooyn roie er nyn assphurtal magh dagh blein.<ref>{{citation |author=FGS Consulting |title=Review of the Horse and Greyhound Racing Fund |work= |publisher=Department of Arts, Sport and Tourism |date=May 2009 |page=11 |url=http://www.arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie/pdfs/DAST_%20Review_of_H%20_GFund%20_FGS_Final_May%2009.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2010-03-29 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723073729/http://www.arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie/pdfs/DAST_%20Review_of_H%20_GFund%20_FGS_Final_May%2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta rheynnag ratçhal cabbil co-ghlooit ayns [[Coontae Cheeill Darey]] son y chooid smoo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.curragh.ie/about-us/ |title=Kildare at the heart of the Irish bloodstock industry |publisher=The Curragh Racecourse |accessdate=2010-03-29 |archive-date=2010-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203233915/http://www.curragh.ie/about%2Dus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta roortaghys Yernagh er ny lhiassaghey ayns ny traaghyn jeianagh, as daa voyn ard-ghooagh er nyn gosney ec [[Sonia O'Sullivan]] ayns ratçhyn 5,000 meteryn; boyn airhey ec [[Feniaghtyssyn IAAF y Theihll ayns Roortaghys|Feniaghtyssyn y Theihll]] 'sy vlein 1995 as boyn argid ec [[Cloiaghyn Olympagh 2000|Cloiaghyn Olympagh sy vlein 2000 ayns Sydney]]. Chossyn [[Gillian O'Sullivan]] boyn argid 'sy ratçh shooill 20k ec Feniaghtyssyn y Theihll ayns 2003, as chossyn cleeader ratçhal [[Derval O'Rourke]] boyn airhey ayns Feniaghtyssyn Çheusthie y Theihll 'sy vlein 2006 ayns [[Moscow]]. Chossyn Olive Loughnane boyn argid ayns ratçhal shooil 20k ayns Feniaghtyssyn Roortaghys y Theihll ayns [[Berleen]] ayns 2009. Ta doarneyrys reirit ec yn [[Irish Amateur Boxing Association]]. Ayns 1992, chossyn [[Michael Carruth]] boyn airhey son y doarneyrys ayns [[Cloiaghyn Olympagh y Touree 1992|Cloiaghyn Olympagh Barcelona]] as 'sy vlein 2008 chossyn Kenny Egan boyn argid son doarneyrys ayns Cloiaghyn Olympagh ayns Beijing.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0824/olympic.html |title=RTÉ News: Irish boxer loses out on Olympic gold |publisher=RTÉ News |date=2008-08-28 |accessdate=2010-02-29 }}</ref> Ta golf feer-chadjin ayns Nerin as she çhynskyl mooar t'ayn turrysid ghalf as ee tayrn ny smoo na 240,000 keayrtee golf dagh blein.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.discoverireland.com/us/ireland-things-to-see-and-do/activities/golfing/golfing-in-ireland/ |title=Golfing in Ireland |publisher=Tourism Ireland |accessdate=2010-03-30 |archivedate=2010-03-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315145519/http://www.discoverireland.com/us/ireland-things-to-see-and-do/activities/golfing/golfing-in-ireland/ }}</ref> Va [[Cappan Ryder]] [[Cappan Ryder 2006|2006]] cloit 'sy [[The Kildare Hotel and Golf Club|K Club]] ayns [[Coontae Cheeill Darey]].<ref>{{cite web | title = 2006 Ryder Cup Team Europe | publisher = PGA of America, Ryder Cup Limited | date = 2006-01-23 | url = http://www.rydercup.com/2006/europe/news/20060123_home.html | accessdate = 2008-11-08 }}</ref> Haink [[Pádraig Harrington]] dy ve ny chied Yernagh veih [[Fred Daly (golfeyr)|Fred Daly]] ayns 1947 dys y [[The Open Championship|British Open]] ayns [[Càrn Fheusda]] dy chosney ayns Jerrey Souree 2007.<ref>{{cite web | last = Brennan | first = Séamus | authorlink = Séamus Brennan | title = Séamus Brennan, Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism comments on victory by Padraig Harrington in the 2007 British Open Golf Championship | work = Press release | publisher = | date = 2007-07-22 | url = http://www.arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie/publications/release.asp?ID=2028 | accessdate = 2008-11-08 | archivedate = 2011-07-23 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723073843/http://www.arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie/publications/release.asp?ID=2028 }}</ref> Chossyn eh e ard-ennym ayns Jerrey Souree 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.opengolf.com/en/News.aspx?story=Peter+Dawson+speaks+about+golf%27s+Olympic+ambition |title=Peter Dawson speaks about golf's Olympic ambition |work=The Open Championship 2008: Interview |publisher=Opengolf.com |date=2009-12-16 |accessdate=2010-03-26 |archivedate=2011-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123175132/http://www.opengolf.com/en/News.aspx?story=Peter+Dawson+speaks+about+golf%27s+Olympic+ambition }}</ref> roish chossyn eh y [[PGA Championship]] ayns Luanistyn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/golf/2008/0811/harrington.html|title=In Pictures: Harrington wins US PGA|date=2008-08-11|accessdate=2008-08-14|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]}}</ref> Haink Harrington dy ve ny chied Oarpagh dys y PGA Championship dy chossyn er feie 78 bleeaney as v'eh ny chied chosneyder veih Nerin. Ta traieyn da markiaght tonn ry-gheddyn er coose heear Nerin, ayns [[An Leacht]] as [[Cooan Ghoon ny Ghoal]] er lheh, as ad foshlit da'n [[Yn Keayn Sheear|Cheayn Sheear]]. Ta cummey funnyl er Cooan Ghooan ny Ghoal as t'eh goaill greim er geayaghyn neear/neear yiass veih'n Cheayn Sheear, as t'ad croo emshyr vie da markiaght tonn, 'sy gheurey er lheh. Ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh, haink markiaght tonn feniaghtagh ny h-Oarpey dys [[Bun Dobhráin]]. Ta [[thummey scuba]] çheet dy toshiaght ayns Nerin er oyr ny h-ushtaghyn gilley as earrooyn mooarey dy vioys marrey, rish y choose heear er lheh. Ta ram lhongvrishaghyn ry-akin rish coose Nerin lesh fir jeh ny thunnaghyn lhongvrishaghyn share ry-akin magh veih [[Cionn Mhálanna]] as magh veih coose [[Coontae Chorkee|Choontae Chorkee]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDaid |first=Brendan |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/shipwrecks-ahoy-in-area-13745285.html |title=Shipwrecks ahoy in area |publisher=Belfast Telegraph |date=2004-06-09 |accessdate=2010-03-27 }}</ref> Ta Nerin ny kione-jurnaa cadjin as ennoil son [[eeastagh]] lesh millaghyn dy loghyn, ny smoo na 14,000 km (8,700 mi) dy awinyn ta gymmyrkey eeastyn as ny smoo na 3,700 km (2,300 km) dy choose. Ta speyr honderagh Nerin cooie da eeastagh spoyrt. Tra ta breckeragh [[braddan]] as [[breck|brick]] foast ennoil lesh breckeyderyn, hooar eeasteyragh braddan aaniartaghey ayns 2006 lesh dooney eeasteragh lhieen troa braddan. Ta [[eeasteyragh garroo]] lhiassaghey dy beayn. Ta eeasteragh marrey lhiassit lesh ram traieyn currit er caslyssyn-çheerey as cowrit,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fishing in Ireland |publisher=Central and Regional Fisheries Boards |url=http://www.fishinginireland.info |accessdate=2010-03-26 }}</ref> as ta mychione 80 dooieyn dy eeastyn marrey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sea Fishing in Ireland |publisher=Central and Regional Fisheries Boards |url=http://www.fishinginireland.info/sea |accessdate=2010-03-26 }}</ref> === Bee as jough === [[Coadan:Cheese 61 bg 080106.jpg|thumb|left|[[Caashey Gubbeen]], sampleyr jeh aa-anaase ayns jannoo caashey Yernagh]] Ta bee as coagyraght Yernagh goaill cleanaghyn veih ny [[troar]]yn ta lhiassit as ny [[baagh|beiyn]] ta troggit ayns speyr honderagh yn ellan as veih ny coryn sheshoil as politickagh ayns shennaghys Nerin. Myr sampleyr, car yn eash veih ny Mean Eashyn derrey çheet y [[praase|phraase]] 'sy 16-oo eash v'eh ny chowrey smoo jeh tarmaynys Nerin na bochillaght ollee, as va earroo ollee ec peiagh corrym rish y stayd sheshoil echey.<ref name="food_companion" >{{cite book |first1=Alan|last1=Davidson|first2=Tom|last2=Jaine |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Aah yn Ollee|year=2006 |pages=407–408 |isbn=0-19-280681-5 }}</ref> Er yn oyr shen, cha ren bochillyn buitçheraghey baa va troarey bainney.<ref name="food_companion" /> Er yn oyr shen, va feill vuc as feill vane ny smoo cadjin na feill vart, as ta slissagyn roauyr dy vagoon saillit as eeym hailjey nyn droyn sampleyragh jeh'n vee Yernagh veih ny Mean Eashyn.<ref name="food_companion" /> Va aght dy choyrt folley veih ollagh as dy mestey'n fuill lesh bainney as eeym (cosoylaght son y chooid smoo rish ny [[Maasai]]) ry-akin dy mennick<ref>{{cite|title=The History and Social Influence of the Potato|first1=Redcliffe Nathan|last1=Salaman|first2=William Glynn|last2=Burton|first3=John Gregory|last3=Hawkes|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=219|year=1985|page=218-219}}</ref> as ta [[putage ghoo]], ta jeant seose jeh fuill, grine ([[oarn]] son y chooid smoo) as blasstalys, foast ny h-anjeeal undinagh ayns Nerin. Ta dagh fer jeh ny cleanaghyn shen ry-akin ayns y "[[rolley anjeeal]]". Chur çheet stiagh y [[praase|phraase]] ayns lieh jerrinagh y 16-oo eash cleayney mooar er y choagyraght Yernagh veih shen magh. Chur boghtinys mooar creeaght ayns aght croit as 'sy 19-oo eash veanagh va'n chooid smoo jeh'n phobbyl gee bee va jeant seose jeh praaseyn as bainney.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garrow |first=John |title =Feast and Famine: a History of Food and Nutrition in Ireland 1500-1920 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |pages=160–161 |date=March 2002 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1279494/ |accessdate=2010-03-30 |issn=1758-1095 }}</ref> Dee lught thie sampleyragh, va jeant seose jeh fer, ben, as kiare paitçhyn 18 claghyn (110 kg) dy phraaseyn dagh shiaghtyn.<ref name="food_companion" /> Rere shen, ta lhongaghyn ta coontit myr lhongaghyn ashoonagh cur seose neu-ghalaantaght vunneydagh rish coagyraght, lheid as yn [[anvroie Yernagh]], [[bagoon as caayl]], [[bacstaí]] (sorçh dy phannag phraase), ny [[caayl kionnan]], lhongey ta jeant seose jeh [[praaseyn lahnit]] as [[anvroie caayl]] ny [[caayl]].<ref name="food_companion" /> Veih'n cherroo jerrinagh jeh'n 20-oo eash, lesh çheet magh reesht yn argid ayns Nerin, ta "Coagyraght Yernagh Noa" er ny heet magh as ee bunnit er mynayrnyn tradishoonagh agh goaill stiagh cleanaghyn eddyrashoonagh.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ireland for Dummies |first=Elizabeth |last=Albertson |publisher=Wiley Publishing |location=Hoboken, NJ |year=2009 |isbn=0470105720|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite|title=Ireland|first=Fionn|last=Davenport|publisher=Lonely Planet |place=London|year=2008 |isbn=1741046963|page=65}}</ref> Ta'n choagyraght shen bunnit er glassraghyn oorey, eeastyn ([[braddan]]yn, [[breck|brick]], [[ooastyr]]yn, [[gob doo|gobyn doo]] as eastyn shliggagh elley), myrane lesh arranyn soda tradishoonagh as y reamys lheeadagh jeh caashaghyn laue-jeant ta troarit er feie ny çheerey. Ta'n praase foast ny hro bunneydagh jeh'n choagyraght shen as ta ny Yernee gee y chooid smoo jeh praaseyn rere dooiney<ref name="food_companion" /> mastey eederyn 'syn Oarpey. She sampleyr jeh'n choagyraght shen na "Dublin Lawyer": gimmagh ta aarlit ayns ushtey bea as key.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dublin|first1=Fionn|last1=Davenport|fist2=Martin|last2=Hughes|publisher=Lonely Planet|location=Lunnin |year=2006 |isbn=1741047102 |page=15}}</ref> Ta bee ardjynagh tradishoonagh ry-gheddyn er feie ny çheerey, lheid as [[cadal]] ayns Divlyn ny [[drisín]] ayns Corkee, y daa jeu nyn sorçh dy [[pronnag|phronnag]], ny [[blaa]], arran teaystagh bane ta ry-gheddyn ayns [[Purt Largey]]. [[Coadan:Distillerie OldBushmills.jpg|thumb|right|Yn [[Old Bushmills Distillery]], [[Coontae Aontrym]]]] Keayrt va Nerin ny çheer smoo scanshoil son troarey [[ushtey bea]], as va 90% jeh ushtey bea 'sy theihll troarit ayn rish toshiaght y 20-oo eash. Ansherbee, myr eiyrtys jeh ny smuggleyderyn alcoal car y [[Meelowalys ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|veelowalys ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] (as ushtey vea jeh drogh-whaalid er ny chreck lesh enmyn "Yernagh" orroo as eh shen jeeilley yn foayr cadjin son cowraghyn Yernagh)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture|first=W. J. |last1=McCormack |publisher=Blackwell |location=Aah yn Ollee|year=2001 |isbn=0631165258|page=170 }}</ref> as myr eiyrtys jeh ny [[custym]]yn er ushtey bea Yernagh harrish [[yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh]] car y [[Caggey Traghtee Anglo-Yernagh|Chaggey Traghtee Anglo-Yernagh]] ayns ny 1930yn,<ref>{{cite|first1=Brian |last1=Leavy |first2=David |last2=Wilson |title=Strategy and Leadership|publisher=Routledge|location=Lunnin|year=1994|page=63}}</ref> huitt creck jeh ushtey bea Yernagh er feie ny cruinney gys 2% rish mean y 20-oo eash.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Conor |last1=O'Clery|title=Whiskey Resists the Downturn|publisher=GlobalPost|date=25 Toshiaght Arree |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ireland/090225/whiskey-resists-the-downturn |accessdate=2010-04-05 }}</ref> Ayns 1953, rere creear veih'n reiltys Yernagh, v'eh feddynit magh nagh row [[ushtey bea Yernagh]] er fys ec 50% jeh iuderyn ushtey bea ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Jack |last1=Blocker |first2=David |last2=Fahey |first3=Ian|last3=Tyrrell|title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|year=2003 |isbn=1576078337|page=653}}</ref> Ansherbee, va iu yn ushtey bea Yernagh foast ennoil ayns Nerin, as ayns ny jeihaghtyn jeianagh, ta'n ushtey bea Yernagh girree ny smoo scanshoil er feie ny cruinney.<ref name="not_luck">{{cite news|title=Irish Whiskey's Growth Not Just About Luck|date=2009-03-19|first=Christina|last=Berk|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/29636538/Irish_Whiskey_s_Growth_Not_Just_About_Luck|publisher=CNBC|accessdate=2010-04-04|archivedate=2012-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606171645/http://www.cnbc.com/id/29636538/Irish_Whiskey_s_Growth_Not_Just_About_Luck}}</ref> Dy cadjin, cha nel ushtey bea Yernagh cha jaaghagh as [[ushtey bea Albinagh]], agh cha nel eh cha millish as [[ushtey bea Americaanagh]] ny [[ushtey bea Canadagh|Canadagh]].<ref name="not_luck"/> Ta'n ushtey bea ny vun da [[Kay Yernagh|liggooryn kay]], lheid as [[Baileys Irish Cream|Baileys]], as ta'n "[[caffee Yernagh]]" ([[jinlag]] dy chaffee as ushtey bea va cummit, rere rish, ayns [[Faing|stashoon etlan marrey Faing]]) coontit myr y jinlag Yernagh smoo ennoil, foddee. Ta [[Lhune doo|bainney ny baa doo]], sorçh dy lhune doo, as [[Guinness]] er lheh, kianglt rish Nerin dy mennick, agh v'eh kianglt rish [[Lunnin]] dy bunneydagh. Ta bainney ny baa doo foast ennoil ayns Nerin, agh t'eh er choayl e foayr veih mean y 20-oo eash da [[lhune freillagh]]. Ta [[lhune ooyl]], as Bulmers er lheh (t'er ny chreck çheumooie jeh [[Pobblaght Nerin]] myr ''[[Magners]]''), ny yough ennoil chammah. Ta'n jough ghlass [[limonaid yiarg]] iuit lhee hene as myr mesteyder, lesh ushtey bea er lheh.<ref>{{cite|title=Unlike: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases|publisher=Icon Group International|location=San Diego|year=2008|page=516}}</ref> == Jeeagh er neesht == * [[Steatyn Yernagh veih'n vlein 1171]] * [[Rolley ellanyn rheynnit]] * [[Rolley ellanyn Nerin]] * [[Pobblaght Nerin]] * [[Nerin Hwoaie]] == Noteyn == <references group="Note"/> == Imraaghyn == {{rolleyimraaghyn|3}} == Claare lioaragh == {{ToshiaghtImraa|2}} * {{cite book | last = Arnold | first = Bruce | title = Irish Art: A Concise History | publisher = Thames & Hudson | year = 1977 | location = Lunnin | page = 180 | isbn = 0-500-20148-X }} * {{cite book | last = Becker| first = Annette | authorlink = | coauthors = Wang, Wilfried | title = 20th-century Architecture: Ireland | publisher = Prestel | year = 1997 | location = München | page = 198 | isbn = 3-7913-1719-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Collins | first = Neil | coauthors = Cradden, Terry | title = Irish Politics Today | publisher = [[Manchester University Press]] | year = 2001 | location = Manchuin, RU | page = 163 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=081Qopn2zbUC | isbn = 0-71906-174-1 }} * {{Cite book|last=Cullinane|first= J.P.|year=1973|title=Phycology of the south coast of Ireland|publisher= University College Cork}} * {{cite book | last = Dennison | first = Gabriel | coauthors = Ní Fhloinn, Bairbre | title = Traditional Architecture in Ireland | publisher = Environmental Institute, University College Dublin | year = 1994 | location = Divlyn | page = 94 | isbn = 1-898473-09-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Dooney | first = Sean | coauthors = O'Toole, John | title = Irish Government Today | publisher = Gill and Macmillan | year = 1992 | location = Divlyn | page = 247 | url = http://www.gillmacmillan.ie/Ecom/Library3.nsf/CatalogByCategory/86E3F0EC0519FDAF80256AE000373702?OpenDocument | isbn = 0-71711-703-0 | access-date = 2010-04-03 | archive-date = 2006-09-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060923222323/http://www.gillmacmillan.ie/Ecom/Library3.nsf/CatalogByCategory/86E3F0EC0519FDAF80256AE000373702?OpenDocument | url-status = dead }} * {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Steven G. |title=The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland |year=1921 |publisher=The Irish Publishing Co |location=Nerin |page=768 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YPgEAAAACAAJ |isbn=0-517-06408-1 }} * {{Cite book|last= Fairley|first= J.S.|year= 1975|title=An Irish Beast Book. A Natural History of Ireland's Furred Wildlife|publisher= Blackstaff Press, Beeal Feirshtey|isbn= 85640 090 4}} * {{cite book | last = Foster | first = Robert Fitzroy | authorlink = R. F. Foster (screeudeyr shennaghys) | title = Modern Ireland, 1600-1972 | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 1988 | location = | page = 688 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=h95zAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 | isbn = 0-7139-9010-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Hackney, P. Ed. | title =Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland | publisher =Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University | year = 1992 | location = Beeal Feirshtey| isbn = 0 85 389 4469}} * {{cite Journal | last =Haigh | first =A. | coauthors =Lawton, C. | title =Wild mammals of an Irish urban forest | journal=The Irish Naturalists' Journal | volume=28 | issue=10 | pages=395–403 | publisher = I.N.J. Committee | location =Beeal Feirshtey | year =2007 | issn =0021-1311 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Hardy|first1= F.G.|last2= Guiry|first2= M.D.|year= 2006|title=A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland|edition=revised|pages= x + 435|place= Lunnin |publisher= British Phycological Society, available from Koeltz Books, Germany|isbn= 3-906166-35-X}} * {{Cite book | last = Herm | first = Gerhard | year = 2002 | title = The Celts | place = Nerin | publisher = St. Martin's Press | isbn = 0312313438 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Knowles|first= M.C.|year= 1929|title= The Lichens of Ireland|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy|volume=38|pages=179– 434}} * {{Cite book|last=Morton|first= O.|year= 1994|title= Marine Algae of Northern Ireland|publisher= Ulster Museum|isbn= 0 900761 28 8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Morton|first= O.|year= 2003|title= The marine algae macroalgae of County Donegal, Ireland|journal=Bulletin Irish biogeog. Society|volume=27|pages=3–164}} * {{Cite book | last = Nunn | first = J.D. | title = Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters | place = Beeal Feirshtey| publisher = Ulster Museum | year = 2002 | volume = Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001 | edition = Publication no. 8 }} * {{cite book | last = Ó Cróinín | first = Dáibhí | authorlink = Dáibhí Ó Cróinín | title = Prehistoric and Early Ireland | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | location = Aah yn Ollee, RU | page = 1219 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SJSDj1dDvNUC | isbn = 0-19821-737-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Ó Gráda | first = Cormac | title = A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s | publisher = Manchester University Press | year = 1997 | location = | page = 246 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zVHgO4-nkhkC | isbn = 0-71904-584-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Oppenheimer | first = Stephen | title = Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story | publisher = [[Carroll & Graf]] | year = 2006 | location = York Noa | page = 534 | isbn = 0-78671-890-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = O'Rahilly | first = T. F. | author-link =T. F. O'Rahilly | year = 1947 | title = Early Irish History and Mythology | place = SUA | publisher = Medieval Academy of America}} * {{cite book | last =Scannell | first =Mary J.P. | coauthors =Synnott, Donal M. | title =Census catalogue of the flora of Ireland | publisher =Department of Agriculture & Fisheries | year =1972 | location =Divlyn }} * {{Cite journal|last=Seaward|first= M.R.D.|year= 1984|title=Census Catalogue of Irish Lichens|journal=Glasra|volume=8|pages= 1–32}} * {{cite book | last = Woodcock | first = N.H. | coauthors = Strachan, Robin A. | title = Geological History of Britain and Ireland | publisher = [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/contents.asp?ref=9780632036561&site=1 Blackwell Publishing] | year = 2000 | location = Hoboken, New Jersey | page = 423 | url = http://books.google.ie/books?id=dTkKn8Ufzd4C | isbn = 0-63203-656-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Wallis | first = Geoff | coauthors = Wilson, Sue | title = The Rough Guide to Irish Music | publisher = [[Rough Guides]] | year = 2001 | location = | page = 599 | isbn = 1-85828-642-5 }} {{JerreyImraa}} == Kianglaghyn mooie == {{commonscat|Ireland (island)|Nerin}} * [http://www.gov.ie/ Reiltys Nerin] * [http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/ Çhionnal Nerin Hwoaie] {{Yn Europey}} {{Celtee}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Nerin| ]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn rheynnit]] [[Ronney:Yn Oarpey Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Yn Oarpey Heear]] [[Ronney:Ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh]] [[Ronney:Çheeraghyn as thallooyn Celtiagh]] fnnjhqvzopj6lat2fy8hznjcs45wufy 0 4554 389328 369218 2026-08-13T20:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 46 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Coadan:Microquasar GRO J1655-40.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ta'n caslys shoh taishbyney rollage çhyndaaee co-yeant veih rollage cadjin as towl doo. Ta ym-hayrn y towl doo gee stoo y rollage cadjin, as liorish shen, ta [[disc aase ry-cheilley]] gaase mygeayrt y towl doo.]] Ta '''towl doo''' çheet er [[red rollageydagh]] cha çhionn as dy vel yn ym-hayrn echey cur lhiettrimys er scapail un nhee voish, goaill stiagh y soilshey hene. Ta sheiltynys y [[conastaght chadjin|chonastaght chadjin]] lesh [[Albert Einstein Einstein]] faaishnaghey dy nee [[glout]] çhionn dy liooar croo towl doo.<ref name="NYT-20150608">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Black Hole Hunters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/science/black-hole-event-horizon-telescope.html |date=8 Mean Souree 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=8 Mean Souree 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609023631/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/science/black-hole-event-horizon-telescope.html |archive-date=9 Mean Souree 2015}}</ref> Ta [[cagliagh (top-oaylleeaght)|cagliagh]] y linney scapail enmyssit y [[scell-linney haghyrt]]. ‘Sy chonastaght chadjin, ta scell-linney haghyrt y towl doo sealal erree red agh cha nel eh gientyn caghlaa cronnit dy h-ynnydoil as y red goll tessen.<ref name ="HamiltonA">{{cite web|author=Hamilton, A.|url=http://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/insidebh/schw.html|title=Journey into a Schwarzschild black hole|website=jila.colorado.edu|access-date=28 Mean Souree 2020|archive-date=3 Mean Fouyir 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903235853/https://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/insidebh/schw.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shymmey aght dy vel towl doo gobbraghey myr [[corpane doo]] slane-jeant er-yn-oyr nagh vel eh aahoilshaghey soilshey erbee.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gravity from the ground up |first1=Bernard F. |last1=Schutz |author-link1=Bernard F. Schutz |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-45506-0 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_T0xxhDcsIC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202222711/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_T0xxhDcsIC |archive-date=2 Mee ny Nollick 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Davies |first=P. C. W. |author-link1=Paul Davies |date=1978 |title=Thermodynamics of Black Holes |url=http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf |journal=[[Reports on Progress in Physics]] |type=Review |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1313–1355 |bibcode=1978RPPh...41.1313D |doi=10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004 |s2cid=250916407 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184530/http://cosmos.asu.edu/publications/papers/ThermodynamicTheoryofBlackHoles%2034.pdf |archive-date=10 Boaldyn 2013}}</ref> Ta [[sheiltynys y ream quantum ayns spoar-hraa cruillit]] faaishnaghey dy vel scell-linnaghyn taghyrt brooightey [[goulraght Hawking]] magh, marish y [[goulraght hermagh|spectrum cheddin]] as corpane doo as [[çhiassid]] echey t’ayns coreir contraartagh rish e ghlout. Ta’n çhiassid shen ayns [[Oardee mooadys (çhhiassid)|oardagh billoonooyn]] dy cheimyn [[kelvin]] da [[stowl doo rollageagh|tuill ghoo rollageagh]] as, kyndagh rish shen, t’eh begnagh neuyantagh dy chronnaghey eh. Ren [[John Michell]] as [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] sursmooinaghtyn ‘sy 18oo eash er reddyn as ny [[ream ym-hayrnagh|reamyn ym-hayrnagh]] ro-niartal da scapail y toilshey. ‘Sy vlein 1916, ren [[Karl Schwarzschild]] feddyn magh y chied reggyrt noa-emshiragh jeh’n chonastaght chadjin yinnagh cur sheese er towl doo. Kyndagh rish e ronsaght chummaghtagh echey, ta [[meadraght Schwarzschild]] enmyssit ass. She [[David Finkelstein]], ‘sy vlein 1958, ren soilshaghey magh y chied tushtey er “towl doo” myr boayl ‘sy spoar raad nagh vel red erbee jargal dy scapail voish. S’foddey yn laa tra va tuill ghoo coontit myr liehaghys maddaghtoil; cha ren obbyr heiltynagh taishbyney dy nee faaishnys keintagh y chonastaght chadjin v’ad agh ayns ny 1960yn. Y chied towl doo v’er fys ain, [[Cygnus X-1]], v’eh enmyssit lesh aaronseyderyn eigsoylagh seyr veih y cheilley ‘sy vlein 1971.<ref name="Webster1972">{{citation |last1=Webster |first1=B. Louise |title=Cygnus&nbsp;X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion? |date=1972 |journal=[[Nature (earishlioar)|Nature]] |volume=235 |issue=5332 |pages=37–38 |type=Lettyr |bibcode=1972Natur.235...37W <!--|doi=10.1038/235037a0--> |s2cid=4195462 |last2=Murdin |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Murdin}}</ref><ref name="Bolton1972">{{cite journal |last=Bolton |first=C. T. |title=Identification of Cygnus&nbsp;X-1 with HDE&nbsp;226868 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1972-02-04_235_5336/page/271 |date=1972 |journal=[[Nature (earishlioar)|Nature]] |volume=235 |issue=5336 |pages=271–273 |type=Lettyr |bibcode=1972Natur.235..271B |<!--doi=10.1038/235271b0 -->|s2cid=4222070}}</ref> Er y chooid smoo, ta tuill ghoo crooit tra ta [[Yl-nova|rollageyn feer vooar cohuittym]] orroosyn hene ec jerrey yn [[Aafilley rollageagh|çhymshal bea]] oc. Lurg crooaght towl doo, foddee eh dy aase lesh maanalys glout veih’n çhymmyltaght mygeayrt y mysh. Foddee tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ta cha mooar as millioonyn dy [[glout greiney|ghloutyn greiney]] dy aase lesh maanalys rollageyn elley ny lesh co-vestey rish tuill ghoo elley, ny lesh [[Towl doo jeeragh cohuittit|cohuittym jeeragh]] jeh [[bodjal gas|bodjalyn gas]]. Ta co-unnaneys ayns dy vel [[towl doo sur-ghloutagh|tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh]] ry-gheddyn ayns çheshvean y chooid smoo dy [[co-rollageys|cho-rollageyssyn]]. Foddee faare towl doo ve infearit lesh yn eddyr-obbraghey echey rish [[stoo]] as rish goulraght lectro-vagnaidagh lheid as y soilshey so-akin. Foddee stoo ta tuittym ayns troa towl doo croo [[jysk cruinnee]] jeh plasmey ta tuittym stiagh as eh er ny hiow lesh [[screebey]] as cur magh soilshey. Ayns cooishyn er lheh, t’eh shen croo [[quasar]]yn, fir jeh ny reddyn s’gilley ‘sy tuinney. Foddee rollageyn ta goll ro aggys da towl doo sur-ghloutagh ve mynghiarrit stiagh ayns strilleenyn ta soilshean feer ghial roish my jagh ad stiagh ‘sy “cluggey".<ref name="pmid32001633">{{cite journal |author=Clery D |year=2020 |title=Black holes caught in the act of swallowing stars |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2020-01-31_367_6477/page/495 |journal=[[Science (earishlioar)|Science]] |volume=367 |issue=6477 |page=495 |bibcode=2020Sci...367..495C |doi=10.1126/science.367.6477.495 |pmid=32001633 |s2cid=210984462 |doi-access=seyr<!-- s’cosoylagh -->}}</ref> My vel rollageyn elley cruinlaghey yn towl doo, foddee ny cruinleeyn oc ve ymmydit dy chronnaghey glour as soiaghey yn towl doo. Foddee baghtyn shoh ve ymmydit dy ghoaill magh caghlaaghyn sheiltynagh elley lheid as [[rollage naeearaaneagh|rollageyn naeearaneagh]]. ‘Syn aght shoh, ta rollageydeyryn er ny chur enney er ram yeearreyderyn towl doo rollageagh ayns [[rollage yeesoil|coryssyn jeesoil]] as chur ad er bun dy nee towl doo sur-ghloutagh er mysh 4.3&nbsp;millioon dy ghlout greiney eh yn voir radio ta enmyssit [[Sagittarius A*]] as ta soit ec cree yn cho-rollageys ain, [[Raad Mooar Gorree]]. == Shennaghys == Ren y kioneraadagh rollageydagh as y jed Sosytnagh [[John Michell]] as y sheanseyr Frangagh [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], seyr veih y cheilley, rooishtey da’n toilshey eie corpane va cha gloutagh nagh veagh eer y soilshey jargal scapail voish. Ren y daa schoillar treeal rollageyn feer vooar, cosoyllagh rish kiaddaghyn noa-emshiragh jeh [[towl doo sur-ghloutagh|tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh]].<ref name="origin">{{cite journal |last1=Montgomery |first1=Colin |last2=Orchiston |first2=Wayne |last3=Whittingham |first3=Ian |year=2009 |orig-date=Ry-gheddyn er-linney er 18 Averil 2023 |title=Michell, Laplace and the origin of the black hole concept |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/9892/1/Microsoft_Word_-_Paper__Black_Hole_Concept_Final_.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage]] |type=Art ronseee |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=90–96 |bibcode=2009JAHH...12...90M |doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2009.02.01 |s2cid=55890996 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yn eie lesh Michell, v’ayns ayrn giare jeh lettyr v’er ny hoilshaghey magh ‘sy vlein 1784, ren eh co-earrooaghey nagh lhiggagh rollage cha gloo as y Ghrian agh 500 keayrt ny smoo er craue raadeeoil na ish, soilshey va currit magh dy scapail; veagh y [[bieauid-jeerit scapail|vieauid-jeerit scapail]] eaghtyragh ny s’yrdjey na [[bieauid hollys]]. Chur Michell my-ner dy vees lheid ny corpaneyn sur-ghloutagh neu-ghoulraghey so-chronnalagh rere ny h-eiyrtyssyn ym-hayrnagh oc er corpaneyn so-akin faggys dauesyn.<ref name="origin" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Michell |first=J. |author-link1=John Michell |date=1784 |title=On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=74 |pages=35–57 |bibcode=1784RSPT...74...35M |doi=10.1098/rstl.1784.0008|jstor=106576|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=thorne_123_124>{{harvnb|Thorne|1994|pp=123–124}}</ref> Hoshiaght, va scoillaryn y laa greesit lesh y treealtys dy row eh jargal dy row 'rollageyn dorraghey' foawragh neuakinagh cooyl-chlea ayns lane reayrt foin; ansherbee, huitt y lag-chreeys er y jeeanid shen ‘sy 19oo eash leah tra v’eh feddynit magh dy row cummey tonn ec y toilshey.<ref>{{cite book |title=Light and Electron Microscopy |first1=Elizabeth M. |last1=Slayter |first2=Henry S. |last2=Slayter |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-33948-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePVS9oq7MC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130151044/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlePVS9oq7MC |archive-date=30 Mee Houney 2017}}</ref> Er-yn-oyr dy row yn toilshey er fys myr tonn as chan myr floag, cha row eh leayr cre’n chummaght, my vees cummaght erbee ayn, veagh ec yn ym-hayrn er tonnyn soilshey scapail.<ref name=origin /><ref name=thorne_123_124 /> === Conastaght chadjin === {{see also|Shennaghys y chonastaght chadjin}} {{General relativity sidebar|phenomena}} ‘Sy vlein 1911, hoilshee [[Albert Einstein]] pabyr bentyn rish troyn y tiyraghey ‘sy [[conastaght er lheh|chonastaght er lheh]], raad chur eh my-ner dy vees red ennagh ta siyraghey trooid y spoar do-rheynnagh veih red elley ayns ream ym-hayrnagh neughleashagh. Chammah’s shen, ren y pabyr faaishnaghey [[lensaghey ym-hayrnagh|cleayney yn toilshey]] lesh corpaneyn gloutagh.<ref name="Einstein 1911 898–908">{{Citation |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes (On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light) |journal=[[Annalen der Physik]] |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=898–908 |year=1911 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1424213 |bibcode=1911AnP...340..898E <!--|doi=10.1002/andp.19113401005--> |author-link=Albert Einstein}} (ayns ''Collected Papers'' Ym-l. 3, docamad 23 myrgeddin)</ref> ‘Sy vlein 1915, ren Einstein aaghlenney ny h-eieyn shen stiagh ayns [[sheiltynys cadjin y chonastaght|heiltynys cadjin y chonastaght]] echey, hoilshee kys ta stoo cur stiagh er y spoar-hraa as eshyn hene cur stiagh er gleashaght stoo elley.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Einstein |date=1915 |title=Feldgleichungen der Gravitation |trans-title=Field Equations of Gravitation |journal=Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte |pages=844–847}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=Michel |last2=Renn |first2=Jürgen |author-link2=Jürgen Renn |date=2015 |title=Arch and scaffold: How Einstein found his field equations |journal=[[Physics Today]] |type=Ard-art |volume=68 |issue=11 |pages=30–36 |bibcode=2015PhT....68k..30J |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2979 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002A-8ED7-1 |doi-access=seyr |hdl-access=seyr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J J |last2=Robertson |first2=E F |author-link2=E. F. Robertson |date=Boaldyn 1996<!-- last update --> |title=General Relativity |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/General_relativity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712062639/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/General_relativity/ |archive-date=12 Jerrey Souree 2020 |access-date=22 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=MacTutor |publisher=Scoill Vaddaght as Staddyssaght, [[Ollooscoill Andreays]], Nalbin}}</ref> Chroo yn sheiltynys shen bun da fishig ny tuill ghoo, ga dy jinnagh Einstein eab neurahoil ny s’anmey dy obbal jargaght ny tuill ghoo.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fraknoi |first1=Andrew |author-link1=Andrew Fraknoi |url=https://assets.openstax.org/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/Astronomy2e-WEB.pdf |title=Astronomy 2e |last2=Morrison |first2=David |author-link2=David Morrison (fishigagh rollageagh) |last3=Wolff |first3=Sidney C. |author-link3=Sidney C. Wolff |date=2022 |publisher=[[OpenStax]] |isbn=978-1-951693-50-3 |edition=2e |pages=839–846 |chapter=24.5 Black Holes |oclc=1322188620 |display-authors=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Ian |date=10 Averil 2019 |title=Black Holes Were Such an Extreme Concept, Even Einstein Had His Doubts |url=https://www.history.com/articles/black-holes-albert-einstein-theory-relativity-space-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813095832/https://www.history.com/articles/black-holes-albert-einstein-theory-relativity-space-time |archive-date=13 Luanistyn 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[History Channel|History]] |publication-date=28 Boaldyn 2025 <!-- last updated -->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Einstein |date=10 Boaldyn 1939 |title=On a Stationary System With Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses |journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]] |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=922–936 |doi=10.2307/1968902 |jstor=1968902 }}</ref> Kuse veg dy veeghyn erreish da soilshaghey ny [[cormidyn ream Einstein|cormidyn ream]] lesh Einstein va cur sheese er y chonastaght chadjin, ren [[Karl Schwarzschild]] feddyn magh [[meadraght Schwarzschild|feaysley]] as eh cur sheese er y [[ream ym-hayrnagh]] jeh [[floag phonkagh#Glout ponkagh|glout ponkagh]] as jeh glout cruinn.<ref name="Levy">{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Adam |date=11 Jerrey Geuree 2021 |title=How black holes morphed from theory to reality |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/physical-world/2021/how-black-holes-morphed-theory-reality |journal=[[Knowable Magazine]] |doi=10.1146/knowable-010921-1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 Mayrnt 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schwarzschild1916">{{cite journal |last=Schwarzschild |first=K. |author-link1=Karl Schwarzschild |date=1916 |title=Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie |trans-title=On the gravitational field of a mass point according to Einstein's theory<!-- lesh translate.google --> |url=https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch#page/188/mode/2up |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |volume=7 |pages=189–196 |bibcode=1916SPAW.......189S |via=Internet Archive}} * Çhyndaays: {{cite arXiv |eprint=physics/9905030 |first1=S. |last1=Antoci |first2=A. |last2=Loinger |title=On the gravitational field of a mass point according to Einstein's theory |date=12 Boaldyn 1999<!-- date submitted --> }} as {{cite journal |last=Schwarzschild |first=K. |author-link1=Karl Schwarzschild |date=1916 |title=Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie |url=https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch#page/424/mode/2up |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |volume=18 |pages=424–434 |bibcode=1916skpa.conf..424S}} * Çhyndaays: {{cite arXiv |eprint=physics/9912033 |first1=S. |last1=Antoci |title=On the gravitational field of a sphere of incompressible fluid according to Einstein's theory |year=1999 }}</ref> Kuse veg dy veeghyn erreish da Schwarzschild, as seyr voish, hug [[Johannes Droste]], studeyr lesh [[Hendrik Lorentz]], y feaysley cheddin da’n ghlout ponkagh as screeu eh ny s’lhea er ny troyn echey.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Droste |first=J. |date=1917 |title=The field of a single centre in Einstein's theory of gravitation, and the motion of a particle in that field |url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012325.pdf |url-status=live |department=Physics |journal=Proceedings of the Section of Sciences |publisher=[[Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=197–215 |bibcode=1917KNAB...19..197D |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518034708/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012325.pdf |archive-date=18 Boaldyn 2013 |access-date=16 Mean Fouyir 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in the history of general relativity |editor1-last=Eisenstaedt |editor1-first=Jean |editor2-last=Kox |editor2-first=A. J. |isbn=978-0-8176-3479-7 |date=1992 |publisher=Birkhäuser |chapter=General Relativity in the Netherlands: 1915–1920 |last=Kox |first=A. J. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDHCF_3vIhUC&pg=PA41 |page=41 |access-date=23 Toshiaght Arree 2016 |archive-date=10 Luanistyn 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810215219/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDHCF_3vIhUC&pg=PA41 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ec craue raadeeoil er lheh veih çheshvean y ghlout, haink feaysley Schwarzschild dy ve ny [[singyltaght (maddaght)|hingyltaght]], v’er ny veenaghey dy daink fir jeh ny çhiarrymyn ayns cormidyn Einstein dy ve neuyerrinagh. Y dooghys jeh’n chruae raadeeoil shoh, haink de ve enmyssit [[craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild]] ny s’anmey, cha row eh er ny hoiggal ec y traa shen.<ref name="HooftHist">{{cite web |last='t Hooft |first=G. |author-link1=Gerard 't Hooft |date=2009 |title=Introduction to the Theory of Black Holes |url=http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/lectures/blackholes/BH_lecturenotes.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521082736/http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/lectures/blackholes/BH_lecturenotes.pdf |archive-date=21 Boaldyn 2009 |access-date=24 Mean Souree 2010 |publisher=Institute for Theoretical Physics / Spinoza Institute |pages=47–48}}</ref><ref name="paap18">{{Cite journal |last1=Petrescu |first1=Relly Victoria |last2=Aversa |first2=Raffaella |last3=Apicella |first3=Antonio |last4=Petrescu |first4=Florian Ion |date=11 June 2018 |title=Nasa Has Found the Most Distant Black Hole |journal=Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology |type=Review |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–39 |doi=10.3844/jastsp.2018.31.39 |eissn=2523-1200 |ssrn=3184263 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ‘Sy vlein 1924, haishbyn [[Arthur Eddington]] dy row yn tingyltaght er ny herraghtyn lurg caghlaa co-ordnaidyn. Ny s’anmey ‘sy vlein 1933, hoig [[Georges Lemaître]] dy row eh shen meenaghey dy nee [[singyltaght cho-ordnaidagh]] neu-ishigagh eh yn tingyltaght ec craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild.<ref name="paap18" /> Ren Arthur Eddington resooney er licklid rollage as glout echey v’er ny chohionney dys craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild ayns lioar veih’n vlein 1926, as chur eh my-ner dy lhiggagh sheiltynys Einstein dooin faagail magh glooaghtyn ro-vooar da rollageyn so-akin lheid as [[Betelgeuse]] er-yn-oyr dy jinnagh ard-orse yn ym-hayrn cur lhiettrimys er scapail y toilshey veih’n rollage, dy jinnagh eh jiarg-arraghey y slane spectrum dy hoilshey ass mayrnaght, as dy jinnagh eh "wheesh cruillaght ayns meadraght y spoar-hraa as dy ghoonagh eh mygeayrt y rollage as dy vaagagh eh shinyn çheumooie (.i. boayl erbee)."<ref name="eddington1926">{{cite book |first=Arthur |last=Eddington |author-link=Arthur Eddington |date=1926 |title=The Internal Constitution of the Stars |series=Science |volume=52 |issue=1341 |pages=233–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjC9DpnWFbkC&pg=PA6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811034409/https://books.google.com/books?id=RjC9DpnWFbkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |pmid=17747682 <!--|doi=10.1126/science.52.1341.233-->|bibcode=1920Sci....52..233E }} {{isbn|978-0-521-33708-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thorne |first1=Kip S. |author-link=Kip Thorne |url=https://archive.org/details/blackholestimewa0000thor |title=Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy |last2=Hawking |first2=Stephen |author-link2=Stephen Hawking |date=1994 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-31276-8 |editor-last=Agrawal |editor-first=Milan |edition=1d |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackholestimewa0000thor/page/134 134]–135 |quote=The first conclusion was the Newtonian version of light not escaping; the second was a semi-accurate, relativistic description; and the third was typical Eddingtonian hyperbole{{nbsp}}[...] when a star is as small as the critical circumference, the curvature is strong but not infinite, and space is definitely not wrapped around the star. Eddington may have known this, but his description made a good story, and it captured in a whimsical way the spirit of Schwarzschild's spacetime curvature." |access-date=12 April 2019 |url-access=registration}}</ref> As eh gymmydey yn chonastaght er lheh, ren [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] co-earrooaghey ‘sy vlein 1931 nagh vel feaysley shickyr erbee ec corpane neu-hyndaaee jeh [[stoo lectrane-jeeghiennit]] ny s’yrdjey na glout caglee er lheh (ta enmyssit jiu myr [[cagliagh Chandrasekhar]] er {{Solar mass|1.4}}).<ref name="venkataraman92">{{cite book |last=Venkataraman |first=G. |author-link=Ganeshan Venkataraman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNSdDFOJ4wkC&pg=PA89 |title=Chandrasekhar and his limit |date=1992 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-035-3 |page=89 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811035848/https://books.google.com/books?id=HNSdDFOJ4wkC&pg=PA89 |archive-date=11 Luanistyn 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hass ram jeh ny h-ard-scoillaryn co-emshiragh echey noi ny h-arganeyssyn v’echey, lheid as Eddington as [[Lev Landau]] quoi ren resooney dy vees obbrinaght ennagh nagh row er fys ain foast cur lhiettrimys er y chohuittym.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Detweiler |first=S. |author-link=Steven Detweiler |date=1981 |title=Resource letter BH-1: Black holes |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |type=Pabyr |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=394–400 |bibcode=1981AmJPh..49..394D |doi=10.1119/1.12686}}</ref> V’ad lieh-chiart: nee [[crivassan bane]] ta beggan ny smoo gloutagh na cagliagh Chandrasekhar cohuittym ersyn hene myr [[rollage naeearaneagh]] as ee shickyr er e son hene.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harpaz |first1=A. |date=1994 |title=Stellar evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd4VEZv8oo0C&pg=PA105 |publisher=[[A K Peters, Ltd.|A K Peters]] |page=105 |isbn=978-1-56881-012-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811025449/https://books.google.com/books?id=kd4VEZv8oo0C&pg=PA105 |archive-date=11 Luanistyn 2016}}</ref> ‘Sy vlein 1939, as bunnit er resoonaght Chandrasekhar, ren [[Robert Oppenheimer]] as [[George Volkoff]] faaishnaghey dy jinnagh rollageyn naeearaneagh ny s’yrdjey na cagliagh glout elley, ta enmyssit jiu myr [[cagliagh Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff]], cohuittym ny s’odjey, as ren ad briwnys nagh veagh eh liklee dy vees leigh ishig erbee cur lhiettrimys er cohuittym rollageyn eigsoylagh stiagh orroosyn hene myr tuill ghoo.<ref name="OV1939">{{cite journal |last1=Oppenheimer |first1=J. R. |author-link1=J. Robert Oppenheimer |last2=Volkoff |first2=G. M. |author-link2=George Volkoff |date=1939 |title=On Massive Neutron Cores |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1939-02-15_55_4/page/374 |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=374–381 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.55.374|bibcode=1939PhRv...55..374O}}</ref> Ren ny co-earrooyn bunneydagh v’oc, va bunnit er [[prinsabyl dooney-magh Pauli]], gra dy nee {{Solar mass|0.7}} y cagliagh. Ren sursmooinaght eiyrtyssagh er cur-ergooyl naeearane–naeearane as sheealtagh jeant er lesh y forse niartal, yrdjaghey yn ooley dys earroo eddyr mysh {{Solar mass|1.5}} as {{Solar mass|3.0}}.<ref name="Bombaci">{{cite journal |first=I. |last=Bombaci |date=1996 |title=The Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1996-01_305_3/page/871 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=305 |pages=871–877 |bibcode=1996A&A...305..871B}}</ref> Ta baghtyn er covestey yn rollage naeearanagh [[GW170817]], t’er credjal ain dy row towl doo crooit tammylt beg ny yei, er ny aaghlenney ooley yn chaglee TOV da ~{{Solar mass|2.17}}.<ref name="Cho2018">{{cite journal |last=Cho |first=A. |date=16 Toshiaght Arree 2018 |title=A weight limit emerges for neutron stars |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-02-16_359_6377/page/724 |journal=Science |type=News |volume=359 |issue=6377 |pages=724–725 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..724C |doi=10.1126/science.359.6377.724 |pmid=29449468}}</ref><ref name="Margalit2017">{{cite journal |last1=Margalit |first1=B. |last2=Metzger |first2=B. D. |date=1 Mee ny Nollick 2017 |title=Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |type=Art |volume=850 |issue=2 |page=L19 |arxiv=1710.05938 |bibcode=2017ApJ...850L..19M |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa991c |s2cid=119342447 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Shibata2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shibata M, Fujibayashi S, Hotokezaka K, Kiuchi K, Kyutoku K, Sekiguchi Y, Tanaka M |date=22 Mee ny Nollick 2017 |title=Modeling GW170817 based on numerical relativity and its implications |journal=[[Physical Review D]] |type=Art |volume=96 |issue=12 |arxiv=1710.07579 |bibcode=2017PhRvD..96l3012S |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.96.123012 |s2cid=119206732 |article-number=123012}}</ref><ref name="Ruiz2018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ruiz M, [[Stuart L. Shapiro|Shapiro SL]], Tsokaros A |date=11 Jerrey Geuree 2018 |title=GW170817, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations, and the neutron star maximum mass |journal=[[Physical Review D]] |type=Rapid communication |volume=97 |issue=2 |arxiv=1711.00473 |bibcode=2018PhRvD..97b1501R |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.97.021501 |pmc=6036631 |pmid=30003183 |article-number=021501}}</ref><ref name="Rezzolla2018">{{cite journal |vauthors=[[Luciano Rezzolla|Rezzolla L]], Most ER, Weih LR |date=9 Jerrey Geuree 2018 |title=Using Gravitational-wave Observations and Quasi-universal Relations to Constrain the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |type=Article |volume=852 |issue=2 |page=L25 |arxiv=1711.00314 |bibcode=2018ApJ...852L..25R |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aaa401 |s2cid=119359694 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ren Oppenheimer as e cho-ughtaryn soilshaghey yn tingyltaght ec cagliagh chraue raadeeoil Schwarzschild myr cowreyder dy nee cagliagh bolgan eh raad ta’n traa er ny scuirr.<ref name="OV1939" />{{rp |page=380–381 |quote=There would then seem to be only two answers possible to the question of the behavior of very massive stars: either the equation of state we have used so far fails to describe the behavior of highly condensed matter that the conclusions reached above are qualitatively misleading, or the star will continue to contract indefinitely, never reaching equilibrium.}} Shoh boayl reayrtys breeoil da fakideryn mooie, agh chan da fakideryn ta tuittym stiagh.<ref name="Ruffini-2011" /> Ny s’anmey, ren [[John Archibald Wheeler|John Wheeler]] cur sheese er tuill ghoo myr “rollageyn riojit” dauesyn ta jeeaghyn stiagh orroo veih fraamey ogheragh mooie kyndagh rish y lheanaghey traa ym-hayrnagh, gyn slane cohuittym.<ref name="Ruffini-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Ruffini |first1=R. |author-link1=Remo Ruffini |last2=Wheeler |first2=J. A. |author-link2=John Archibald Wheeler |date=1971 |title=Introducing the black hole |url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/14972/1/Ruffini2009p1645Phys_Today.pdf |journal=[[Physics Today]] |type=Feature article |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=30–41 |bibcode=1971PhT....24a..30R |doi=10.1063/1.3022513 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725133758/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/14972/1/Ruffini2009p1645Phys_Today.pdf |archive-date=25 Jerrey Souree 2011 |access-date=5 Mee ny Nollick 2009}}</ref> ‘Sy vlein cheddin, ren Einstein eab dy phrowal nagh vel tuill ghoo jantagh ‘sy chlou echey, "On a Stationary System with Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses", raad ren eh ymmyd jeh sheiltynys y chonastaght chadjin echey dy choadey yn arganeys echey.<ref name="Bernstein-2007">{{cite magazine |last=Bernstein |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Bernstein |date=2007 |title=The Reluctant Father of Black Holes |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-reluctant-father-of-black-holes-2007-04/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 Luanistyn 2023 |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |pages=4–11 |language=Baarle |volume=17 <!--|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0407-4sp-->}}</ref> Reggyryn dy veeghyn ny s’anmey, ren Oppenheimer as e studeyr [[Hartland Snyder]] kiarail [[kiaddey Oppenheimer–Snyder]] ‘sy phabyr oc "On Continued Gravitational Contraction",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oppenheimer |first1=J.R. |author-link=J. Robert Oppenheimer |last2=Snyder |first2=H. |author-link2=Hartland Snyder |year=1939 |title=On Continued Gravitational Contraction |journal=[[Physical Review]] |type=Highlighted article |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=455–459 |bibcode=1939PhRv...56..455O |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.56.455 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ren faaishnaghey mayrnaght tuill ghoo. ‘Sy phabyr shen, raad nagh row clou Einstein er gerrid imraait, ren Oppenheimer as Snyder ymmyd jeh sheiltynys Einstein hene y chonastaght chadjin dy haishbyney ny foaynooyn lhisagh ve ayn son lhiasaghey towl doo da’n chied cheayrt ‘syn ishig cho-emshiragh.<ref name="Bernstein-2007" /> ‘Sy vlein 1958, hoilshee [[David Finkelstein]] dy nee scell-linney haghyrt eh laare Schwarzschild, as dooyrt eh dy nee far-chrackan un-troagh fondagh t’ayn raad dy vel cummaghtyn cooishagh goll tessen ayns un troa ny lomarcan.{{Efn|"a perfect unidirectional membrane: causal influences can cross it in only one direction"}} ‘Sy cheeall shen, cha nel taghyrtyn çheusthie jeh’n towl doo jargal gleashaghey er, ny bentyn rish, taghyrtyn çheumooie jeh’n towl too.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=D. |author-link1=David Finkelstein |date=1958 |title=Past-Future Asymmetry of the Gravitational Field of a Point Particle |journal=[[Physical Review]] |type=Art |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=965–967 |bibcode=1958PhRv..110..965F |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.110.965}}</ref> Chroo Finkelstein [[Co-ordnaidyn Kruskal–Szekeres|fraamey ogheragh]] noa dy chummal stiagh boayl reayrtys ny fakideryn ta tuittym stiagh.<ref name=Bartusiak/>{{rp|103}} Ren feaysley Finkelstein sheeyney feaysley Schwarzschild da traa ry-heet ny fakideryn ta tuittym stiagh ayns towl doo. Va smooinaght cheddin er ny ve feddynit magh ec [[Martin Kruskal]] hannah hene, agh ec y traa shen cha row yn scansh echey slane toiggit.<ref name=Bartusiak/>{{rp|103}} ===Yn eash airhey=== [[Coadan:BH-JPL-A&A1979.jpg|thumb|Y chied jalloo yn-soyllit jeh towl doo, crooit lesh [[Jean-Pierre Luminet]] ‘sy vlein 1978 as taishbyney yn scaa cowreydagh, y [[sfeyr photon]], as y [[jysk cruinnee]] [[lensaghey ym-hayrnagh|lensit]]. Ta’n jysk ny s’gilley er un çheu kyndagh rish [[goullaghey Doppler]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Luminet |first=J.-P. |date=Boaldyn 1979 |title=Image of a spherical black hole with thin accretion disk. |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979A&A....75..228L/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=Baarle |volume=75 |pages=228–235 |bibcode=1979A&A....75..228L |issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=French National Centre for Scientific Research |title=First ever image of a black hole: a CNRS researcher had simulated it as early as 1979 |url=https://www.cnrs.fr/en/press/first-ever-image-black-hole-cnrs-researcher-had-simulated-it-early-1979 |website=CNRS |date=10 Averil 2019 |access-date=18 Mean Souree 2025}}</ref>]] Ta’n eash eddyr ny 1960yn meanagh as ny 1970yn meanagh coontit myr “eash airhey ronsaght ny tuill ghoo” tra haiink y chonastaght chadjin as tuill ghoo dy ve coontit mastey ny bun-chooishyn ronsee cadjin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thorne |first1=Kip |author-link=Kip Thorne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLy4b61rfPwC |title=The future of theoretical physics and cosmology: celebrating Stephen Hawking's 60th birthday |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-82081-2 |veditors=Shellard ES, [[Gary Gibbons|Gibbons GW]], Rankin SJ |page=74 |chapter=5. Warping spacetime}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Thorne |first=Kip |author-link=Kip Thorne |title=Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy (Commonwealth Fund Book Program) |date=1995 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-393-31276-8 |edition=1 |series=Commonwealth Fund Book Program Series |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref>{{rp|p=258}} ‘Syn eash shoh, va tooilley feayslaghyn cadjin bentyn rish tuill ghoo er ny gheddyn magh. ‘Sy vlein 1963, ren [[Roy Kerr]] feddyn magh [[Meadraght Kerr|y feaysley cruinn]] da [[towl doo çhyndaaee]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kerr |first=R. P. |author-link=Roy Kerr |title=The Kerr Spacetime |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-88512-6 |editor1-last=Wiltshire |editor1-first=D. L. |chapter=Discovering the Kerr and Kerr-Schild metrics |bibcode=2007arXiv0706.1109K |editor2-last=Visser |editor2-first=M. |editor3-last=Scott |editor3-first=S. M. |arxiv=0706.1109}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hooper |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Hooper |date=27 Mee ny Nollick 2019 |title=The Discovery of Black Holes: From Theory to Actuality |url=https://www.wondriumdaily.com/the-discovery-of-black-holes-from-theory-to-actuality/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925103539/https://www.wondriumdaily.com/the-discovery-of-black-holes-from-theory-to-actuality/ |archive-date=25 Mean Fouyir 2022 |access-date=29 Mean Souree 2022 |website=Wondrium Daily |publisher=[[The Teaching Company]] |language=Baarle |publication-place=y Virjeeney, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit}}</ref> Daa vlein ny s’anmey, ren [[Ezra T. Newman|Ezra Newman]] feddyn magh y feaysley [[Shimmeadraght hyndaaee#Shimmeadraght hyndaaee bentyn rish uillin erbee|shimmeadragh rollianagh]] da towl doo ta çhyndaa as [[lughtit dy lectragh]].<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |vauthors=[[Ezra T. Newman|Newman ET]], Couch E, Chinnapared K, Exton A, Prakash A, Torrence R |date=1965 |title=Metric of a Rotating, Charged Mass |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mathematics-and-physics_1965-06_6_6/page/918 |journal=[[Journal of Mathematical Physics]] |type=Art ronsee |volume=6 |issue=6 |page=918 |bibcode=1965JMP.....6..918N |doi=10.1063/1.1704351}}</ref> ‘Sy vlein 1967, chur [[Werner Israel]] er bun dy nee feaysley Schwarzschild yn ynrican feaysley jantagh da towl doo neulughtit neu-hyndaaee as nagh vees tooilley parameadaryn elley echey. ‘Sy cheeall shen, lhisagh towl doo Schwarzschild ve meenit lesh e [[glout|ghlout]] ny lomarcan, as lhisagh daa howl doo Schwarzschild as y glout cheddin oc ve unnane rish y cheilley.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Israel |first=W. |author-link=Werner Israel |date=1967 |title=Event Horizons in Static Vacuum Space-Times |journal=[[Physical Review]] |type=Art |volume=164 |issue=5 |page=1776 |bibcode=1967PhRv..164.1776I |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.164.1776}}</ref> Ny s’anmey, ren Israel feddyn magh nagh row tuill ghoo Reissner–Nordstrom meenit agh rere y glout as y lughtey lectragh oc, choud’s ren [[Brandon Carter]] feddyn magh nagh row agh daa [[keim seyrsnys|cheim seyrsnys]] oc, y glout as y [[momentum uillinagh|çhyndaa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Carter |first=B. |author-link1=Brandon Carter |date=1971 |title=Axisymmetric Black Hole Has Only Two Degrees of Freedom |department=Elementary Particles and Fields |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |type=Lettyr |volume=26 |issue=6 |page=331 |bibcode=1971PhRvL..26..331C |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.331}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Carter |first=B. |author-link1=Brandon Carter |date=1977 |chapter=The vacuum black hole uniqueness theorem and its conceivable generalisations |title=Proceedings of the 1st Marcel Grossmann meeting on general relativity |pages=243–254 }}</ref> Currit ry-cheilley, haink ny feddynyssyn shen dy ve enmyssit y [[çhoarym gyn gruag]], ta gra dy vel towl doo ny hassoo slane soilshit lesh ny tree parameadar jeh [[meadraght Kerr–Newman]]: glout, momentum uillinagh, as lughtey lectragh.<ref name="HeuslerNoHair" /> Hoshiaght, v’eh er ny huarymey dy row ny singyltaghtyn maddaghtoil quaagh va feddynit magh ayns dagh fer jeh ny feayslaghyn towl doo er nyn daishbyney ynrican kyndagh rish y varel dy beagh towl doo slane [[Shimmeadraght hyndaaee#Shimmeadraght hyndaaee bentyn rish uillin erbee|shimmeadragh cruinn]], as, myr shen, cha beagh ny singyltaghtyn er nyn daishbyney ayns soiaghyn keintagh raad nagh beagh ny tuill ghoo shimmeadragh. Va’n eie shen freilt lesh [[Vladimir A. Belinsky|Vladimir Belinski]], [[Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov|Isaak Khalatnikov]], as [[Evgeny Lifshitz]] er lheh, as ren ad eab dy phrowal nagh vel singyltaght erbee er ny haishbyney ayns feayslaghyn keintagh, ga dy ren ad goll ergooyl er nyn soiaghyn shen ny s’anmey.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Penrose |first1=Roger |author-link=Roger Penrose |date=1996 |title=Chandrasekhar, black holes, and singularities |journal=[[Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy]] |type=Art |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=213–231 |bibcode=1996JApA...17..213P |doi=10.1007/BF02702305}}</ref> Ansherbee, ‘sy vlein 1965, phrow [[Roger Penrose]] dy row feme er singyltaghtyn ayns dagh towl doo ec y chonastaght chadjin gyn obbrinaght quantum.<ref name="penrose1965">{{cite journal |last1=Penrose |first1=R. |author-link1=Roger Penrose |date=1965 |title=Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/faad/1f4358fddf70df2e00c0a290b7e4501c27de.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=57 |bibcode=1965PhRvL..14...57P |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57 |s2cid=116755736 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011221750/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/faad/1f4358fddf70df2e00c0a290b7e4501c27de.pdf |archive-date=11 Jerrey Fouyir 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=L. H. |date=2003 |title=The Classical Singularity Theorems and Their Quantum Loopholes |journal=[[International Journal of Theoretical Physics]] |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1219–1227 |doi=10.1023/A:1025754515197 |arxiv=gr-qc/0301045 |bibcode=2003gr.qc.....1045F |s2cid=14404560}}</ref> Tammylt beg ny yei, ren [[Stephen Hawking]] cadjinaghey feaysley Penrose dy nee red neuhaghtnagh eh singyltaght huinnagh y [[Yn Bleaystey Mooar|Vleaystey Mooar]] ayns dagh craue skeeal, faagail magh adsyn nagh vel yn-jannoo dy fishigagh as mannagh vel yn ym-hayrn quantum cur stiagh.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Occurrence of Singularities in Cosmology |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A |last=Hawking |first=Stephen |date=18 Jerrey Fouyir 1966 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2415489.pdf |volume=294 |issue=1439 |via=JSTOR |author-link=Stephen Hawking |pages=511–521 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1966.0221 |jstor=2415489 |bibcode=1966RSPSA.294..511H }}</ref> Er son yn obbyr ren eh, va lieh-ayrn jeh [[Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig]] ‘sy vlein 2020 bronnit er, as Hawking er ny gheddyn baase hannah hene ‘sy vlein 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/|access-date=8 Jerrey Fouyir 2020|website=NobelPrize.org|archive-date=24 Averil 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424115309/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/|url-status=live}}</ref> Haghyr yrdjaghyn mooarey ayns baghtyn rollageydagh car yn eash shoh. ‘Sy vlein 1967, ren [[Antony Hewish]] as [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]] feddyn magh [[pulsar]]yn<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hewish |first1=A. |author-link1=Antony Hewish |last2=Bell |first2=S. J. |author-link2=Jocelyn Bell Burnell |last3=Pilkington |first3=J. D. H. |last4=Scott |first4=P. F. |last5=Collins |first5=R. A. |display-authors=1 |date=1968 |title=Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1968-02-24_217_5130/page/709 |journal=[[Nature (earishlioar)|Nature]] |volume=217 |issue=5130 |pages=709–713 |doi=10.1038/217709a0|bibcode=1968Natur.217..709H|s2cid=4277613 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pilkington |first1=J. D. H. |last2=Hewish |first2=A. |author-link2=Antony Hewish |last3=Bell |first3=S. J. |author-link3=Jocelyn Bell Burnell |last4=Cole |first4=T. W. |display-authors=1 |date=1968 |title=Observations of some further Pulsed Radio Sources |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1968-04-13_218_5137/page/126 |journal=[[Nature (earishlioar)|Nature]] |volume=218 |issue=5137 |pages=126–129 |doi=10.1038/218126a0|bibcode=1968Natur.218..126P|s2cid=4253103 }}</ref> as roish 1969, v’ad er nyn daishbyney myr rollageyn naeearaneagh bieau-hyndaaee.<ref name="araa8_265">{{cite journal |last=Hewish |first=A. |author-link1=Antony Hewish |date=1970 |title=Pulsars |journal=[[Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=265–296 |bibcode=1970ARA&A...8..265H |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.08.090170.001405}}</ref> Derrey yn traa shen, cha row rollageyn naeearaneagh, goll rish tuill ghoo, coontit agh myr reddyn quaagh sheiltynagh. Agh haishbyn feddynys pulsaryn nyn mentynys fishigagh as vrasnee eh anaase ny s’odjey ayns dagh sorçh dy red çhionn foddee ve crooit lesh cohuittym ym-hayrnagh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Fifty-years-ago-grad-students-discovery-changed-course-astrophysics-180968288/ |title=Fifty Years Ago, a Grad Student's Discovery Changed the Course of Astrophysics |date=28 Toshiaght Arree 2018 |access-date=22 Mee ny Nollick 2023 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |last=Boissoneault |first=Lorraine}}</ref> Bunnit er baghtyn ayns [[Reayrtlann Reeoil Greenwich|Greenwich]] as [[Reayrtlann David Dunlap|Toronto]] ayns ny 1970yn leah, haink [[Cygnus X-1]], moir [[scell-X]] cho-rollageyssagh va feddynit magh ‘sy vlein 1964, dy ve ny chied red rollageydagh dy ve doltit dy cadjin myr towl doo.<ref>{{citation | last=Rolston | first=Bruce | date=10 Mee Houney 1997 | url=http://news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm | title=The First Black Hole | publisher=Ollooscoill Toronto | access-date=11 Mayrnt 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307181205/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm | archive-date = 7 Mayrnt 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Shipman1975">{{citation | last1=Shipman | first1=H. L. | date=1975 | title=The implausible history of triple star models for Cygnus&nbsp;X-1 Evidence for a black hole | journal=Astrophysical Letters | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=9–12 | bibcode=1975ApL....16....9S | <!--doi=10.1016/S0304-8853(99)00384-4 -->| last2=Yu | first2=Z | last3=Du | first3=Y.W }}</ref> Chur yn obbyr lesh [[James Bardeen]], [[Jacob Bekenstein]], Carter, as Hawking ayns ny 1970yn leah rish formlaghey [[ the early 1970s led to the formulation of [[çhiass-niartallaght tuill ghoo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bardeen |first1=J. M. |author-link1=James M. Bardeen |last2=Carter |first2=B. |author-link2=Brandon Carter |last3=Hawking |first3=S. W. |author-link3=Stephen Hawking |date=1973 |title=The four laws of black hole mechanics |journal=[[Communications in Mathematical Physics]] |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.1007/BF01645742 |mr=0334798 |zbl=1125.83309 |bibcode=1973CMaPh..31..161B |s2cid=54690354 |url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103858973 |access-date=4 Mean Souree 2021 |archive-date=16 Boaldyn 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516211604/https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103858973 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ta ny leighyn shen cur sheese er aghtys towl doo ayns cosoylley giare da [[leighyn y çhiass-niartallaght]] rere bentynys y ghlout dys y vree, yn eaghtyr dys yn [[entropaght]], as yn [[ym-hayrn eaghtyragh]] dys y [[çhhiassid]]. Va baare currit er y chosoylley tra haishbyn Hawking ‘sy vlein 1974 dy vel [[sheiltynys ream quantum]] keeayllaghey dy lhisagh tuill ghoo goulraghey goll rish [[corpane doo]] lesh çhiassid ayns coreir rish ym-hayrn eaghtyragh y towl doo, as eh faaishnaghey yn eiyrtys ta enmyssit jiu myr [[goulraght Hawking]].<ref name=Hawking1974 /> ===Ronsaght as baght noa-emshiragh=== Haink y chied eanish lajer da tuill ghoo lesh baghtyn covestit scell-X as shilleydagh er [[Cygnus X-1]] ‘sy vlein 1972.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Remillard |first1=Ronald A. |last2=McClintock |first2=Jeffrey E. |date=22 Mean Fouyir 2006 |title=X-Ray Properties of Black-Hole Binaries |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092532 |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=Baarle |volume=44 |issue=<!--none--> |pages=49–92 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092532 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606352 |bibcode=2006ARA&A..44...49R |issn=0066-4146}}</ref> Va’n voir scell-X, ta soit ayns co-hollys rollageagh yn [[Yn Ollay (co-hollys rollageagh)|Ollay]], feddynit magh trooid creear lesh daa [[roggad fo-chruinlagh]] er-yn-oyr dy vel tarmestey scellyn-X lesh [[aeraght y Dowan]] cur stiagh er nyn gronnaghey veih’n thalloo.<ref>{{cite book | first=Friedman | last=Herbert | date=2002 | chapter=From the ionosphere to high energy astronomy&nbsp;– a personal experience | title=The Century of Space Science | publisher=Springer | isbn=0-7923-7196-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Liu | first1=C. Z. | last2=Li | first2=T. P. | title=X-Ray Spectral Variability in Cygnus&nbsp;X-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-08-20_611_2/page/1084 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2004 | volume=611 | issue=2 | pages=1084–1090 | doi=10.1086/422209 | bibcode=2004ApJ...611.1084L|arxiv = astro-ph/0405246 | s2cid=208868049 }}</ref><ref name="bbcf65">{{cite journal | last1=Bowyer | first1=S. | last2=Byram | first2=E. T. | last3=Chubb | first3=T. A. | last4=Friedman | first4=H. | date=1965 | title=Cosmic X-ray Sources | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1965-01-22_147_3656/page/394 | journal=Science | volume=147 | issue=3656 | pages=394–398 | doi=10.1126/science.147.3656.394 | pmid=17832788 | bibcode=1965Sci...147..394B | s2cid=206565068 }}</ref> Neughollrish rollageyn ny pulsaryn, cha row Cygnus X-1 kianglt rish un voir radio ny hilleydagh ard-cheimagh.<ref name="bbcf65" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maron |first1=O. |last2=Kijak |first2=J. |last3=Kramer |first3=M. |last4=Wielebinski |first4=R. |title=Pulsar spectra of radio emission |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series |date=2000 |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |doi=10.1051/aas:2000298 |arxiv=astro-ph/0010233 |bibcode=2000A&AS..147..195M }}</ref> ‘Sy vlein 1972, ren [[Betty Louise Turtle|Louise Webster]], [[Paul Murdin]], as, seyr voue, [[Charles Thomas Bolton]], feddyn magh dy row Cygnus X-1 ayns [[corys jeesoil scell-X|corys jeesoil]] marish y [[rollage hur-oawragh]] HDE 226868. As ad gymmydey [[spectroscoipaght rollageydagh|patternyn brooightee]] yn rollage akinagh, ren y daa wirran ronsee feddyn magh dy beagh glout Cygnus X-1 ro-vooar son [[crivassan bane]] ny rollage naeearaneagh as dy row eh liklee dy nee towl doo eh.<ref name=wm72>{{cite journal | last1=Webster | first1=B. Louise | last2=Murdin | first2=Paul | date=1972 | title=Cygnus&nbsp;X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion? | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1972-01-07_235_5332/page/37 | journal=Nature | volume=235 | issue=5332 | pages=37–38 | doi=10.1038/235037a0 | bibcode = 1972Natur.235...37W | s2cid=4195462 }}</ref><ref name=bolton72>{{cite journal | last=Bolton | first=C. T. | date=1972 | title=Identification of Cygnus&nbsp;X-1 with HDE&nbsp;226868 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1972-02-04_235_5336/page/271 | journal=Nature | volume=235 | issue=5336 | pages=271–273 | doi=10.1038/235271b0 | bibcode = 1972Natur.235..271B | s2cid=4222070 }}</ref> Ren ronsaght ny s’odjey niartaghey yn Further research strengthened their sheiltynys shen.<ref name="rolston1997">{{cite web | last=Rolston | first=Bruce | date=10 November 1997 | url=http://news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm | title=The First Black Hole | publisher=Ollooscoill Toronto | access-date=11 Mayrnt 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307181205/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm | archive-date = 7 Mayrnt 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Shipman | first1=H. L. | date=1975 | title=The implausible history of triple star models for Cygnus&nbsp;X-1 Evidence for a black hole | journal=Astrophysical Letters | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=9–12 | bibcode=1975ApL....16....9S | doi=10.1016/S0304-8853(99)00384-4 | last2=Yu | first2=Z. | last3=Du | first3=Y. W. }}</ref> Choud’s va Cygnus X-1, [[towl doo rollageagh]], er ny gholtey myr towl doo er y chooid smoo lesh y voodeeys sheansagh roish jerrey yn vlein 1973,<ref name="rolston1997" /> cha dooar [[towl doo sur-ghloutagh]] yn enney cheddin roish jeihaghtyn ny lurg. Ansherbee, cha foddey sheear as ny 1960yn, ren fishigee lheid as [[Donald Lynden-Bell]] as [[Martin Rees]] coyrlaghey dy row ny [[quasar]]yn niartal ec creeaghyn co-rollageyssyn geddyn bree veih tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh [[cruinnaghey (fishig rollageagh)|chruinnee]], agh s’goan va’n eanish vaghtal ec y traa shen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lynden-Bell |first1=D. |title=Galactic Nuclei as Collapsed Old Quasars |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1969-08-16_223_5207/page/690 |journal=Nature |date=1969 |volume=223 |issue=5207 |pages=690–694 |doi=10.1038/223690a0 |bibcode=1969Natur.223..690L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Rees|first1= Martin J.|title= Black Hole Models for Active Galactic Nuclei|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-astronomy-and-astrophysics_1984_22/page/471|journal= Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics|date= 1984|volume= 22|pages= 471–506|doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002351|bibcode= 1984ARA&A..22..471R}}</ref> Ansherbee, ren [[Fodreayrtan Spoar Hubble]], v’er ny launshey shiartanse dy yeihaghtyn ny yei, feddyn magh dy row tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh ec [[çheshvean co-rollageyssagh bio|çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio]] begnagh dagh co-rollageys as dy row ad ooilley-laaragh as ram jeu kiune.<ref name="ff05">{{Cite journal |last1=Ferrarese |first1=Laura |last2=Ford |first2=Holland |title=Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research |journal=Space Science Reviews |date=2005 |volume=116 |issue=3–4 |pages=523–624 |doi=10.1007/s11214-005-3947-6 |arxiv=astro-ph/0411247 |bibcode=2005SSRv..116..523F }}</ref><ref name="peterson14">{{Cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Bradley M. |title=Measuring the Masses of Supermassive Black Holes |journal=Space Science Reviews |date=2014 |volume=183 |issue=1–4 |pages=253–275 |doi=10.1007/s11214-013-9987-4 |bibcode=2014SSRv..183..253P }}</ref> ‘Sy vlein 1999, hreeal [[David Merritt]] yn [[mooinjerys M–sigma]], chur sheese mooinjerys [[scaalheaney (staddyssaght)|scaalheaney]] [[bieauid-jeerit]] jeh stoo ayns [[boogh co-rollageyssagh|boogh]] meanagh co-rollageys rish glout y towl doo yl-ghloutagh t’ec y chree echey.<ref>{{cite conference | first = David | last = Merritt | author-link = David Merritt | editor1-first = F. | editor1-last = Combes | editor2-first = G. 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M. |last7=Filippenko |first7=Alexei V. |last8=Green |first8=Richard |last9=Grillmair |first9=Carl |last10=Ho |first10=Luis C. |last11=Kormendy |first11=John |last12=Lauer |first12=Tod R. |last13=Magorrian |first13=John |last14=Pinkney |first14=Jason |last15=Richstone |first15=Douglas |title=The Slope of the Black Hole Mass versus Velocity Dispersion Correlation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2002-08-01_574_2/page/740 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2002 |volume=574 |issue=2 |pages=740–753 |doi=10.1086/341002 |arxiv=astro-ph/0203468 |bibcode=2002ApJ...574..740T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferrarese |first1=Laura |last2=Merritt |first2=David |title=A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2000 |volume=539 |issue=1 |pages=L9–L12 |doi=10.1086/312838 |arxiv=astro-ph/0006053 |bibcode=2000ApJ...539L...9F }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Charles H. |last2=Green |first2=Richard F. |last3=Bower |first3=Gary |last4=Gebhardt |first4=Karl |last5=Weistrop |first5=Donna |title=The Relationship Between Black Hole Mass and Velocity Dispersion in Seyfert 1 Galaxies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2004-11-10_615_2/page/652 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2004 |volume=615 |issue=2 |pages=652–661 |doi=10.1086/424657 |arxiv=astro-ph/0407383 |bibcode=2004ApJ...615..652N }}</ref> Mysh y traa cheddin as bunnit er baghtyn fodreayrtan er bieauidyn-jeerit ny rollageyn ec cree Raad Mooar Gorree, haink possanyn obbree fo [[Andrea Ghez]] as [[Reinhard Genzel]] dys y vriwnys dy nee towl doo yl-ghloutagh va’n [[moir radio rollageydagh|voir radio]] çhionn [[Sagittarius A*]] ta soit ayns çheshvean y cho-rollageys.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Genzel |first1=R. |last2=Eckart |first2=A. |last3=Ott |first3=T. |last4=Eisenhauer |first4=F. |title=On the nature of the dark mass in the centre of the Milky Way |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=1997 |volume=291 |pages=219–234 |doi=10.1093/mnras/291.1.219 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghez |first1=A. M. |last2=Klein |first2=B. L. |last3=Morris |first3=M. |last4=Becklin |first4=E. E. |title=High Proper-Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1998-12-20_509_2/page/678 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1998 |volume=509 |issue=2 |pages=678–686 |doi=10.1086/306528 |arxiv=astro-ph/9807210 |bibcode=1998ApJ...509..678G }}</ref> ‘Sy vlein 2020, va [[Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig]] bronnit er Ghez as Genzel son y faaishnys oc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Mathematician Roger Penrose jointly wins the Nobel Prize in Physics |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-10-06-oxford-mathematician-roger-penrose-jointly-wins-nobel-prize-physics |date=6 Jerrey Fouyir 2020 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=University of Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Nobel Prize in Physics |url=https://www.aps.org/archives/publications/apsnews/202011/nobel-physics.cfm |last=Poffenberger |first=Leah |access-date=20 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=American Physical Society}}</ref> [[Coadan:LIGO measurement of gravitational waves.svg|thumb |Y chied chronnaghey jeh tonnyn ym-hayrnagh, er ny jallooaghey lesh reayrtlannyn LIGO ayns [[Hanford Site|Hanford Site, Washington]] as [[Livingston, Louisiana]]]] Er 11 Toshiaght Arree 2016, ren [[LIGO Scientific Collaboration]] as [[tessen-veadar Virgo|Virgo Collaboration]] fogrey magh y [[chied vaght jeh tonnyn ym-hayrnagh|chied vaght]] jeh [[tonn ym-hayrnagh|tonnyn ym-hayrnagh]], enmyssit GW150914, as eh soilshaghey magh y chied vaght jeh [[covestey towl doo]].<ref name="PRL-20160211" /> Ec traa yn chovestey, va ny tuill ghoo soit mysh 1.4 villioon dy [[sollys-vlein|hollys-vleeantyn]] voin as va glout 30 as 35 gloutyn greiney oc.<ref name="ligovirgo16">{{Cite journal|arxiv=1606.01210 |title=An improved analysis of GW150914 using a fully spin-precessing waveform model |journal=Physical Review X |volume=6 |issue=4 |article-number=041014 |author=The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and The Virgo Collaboration |doi=10.1103/PhysRevX.6.041014 |year=2016 |bibcode=2016PhRvX...6d1014A |s2cid=18217435 }}</ref>{{Rp|6}} Va glout y towl doo covestit mysh 62 er glout greiney, currit rish tree glout greiney v’er ny [[co-hrimmid glout–bree|ghoulraghey magh]] myr tonnyn ym-hayrnagh.<ref name="ligovirgo16" /><ref>{{cite journal |collaboration=LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last1=Abbott |first1=Benjamin P. |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |journal=[[Phys. Rev. Lett.]] |volume=116 |issue=6 |article-number=061102 |year=2016 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |arxiv=1602.03837 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116f1102A |pmid=26918975|s2cid=124959784}} * {{cite web |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |website=LIGO Scientific Collaboration |url=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/system/media_files/binaries/301/original/detection-science-summary.pdf}}</ref> Chronnee yn [[LIGO|Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory]] (LIGO) ny tonnyn ym-hayrnagh lesh ymmyd daa scaane kiare kilomeadar veih-my-cheilley dy howshaney ny caghlaaghyn mynreayrtagh ‘sy lhiurid oc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts |url=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/facts |website=LIGO |quote=This is equivalent to measuring the distance from Earth to the nearest star to an accuracy smaller than the width of a human hair! |access-date=24 Luanistyn 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704030142/https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/facts |archive-date=4 Jerrey Souree 2017 }} (shen dy ghra, dys [[Proxima Centauri]] ec {{val|4.0208|e=13|u=km}}).</ref> ‘Sy vlein 2017, va Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig bronnit er [[Rainer Weiss]], [[Kip Thorne]], as [[Barry Barish]], toshee yn çhalee.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/press.html }}</ref> Veih’n chied eddynys magh shen ‘sy vlein 2015, ta ny keeadyn dy honnyn ym-hayrnagh er ny ve cronnit lesh LIGO as tessen-veadar elley, [[tessen-veadar Virgo|Virgo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Announce the 200th Gravitational Wave Detection of O4! |url=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20250320 |last=Burtnyk |first=Kimberly |date=20 Mayrnt 2025 |access-date=22 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=LIGO Caltech}}</ref> [[File:Black hole - Messier 87.jpg|thumb |Jalloo lesh yn [[Event Horizon Telescope]] er y towl doo yl-ghloutagh ec çheshvean [[Messier 87]]]] Er 10 Averil 2019, va’n chied jalloo jeeragh jeh towl doo as e nabooys er ny hoilshaghey magh lurg baghtyn va jeant lesh yn [[Event Horizon Telescope]] (EHT) ‘sy vlein 2017 jeh’n towl doo yl-ghloutagh ayns [[Co-rollageys#Sorçhyn as jalloo-oaylleeaght|çheshvean co-rollageyssagh]] [[Messier 87]].<ref name="APJL-20190410">{{cite journal|last1=Event Horizon Telescope|first1=The|author-link1=Event Horizon Telescope|date=2019|title=First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=875|page=L1|arxiv=1906.11238|bibcode=2019ApJ...875L...1E|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7|number=1|s2cid=145906806 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="BoumanJohnson2016">{{cite book |last1=Bouman |first1=Katherine L. |title=2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) |author-link1=Katie Bouman |last2=Johnson |first2=Michael D. |last3=Zoran |first3=Daniel |last4=Fish |first4=Vincent L. |last5=Doeleman |first5=Sheperd S. |last6=Freeman |first6=William T. |chapter=Computational Imaging for VLBI Image Reconstruction |year=2016 |pages=913–922 <!--|doi=10.1109/CVPR.2016.105--> |hdl=1721.1/103077 |arxiv=1512.01413|isbn=978-1-4673-8851-1|s2cid=9085016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190412">{{cite news |last=Gardiner |first=Aidan |title=When a Black Hole Finally Reveals Itself, It Helps to Have Our Very Own Cosmic Reporter – Astronomers announced Wednesday that they had captured the first image of a black hole. The Times's Dennis Overbye answers readers' questions.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/reader-center/black-holes-dennis-overbye.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/reader-center/black-holes-dennis-overbye.html |archive-date=1 Jerrey Geuree 2022 |url-access=limited |date=12 Averil 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 Averil 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Va ny baghtyn jeant ayns hoght [[reayrtlann]] ayns shey ynnyd çheer-oaylleeagh car kiare laa as lesh queig [[petabyte]] jeh fysseree ec y jerrey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many telescopes are currently in the EHT network? |url=https://eventhorizontelescope.org/faq/how-many-telescopes-are-currently-network |access-date=22 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=Event Horizon Telescope}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Scientists Captured the First Image of a Black Hole |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/resources/teachable-moment/how-scientists-captured-the-first-image-of-a-black-hole/ |last=Lutz |first=Ota |date=8 Jerrey Fouyir 2024 |access-date=22 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=NASA.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 Averil 2019 |title=The M87 image will change our understanding of black holes, but why was the photo so hard to capture? |magazine=BBC Science Focus Magazine |last=Chown |first=Marcus |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/m87-why-the-first-black-hole-photo-was-so-hard-to-capture |access-date=22 Jerrey Fouyir 2025}}</ref> ‘Sy vlein 2022, ren co-obbraghey yn Event Horizon Telescope skeaylley magh jalloo yn towl doo ta soit ayns çheshvean Raad Moor Gorree, Sagittarius A*. Va ny fysseree er ny ve çhaglit ‘sy vlein 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astronomers Reveal First Image of the Black Hole at the Heart of Our Galaxy |url=https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy |date=12 Boaldyn 2022 |website=Event Horizon Telescope}}</ref> Ren mynscrutaghey cruinn er gleashaght rollageyn v’er ny recortyssey lesh [[Gaia (saagh spoar)|mishoon Gaia]] kairail feanish ‘sy vlein 2022<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Sukanya |last2=Simon |first2=Joshua D. |last3=Craig |first3=Peter A. |last4=Reggiani |first4=Henrique |last5=Brandt |first5=Timothy D. |last6=Guhathakurta |first6=Puragra |last7=Dalba |first7=Paul A. |last8=Kirby |first8=Evan N. |last9=Chang |first9=Philip |last10=Hey |first10=Daniel R. |last11=Savino |first11=Alessandro |last12=Geha |first12=Marla |last13=Thompson |first13=Ian B. |date=1 July 2023 |title=A Noninteracting Galactic Black Hole Candidate in a Binary System with a Main-sequence Star |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=166 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/accf21 |arxiv=2210.05003 |bibcode=2023AJ....166....6C |doi-access=free |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> as 2023<ref name="El-Badry">{{cite journal |last1=El-Badry |first1=Kareem |last2=Rix |first2=Hans-Walter |last3=Quataert |first3=Eliot |last4=Howard |first4=Andrew W. |last5=Isaacson |first5=Howard |last6=Fuller |first6=Jim |last7=Hawkins |first7=Keith |last8=Breivik |first8=Katelyn |last9=Wong |first9=Kaze W. K. |last10=Rodriguez |first10=Antonio C. |last11=Conroy |first11=Charlie |last12=Shahaf |first12=Sahar |last13=Mazeh |first13=Tsevi |last14=Arenou |first14=Frédéric |last15=Burdge |first15=Kevin B. |last16=Bashi |first16=Dolev |last17=Faigler |first17=Simchon |last18=Weisz |first18=Daniel R. |last19=Seeburger |first19=Rhys |last20=Monter |first20=Silvia Almada |last21=Wojno |first21=Jennifer |title=A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |year=2023 |volume=518 |issue=1 |pages=1057–1085 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stac3140 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2209.06833 |bibcode=2023MNRAS.518.1057E }}</ref> bentyn rish towl doo enmyssit [[Gaia BH1]] ayns corys jeesoil marish rollage gollrish y Ghrian ain mysh {{convert|1,560|ly|pc|lk=on|abbr=off}} voin. She Gaia BH1 y towl doo s’niessey dooin t’er fys ain.<ref name="El-Badry2022">{{cite journal |last1=El-Badry |first1=Kareem |last2=Rix |first2=Hans-Walter |last3=Quataert |first3=Eliot |last4=Howard |first4=Andrew W. |last5=Isaacson |first5=Howard |last6=Fuller |first6=Jim |last7=Hawkins |first7=Keith |last8=Breivik |first8=Katelyn |last9=Wong |first9=Kaze W. K. |last10=Rodriguez |first10=Antonio C. |last11=Conroy |first11=Charlie |last12=Shahaf |first12=Sahar |last13=Mazeh |first13=Tsevi |last14=Arenou |first14=Frédéric |last15=Burdge |first15=Kevin B. |display-authors=2 |date=2 Mee Houney 2022 |title=A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=518 |issue=1 |pages=1057–1085 |arxiv=2209.06833 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stac3140 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023MNRAS.518.1057E}}</ref><ref name="NOIRLab22">{{cite web |url=https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2227/ |title=Astronomers Discover Closest Black Hole to Earth |date=4 Mee Houney 2022 |website=noirlab.edu |publisher=[[NOIRLab]] |access-date=4 Mee Houney 2022}}</ref> Ta daa howl too elley er ny ve feddynit magh veih fysseree Gaia, fer ayns corys jeesoil marish [[foawr jiarg]]<ref name="elbadry23">{{Cite journal |last1=El-Badry |first1=Kareem |last2=Rix |first2=Hans-Walter |last3=Cendes |first3=Yvette |last4=Rodriguez |first4=Antonio C. |last5=Conroy |first5=Charlie |last6=Quataert |first6=Eliot |last7=Hawkins |first7=Keith |last8=Zari |first8=Eleonora |last9=Hobson |first9=Melissa |last10=Breivik |first10=Katelyn |last11=Rau |first11=Arne |last12=Berger |first12=Edo |last13=Shahaf |first13=Sahar |last14=Seeburger |first14=Rhys |last15=Burdge |first15=Kevin B. |date=1 February 2023 |title=A red giant orbiting a black hole |bibcode=2023MNRAS.521.4323E |arxiv=2302.07880 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=521 |issue=3 |pages=4323–4348 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad799|doi-access=free }}</ref> as fer elley ayns corys jeesoil marish rollage [[Rang-oardraghey rollageagh#Rang G|rang G]].<ref name="pmahc24" >{{Cite journal |last1=Panuzzo |first1=P. |last2=Mazeh | first2=T. | last3=Arenou | first3 = F.| last4=Holl | first4=B. | last5=Caffau | first5=E. |date=2024 |title=Discovery of a dormant 33 solar-mass black hole in pre-release Gaia astrometry |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=686 |pages=L2 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202449763|arxiv=2404.10486|bibcode=2024A&A...686L...2G |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===Bun-ocklaght=== She çhyndaa jeeragh veih {{lang|en|''black hole''}} y Vaarle eh “towl doo.” Ayns Mee ny Nollick 1967, ren studeyr moylley yn enmys ''black hole'' ayns leagh lesh [[John Archibald Wheeler|John Wheeler]]; kyndagh rish y gherrit as y “leagh soilsheenee” echey, ren Wheeler doltey yn enmys as ren ardjid Wheeler ‘sy ream shickyraghey doltey yn enmys,<ref name=Bartusiak/><ref>{{cite news |title=Pioneering Physicist John Wheeler Dies at 96 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pioneering-physicist-john-wheeler-dies/ |access-date=27 Mee Houney 2016 |work=[[Scientific American]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050759/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pioneering-physicist-john-wheeler-dies/ |archive-date=28 Mee Houney 2016}}</ref> as, myr shen, va treisht currit da Wheeler bentyn rish crooaght yn enmys.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Overbye |first1=Dennis |title=John A. Wheeler, Physicist Who Coined the Term 'Black Hole,' Is Dead at 96 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/science/14wheeler.html |access-date=27 Mee Houney 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 Averil 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122210005/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/science/14wheeler.html |archive-date=22 Mee Houney 2016}}</ref> Ansherbee, va’n enmys shen ymmydit hannah hene lesh sleih elley ec y traa shen. Ren y screeudeyr sheanse Marcia Bartusiak eiyrt er yn enmys "black hole" dys yn ishigagh [[Robert H. Dicke]], ren screeu ayns ny 1960yn leah dy row yn phenomenon shen cosoyllagh rish [[Towl Doo Calcutta]], pryssoon imraagh raad hie sleih stiagh agh cha daink ad magh bio. Va’n enmys ''black hole'' er ny ymmyd ‘sy chlou lesh ny h-earishlioaryn ''[[Life (earishlioar)|Life]]'' as ''[[Science News]]'' ‘sy vlein 1963, as lesh yn earisheyr sheanse Ann Ewing ‘syn art eck, {{" '}}Black Holes' in Space", veih 18 Jerrey Geuree 1964, tuarastyl er çhaglym yn [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] haghyr ayns Cleveland, Ohio.<ref name="Bartusiak">{{cite book |last=Bartusiak |first=Marcia |author-link=Marcia Bartusiak |title=Black Hole: How an Idea Abandoned by Newtonians, Hated by Einstein, and Gambled On by Hawking Became Loved |date=2015 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-21363-8 |location=New Haven, CT}}</ref> == Troyn as strughtoor == Dy cadjin, ta towl doo meenit myr ard y spoar-hraa raad nagh vel cowraghyn ny reddyn [[Teaymaght#Ayns ny h-oaylleeaghtyn fishigagh|lesh fysseree]] jargal dy scapail.<ref name="fz11">{{Cite book |title=Introduction to Black Hole Physics |last1=Frolov |first1=Valeri P. |date=1 Mee ny Nollick 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969229-3 |edition=1d |page=1 |last2=Zelnikov |first2=Andrei}}</ref><ref name="booth05">{{Cite journal |last1=Booth |first1=Ivan |title=Black-hole boundaries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-physics_2005-11_83_11/page/1073 |journal=Canadian Journal of Physics |date=2005 |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1073–1099 |doi=10.1139/p05-063 |arxiv=gr-qc/0508107 |bibcode=2005CaJPh..83.1073B }}</ref> Ansherbee, cha nel meenaghey cruinn coardit jeh towl doo ec fishigee.<ref name="curiel19">{{Cite journal |last1=Curiel |first1=Erik |title=The many definitions of a black hole |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=2019 |volume=3 |pages=27–34 |doi=10.1038/s41550-018-0602-1 |arxiv=1808.01507 |bibcode=2019NatAs...3...27C }}</ref> Veih perspeghtaght ynnydagh, foddee towl doo ve fakinit myr ard marish [[tayrnys ym-hayrnagh]] ny, corrym rish shen, marish [[cruillaght spoar-hraa]] cha çhionn as dy vel eh neuyantagh dy scapail.<ref name="booth05" /><ref name="hamiltonwaterfall">{{Cite web |title=A Black Hole is a Waterfall of Space |url=https://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/insidebh/waterfall.html |last=Hamilton |first=Andrew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820063124/https://jila.colorado.edu/%7Eajsh/insidebh/waterfall.html |archive-date=20 Luanistyn 2025 |access-date=24 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=Inside Black Holes}}</ref> Foddee towl doo ve meenit myr ard raad ta’n [[bieauid-jeerit scapail|vieauid-jeerit scapail]] ny smoo na bieauid hollys, ny raad ta’n spoar cohuittym stiagh ny s’tappee na bieauid hollys.<ref name="bhwar">{{cite book |last=Susskind |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Susskind |title=The black hole war: my battle with Stephen Hawking to make the world safe for quantum mechanics |title-link=The Black Hole War |date=2008 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-01640-7 |edition=1d |location=York Noa |oclc=181603165}}</ref>{{rp|27}} She <math> V = \sqrt{2MG/R}</math> yn formley da’n vieauid-jeerit scapail raad ta <em>M</em> soilshaghey glout, ta <em>G</em> soilshaghey yn beayn-earroo ym-hayrnagh, as ta <em>R</em> soilshaghey yn craue raadeeoil veih çheshvean y ghlout.<ref name="bhwar" /> Veih perspeghtaght ghowanagh, foddee towl doo ve toiggit myr ard jeh’n [[tuinney]] raad nagh vel [[cooisheeaght|cummaghtyn cooishagh]] roshtyn y seihll çheumooie.<ref name="curiel19" /><ref name="fz11" /> Ta’n [[çhoarym gyn gruag]] treeal nagh vel agh tree tro fishigagh seyr ec towl doo as eh ayns foaynoo shickyr: glout, lughtey lectragh, as momentum uillinagh; cha nel tro elley erbee ec towl doo. My s’feer yn far-vriwnys shoh, my vees daa howl doo rheynn ny leaghyn cheddin da ny troyn, ny ny parameadaryn, shen veagh ad neurheynnagh veih-my-cheilley. Ansherbee, she feysht neufeayslit eh shoh da tuill ghoo irrinagh.<ref name="HeuslerNoHair">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chruściel PT, Costa JL, Heusler M |date=2012 |title=Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond |journal=[[Living Reviews in Relativity]] |type=Art |volume=15 |issue=7 |arxiv=1205.6112 |bibcode=2012LRR....15....7C |doi=10.12942/lrr-2012-7 |pmc=5255892 |pmid=28179837 |doi-access=free |article-number=7}}</ref> She troyn er lheh ny troyn shoh er-yn-oyr dy vel ad so-akin veih’n theihll çheumooie jeh towl doo. Myr sampleyr, ta towl doo lughtit [[Leigh Coulomb|ashwoalley]] lughtyn cosoyllagh elley gollrish red lughtit elley erbee.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Hao |last2=Ong |first2=Yen Chin |last3=Yung |first3=Man-Hong |title=Cosmic censorship and the evolution of <math>d</math> -dimensional charged evaporating black holes |journal=Physical Review D |date=2020 |volume=101 |issue=6 |article-number=064015 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.101.064015 |arxiv=1911.11990 |bibcode=2020PhRvD.101f4015X }}</ref> Er yn aght cosoyllagh, foddee slane glout ve oolit lesh mynscrutaghey gleashaght ny reddyn ta faggys da’n towl doo, lheid as rollageyn ny gas.<ref name="peterson14"/> Foddee momentum uillinagh (ny çhyndaa) towl doo ve towshit foddey voish lesh mynscrutaghey [[spectrum lectro-vagnaidagh]] y jysk cruinnee—myr s’tappee çhyndaa yn towl doo, s’niessey da’n scell-linney haghyrt foddee stoo gleashaghey gyn tuittym stiagh, as s’jiargey yn cummey t’ec y stoo kyndagh rish y jiarg-arraghey ym-hayrnagh echey.<ref name="reynolds19">{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=Christopher S.|date=Jerrey Geuree 2019|title=Observing black holes spin|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-018-0665-z|journal=Nature Astronomy|volume=3|issue=1|pages=41–47|doi=10.1038/s41550-018-0665-z|issn=2397-3366|arxiv=1903.11704|bibcode=2019NatAs...3...41R|s2cid=85543351|access-date=21 Luanistyn 2020|archive-date=18 Mee Houney 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092121/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-018-0665-z|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steiner |first1=James F. |last2=McClintock |first2=Jeffrey E. |last3=Remillard |first3=Ronald A. |last4=Gou |first4=Lijun |last5=Yamada |first5=Shin'ya |last6=Narayan |first6=Ramesh |title=The Constant Inner-Disk Radius of LMC X-3: A Basis for Measuring Black Hole Spin |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2010 |volume=718 |issue=2 |pages=L117–L121 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/718/2/L117 |arxiv=1006.5729 |bibcode=2010ApJ...718L.117S }}</ref> Foddee troyn tuill ghoo ve cronnit lesh ny tonnyn ym-hayrnagh t’ad ceau magh.<ref name="reynolds19" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chatziioannou |first1=Katerina |last2=Lovelace |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Boyle |first3=Michael |last4=Giesler |first4=Matthew |last5=Hemberger |first5=Daniel A. |last6=Katebi |first6=Reza |last7=Kidder |first7=Lawrence E. |last8=Pfeiffer |first8=Harald P. |last9=Scheel |first9=Mark A. |last10=Szilágyi |first10=Béla |title=Measuring the properties of nearly extremal black holes with gravitational waves |journal=Physical Review D |date=2018 |volume=98 |issue=4 |article-number=044028 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.98.044028 |arxiv=1804.03704 |bibcode=2018PhRvD..98d4028C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poisson |first1=Eric |title=Measuring black-hole parameters and testing general relativity using gravitational-wave data from space-based interferometers |journal=Physical Review D |date=1996 |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=5939–5953 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.54.5939 |pmid=10020601 |arxiv=gr-qc/9606024 |bibcode=1996PhRvD..54.5939P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Echeverria |first1=Fernando |title=Gravitational-wave measurements of the mass and angular momentum of a black hole |journal=Physical Review D |date=1989 |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=3194–3203 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.40.3194 |pmid=10011687 |bibcode=1989PhRvD..40.3194E }}</ref> Er-yn-oyr dy vel y towl doo çheet dys staydys shickyr marish tree parameadar, lhisagh fysseree bentyn rish ny foaynooyn toshee ve cailt; cha nel reamyn ym-hayrnagh ny lectragh y towl doo kiarail monney fysseree bentyn rish ny ren tuittym stiagh, as ta dagh mooadys nagh vel yn-towshanagh foddey veih scell-linney yn towl doo er choayl. Currit rish shen as er-yn-oyr dy nee [[goulraght hermagh|çhermagh]] goulraght Hawking ta ceaut magh veih’n towl doo, cha nel eh gymmyrkey fysseree erbee bentyn rish ny ren tuittym stiagh ‘sy towl doo as, rere shen, s’cosoyllagh dy vel ny fysseree shen goll naardey choud’s ta’n towl doo goulraghey magh. Er-yn-oyr dy vel eh brishey leigh [[freayltys bree]], t’eh er ny ve enmyssit [[sou-cheeall coal fysseree yn towl doo]].<ref name="math_ucr_edu">{{cite web |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/info_loss.html |title=The Black Hole Information Loss Problem |website=Usenet Physics FAQ |last=Anderson |first=Warren G. |date=1996 |access-date=24 Mayrnt 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122223839/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/info_loss.html |archive-date=22 Jerrey Geuree 2009}}</ref><ref name="Preskill1994">{{cite conference |last=Preskill |first=J. |author-link1=John Preskill |url=http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/talks/blackholes.pdf |title=Black holes and information: A crisis in quantum physics |date=21 Jerrey Fouyir 1994 |conference=Caltech Theory Seminar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518054438/http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/talks/blackholes.pdf |archive-date=18 Boaldyn 2008 |access-date=17 Boaldyn 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Danielsson |first1=Ulf H. |last2=Schiffer |first2=Marcelo |title=Quantum mechanics, common sense, and the black hole information paradox |journal=Physical Review D |date=1993 |volume=48 |issue=10 |pages=4779–4784 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.48.4779 |pmid=10016132 |arxiv=gr-qc/9305012 |bibcode=1993PhRvD..48.4779D }}</ref> === Parameadaryn fishigagh === [[Coadan:Black Hole Shadow.gif|thumb|350x350px|Craueyn raadeeoil da’n scaa as y sfeyr photon ayns coreir rish y scell-linney haghyrt]] Ny tuill ghoo s’oney, ta glout oc agh cha nel lughtey lectragh ny momentum uillinagh oc. Ta ny tuill ghoo shen enmyssit tuill ghoo Schwarzschild dy mennick, ass [[Karl Schwarzschild]], ren feddyn magh y [[Feayslaghyn da cormidyn ream Einstein|feaysley]] ‘sy vlein 1916.<ref name="Schwarzschild1916" /> Rere [[sheiltynys Birkhoff (conastaght)|sheiltynys Birkhoff]], she eshyn ta’n ynrican [[Feaysley folmid (conastaght chadjin)|feaysley folmid]] ta [[Spoar-hraa himmeadragh chruinn|shimmeadragh cruinn]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hawking|Ellis|1973|loc=Appendix B}}</ref> T’eh shen meenaghey nagh vel anchaslys baghtal erbee ayn ec foddeeaght eddyr ream ym-hayrnagh lheid towl too as red cruinn elley as y glout cheddin echey. Controllee gys yn eie cadjin ta gra dy vel tuill ghoo “soo stiagh dagh red” ‘sy çhymmyltaght echey, veih perspeghtaght foddey voish, ta ream ym-hayrnagh y towl doo as corpane elley erbee lesh y ghlout cheddin echey unnane.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Michael A. |last1=Seeds |first2=Dana E. |last2=Backman |title=Perspectives on Astronomy |page=167 |publisher=Cengage Learning |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-495-11352-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXom04KGIL8C&pg=PA167|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810211808/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXom04KGIL8C&pg=PA167 |archive-date=10 Luanistyn 2016}}</ref> Ta feayslaghyn elley ayn ta cur sheese er tuill ghoo chadjin. Ta [[meadraght Reissner–Nordström]] soilshaghey [[towl doo lughtit|tuill ghoo lughtit]] neu-hyndaaee, choud’s ta meadraght Kerr soilshaghey [[towl doo çhyndaaee]] neu-lughtit. She meadraght Kerr–Newman y feaysley s’cadjiney da tuill ghoo [[spoar-hraa ny hassoo|ny hassoo]] as eh soilshaghey towl doo marish lughtey as momentum uillinagh.<ref name=shapiro_teukolsky1983>{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=S. L. |last2=Teukolsky |first2=S. A. |author2-link=Saul Teukolsky |title=Black holes, white dwarfs, and neutron stars: the physics of compact objects |page=357 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=1983 |isbn=978-0-471-87316-7}}</ref> Rere y sheiltynys, foddee leagh jarrooagh erbee ve ec glout towl doo agh ta’n lughtey as y momentum uillinagh caglit lesh e glout shen. T’eh jerkit dy vel y slane lughtey lectragh&nbsp;''Q'' as y slane momentum uillinagh &nbsp;''J'' cooilleeney yn neuchormid <math display="block">\frac{Q^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0} + \frac{c^2 J^2}{G M^2} \le G M^2</math> da towl doo ta enmyssit ''M''. Ny tuill ghoo marish y ghlout jantagh sloo ta cooilleeney y neuchormid shen, t’ad enmyssit [[towl doo feeganagh|feeganagh]]. Ta feayslaghyn da cormidyn Einstein ta brishey yn neuchormid shen ayn, agh cha nel scell-linney haghyrt oc. Ta [[singyltaght rooisht|singyltaghtyn rooisht]] so-akinagh veih’n theihll çheumooie ec ny feayslaghyn shoh.<ref name="wald 1997">{{cite book |last=Wald |first=R. M. |author-link=Robert Wald |title=Black Holes, Gravitational Radiation and the Universe |editor1=Iyer, B. R. |editor2=Bhawal, B. |chapter=Gravitational Collapse and Cosmic Censorship |arxiv=gr-qc/9710068 |date=1997 |pages=69–86 |location=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer <!--|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-0934-7--> |isbn=978-94-017-0934-7}}</ref> Shymmey fishigagh ta credjal nagh vel ad jantagh er-yn-oyr dy jinnagh ny singyltaghtyn shen yn tuinney neuaaishnit er dooghys.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Berger |first=B. K.|author-link= Beverly Berger |date=2002 |title=Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities |journal=Living Reviews in Relativity |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=2002–1|article-number=1 |bibcode=2002LRR.....5....1B |doi=10.12942/lrr-2002-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=28179859 |pmc=5256073 |arxiv=gr-qc/0201056}}</ref> Ta [[baght-varel y chinseyraght huinnagh voal]], va treealit lesh [[Roger Penrose]], faagail magh crooaght lheid singyltaghtyn tra t’ad crooit lesh cohuittym ym-hayrnagh jeh [[foaynoo bree|stoo rieughagh]]. Ansherbee, derrey shoh cha nel y sheiltynys shen er ny phrowal as ta fishigee eigsoylagh ayn ta gra dy vel ad jantagh.<ref name="joshi09">{{Cite magazine |date=1 Toshiaght Arree 2009 |title=Naked Singularities |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |last=Joshi |first=Pankaj S. |pages=36–43 |volume=300 |issue=2 |jstor=26001219 }}</ref> Chammah’s shen, cha nel fys ayn er jargaght tuill ghoo ve feeganagh as croo singyltaghtyn rooisht, er-yn-oyr dy vel obbraghyn najooragh cur bac er y çhyndaa as y lughtey ardjaghey tra ta towl doo begnagh feeganagh.<ref name="joshi09" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reynolds |first1=Christopher S. |title=The spin of supermassive black holes |journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity |date=2013 |volume=30 |issue=24 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/30/24/244004 |arxiv=1307.3246 |bibcode=2013CQGra..30x4004R }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Rajes |last2=Mishra |first2=Akash K. |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sudipta |title=Overcharging extremal black holes |journal=Physical Review D |date=2021 |volume=104 |issue=10 |article-number=104043 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.104.104043 |arxiv=2106.10667 |bibcode=2021PhRvD.104j4043G }}</ref> ==== Lughtey ==== T’eh er credjal dy vel lughtey neaghtyragh faggyssagh ec y chooid smoo jeh tuill ghoo. Myr sampleyr, ren Michal Zajaček, Arman Tursunov, Andreas Eckart, as Silke Britzen feddyn magh dy row yn [[lughtey lectragh]] ec Sagittarius A*, y towl doo ec çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree, jeih oardagh mooadys er y chooid sloo fo’n earroo sheiltynagh sloo.<ref name="zteb18" /> My jagh towl doo dy ve lughtit, veagh floagyn as cowrey lughtee condaigagh oc tayrnit stiagh lesh y [[lectro-vagnaidys|forse lectro-vagnaidagh]], choud’s veagh floagyn as y cowrey lughtee cheddin oc er ny aawoalley as y towl doo er ny neaghtyraghey. Foddee nagh beagh yn eiyrtys shen cha lajer my vees y towl doo çhyndaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Yi |last2=Cao |first2=Zhoujian |last3=Gao |first3=He |last4=Zhang |first4=Bing |title=On neutralization of charged black holes |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2019 |volume=488 |issue=2 |pages=2722–2731 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz1904 |doi-access=seyr |arxiv=1907.05239 }}</ref> Foddee faare lughtee injillaghey crantessen y towl doo heose dys 38% as t’eh scughey yn cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie (ISCO{{Efn|veih “innermost stable circular orbit” y Vaarle}}) ny s’odjey stiagh gyn scansh da [[Lughtey lectragh|lughtaghey lectragh]] ny neaghtyraghey lectragh ny floagyn çheusthie jeh’n ISCO.<ref name="zteb18">{{Cite journal |last1=Zajaček |first1=Michal |last2=Tursunov |first2=Arman |last3=Eckart |first3=Andreas |last4=Britzen |first4=Silke |title=On the charge of the Galactic centre black hole |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2018 |volume=480 |issue=4 |pages=4408–4423 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty2182 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1808.07327 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zakharov |first1=A. F. |last2=De Paolis |first2=F. |last3=Ingrosso |first3=G. |last4=Nucita |first4=A. A. |title=Direct measurements of black hole charge with future astrometrical missions |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=2005 |volume=442 |issue=3 |pages=795–799 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053432 |arxiv=astro-ph/0505286 |bibcode=2005A&A...442..795Z }}</ref> Ta’n lughtey&nbsp;Q da towl doo neu-hyndaaee caglit lesh <math display="block">Q\leq\sqrt{G}M</math> raad ta G soilshaghey yn beayn-earroo ym-hayrnagh as ta M soilshaghey glout y towl doo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Turimov |first1=Bobur |last2=Boboqambarova |first2=Madina |last3=Ahmedov |first3=Bobomurat |last4=Stuchlík |first4=Zdeněk |title=Distinguishable feature of electric and magnetic charged black hole |journal=The European Physical Journal Plus |date=2022 |volume=137 |issue=2 |article-number=222 |doi=10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02390-7}}</ref> Ny tuill ghoo smoo gloutagh, t’ad enmyssit [[towl doo yl-ghloutagh|tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh]] as ad ny smoo na {{value|e=6}} jeh glout ny Greiney.<ref name="nasa20" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Holes |url=https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/black-holes |access-date=26 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=Center for Astrophysics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mezcua |first1=Mar |title=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology |chapter=Black Holes |date=2021 |pages=1–8 <!--|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_5510-1--> |arxiv=2110.08629 |isbn=978-3-642-27833-4 }}</ref> T’eh credjit dy vel ny tuill ghoo shen soit ec çheshveanyn begnagh dagh co-rolageys mooar, goaill stiagh Raad Mooar Gorree.<ref name="ff05" /><ref name="peterson14" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Broderick |first1=Avery E. |last2=Loeb |first2=Abraham |last3=Narayan |first3=Ramesh |title=The Event Horizon of Sagittarius A |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-08-20_701_2/page/1357 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2009 |volume=701 |issue=2 |pages=1357–1366 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/701/2/1357 |arxiv=0903.1105 |bibcode=2009ApJ...701.1357B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Feng |last2=Quataert |first2=Eliot |last3=Narayan |first3=Ramesh |title=On the Nature of the Variable Infrared Emission from Sagittarius A |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2004 |volume=606 |issue=2 |pages=894–899 <!--|doi=10.1086/383117--> |arxiv=astro-ph/0401429 |bibcode=2004ApJ...606..894Y }}</ref> Ta sheanseyryn jannoo tuarymaght dy daink ny tuill ghoo shen magh ass cohuittym [[rollage y III pobble|rollageyn mooarey yn III pobble]], [[towl doo jeeragh cohuittymagh|cohuittym jeeragh]] mooadyssyn mooarey stoo, ny covestey ram tuill ghoo elley.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Volonteri |first1=Marta |title=Formation of supermassive black holes |journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=279–315 |doi=10.1007/s00159-010-0029-x |arxiv=1003.4404 |bibcode=2010A&ARv..18..279V }}</ref><ref name="gaete24"/><ref name="gaete24">{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Jun-Hwan |last2=Shlosman |first2=Isaac |last3=Begelman |first3=Mitchell C. |title=Supermassive Black Hole Formation at High Redshifts Via Direct Collapse: Physical Processes in the Early Stage |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2013 |volume=774 |issue=2 |page=149 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/774/2/149 |arxiv=1304.1369 |bibcode=2013ApJ...774..149C }}</ref> Ta sheanseyryn elley er treeal fo-ronney dy huill ghoo ny smoo na adsyn as ad enmyssit [[towl too erskyn-ghloutagh|tuil ghoo erskyn-ghloutagh]], as ad ny smoo na {{value|e=9}}&ndash;{{value|e=10}} er glout greiney.<ref name="gaete24" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Natarajan |first1=Priyamvada |last2=Treister |first2=Ezequiel |title=Is there an upper limit to black hole masses? |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2009 |volume=393 |issue=3 |pages=838–845 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13864.x |arxiv=0808.2813 |bibcode=2009MNRAS.393..838N |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dullo |first1=Bililign T. |last2=Gil De Paz |first2=Armando |last3=Knapen |first3=Johan H. |title=Ultramassive Black Holes in the Most Massive Galaxies: M _BH–σ versus M _BH–R _b |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2021 |volume=908 |issue=2 |page=134 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/abceae |arxiv=2012.04471 |bibcode=2021ApJ...908..134D |doi-access=free }}</ref> Cha nel eh liklee dy vel lheid tuill ghoo shen ny smoo na 50-100 billoon keayrtyn jeh glout ny Greiney er mayrn nish er-yn-oyr dy vel aase tuill ghoo caglit rere eash y tuinney.<ref>{{cite journal | title=How big can a black hole grow? | last1=King | first1=Andrew | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters | volume=456 | issue=1 | pages=L109–L112 | date=Toshiaght Arree 2016 | doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slv186 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2016MNRAS.456L.109K | arxiv=1511.08502 | s2cid=40147275 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://futurism.com/is-there-a-size-limit-to-how-large-a-black-hole-can-become | title=Is There a Limit to How Large Black Holes Can Become? | first1=Jaime | last1=Trosper | date=5 Boaldyn 2014 | website=futurism.com | access-date=27 Mee Houney 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/limit-how-big-black-holes-can-grow-astonishing | title=Limit to how big black holes can grow is astonishing | first1=Daniel | last1=Clery | date=21 Mee ny Nollick 2015 | website=sciencemag.org | access-date=27 Mee Houney 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2015/december/black-holes-could-grow-as-large-as-50-billion-suns-before-their-food-crumbles-into-stars-research-shows | title=Black holes could grow as large as 50 billion suns before their food crumbles into stars, research shows | publisher=Ollooscoill Leicester | access-date=27 Mee Houney 2018 | archive-date=25 Jerrey Fouyir 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025005826/https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2015/december/black-holes-could-grow-as-large-as-50-billion-suns-before-their-food-crumbles-into-stars-research-shows | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Çhyndaa ==== Neughollrish y lughtey, t’eh jerkit dy nee tro co-chadjin lesh reddyn fishigagh rollageagh eh yn çhyndaa as y chooid smoo jeh tuill ghoo begnagh ec y chormid s’yrjey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Hole Basics |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/black-holes/ |access-date=25 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=NASA.gov |date=13 Mayrnt 2024 }}</ref><ref name="daly19">{{Cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Ruth A. |title=Black Hole Spin and Accretion Disk Magnetic Field Strength Estimates for More Than 750 Active Galactic Nuclei and Multiple Galactic Black Holes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2019 |volume=886 |issue=1 |page=37 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab35e6 |arxiv=1905.11319 |bibcode=2019ApJ...886...37D |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="eo16">{{Cite journal |last1=Eilon |first1=Ehud |last2=Ori |first2=Amos |title=Numerical study of the gravitational shock wave inside a spherical charged black hole |journal=Physical Review D |date=2016 |volume=94 |issue=10 |article-number=104060 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.94.104060 |arxiv=1610.04355 |bibcode=2016PhRvD..94j4060E }}</ref> Myr sampleyr, ta towl doo meanagh Raad Mooar Gorree, Sagittarius A*, çhyndaa ec mysh 90% y chormid s’yrjey.<ref name="daly19" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Ruth A. |last2=Donahue |first2=Megan |last3=O'Dea |first3=Christopher P. |last4=Sebastian |first4=Biny |last5=Haggard |first5=Daryl |last6=Lu |first6=Anan |title=New black hole spin values for Sagittarius A* obtained with the outflow method |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2024 |volume=527 |pages=428–436 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad3228 |doi-access=free }}</ref> S’cosoylagh dy vel momentum uillinagh y towl doo yl-ghloutagh ec mean y cho-rollageys [[Messier 87|M87]] begnagh ec y leagh lowit s’yrjey.<ref name="daly19" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tamburini |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Thidé |first2=Bo |last3=Della Valle |first3=Massimo |title=Measurement of the spin of the M87 black hole from its observed twisted light |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |date=2020 |volume=492 |pages=L22–L27 |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slz176 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1904.07923 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bambi |first1=Cosimo |last2=Freese |first2=Katherine |last3=Vagnozzi |first3=Sunny |last4=Visinelli |first4=Luca |title=Testing the rotational nature of the supermassive object M87* from the circularity and size of its first image |journal=Physical Review D |date=2019 |volume=100 |issue=4 |article-number=044057 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.100.044057 |arxiv=1904.12983 |bibcode=2019PhRvD.100d4057B }}</ref> Ta’n cagliagh neu-lughtit shen<ref name="50SMBH" /> <math display="block">J \le \frac{GM^{2}}{c},</math> lhiggey da meenaghey parameadar çhyndaa [[gyn towshan]]:<ref name="50SMBH" /><ref name="50SMBH">{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.221101 |pmid=28621973 |title=GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2 |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |date=1 Mean Souree 2017 |first=B. P. |last=Abbott |collaboration=[[LIGO Scientific Collaboration]] as Virgo Collaboration |volume=118 |issue=22 |article-number=221101 |arxiv=1706.01812 |bibcode=2017PhRvL.118v1101A|s2cid=206291714 }}</ref>{{Efn|Foddee leagh ''cJ/GM{{sup|2}}'' goll ny s’yrjey{{nbsp}}1 da reddyn goaill magh tuill ghoo. She ≤ 0.4 y leagh s’yrjey da rollageyn naeearaneagh, as yinnagh cormidyn steat cadjin cur cagliagh < 0.7 er y leagh shen.<ref name="PRL-171016">{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=B. P. |display-authors=et al |collaboration=[[LIGO Scientific Collaboration]] & [[tessen-veadar Virgo|Virgo Collaboration]] |title=GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=16 Jerrey Fouyir 2017 |volume=119 |issue=16 |article-number=161101 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101 |pmid=29099225 |arxiv=1710.05832 |bibcode=2017PhRvL.119p1101A|s2cid=217163611 }}</ref>}} <math display="block"> 0 \le \frac{cJ}{GM^{2}}\le 1.</math> {|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;" |+ Rang-oardraghey tuill ghoo |- ! Rang !! Glout<br />fagg. !! Craue raadeeoil<br />faagys. |- |[[Towl doo yl-ghloutagh#Tuill ghoo erskyn-ghloutagh|Towl doo erskyn-ghloutagh]] ||style="text-align: center;"| {{10^|9}}–{{solar mass|{{10^|11}}}} ||style="text-align: center;"|>1,000 [[Unnid rollageydagh|AU]] |- |[[Towl doo yl-ghloutagh]] ||style="text-align: center;"| {{10^|6}}–{{solar mass|{{10^|9}}}} ||style="text-align: center;"|0.001–400 [[Unnid rollageydagh|AU]] |- |[[Towl doo mean-ghloutagh]] ||style="text-align: center;"| {{10^|2}}–{{solar mass|{{10^|5}}}} ||style="text-align: center;"|10{{sup|3}} km ≈ [[craue raadeeoil y Dowan|''R''{{sub|y Dowan}}]] |- |[[Towl doo rollageagh]] ||style="text-align: center;"| {{solar mass|2–150}} ||style="text-align: center;"|30&nbsp;km |- |[[Meegra-howl doo]] ||style="text-align: center;"|seose dys ''M''{{sub|[[yn Eayst]]}} ||style="text-align: center;"|seose dys 0.1&nbsp;mm |} ==== Glout ==== S’lheeadagh y reayn glout t’ec tuill ghoo. Ta glout s’inshley jeh towl doo va crooit lesh cohuittym ym-hayrnagh rollageagh er ny stiurey lesh glout rollage naeearaneagh s’yrjey as t’eh er credjal dy vel eh eddyr daa as kiare glout greiney.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cromartie |first1=H. T. |last2=Fonseca |first2=E. |last3=Ransom |first3=S. M. |last4=Demorest |first4=P. B. |last5=Arzoumanian |first5=Z. |last6=Blumer |first6=H. |last7=Brook |first7=P. R. |last8=Decesar |first8=M. E. |last9=Dolch |first9=T. |last10=Ellis |first10=J. A. |last11=Ferdman |first11=R. D. |last12=Ferrara |first12=E. C. |last13=Garver-Daniels |first13=N. |last14=Gentile |first14=P. A. |last15=Jones |first15=M. L. |last16=Lam |first16=M. T. |last17=Lorimer |first17=D. R. |last18=Lynch |first18=R. S. |last19=McLaughlin |first19=M. A. |last20=Ng |first20=C. |last21=Nice |first21=D. J. |last22=Pennucci |first22=T. T. |last23=Spiewak |first23=R. |last24=Stairs |first24=I. H. |last25=Stovall |first25=K. |last26=Swiggum |first26=J. K. |last27=Zhu |first27=W. W. |title=Relativistic Shapiro delay measurements of an extremely massive millisecond pulsar |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=2019 |volume=4 |pages=72–76 |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0880-2 |arxiv=1904.06759 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drischler |first1=Christian |last2=Han |first2=Sophia |last3=Lattimer |first3=James M. |last4=Prakash |first4=Madappa |last5=Reddy |first5=Sanjay |last6=Zhao |first6=Tianqi |title=Limiting masses and radii of neutron stars and their implications |journal=Physical Review C |date=2021 |volume=103 |issue=4 |article-number=045808 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.103.045808 |arxiv=2009.06441 |bibcode=2021PhRvC.103d5808D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farr |first1=Will M. |last2=Sravan |first2=Niharika |last3=Cantrell |first3=Andrew |last4=Kreidberg |first4=Laura |last5=Bailyn |first5=Charles D. |last6=Mandel |first6=Ilya |last7=Kalogera |first7=Vicky |title=The Mass Distribution of Stellar-Mass Black Holes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2011 |volume=741 |issue=2 |page=103 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/103 |arxiv=1011.1459 |bibcode=2011ApJ...741..103F }}</ref> Ansherbee, foddee [[towl doo bunneydagh|tuill ghoo vunneydagh]] haghyr tammylt beg lurg y Bleaystey Mooar, ve foddey ny sloo as glout cha beg as {{val|e=-5|u=grams}} ec y chrooaght oc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Bernard |last2=Kohri |first2=Kazunori |last3=Sendouda |first3=Yuuiti |last4=Yokoyama |first4=Jun'Ichi |title=Constraints on primordial black holes |journal=Reports on Progress in Physics |date=2021 |volume=84 |issue=11 |doi=10.1088/1361-6633/ac1e31 |pmid=34874316 |arxiv=2002.12778 |bibcode=2021RPPh...84k6902C }}</ref> Keayrtyn, ta ny tuill ghoo shen enmyssit [[meegra-howl doo|meegra-huill ghoo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakama |first1=Tomohiro |last2=Yokoyama |first2=Jun'Ichi |title=Micro black holes formed in the early Universe and their cosmological implications |journal=Physical Review D |date=2019 |volume=99 |issue=6 |article-number=061303 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.99.061303 |arxiv=1811.05049 |bibcode=2019PhRvD..99f1303N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scardigli |first1=Fabio |title=Gravity coupling from micro-black holes |journal=Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements |date=2000 |volume=88 |issue=1–3 |pages=291–294 |doi=10.1016/S0920-5632(00)00788-X |arxiv=hep-th/9907150 |bibcode=2000NuPhS..88..291S }}</ref> Ta tuill ghoo va crooit lesh cohuittym rollageagh enmyssit tuill ghoo rollageagh. Ny leaghyn da’n ghlout s’yrjey ec y chrooaght oc, t’eh oolit dy vel ad eddyr 10 as 100 glout greiney, as oolaghyn ny s’yrjey da tuill ghoo va roie-ghientit lesh rollageyn [[meainaght|beg-veainagh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Belczynski |first1=Krzysztof |last2=Bulik |first2=Tomasz |last3=Fryer |first3=Chris L. |last4=Ruiter |first4=Ashley |last5=Valsecchi |first5=Francesca |last6=Vink |first6=Jorick S. |last7=Hurley |first7=Jarrod R. |title=On the Maximum Mass of Stellar Black Holes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2010 |volume=714 |issue=2 |pages=1217–1226 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1217 |arxiv=0904.2784 |bibcode=2010ApJ...714.1217B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fryer |first1=Chris L. |last2=Kalogera |first2=Vassiliki |title=Theoretical Black Hole Mass Distributions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2001-06-10_554_1/page/548 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2001 |volume=554 |issue=1 |pages=548–560 |doi=10.1086/321359 |arxiv=astro-ph/9911312 |bibcode=2001ApJ...554..548F }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fryer |first1=Chris L. |title=Mass Limits for Black Hole Formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1999-09-01_522_1/page/413 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1999 |volume=522 |issue=1 |pages=413–418 |doi=10.1086/307647 |arxiv=astro-ph/9902315 |bibcode=1999ApJ...522..413F }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vink |first1=Jorick S. |last2=Higgins |first2=Erin R. |last3=Sander |first3=Andreas A C. |last4=Sabhahit |first4=Gautham N. |title=Maximum black hole mass across cosmic time |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2021 |volume=504 |pages=146–154 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stab842 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2010.11730 }}</ref><ref name="mc04">{{Cite journal |last1=Coleman Miller |first1=M. |last2=Colbert |first2=E. J. M. |title=Intermediate-Mass Black Holes |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics D |date=2004 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.1142/S0218271804004426 |arxiv=astro-ph/0308402 |bibcode=2004IJMPD..13....1M }}</ref> Foddee ny tuill ghoo shen cosney glout s’odjey dy gheddyn lesh cruinnaghey stoo faggyssagh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lupi |first1=A. |last2=Haardt |first2=F. |last3=Dotti |first3=M. |last4=Fiacconi |first4=D. |last5=Mayer |first5=L. |last6=Madau |first6=P. |title=Growing massive black holes through supercritical accretion of stellar-mass seeds |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2016 |volume=456 |issue=3 |pages=2993–3003 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv2877 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1512.02651 }}</ref> S’mennick ta tuill ghoo rollageagh feddynit ayns [[corys jeesoil scell-X|coryssyn jeesoil scell-X]] marish rollageyn.<ref name="lph97">{{Cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=R. J. H. |last2=Fender |first2=R. P. |last3=Körding |first3=E. G. |last4=Belloni |first4=T. |last5=Cabanac |first5=C. |title=A global spectral study of black hole X-ray binaries |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2010 |volume=403 |issue=1 |pages=61–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16114.x |arxiv=0912.0142 |bibcode=2010MNRAS.403...61D |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=X-ray Binaries |date=28 January 1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59934-4 |page=1 |editor-last=Lewin |editor-first=Walter H. G. |editor-last2=Jan |editor-first2=van Paradijs |editor-last3=van den Heuvel |editor-first3=Edward P.J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shao |first1=Yong |last2=Li |first2=Xiang-Dong |title=Population Synthesis of Black Hole X-Ray Binaries |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2020 |volume=898 |issue=2 |page=143 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aba118 |arxiv=2006.15961 |bibcode=2020ApJ...898..143S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Foddee ny coryssyn jeesoil shoh ve rang-oardit myr coryssyn <em>beg-ghloutagh</em> ny <em>ard-ghloutagh</em>. Ta’n rang-oardraghey shoh bunnit er glout y cho-rollage, as chan er glout y red çhionn hene.<ref name="lph97" /> Ta tuill ghoo rollageagh ry-gheddyn chammah ayns coryssyn jeesoil marish reddyn çhionn elley, lheid as [[crivassan bane|crivassanyn bane]],<ref name="lph97" /> rollageyn naeearaneagh,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Broekgaarden |first1=Floor S. |last2=Berger |first2=Edo |title=Formation of the First Two Black Hole–Neutron Star Mergers (GW200115 and GW200105) from Isolated Binary Evolution |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=2021 |volume=920 |issue=1 |pages=L13 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac2832 |arxiv=2108.05763 |bibcode=2021ApJ...920L..13B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Debatri |last2=Stevenson |first2=Simon |last3=Broekgaarden |first3=Floor |last4=Antonini |first4=Fabio |last5=Belczynski |first5=Krzysztof |title=Modelling the formation of the first two neutron star–black hole mergers, GW200105 and GW200115: Metallicity, chirp masses, and merger remnant spins |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2022 |volume=513 |issue=4 |pages=5780–5789 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stac1283 |doi-access=free }}</ref> as tuill ghoo elley.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ziosi |first1=B. M. |last2=Mapelli |first2=M. |last3=Branchesi |first3=M. |last4=Tormen |first4=G. |title=Dynamics of stellar black holes in young star clusters with different metallicities - II. Black hole-black hole binaries |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2014 |volume=441 |issue=4 |pages=3703–3717 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stu824 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1404.7147 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sources and Types of Gravitational Waves |url=https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/gw-sources |access-date=26 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=LIGO Caltech}}</ref> Tuill ghoo ny smoo na tuill ghoo rollageagh agh ny sloo na tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh, ta’d enmyssit [[towl doo mean-ghloutagh|tuill ghoo vean-ghloutagh]] keayrtyn as ad eddyr {{value|e=2}} as {{value|e=5}} glout greiney masses er glout. S’cosoylagh dy vel ny tuill ghoo shen ny smoo goan na ny tuill ghoo rollageagh as yl-ghloutagh, as s’goan ny yeearreyderyn va fakinit.<ref name="nasa20">{{Cite web |title=Black Hole Types |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/black-holes/types |access-date=26 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=NASA.gov |date=21 Jerrey Fouyir 2020 }}</ref><ref name="mc04"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caputo |first1=Daniel P. |last2=De Vries |first2=Nathan |last3=Patruno |first3=Alessandro |last4=Portegies Zwart |first4=Simon |title=On Estimating the Total Number of Intermediate Mass Black Holes |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2017 |article-number=stw3336 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stw3336 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ta fishigee treeal dy vel lheid tuill ghoo shen crooit lurg covuillaghyn ayns [[çhaglym bluckanagh|çhaglymyn bluckanagh]] as [[çhaglym rollageagh|rollageagh]] ny ec çheshveanyn [[co-rollageys crivassanagh|co-rollageyssyn crivassanagh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coleman Miller |first1=M. |last2=Hamilton |first2=Douglas P. |title=Production of intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2002 |volume=330 |issue=1 |pages=232–240 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05112.x |arxiv=astro-ph/0106188 |bibcode=2002MNRAS.330..232C |doi-access=seyr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rizzuto |first1=Francesco Paolo |last2=Naab |first2=Thorsten |last3=Spurzem |first3=Rainer |last4=Giersz |first4=Mirek |last5=Ostriker |first5=J. P. |last6=Stone |first6=N. C. |last7=Wang |first7=Long |last8=Berczik |first8=Peter |last9=Rampp |first9=M. |title=Intermediate mass black hole formation in compact young massive star clusters |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2021 |volume=501 |issue=4 |pages=5257–5273 |doi=10.1093/mnras/staa3634 |doi-access=seyr |arxiv=2008.09571 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fujii |first1=Michiko S. |last2=Wang |first2=Long |last3=Tanikawa |first3=Ataru |last4=Hirai |first4=Yutaka |last5=Saitoh |first5=Takayuki R. |title=Simulations predict intermediate-mass black hole formation in globular clusters |journal=Science |date=2024 |volume=384 |issue=6703 |pages=1488–1492 |doi=10.1126/science.adi4211 |pmid=38815090 |arxiv=2406.06772 |bibcode=2024Sci...384.1488F }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barai |first1=Paramita |last2=De Gouveia Dal Pino |first2=Elisabete M. |title=Intermediate-mass black hole growth and feedback in dwarf galaxies at high redshifts |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2019 |volume=487 |issue=4 |pages=5549–5563 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stz1616 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1807.04768 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beckmann |first1=R. S. |last2=Dubois |first2=Y. |last3=Volonteri |first3=M. |last4=Dong-Páez |first4=C. A. |last5=Trebitsch |first5=M. |last6=Devriendt |first6=J. |last7=Kaviraj |first7=S. |last8=Kimm |first8=T. |last9=Peirani |first9=S. |title=Population statistics of intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies using the newhorizon simulation |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2023 |volume=523 |issue=4 |pages=5610–5623 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad1544 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2211.13301 }}</ref> Foddee ad ve crooit myr eiyrtys er covestey tuill ghoo ny sloo, as baghtyn LIGO eigsoylagh er ny gheddyn tuill ghoo çheusthie ‘sy reayn eddyr 110 as 350 glout greiney.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Rocha |first1=Krystal |last2=Yelikar |first2=Anjali B. |last3=Lange |first3=Jacob |last4=Gabella |first4=William |last5=Weller |first5=Robert A. |last6=o'Shaughnessy |first6=Richard |last7=Holley-Bockelmann |first7=Kelly |last8=Jani |first8=Karan |title=Properties of "Lite" Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates in LIGO-Virgo's Third Observing Run |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=2025 |volume=985 |issue=2 |pages=L37 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/adc5f8 |arxiv=2502.17681 |bibcode=2025ApJ...985L..37R |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=R. |last2=Abbott |first2=T. D. |last3=Acernese |first3=F. |last4=Ackley |first4=K. |last5=Adams |first5=C. |last6=Adhikari |first6=N. |last7=Adhikari |first7=R. X. |last8=Adya |first8=V. B. |last9=Affeldt |first9=C. |last10=Agarwal |first10=D. |last11=Agathos |first11=M. |last12=Agatsuma |first12=K. |last13=Aggarwal |first13=N. |last14=Aguiar |first14=O. D. |last15=Aiello |first15=L. |last16=Ain |first16=A. |last17=Ajith |first17=P. |last18=Akutsu |first18=T. |last19=Albanesi |first19=S. |last20=Allocca |first20=A. |last21=Altin |first21=P. A. |last22=Amato |first22=A. |last23=Anand |first23=C. |last24=Anand |first24=S. |last25=Ananyeva |first25=A. |last26=Anderson |first26=S. B. |last27=Anderson |first27=W. G. |last28=Ando |first28=M. |last29=Andrade |first29=T. |last30=Andres |first30=N. |display-authors=1 |title=Search for intermediate-mass black hole binaries in the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=2022 |volume=659 |pages=A84 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202141452 |arxiv=2105.15120 |bibcode=2022A&A...659A..84A }}</ref> ==== Craue raadeeoil ==== Da towl doo neulughtit neu-hyndaaee, ta craue raadeeoil y scell-linney haghyrt, ny craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild, ayns coreir rish y ghlout, ''M'', trooid <math display="block">r_\mathrm{s}=\frac{2GM}{c^2} \approx 2.95\, \frac{M}{M_\odot}~\mathrm{km,}</math> raad ta ''r''{{sub|s}} soilshaghey craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild as raad ta {{solar mass}} soilshaghey [[glout greiney|glout ny Greiney]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wald|1984|pp=124–125}}</ref> Da towl doo marish çhyndaa ny lughtey neu-neunhee, ta’n craue raadeeoil ny sloo,{{Efn|Ta craue raadeeoil y scell-linney haghyrt (mooie) scaailey myr: <math>M + \sqrt{M^2 - {{(J/M)}}^2 - Q^2}.</math>}} derrey vees scell-linney haghyrt ec towl doo feeganagh er gerrey da <math display="block">r_\mathrm{+}=\frac{GM}{c^2},</math> lieh-ayrn jeh craue raadeeoil towl doo neu-hyndaaee neulughtit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saa |first1=Alberto |last2=Santarelli |first2=Raphael |title=Destroying a near-extremal Kerr–Newman black hole |journal=Physical Review D |date=18 Jerrey Souree 2011 |volume=84 |issue=2 |article-number=027501 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.84.027501 |arxiv=1105.3950 |bibcode=2011PhRvD..84b7501S|s2cid=118487989 }}</ref> === Towse-oaylleeaght vooie === ==== Ergosfeyr ==== {{main|Ergosfeyr}} [[Coadan:Ergosphere and event horizon of a rotating black hole (no animation).gif|thumb|She ard çheumooie jeh’n scell-linney haghyrt raad nagh vel reddyn jargal dy hannaghtyn ayn.<ref name=viss>{{cite arXiv |eprint=0706.0622 |last1=Visser |first1=Matt |title=The Kerr spacetime: A brief introduction |class=gr-qc |year=2007 |at=page 35, Fig. 3}}</ref>]] Ta’n chonastaght chadjin faaishnaghey dy vees glout çhyndaaee ennagh “tayrn” er y spoar-hraa ta jeeragh mygeayrt y mysh. Nee eh cur rish çhyndaa yn spoar-hraa mygeayrt y glout, gollrish eeirey. Tayrnee yn spoar-hraa çhyndaaee stoo as sollysh erbee stiagh ayns çhyndaa mygeayrt y glout çhyndaaee chammah. Yn eiyrtys shoh, ta enmyssit ''tayrn fraamey'', myr s’niessey da’n ghlout çhyndaaee t’eh s’troshey t’eh.<ref name="reynolds18">{{Cite journal |last1=Reynolds |first1=Christopher S. |title=Observing black holes spin |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=2019 |volume=3 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1038/s41550-018-0665-z |arxiv=1903.11704 |bibcode=2019NatAs...3...41R }}</ref> Ta’n eiyrtys shoh feer lajer faggys da towl doo çhyndaaee. Ta tuill ghoo hyndaaee cruinnit lesh ard jeh’n spoar-hraa ta enmyssit yn ergosfeyr raad t’eh neuyantagh dy hannaghtyn kinjagh ayn. T’eh shoh taghyrtyn er-yn-oyr dy ve y tayrn fraamey cha lajer faggys da’n scell-linney haghyrt as dy lhisagh red gleashaghey ny s’tappe na [[bieauid hollys]] ‘sy troa contraartagh feeu dy hannaghtyn kinjagh.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|loc=Ch. 6.6}}</ref><ref name="reynolds18" /> Ta ergosfeyr towl doo ny thummid ta caglit lesh scell-linney haghyrt y towl doo as yn “ergo-eaghtyr,” ta coadail ry-cheilley rish y scell-linney haghyrt ec ny puill agh ec foddeeaght ny smoo ec y veanchiarkyl.<ref name=viss /> Foddee stoo as goulraght scapail veih’n ergosfeyr. Trooid [[loaghtey Penrose]], foddee reddyn çheet ass yn ergosfeyr lesh ny smoo bree na v’oc tra hie ad stiagh. Ta’n bree brash goit veih bree çhyndaaee yn towl doo, as eh moalaghey çhyndaa yn towl doo.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|loc=Ch. 6.7}}</ref> She caghlaays loaghtey Penrose ayns faare reamyn magnaidagh lajer eh [[loaghtey Blandford–Znajek]], as t’eh coontit myr obbrinaght chosoyllagh da lossanaght vooar as skiootyn conastaghtoil [[quasar]]yn as [[çheshvean co-rollageyssagh bio|çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio]] elley.<ref name="lwb00">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Hyun Kyu |last2=Wijers |first2=R.A.M.J. |last3=Brown |first3=G.E. |title=The Blandford–Znajek process as a central engine for a gamma-ray burst |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physics-reports_2000-02_325_3/page/n4 |journal=Physics Reports |date=2000 |volume=325 |issue=3 |pages=83–114 |doi=10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00084-8 |arxiv=astro-ph/9906213 |bibcode=2000PhR...325...83L }}</ref> ==== Jysk cruinnee ==== {{Main|Jysk cruinnee}} [[Coadan:Black Hole Desktop & Phone Wallpapers (SVS14146 - BH accretion disk viz desktop).png|thumb|Towl doo as jysk cruinnee oranje-vuigh echey. Ny h-ayrnyn jeh’n jysk ta kiarkley erskyn as fo’n towl, t’ad lensit fo ym-hayrn veih cooyl y towl doo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Hole Anatomy |url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/black-holes/anatomy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424044622/https://science.nasa.gov/universe/black-holes/anatomy/ |archive-date=24 Averil 2025 |access-date=13 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=NASA Science |date=2 Luanistyn 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Lensing and shadow of a black hole surrounded by a heavy accretion disk |journal=Journey of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |last1=Cunha |first1=Pedro |date=16 Mayrnt 2020 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/03/035 |volume=2020 |issue=3 |via=IOPscience |last2=Eiró |first2=Nelson |last3=Herdeiro |first3=Carlos |last4=Lemos |first4=José |page=035 |arxiv=1912.08833 |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2020/03/035 |bibcode=2020JCAP...03..035C }}</ref>]] Kyndagh rish [[coadey momentum uillinagh]], nee gas ta tuittym stiagh ‘sy [[çhibbyr ym-hayrnagh]], t’er ny chroo lesh red gloutagh, croo strughtoor ayns cummey jysk mygeayrt y red.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-02-dynamics-black-hole-rotational-energy.html|title=Researchers clarify dynamics of black hole rotational energy|access-date=17 Mean Fouyir 2018|archive-date=17 Mean Fouyir 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105330/https://phys.org/news/2018-02-dynamics-black-hole-rotational-energy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As momentum uillinagh y jysk er ny scughey magh kyndagh rish loaghtaghyn sthie, ta’n stoo tuittym s’odjey stiagh as çhyndaa yn bree ym-hayrnagh echey stiag hayns çhiassid as skealley [[flusk]] mooar dy scellyn-X.<ref name=McClintockRemillard2006>{{cite book |last1=McClintock |first1=J. E. |last2=Remillard |first2=R. A. |chapter=Black Hole Binaries |editor1-first=W. |editor1-last=Lewin|editor2-first=M. |editor2-last=van der Klis |title=Compact Stellar X-ray Sources |page=157 |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-82659-4 |arxiv=astro-ph/0306213 |bibcode=2006csxs.book..157M}} meer 4.1.5.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abramowicz |first1=Marek A. |last2=Fragile |first2=P. Chris |title=Foundations of Black Hole Accretion Disk Theory |journal=Living Reviews in Relativity |date=2013 |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=1 |doi=10.12942/lrr-2013-1 |pmid=28179840 |pmc=5256006 |arxiv=1104.5499 |bibcode=2013LRR....16....1A |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blaes |first1=Omer |title=General Overview of Black Hole Accretion Theory |journal=Space Science Reviews |date=2014 |volume=183 |issue=1–4 |pages=21–41 |doi=10.1007/s11214-013-9985-6 |arxiv=1304.4879 |bibcode=2014SSRv..183...21B }}</ref><ref name="pt74">{{Cite journal |last1=Page |first1=Don N. |last2=Thorne |first2=Kip S. |title=Disk-Accretion onto a Black Hole. Time-Averaged Structure of Accretion Disk |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1974-07-15_191_2/page/499 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1974 |volume=191 |page=499 |doi=10.1086/152990 |bibcode=1974ApJ...191..499P }}</ref> Foddee çhiassid ny jyskyn shoh ve eddyr ny thousaneyn dys ny millioonyn dy [[Kelvin]], as foddee çhiassidyn anchasley rish y cheilley ‘sy jysk cruinnee cheddin.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lasota |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=Astrophysics of Black Holes |chapter=Black Hole Accretion Discs |series=Astrophysics and Space Science Library |date=2016 |volume=440 |pages=1–60 <!--|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-52859-4_1--> |arxiv=1505.02172 |isbn=978-3-662-52857-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beloborodov |first1=A. M. |title=Super-Eddington accretion discs around Kerr black holes |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=1998 |volume=297 |issue=3 |pages=739–746 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01530.x |arxiv=astro-ph/9802129 |bibcode=1998MNRAS.297..739B |doi-access=free }}</ref> Foddee jyskyn cruinnee brooightey ayns ayrnyn elley jeh’n [[spectrum lectro-vagnaidagh]], croghey er [[anvea]] as [[magnaidaghey]] yn jysk as glout as momentum uillinagh y towl doo.<ref name="pt74" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bisnovatyi-Kogan |first1=Gennady |title=Accretion into Black Hole, and Formation of Magnetically Arrested Accretion Disks |journal=Universe |date=2019 |volume=5 |issue=6 |page=146 |doi=10.3390/universe5060146 |arxiv=1905.13731 |bibcode=2019Univ....5..146B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zakharov |first1=A. F. |last2=Repin |first2=S. V. |title=Model radiation spectrum for an accretion disk near a rotating black hole |journal=Astronomy Reports |date=2002 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=360–365 |doi=10.1134/1.1479423 |bibcode=2002ARep...46..360Z }}</ref> Foddee jyskyn cruinnee ve meenit myr jyskyn thanney ny roauyr dy towse-oaylleeagh. Er y chooid smoo, ta jyskyn thanney caglit da plaaney meanchiarkylagh y towl doo as ta oirr vie-veenit oc ec y [[cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie|chruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie]] (ISCO), choud’s ta jyskyn roauyr freilt lesh broo sthie as çhiassid as foddee ad sheeyney stiagh ‘syn ISCO. Ta jyskyn marish cormidyn ard jeh [[scaalheaney lectraneyn|scaalheaney]] as soo lectraneyn ta gial as dullyr er baght enmyssit “roauyr dy shilleydagh.” Ta jyskyn “thanney dy shilleydagh” ny smoo [[trooid-hoilshagh]] as t’ad gientyn jallooyn ny smoo baiht er baght foddey voue.<ref name="wang25">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zi-Liang |title=Exploring the role of accretion disk geometry in shaping black hole shadows |journal=Physical Review D |date=2025 |volume=112 |issue=6 |article-number=064052 |doi=10.1103/fhqj-wgcm |arxiv=2506.21148 |bibcode=2025PhRvD.112f4052W }}</ref> Ta jyskyn cruinnee jeh tuill ghoo ta cruinnaghey ny smoo na [[cagliagh Eddington]] enmyssit “teastagyn Polynnagh” kyndagh rish y chummey roauyr toryssagh ta gollrish [[teastag]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gimeno-Soler |first1=Sergio |last2=Font |first2=José A. |title=Magnetised Polish doughnuts revisited |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=2017 |volume=607 |pages=A68 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201730935 |arxiv=1707.03867 |bibcode=2017A&A...607A..68G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qian |first1=Lei |last2=Abramowicz |first2=M. A. |last3=Fragile |first3=P. C. |last4=Horák |first4=J. |last5=Machida |first5=M. |last6=Straub |first6=O. |title=The Polish doughnuts revisited |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=2009 |volume=498 |issue=2 |pages=471–477 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200811518}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abramowicz |first1=M.A. |title=Growing Black Holes: Accretion in a Cosmological Context |chapter=Super-Eddington Black Hole Accretion |series=ESO Astrophysics Symposia |date=2005 |pages=257–273 <!--|doi=10.1007/11403913_49--> |isbn=978-3-540-25275-7 }}</ref> T’eh jerkit dy vees jyskyn cruinnee quasaryn gorrym er daah er y chooid smoo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kishimoto |first1=Makoto |last2=Antonucci |first2=Robert |last3=Blaes |first3=Omer |last4=Lawrence |first4=Andy |last5=Boisson |first5=Catherine |last6=Albrecht |first6=Marcus |last7=Leipski |first7=Christian |title=The characteristic blue spectra of accretion disks in quasars as uncovered in the infrared |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-07-24_454_7203/page/492 |journal=Nature |date=2008 |volume=454 |issue=7203 |pages=492–494 |doi=10.1038/nature07114 |pmid=18650919 |arxiv=0807.3703 |bibcode=2008Natur.454..492K }}</ref> Y jysk da towl doo rollageagh, er y laue elley, veagh eh oranje-vuigh, buigh, ny jiarg er daah as ny h-ardjyn sthie jeh ny h-ayrnyn s’gilley.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fukue |first1=Jun |last2=Yokoyama |first2=Takushi |title=Color Photographs of an Accretion Disk around a Black Hole |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |date=1988 |volume=40 |pages=15–24 |doi=10.1093/pasj/40.1.15}}</ref> Ta’n ronsaght heiltynagh moylley dy vel y jysk ny s’gorrymey my vel eh ny s’çhoe, ga nagh vel baghtyn er reddyn rollageydagh rieughagh cummal seose yn sheiltynys shen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonning |first1=E. W. |last2=Cheng |first2=L. |last3=Shields |first3=G. A. |last4=Salviander |first4=S. |last5=Gebhardt |first5=K. |title=Accretion Disk Temperatures and Continuum Colors in QSOs |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2007 |volume=659 |issue=1 |pages=211–217 |doi=10.1086/510712 |arxiv=astro-ph/0611263 |bibcode=2007ApJ...659..211B }}</ref> Foddee daaghyn ny jyskyn cruinnee ve caghlaait lesh [[eiyrtys Doppler]], raad vees yn ayrn jeh’n jysk ta goll ayns troa yn chronneyder ny s’gorreymey as ny s’gilley as yn ayrn elley ny s’jiargey as ny s’dullyr.<ref name="scienceofinterstellar" /><ref name="jtft15">{{Cite journal |last1=James |first1=Oliver |last2=Tunzelmann |first2=Eugénie von |last3=Franklin |first3=Paul |last4=Thorne |first4=Kip S. |title=Gravitational lensing by spinning black holes in astrophysics, and in the movie ''Interstellar'' |journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity |date=2015 |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/32/6/065001 |arxiv=1502.03808 |bibcode=2015CQGra..32f5001J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Sen |last2=Huang |first2=Yu-Xiang |last3=Cui |first3=Yu-Hao |last4=Han |first4=Yan |last5=Jiang |first5=Qing-Quan |last6=Liang |first6=En-Wei |last7=Lin |first7=Kai |title=Unveiling the unconventional optical signatures of regular black holes within accretion disk |journal=The European Physical Journal C |date=2023 |volume=83 |issue=11 |article-number=1059 |doi=10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12208-0 |arxiv=2310.20523 |bibcode=2023EPJC...83.1059G }}</ref> ==== Skiootyn conastaghtoil ==== {{See also|Skioot fishigagh rollageagh}} [[Coadan:Black Hole Outflows From Centaurus A.jpg |thumb |Ta skiootyn conastaghtoil veih’n towl doo yl-ghloutagh ayns [[Centaurus A]] sheeyney dy kern-jeeragh veih’n cho-rollageys.]] Ta skiootyn conastaghtoil ec tuill ghoo eigsoylagh. Ny skiootyn shen, she strooanyn dy [[plasmey (fishig)|phlasmey]] t’ad ta roie magh ass y towl doo er ny smoo na yn jeihoo jeh’n vieauid hollys.<ref name="mr99">{{Cite journal |last1=Mirabel |first1=I. F. |last2=Rodríguez |first2=L. F. |title=Sources of Relativistic Jets in the Galaxy |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=1999 |volume=37 |pages=409–443 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.37.1.409 |arxiv=astro-ph/9902062 |bibcode=1999ARA&A..37..409M }}</ref>{{Efn|Cha nel skiootyn conastaghtoil çheet ass stoo ta soit çhuesthie jeh’n towl doo, agh ass stoo ta soit faggys dan towl doo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relativistic Jets |url=https://nustar.caltech.edu/page/relativistic-jets |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=NuSTAR}}</ref>}} Foddee ny skiootyn shen sheeyney cha foddey as millioonyn dy [[parsec|pharsecyn]] veih’n towl doo hene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last9=Jacob |first9=Joe |last1=Bagchi |first1=Joydeep |last2=Vivek |first2=M. |last3=Vikram |first3=Vinu |last4=Hota |first4=Ananda |last5=Biju |first5=K. G. |last6=Sirothia |first6=S. K. |last7=Srianand |first7=Raghunathan |last8=Gopal-Krishna |title=Megaparsec Relativistic Jets Launched from an Accreting Supermassive Black Hole in an Extreme Spiral Galaxy |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2014 |volume=788 |issue=2 |page=174 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/788/2/174 |arxiv=1404.6889 |bibcode=2014ApJ...788..174B }}</ref> Foddee skiootyn ve ec tuill ghoo ennagh gyn scansh da’n ghlout oc.<ref name="nemmen12">{{Cite journal |last1= Nemmen|first1= R. S.|last2= Georganopoulos|first2= M.|last3= Guiriec|first3= S.|last4= Meyer|first4= E. T.|last5= Gehrels|first5= N.|last6= Sambruna|first6= R. M.|title= A Universal Scaling for the Energetics of Relativistic Jets from Black Hole Systems|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-12-14_338_6113/page/1445|journal= Science|date= 2012|volume= 338|issue= 6113|pages= 1445–1448|doi= 10.1126/science.1227416|pmid= 23239730|arxiv= 1212.3343|bibcode= 2012Sci...338.1445N}}</ref> Ansherbee, er y chooid smoo t’ad ry-akin ec tuill ghoo hyndaaee as jyskyn cruninee feer vagnaidit oc.<ref name="bmr18" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen 陈 |first1=Yongyun 永云 |last2=Gu 顾 |first2=Qiusheng 秋生 |last3=Fan 樊 |first3=Junhui 军辉 |last4=Zhou 周 |first4=Hongyan 宏岩 |last5=Yuan 袁 |first5=Yefei 业飞 |last6=Gu 顾 |first6=Weimin 为民 |last7=Wu 吴 |first7=Qinwen 庆文 |last8=Xiong 熊 |first8=Dingrong 定荣 |last9=Guo 郭 |first9=Xiaotong 晓通 |last10=Ding 丁 |first10=Nan 楠. |last11=Yu 俞 |first11=Xiaoling 效龄 |title=The Powers of Relativistic Jets Depend on the Spin of Accreting Supermassive Black Holes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2021 |volume=913 |issue=2 |page=93 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/abf4ff |arxiv=2104.04242 |bibcode=2021ApJ...913...93C |doi-access=free }}</ref> S’menkey va skiootyn conastaghtoil ‘sy [[Chron-oaylleeaght y tuinney#Troggal y strughtoor tuinnagh lesh ym-hayrn|tuinney leah]], tra va co-rollageyssyn as nyn duill ghoo yl-ghloutagh cosney glout dy tappee.<ref name="bmr18">{{Cite journal |last1=Blandford |first1=Roger |last2=Meier |first2=David |last3=Readhead |first3=Anthony |title=Relativistic Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=2019 |volume=57 |pages=467–509 |doi=10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051948 |arxiv=1812.06025 |bibcode=2019ARA&A..57..467B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghisellini |first1=G. |last2=Haardt |first2=F. |last3=Ceca |first3=R. Della |last4=Volonteri |first4=M. |last5=Sbarrato |first5=T. |title=The role of relativistic jets in the heaviest and most active supermassive black holes at high redshift |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2013 |volume=432 |issue=4 |pages=2818–2823 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stt637 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ta jyskyn cruinnee ec dagh towl doo as skiootyn oc, agh ta ny skiootyn ny s’gilley na’n jysk er y chooid smoo.<ref name="mr99" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghisellini |first1=G. |last2=Tavecchio |first2=F. |last3=Maraschi |first3=L. |last4=Celotti |first4=A. |last5=Sbarrato |first5=T. |title=The power of relativistic jets is larger than the luminosity of their accretion disks |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2014-11-20_515_7527/page/376 |journal=Nature |date=2014 |volume=515 |issue=7527 |pages=376–378 |doi=10.1038/nature13856 |pmid=25409827 |arxiv=1411.5368 |bibcode=2014Natur.515..376G }}</ref> Dy mennick, ta tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh enmyssit “[[quasar]]yn,” as ny co-oltyn rollageagh maroo, t’ad enmyssit “[[meegra-quasar]]yn.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meier |first1=David L. |title=The theory and simulation of relativistic jet formation: Towards a unified model for micro- and macroquasars |journal=New Astronomy Reviews |date=2003 |volume=47 |issue=6–7 |pages=667–672 |doi=10.1016/S1387-6473(03)00120-9 |arxiv=astro-ph/0312048 |bibcode=2003NewAR..47..667M }}</ref> Cha nel fys ain foast bentyn rish obbrinaght chrooaght ny skiootyn,<ref name="nemmen12" /> agh ta reihyssyn ennagh er ny ve treealit. Ta [[loaghtey Blandford–Znajek]], nane jeh ny reihyssyn t’er ny ve treealit, moylley tayrn ny [[linney ream magnaidagh|linnaghyn ream magnaidagh]] lesh çhyndaa yn towl doo as foddee eh launshey skiootyn stoo stiagh ‘sy spoar.<ref name="lwb00" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blandford |first1=R. D. |last2=Znajek |first2=R. L. |year=1977 |title=Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=433 |bibcode=1977MNRAS.179..433B |doi=10.1093/mnras/179.3.433 |doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0506302}}</ref> Ta [[loaghtey Penrose]] er ny ve treealit chammah, as eh çheet er tayrn magh [[bree çhyndaaee]] yn towl doo myr obbrinaght yantagh yn imman skiootagh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penrose |first1=R. |year=1969 |title=Gravitational Collapse: The Role of General Relativity |journal=[[Rivista del Nuovo Cimento]] |volume=1 |pages=252–276 |bibcode=1969NCimR...1..252P}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Narayan |first1=Ramesh |last2=McClintock |first2=Jeffrey E. |last3=Tchekhovskoy |first3=Alexander |title=General Relativity, Cosmology and Astrophysics |chapter=Energy Extraction from Spinning Black Holes Via Relativistic Jets |date=2014 |pages=523–535 <!--|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06349-2_25--> |arxiv=1303.3004 |isbn=978-3-319-06348-5 }}</ref> ==== Cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie (ISCO) ==== {{main|Cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie}} [[Coadan:How to Measure the Spin of a Black Hole.jpg|thumb|Er-yn-oyr dy vel floagyn ayns jysk cruinnee yn towl doo cruinlaghey ec ny çheumooie yn ISCO, foddee rollageyder scrutaghey troyn ny jyskyn cruinnee dy chronnaghey çhyndaayssyn y towl doo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McClintock |first1=Jeffrey E. |last2=Narayan |first2=Ramesh |last3=Davis |first3=Shane W. |last4=Gou |first4=Lijun |last5=Kulkarni |first5=Akshay |last6=Orosz |first6=Jerome A. |last7=Penna |first7=Robert F. |last8=Remillard |first8=Ronald A. |last9=Steiner |first9=James F. |title=Measuring the spins of accreting black holes |journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity |date=2011 |volume=28 |issue=11 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/28/11/114009 |arxiv=1101.0811 |bibcode=2011CQGra..28k4009M }}</ref>]] Rere [[Leigh Newton yn ym-hayrn tuinnagh|ym-hayrn Newton]], foddee [[floag phrowallagh|floagyn prowallagh]] cruinlaghey dy shickyr ec foddeeaghtyn skelimagh veih red meanagh. ‘Sy chonastaght chadjin, ansherbee, ta craue raadeeoil sloo jantagh ayn da floag vooar son dy chruinlaghey dy shickyr. Yinnagh [[boirrey (rollageydys)|boirrey]] ree-veg stiagh erbee da’n chruinlagh cooish da tuittym y loag jannoo [[fioghys cruinlagh|caslagh stiagh]] ayns towl doo, as yinnagh boirrey magh erbee, croghey er y vree, cur broo er y loag dy chaslagh stiagh, dy gholl dys cruinlagh ny smoo shickyr as ny s’odjey veih’n towl doo, ny scapail dys y neuyerrinaght. Y cruinlagh shoh, t’eh enmyssit y '''cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie''', ny yn ISCO.<ref>{{harvnb|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973|loc=Box 25.6}}</ref><ref name="jtb15">{{Cite journal |last1=Jefremov |first1=Paul I. |last2=Tsupko |first2=Oleg Yu. |last3=Bisnovatyi-Kogan |first3=Gennady S. |title=Innermost stable circular orbits of spinning test particles in Schwarzschild and Kerr space-times |journal=Physical Review D |date=2015 |volume=91 |issue=12 |article-number=124030 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.91.124030 |arxiv=1503.07060 |bibcode=2015PhRvD..91l4030J }}</ref> Ta soiaghey yn ISCO croghit er çhyndaa yn towl doo as [[cassey (fishig)|cassey]] yn loag hene. Ayns cooish towl doo Schwarzschild (cassey neunhee) as floag gyn cassey, ta soiaghey yn ISCO soilshit myr: <math display="block">r_{\rm ISCO}=3 \, r_\text{s}=\frac{6 \, GM}{c^2}.</math><ref name="Bardeen1972"/> Ta craue raadeeoil y chruinlagh shoh ceaghley beggan er veggan rere cassey yn loag.<ref name="zwgsl18">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yu-Peng |last2=Wei |first2=Shao-Wen |last3=Guo |first3=Wen-Di |last4=Sui |first4=Tao-Tao |last5=Liu |first5=Yu-Xiao |title=Innermost stable circular orbit of spinning particle in charged spinning black hole background |journal=Physical Review D |date=2018 |volume=97 |issue=8 |article-number=084056 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.97.084056 |arxiv=1711.09361 |bibcode=2018PhRvD..97h4056Z }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsupko |first1=O. Yu. |last2=Bisnovatyi-Kogan |first2=G. S. |last3=Jefremov |first3=P. I. |title=Parameters of innermost stable circular orbits of spinning test particles: Numerical and analytical calculations |journal=Gravitation and Cosmology |date=2016 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=138–147 |doi=10.1134/S0202289316020158 |arxiv=1605.04189 |bibcode=2016GrCo...22..138T }}</ref> Ta’n ISCO scughey stiagh da tuill ghoo lughtit.<ref name="zwgsl18" /> Ta tuill ghoo hyndaaee, ta’n ISCO goll er scughey stiagh da floagyn ta cruinlaghey ayns troa cheddin cassey yn towl doo ([[gleashaght chooyl-ghraadagh as far-ghraadagh|gleashaght far-ghraadagh]]) as magh da floagyn ta cruinlaghey ‘sy troa contraartagh (gleashaght chooyl-ghraadagh).<ref name="jtb15" /> Myr sampleyr, foddee yn ISCO da floag ta cruinlaghey dy cooyl-ghraadagh ve cha foddey magh as <math>9r_\text{s}</math>, choud’s foddee yn ISCO da floag ta cruinlaghey dy far-ghraadagh ve cha giare as y scell-linney haghyrt hene.<ref name="jtb15" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jefremov |first1=Paul I. |last2=Tsupko |first2=Oleg Yu. |last3=Bisnovatyi-Kogan |first3=Gennady S. |title=The Fourteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting |chapter=Spin-induced changes in the parameters of ISCO in Kerr spacetime |date=2017 |pages=3715–3721 <!--|doi=10.1142/9789813226609_0486--> |isbn=978-981-322-659-3 }}</ref> ==== Ard thummee ==== {{main|Ard thummee}} Yn ard fakinagh jerree jeh’n spoar-hraa mygeayrt y towl doo, t’eh enmyssit yn ard thummee. ‘Syn ard shoh, cha nel stoo jantagh dy eiyrt er cruinleeyn kiarkylagh as cha nel ad jantagh dy chur bac er y tarlheim jerree stiagh ‘sy towl doo. Ayns ynnyd y chruinlagh, nee eh thummey dy tappee ayns troa yn towl doo begnagh ec bieauid hollys as eh geddyn ny s’çhoe as gientyn [[goulraght hermagh|brooightey çhermagh]] cowreydagh yn-chronnalagh.<ref>{{cite web |title=First proof of black hole 'plunging regions' |url=https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/news/first-proof-black-hole-plunging-regions |department=Department of Physics |publisher=[[Ollooscoill Aah yn Ollee]] |date=16 Boaldyn 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mummery |first1=Andrew |last2=Ingram |first2=Adam |last3=Davis |first3=Shane |last4=Fabian |first4=Andrew |title=Continuum emission from within the plunging region of black hole discs |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=531 |issue=1 |pages=366–386 |date=Mean Souree 2024 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stae1160|doi-access=free |arxiv=2405.09175 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Machida |first1=Mami |last2=Matsumoto |first2=Ryoji |title=Global Three-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Black Hole Accretion Disks: X-Ray Flares in the Plunging Region |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2003-03-01_585_1/page/429 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2003 |volume=585 |issue=1 |pages=429–442 |doi=10.1086/346070 |arxiv=astro-ph/0211240 |bibcode=2003ApJ...585..429M }}</ref> Ansherbee, foddee soilshey as goulraght hermagh t’er ny vrooightey magh ‘syn ard shoh scapail tayrn ym-hayrnagh y towl doo.<ref name="prisco">{{Cite web |title=Study proves black holes have a 'plunging region,' just as Einstein predicted |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/17/world/black-holes-einstein-plunging-region-scn |last=Prisco |first=Jacopo |website=[[CNN]] |date=17 Boaldyn 2024}}</ref> ==== Sfeyr photon ==== {{main|Sfeyr photon}} [[Coadan:Photon capture by a Schwarzschild black hole - video.ogg|thumb|thumbtime=6|Feeshan jeh photon as eh er ny ve goit lesh towl doo Schwarzschild]] Ta [[sfeyr photon]] çheet er cagliagh cruinn raad veagh photonyn ta gleashaghey er tanjentyn rish y sfeyr shen gowit ayns cruinlagh kiarkylagh neuhickyr mygeayrt y towl doo.<ref name="Cramer 1997">{{cite journal |last=Cramer |first=Claes R. |date=1997 |title=Using the Uncharged Kerr Black Hole as a Gravitational Mirror |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_general-relativity-and-gravitation_1997-04_29_4/page/445 |journal=General Relativity and Gravitation |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=445–454 |doi=10.1023/A:1018878515046 |arxiv=gr-qc/9510053 |bibcode=1997GReGr..29..445C |s2cid=9517046}}</ref>Da tuill ghoo Schwarzschild, ta craue raadeeoil 1.5 cheayrt ny smoo na craue raadeeoil Schwarzchild ec y sfer photon.<ref name="ll19">{{Cite journal |last1=Lü |first1=H. |last2=Lyu |first2=Hong-Da |title=Schwarzschild black holes have the largest size |journal=Physical Review D |date=2020 |volume=101 |issue=4 |article-number=044059 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.101.044059 |arxiv=1911.02019 |bibcode=2020PhRvD.101d4059L }}</ref><ref name="qiao22">{{Cite journal |last1=Qiao |first1=Chen-Kai |title=Curvatures, photon spheres, and black hole shadows |journal=Physical Review D |date=2022 |volume=106 |issue=8 |article-number=084060 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.106.084060 |arxiv=2208.01771 |bibcode=2022PhRvD.106h4060Q }}</ref> Da tuill ghoo elley, ta’n sfeyr photon 1.5 cheayrt ny smoo er craue raadeeoil na’n scell-linney haghyrt, agh cha nel craue raadeeoil y sfeyr photon ny smoo na scaa yn towl doo.<ref name="ll19" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Liang |last2=Lü |first2=H. |title=Bounds on photon spheres and shadows of charged black holes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet-Maxwell gravity |journal=Physics Letters B |date=2020 |volume=807 |article-number=135535 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135535 |arxiv=1912.05569 |bibcode=2020PhLB..80735535M }}</ref> Veagh nyn gruinleeyn anhickyr as, lesh shen, yinnagh boirrey beg ennagh, lheid as floag ta tuittym stiagh, anhickyrys daasagh lurg tammylt. Yinnagh eh ceau yn photon er cassan magh, cur rish e scapail veih cruinlagh y towl doo, ny ceau eh er caslagh stiagh raad, fy yerrey, yinnagh eh goll tessen y scell-linney haghyrt.<ref name="ll19" /><ref name="qiao22" /><ref name=prd84_6>{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Daisuke |last2=Chiba |first2=Takeshi |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Naoshi |title=Shadows of colliding black holes |journal=Physical Review D |volume=84 |issue=6 |article-number=063008 |date=Mean Fouyir 2011 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.84.063008 |bibcode=2011PhRvD..84f3008N |arxiv=1106.2425 |s2cid=119264596}}</ref> Son towl doo çhyndaaee neulughtit, ta craue raadeeoil y sfeyr photon croghey er y pharameadar caslagh as er cruinlagh cooyl-ghraadagh ny far-ghraadagh y photon.<ref name="Bardeen1972">{{cite journal|last1=Bardeen|first1=James M.|last2=Press|first2=William H.|last3=Teukolsky|first3=Saul A.|date=1 Mee ny Nollick 1972|title=Rotating Black Holes: Locally Nonrotating Frames, Energy Extraction, and Scalar Synchrotron Radiation|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=178|pages=347–370|doi=10.1086/151796|bibcode=1972ApJ...178..347B}}</ref> Son photon ta cruinlaghey dy far-ghraadagh, bee yn sfeyr photon 1&ndash;3 craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild veih mean y towl doo, choud’s bee yn sfeyr photon 3&ndash;5 craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild veih mean y towl doo da photon ta cruinlaghey dy cooyl-chraadagh. Ta soiaghey cruinn y sfeyr photon croghey er [[mooadys (maddaght)#Earrooyn|mooadys]] çhyndaa yn towl doo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Teo |first1=Edward |title=Spherical Photon Orbits Around a Kerr Black Hole |journal=General Relativity and Gravitation |date=2003 |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1909–1926 |doi=10.1023/A:1026286607562 |bibcode=2003GReGr..35.1909T |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/97985 }}</ref> Son towl doo neuhyndaaee lughtit, cha bee agh un sfeyr photon, as nee craue raadeoil y sfeyr photon leodaghey choud’s ta lughtey yn towl doo mooadaghey.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heydarzade |first1=Yaghoub |last2=Vertogradov |first2=Vitalii |title=Dynamical photon spheres in charged black holes and naked singularities |journal=The European Physical Journal C |date=2024 |volume=84 |issue=6 |article-number=582 |doi=10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-12945-w |arxiv=2311.08930 |bibcode=2024EPJC...84..582H }}</ref> Son tuill ghoo hyndaaee lughtit [[towl doo feeganagh|neu-eeganagh]], bee daa sfeyr photon ayn dy kinjagh, as bee ny cruaeyn raadeeoil croghey er parameadaryn y towl doo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Ying-Xuan |last2=Huang |first2=Jia-Hui |last3=Jiang |first3=Haoxiang |title=Radii of spherical photon orbits around Kerr-Newman black holes |journal=Physical Review D |date=2023 |volume=107 |issue=4 |article-number=044066 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.107.044066 |arxiv=2210.08509 |bibcode=2023PhRvD.107d4066C }}</ref> Choud’s ta’n soilshey jargal dy scapail veih’n sfeyr photon, veagh un hoilshey ta goll tessen y sfeyr photon goit lesh y towl doo. Myr shen, lhisagh soilshey erbee ta roshtyn fakider mooie veih’n sfeyr photon ve ceaut magh lesh reddyn eddyr y sfeyr photon as y scell-linney haghyrt.<ref name=prd84_6 /> === Scell-linney haghyrt === {{main|Scell-linney haghyrt}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 300 | image1 = BH-no-escape-1.svg | caption1 = Foddey veih’n towl doo, foddee floag gleashaghey ayns troa erbee, myr ta ny sideyn soilshaghey. She beauid hollys yn ynrican lhiettrimys t’echey. | image2 = BH-no-escape-2.svg | caption2 = Ny s’niessey da’n towl too, ta’n spoar-hraa mee-chummey. Ta ny smoo cassanyn goll ayns troa yn towl doo na adsyn ta goll ersooyl voish.{{efn|Ta sett ny cassanyn jantagh, ny [[cughlin sollysh]] y traa ry-heet ta cummal dagh [[linney seihill]] jantagh (‘sy leayraid shoh ta’n cughlin sollysh soyllit lesh yn ard ayns cummey V as ta caglit lesh sideyn ta soilshaghey linnaghyn seihill da scellyn sollysh), cleaynit ‘syn aght shoh ayns [[co-ordnaidyn Eddington–Finkelstein]] (she lhieggan “cartoon” eh yn leayraid shoh jeh leayraid co-ordnaidyn Eddington–Finkelstein), agh ayns co-ordnaidyn elley cha nel ny cughlinyn sollysh cleaynit ‘syn aght shoh; myr sampleyr, ayns [[co-ordnaidyn Schwarzschild]] t’ad er ny cheyllaghey gyn cleayn tra ta shiu roshtyn y scell-linney haghyrt, as ayns [[co-ordnaidyn Kruskal–Szekeres]] cha nel ny cughlinyn sollysh ceaghley yn cummey ny yn cleayn oc.<ref>{{harvnb|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973|p=848}}</ref>}} | image3 = BH-no-escape-3.svg | caption3 = Çheusthie jeh’n scell-linney haghyrt, ta dagh cassan tayrn y floag ny s’niessey da mean y towl doo. Cha nel y floag jargal dy scapail nish. }} She beays scell-linney haghyrt, cagliagh ‘sy [[spoar-hraa]] nagh vel stoo ny soilshey jargal dy scapail as dy vel ad tuittym dys çheshvean y towl doo gyn çheet er-ash, y tro cowreydagh jeh towl doo..<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Physics |edition=illustrated |first1=Paul |last1=Davies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-43831-5 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akb2FpZSGnMC |access-date=25 Mean Fouyir 2020 |archive-date=17 Luanistyn 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817161727/https://books.google.com/books?id=akb2FpZSGnMC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=akb2FpZSGnMC&pg=PA26 Meer jeh duillag 26] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815222341/https://books.google.com/books?id=akb2FpZSGnMC&pg=PA26 |date=15 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Student's Guide to the Mathematics of Astronomy |edition=illustrated |first1=Daniel |last1=Fleisch |first2=Julia |last2=Kregenow |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-03494-5 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4gaBQAAQBAJ |access-date=25 Mean Fouyir 2020 |archive-date=17 Luanistyn 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817045139/https://books.google.com/books?id=x4gaBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=x4gaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 Meer jeh duillag 168] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817113029/https://books.google.be/books?id=x4gaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |date=17 Luanistyn 2021 }}</ref> My vel taghyrt taghyrtyn çheusthie jeh’n chagliagh shoh, cha nel fysseree bentyn rish y taghyrt shen roshtyn ny cur stiagh er fakider çheumooie as, myr shen, cha nel eh jargal dy chronnaghey taghyrtyn yn taghyrt shen. Myr shen, ta shin cur “scell-linney haghyrt” er y chagliagh shoh.<ref>{{harvnb|Wheeler|2007|p=179}}</ref> Myr ta faaishnit lesh y chonastaght chadjin, ta faare glout mee-chummey yn spoar-hraa ayns lheid aght as dy vel cassanyn floagyn lhoobey dys y ghlout.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|loc=Ch. 5.4 and 7.3}}</ref> Ec y scell-linney taghyrt, ta’n mee-chummey shoh çheet dy ve cha niartal as nagh vel cassan erbee goll ersooyl veih’n towl doo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singularities and Black Holes > Lightcones and Causal Structure |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-singularities/lightcone.html |website=plato.stanford.edu |publisher=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=11 Mayrnt 2018 |archive-date=17 Boaldyn 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517122738/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-singularities/lightcone.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Da fakider foddey voish, veagh clag faggys da’n towl doo griggeraght ny s’melley na clag elley ny s’odjey jeh’n towl doo.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|p=217}}</ref> Yn eiyrtys shoh, ta enmyssit [[lheanaghey traa ym-hayrnagh]], veagh soylley neuhiyraghey ec red ta tuittym stiagh ayns towl doo as eh geddyn ny s’niessey da’n scell-linney, gyn roshtynys erbee da ayns perspeghtaght yn akider mooieVeagh soylley neuhiyraghey ec dagh loaghtey da’n red shoh, as veagh un hollysh va ceaut magh voish ny s’jiargey as ny s’baiht, eiyrtys ta enmyssit [[jiarg-arraghey ym-hayrnagh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nrumiano.free.fr/Estars/int_bh.html |title=Inside a black hole |website=Knowing the universe and its secrets |access-date=26 Mayrnt 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423053437/http://nrumiano.free.fr/Estars/int_bh.html |archive-date=23 Averil 2009 }}</ref> Fy yerrey, veagh yn red tuittym er ny lheie ersooyl derrey nagh beagh eh ry-akin. Dy cadjin, veagh yn loaghtey shoh feer happee; veagh yn red er ny gholl naardey çheusthie jeh un thootçhey.<ref>{{cite web |title=What happens to you if you fall into a black hole |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/fall_in.html |website=math.ucr.edu |publisher=[[John Baez]] |access-date=11 Mayrnt 2018 |archive-date=13 Toshiaght Arree 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124648/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/fall_in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Er y laue elley, cha beagh fakider ta tuittym stiagh ‘sy towl doo cur geill da fer erbee jeh ny h-eiyrtyssyn shen as ad goll tessen y scell-linney haghyrt. Veagh e chlag hene griggeraght myr s’cadjin, as yinnagh eh goll tessen y scell-linney haghyrt lurg tammylt caglit gyn baght er un aghtys er lheh. ‘Sy [[conastaght chadjin|chonastaght chadjin]], cha nel eh jargal dy chronnaghey soiaghey yn scell-linney haghyrt veih baghtyn ynnydagh, kyndagh rish y [[prinsabyl co-hrimmid|phrinsabyl co-hrimmid]] lesh Einstein .<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|p=222}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Three Ways an Astronaut Could Fall Into a Black Hole |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140130-black-holes-stephen-hawking-work-space-astronomy/ |access-date=13 Mayrnt 2018 |date=1 Toshiaght Arree 2014 |archive-date=15 Averil 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415101947/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140130-black-holes-stephen-hawking-work-space-astronomy/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krasnikov |first1=S. |title=Falling into the Schwarzschild black hole. Important details |journal=Gravitation and Cosmology |date=2008 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=362–367 |doi=10.1134/S0202289308040129 |arxiv=0804.3619 |bibcode=2008GrCo...14..362K }}</ref> Ga dy beagh y tuinney mooie ny s’gilley as ny [[gorrym-arraghey|s’gorrymey]] ayns cummey as dy beagh eh ayns bieau-ghleashaght choud’s veagh y fakider tuittym stiagh, veagh yn eiyrtys shen caglit, as foddee eh ve er ny gholley magh dy beagh y fakider gleashaght ec bieauidyn tappee dy liooar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krasnikov |first1=S. |title=Falling into the Schwarzschild black hole. Important details |journal=Gravitation and Cosmology |date=2008 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=362–367 |doi=10.1134/S0202289308040129 |arxiv=0804.3619 |bibcode=2008GrCo...14..362K }}</ref><ref name="scienceofinterstellar"/> S’cruinn jeeragh eh towse-oaylleeaght y scell-linney haghyrt ayns tuill ghoo neu-hyndaaee, agh [[co-chruinnoid oblaitagh|s’oblaidagh]] ta’n scell-linney haghyrt ayns tuill ghoo hyndaaee.<ref name= "Smarr1973">{{cite journal|last1= Smarr|first1= L.|title= Surface Geometry of Charged Rotating Black Holes |journal= Physical Review D|volume= 7|issue= 2|year= 1973|pages= 289–295|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.7.289|bibcode= 1973PhRvD...7..289S}}</ref><ref name= "Wiltshire2009">{{cite book|author= Visser, M.|editor1= Wiltshire, D.L.|editor2= Visser, M.|editor3= Scott, S.M.|title= Horizon geometry for Kerr black holes with synchronized hair|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wymJBq_80Q0C|chapter= The Kerr spacetime: A brief introduction|journal= Physical Review D|date= 22 Jerrey Geuree 2009|volume= 97|issue= 12|article-number= 124012|publisher= Cambridge University Press<!--|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.97.124012-->|isbn= 978-0-521-88512-6|arxiv= 0706.0622|bibcode= 2018PhRvD..97l4012D|access-date= 12 Jerrey Geuree 2020|archive-date= 20 Boaldyn 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200520134643/https://books.google.com/books?id=wymJBq_80Q0C|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name= "Delgado2018">{{cite journal|last1= Delgado|first1= J.F. M.|last2= Herdeiro|first2= C.A. R.|last3= Radu|first3= E.|title= Horizon geometry for Kerr black holes with synchronized hair|journal= Physical Review D|volume= 97|issue= 12|article-number= 124012|year= 2018|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.97.124012|bibcode= 2018PhRvD..97l4012D|hdl= 10773/24121|arxiv= 1804.04910|s2cid= 55732213}}</ref> === Towse-oaylleeaght sthie === ==== Scell-linney Cauchy ==== {{Main article|Scell-linney Cauchy}} Ta scell-linney sthie, ta enmyssit scell-linney Cauchy dy mennick, ayns tuill ghoo ta çhyndaa as/ny ta lughtit.<ref name="hp98">{{Cite journal |last1=Hod |first1=Shahar |last2=Piran |first2=Tsvi |title=The Inner Structure of Black Holes |journal=General Relativity and Gravitation |date=1998 |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1555–1562 |doi=10.1023/A:1026654519980 |arxiv=gr-qc/9902008 |bibcode=1998GReGr..30.1555H }}</ref><ref name="pi90">{{Cite journal |last1=Poisson |first1=Eric |last2=Israel |first2=Werner |title=Internal structure of black holes |journal=Physical Review D |date=1990 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=1796–1809 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.41.1796 |pmid=10012548 |bibcode=1990PhRvD..41.1796P }}</ref> Ta’n scell-linney sthie rheynnit magh ayns daa veer: meer stiagh as meer magh.<ref name="st14">{{Cite journal |last1=Scheel |first1=M. A. |last2=Thorne |first2=K. S. |title=Geometrodynamics: The nonlinear dynamics of curved spacetime |journal=Physics-Uspekhi |date=2014 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=342–351 |doi=10.3367/UFNe.0184.201404b.0367 |arxiv=1706.09078 |bibcode=2014PhyU...57..342S }}</ref> Ec y veer stiagh jeh scell-linney Cauchy, yinnagh goulraght as stoo t’er ny huittym stiagh ‘sy towl doo çhymsaghey ec y scell-linney, as ver eh er cruillaght y spoar-hraa dy gholl dys y neuyerrinaght. Ver eh er yn akider forsaghyn tidee dy ennaghtyn.<ref name="hp98" /><ref name="pi90" /><ref name="st14" /> Dy mennick, ta’n phenomenon shen enmyssit [[bolgey glout]], er-yn-oyr dy vel eh kianglt rish parameadar ta sarey [[aase ecksponentoil]] glout sthie yn towl doo,<ref name="pi90" /><ref name="mo12">{{Cite journal |last1=Marolf |first1=Donald |last2=Ori |first2=Amos |title=Outgoing gravitational shock wave at the inner horizon: The late-time limit of black hole interiors |journal=Physical Review D |date=2012 |volume=86 |issue=12 |article-number=124026 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.86.124026 |arxiv=1109.5139 |bibcode=2012PhRvD..86l4026M }}</ref> as ta çhymsaghey ny forsaghyn tidee enmyssit y tingyltaght volgey glout<ref name="ori91">{{Cite journal |last1=Ori |first1=Amos |title=Inner structure of a charged black hole: An exact mass-inflation solution |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=1991 |volume=67 |issue=7 |pages=789–792 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.789 |pmid=10044989 |bibcode=1991PhRvL..67..789O }}</ref><ref name="st14" /> ny singyltaght scell-linney Cauchy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burko |first1=Lior M. |title=Structure of the Black Hole's Cauchy-Horizon Singularity |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=1997 |volume=79 |issue=25 |pages=4958–4961 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4958 |arxiv=gr-qc/9710112 |bibcode=1997PhRvL..79.4958B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burko |first1=Lior M. |last2=Khanna |first2=Gaurav |last3=Zenginoǧlu |first3=Anıl |title=Cauchy-horizon singularity inside perturbed Kerr black holes |journal=Physical Review D |date=2016 |volume=93 |issue=4 |article-number=041501 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.93.041501 |arxiv=1601.05120 |bibcode=2016PhRvD..93d1501B }}</ref> Ta fishigee eigsoylagh resooney dy jinnagh cruinnaghey as goulraght Hawking cur lhiettrimys er bolgey glout ayns tuill ghoo rieughagh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamilton |first1=Andrew J. S. |title=Mass inflation followed by Belinskii-Khalatnikov-Lifshitz collapse inside accreting, rotating black holes |journal=Physical Review D |date=2017 |volume=96 |issue=8 |article-number=084041 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.96.084041 |arxiv=1703.01921 |bibcode=2017PhRvD..96h4041H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barceló |first1=Carlos |last2=Boyanov |first2=Valentin |last3=Carballo-Rubio |first3=Raúl |last4=Garay |first4=Luis J. |title=Classical mass inflation versus semiclassical inner horizon inflation |journal=Physical Review D |date=2022 |volume=106 |issue=12 |article-number=124006 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.106.124006 |arxiv=2203.13539 |bibcode=2022PhRvD.106l4006B }}</ref> Ec y veer magh jeh’n scell-linney sthie, veagh goulraght ta tuittym stiagh [[ash-skeaylley]] noi cruillaght spoar-hraa yn towl doo as veagh eh goll magh, çhymsaghey ec scell-linney magh Cauchy. Ver eh er fakider ta tuittym stiagh [[tonn buillee]] ym-hayrnagh as forsaghyn tidee dy ennaghtyn tra va cruillaght y spoar-hraa ec y scell-linney gaase dys y neuyerrinaght. Ta çhymsaghey ny forsaghyn tidee shen enmyssit y [[singyltaght vuillee|tingyltaght vuillee]].<ref name="mo12" /><ref name="st14" /> [[Sheiltynyssyn singyltaght Penrose–Hawking#Singyltaghtyn|S’annoonagh]] ta’n daa hingyltaght shoh; t’eh meenaghey dy beagh red goll tesseyn ad veagh eh meechummit agh fy mooadys caglit lesh ny forsaghyn tidee, ga beagh y chruillaght spoar-hraa neuyerrinagh ec y tingyltaght. T’eh shen shassoo jeeragh noi [[PSheiltynyssyn singyltaght Penrose–Hawking #Singyltaghtyn|singyltaght lajer]], raad veagh red er ny heeyney as ny chraishtey er mooadys neuyerrinagh dy beagh eh roshtyn y tingyltaght.<ref name="hp98" /><ref name="ori91" /><ref name="mo12" /> Chammah’s shen, ta [[Sheiltynyssyn singyltaght Penrose–Hawking#Singyltaghtyn|singyltaghtyn neunhee]] ayn, raad ta photon jargal gleashaghey [[coheeynt (towse-oaylleeaght)|co-heeynt]] roosyn gyn lhiettalys.<ref name="st14" /> ==== Singyltaght ==== {{main|Singyltaght ym-hayrnagh}} Ta kiaddaghyn maddaghtoil dy huill ghoo ta bunnit er conastaghtyn cadjin goaill stiagh [[singyltaght ym-hayrnagh|singyltaghtyn]] ec y çheshvean oc—poyntyn raad ta cruillaght y spoar-hraa çheet dy ve neuyerrinagh, as ta [[geodesee]] goaill jerrey çheusthie jeh [[traa chiart]]. Ansherbee, cha nel fys ain my vel lheid singyltaghtyn ayn ayns tuill ghoo rieughagh.<ref name="cd22">{{Cite book |title=The Foundations of Spacetime Physics |last1=Crowther |first1=Karen |date=2022-09-29 |isbn=9781003219019 |location=York Noa |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/CROFAT-5 |last2=De Haro |first2=Sebastian |editor-last=Vassallo |editor-first=Antonio |chapter=Four Attitudes Towards Singularities in the Search for a Theory of Quantum Gravity <!--|doi=10.4324/9781003219019-->|arxiv=2208.05946 }}</ref> Ta fishigee ennagh credjal nagh vel singyltaghtyn ayn er chor erbee, as dy vel y faare jeu er pabyr, yinnagh y spoar-hraa [[cooisheeaght (fishig)|neu-aaishynssagh]], cowraghey brishey sheese y chonastaght chadjin as feme da toiggaltys s’odjey jeh’n [[ym-hayrn quantum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alesci |first1=Emanuele |last2=Bahrami |first2=Sina |last3=Pranzetti |first3=Daniele |title=Quantum gravity predictions for black hole interior geometry |journal=Physics Letters B |date=2019 |volume=797 |article-number=134908 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134908 |arxiv=1904.12412 |bibcode=2019PhLB..79734908A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koshelev |first1=Alexey S. |last2=Tokareva |first2=Anna |title=Nonperturbative quantum gravity denounces singular black holes |journal=Physical Review D |date=2025 |volume=111 |issue=8 |article-number=086026 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.111.086026 |bibcode=2025PhRvD.111h6026K |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olmedo |first1=Javier |last2=Saini |first2=Sahil |last3=Singh |first3=Parampreet |title=From black holes to white holes: A quantum gravitational, symmetric bounce |journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity |date=2017 |volume=34 |issue=22 |doi=10.1088/1361-6382/aa8da8 |arxiv=1707.07333 |bibcode=2017CQGra..34v5011O }}</ref> Ta fir elley elley credjal dy vel lheid singyltaghtyn feayslit çheusthie jeh crauelagh roie yn ishig gyn feme er yn ym-hayrn quantum.<ref name="cd22" /> Ta fishigee elley ayn, goaill stiagh Kip Thorne<ref name="scienceofinterstellar" /> as [[Charles Misner]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Misner |first1=Charles W. |title=Absolute Zero of Time |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1969-10-25_186_5/page/1328 |journal=Physical Review |date=1969 |volume=186 |issue=5 |pages=1328–1333 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.186.1328 |bibcode=1969PhRv..186.1328M }}</ref> ta credjal nagh vel dagh singyltaght so-eayslagh, as dy vel fir ayn ‘sy tuinney rieughagh, s’liklee, dyn bwooise da eiyrtyssyn yn ym-hayrn quantum.<ref name="cd22" /><ref name="dlc07">{{Cite journal |last1=Doran |first1=Rosa |last2=Lobo |first2=Francisco S. N. |last3=Crawford |first3=Paulo |title=Interior of a Schwarzschild Black Hole Revisited |journal=Foundations of Physics |date=2008 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=160–187 |doi=10.1007/s10701-007-9197-6 |arxiv=gr-qc/0609042 |bibcode=2008FoPh...38..160D }}</ref> Fy yerrey, ta fir ayn ta credjal nagh vel singyltaghtyn ayn er chor erbee as nagh vel scansh ayn bentyn rish yn aare oc kyndagh rish yn eie dy nee sheiltynys neuchreaghnit eh yn chonastaght chadjin.<ref name="cd22" /> Rere y chonastaght chadjin, ta singyltaght ny hoie çheusthie jeh dagh towl doo.<ref name="Carroll 2004 205">{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|p=205}}</ref><ref name="hp70">{{Cite journal |last1=Hawking |first1=S. W. |last2=Penrose |first2=R. |title=The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences |date=1970 |volume=314 |issue=1519 |pages=529–548 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1970.0021 |bibcode=1970RSPSA.314..529H }}</ref> Ayns tuill ghoo neu-hyndaaee, ta cummey un phoynt ec yn ard shoh; ayns tuill ghoo hyndaaee t’eh er ny smearey ayns cummey [[singyltaght fainey]] ta ny lhie ayns plaaney yn çhyndaays.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|pp=264–265}}</ref> ‘Sy daa chooish, ta thummid neunhee ec yn ard singyltagh. Ta dagh ayrn jeh glout y towl doo goaill jerrey ‘sy tingyltaght.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|p=252}}</ref> Er-yn-oyr dy vel glout neu-neunhee çheusthie jeh spoar beg neuyerrinagh, foddee sleih smoinaghtyn er myr red as [[glooaght glout|glooaght]] neuyerrinagh echey.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sizes of Black Holes? How Big is a Black Hole? |url=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/how-big-is-a-black-hole/ |access-date=9 Jerrey Fouyir 2018 |work=[[Sky & Telescope]] |date=22 Jerrey Souree 2014 |archive-date=3 Averil 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403035741/https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/how-big-is-a-black-hole/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Coadan:BKLChaotic.gif|thumb|Leaystaghyn corvaalagh y spoar-hraa myr ta red gennaghtyn as eh roshtyn dys y tingyltaght ym-hayrnagh]] [[Coadan:Sunbeam Mixmaster 03.jpg|thumb|Mesteyder lectragh Mixmaster]] Cha nel fakideryn t’er ny huittym stiagh ayns towl doo Schwarzschild (.i. neu-hyndaaee as neu-lughtit) shaghney yn ymmyrkey stiagh ‘sy tingyltaght tra t’ad er ny gholl tessen y scell-linney haghyrt.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=G. F. |last2=Kwan |first2=J. |title=No Way Back: Maximizing Survival Time Below the Schwarzschild Event Horizon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/publications-of-the-astronomical-society-of-australia/article/no-way-back-maximizing-survival-time-below-the-schwarzschild-event-horizon/2A1CCF5CB13E7BEFA6441B3038C635A3 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=46–52 |date=2007 |doi=10.1071/AS07012 |arxiv=0705.1029 |bibcode=2007PASA...24...46L |s2cid=17261076}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Toporensky |first1=Alexei |last2=Popov |first2=Sergei |title=How to Delay Death and Look Further into the Future if You Fall into a Black Hole |journal=Resonance |date=2023 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12045-023-1602-8 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=737–749 |doi=10.1007/s12045-023-1602-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> As ad tuittym ny s’odjey stiagh ‘sy towl doo, bee ad er ny raipey lesh ny [[forse tidee|forsaghyn tidee]] ayns loaghtey ta enmyssit [[spaghettaghey]] ny “eiyrtys noodyl.” Fy yerrey, nee ad roshtyn y tingyltaght as bee ad er ny yingey stiagh ayns poynt beg neuyerrinagh.<ref>{{harvnb|Wheeler|2007|p=182}}</ref> Roish ny 1970yn, ren y chooid smoo jeh fishigee credjal dy row yn çheusthie jeh towl doo Schwarzschild cruillit stiagh dys poynt geyre ec y tingyltaght. Ansherbee, ayns ny 1960yn jerrinagh, ren ny fishigee Hoveidjagh Vladimir Belinskii, Isaak Khalatnikov, as Evgeny Lifshitz feddyn magh dy row yn kiaddey shen feer agh ynrican choud’s nagh row yn spoar-hraa çheusthie jeh’n towl doo currit fyd y cheilley. Yinnagh boirrey erbee, lheid as adsyn lesh tuittym stiagh stoo ny goulraght, cur rish [[singyltaght BKL|leaystey corvaalagh]] y spoar faggys da’n tingyltaght. Yinnagh stoo erbee vees tuittym stiagh forsaghyn tidee çhiu dy ennaghtyn as ny forsaghyn shen ceaghley yn troa oc dy tappee, choud’s vees eh er ny chovroojey stiagh ayns thummid beg. Denmys fishigee ny leaystaghyn shen "[[tuinney Mixmaster|gleashaghtys Mixmaster]]", lurg [[Sunbeam Products|mark dy vesteyderyn]] va feer chadjin ec y traa ren Belinskii, Khalatnikov, as Lifshitz y feddynys oc, er-yn-oyr dy vel yn eiyrtys cheddin er stoo faggys da singyltaght as ta er teayst ayns mesteyder lectragh.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Belinskii |first1=V.A. |last2=Lifshitz |first2=E.M. |last3=Khalatnikov |first3=I.M. |last4=Agyei |first4=A.K. |title=Perspectives in Theoretical Physics |chapter=The oscillatory mode of approach to a singularity in homogeneous cosmological models with rotating axes |date=1992 |pages=677–689 <!--|doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-036364-6.50048-X -->|isbn=978-0-08-036364-6 }}</ref><ref name="scienceofinterstellar">{{Cite book |title=The Science of Interstellar |last=Thorne |first=Kip |date=7 Mee Houney 2014 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-35137-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Of singularities and breadmaking |url=https://www.einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/singularities_bkl/ |last=Garfinkle |first=David |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709022836/https://www.einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/singularities_bkl/ |archive-date=9 Jerrey Souree 2025 |access-date=14 Jerrey Fouyir 2025 |website=Einstein Online |year=2007}}</ref> Ayns cooish towl doo lughtit (Reissner–Nordström) ny çhyndaaee (Kerr), foddee dy vel y tingyltaght shaghnagh. Ta sheeyney ny feayslaghyn cha foddey as ta jantagh anchoodaghey jargaght heiltynagh raad ta çheet magh ass towl doo stiagh ayns spoar-hraa elley jargal as y towl doo gobbraghey myr [[towl beishteig]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|pp=257–259 as 265–266}}</ref> Ansherbee, she red sheiltynagh eh jargaght y troailt dys tuinney elley er-yn-oyr dy jinnagh boirrey erbee scryssey yn jargaght shen.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Black holes: the inside story |first1=S. |last1=Droz |first2=W. |last2=Israel |first3=S. M. |last3=Morsink |journal=Physics World |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=34–37 |date=1996|bibcode=1996PhyW....9...34D |doi=10.1088/2058-7058/9/1/26}}</ref> S’cosoylagh chammah dy vel eh jargal dy eiyrt er [[cruill hraaoil ghoont|cruillyn traaoil doont]] (filley er-ash dy dty hraa hene t’er n’gholl shaghey) mygeayrtt singyltaght Kerr, as eh stiurey dys feyshtyn bentyn rish y [[cooisheeaght (fishig)|chooisheeaght]] gollrish [[sou-cheeall y çhennayr]].<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|p=266}}</ref><ref name="thorne93">{{Cite conference |title=Closed Timelike Curves |conference=General relativity and gravitation |last=Thorne |first=Kip S. |url=https://www.its.caltech.edu/~kip/scripts/ClosedTimelikeCurves-II121.pdf |author-link=Kip Thorne |year=1993}}</ref> Ansherbee, foddee dy vel loaghtaghyn çheusthie jeh’n towl doo, lheid as eiyrtyssyn yn ym-hayrn quantum ny bolgey glout, cur lhiettrimys er aase cruillyn traaoil doont.<ref name="thorne93" /> Ta kiaddaghyn ennagh jeh’n ym-hayrn geearree feyshtyn çhaghnoil lesh y chonastaght chadjin dy eaysley gyn singyltaghtyn towl doo. Ny tuill ghoo heiltynagh shoh gyn singyltaghtyn, t’ad enmyssit tuill ghoo “reiltagh” ny “neuhingyltagh.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lan |first1=Chen |last2=Yang |first2=Hao |last3=Guo |first3=Yang |last4=Miao |first4=Yan-Gang |title=Regular Black Holes: A Short Topic Review |journal=International Journal of Theoretical Physics |date=2023 |volume=62 |issue=9 |article-number=202 |doi=10.1007/s10773-023-05454-1 |arxiv=2303.11696 |bibcode=2023IJTP...62..202L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olmo |first1=Gonzalo |last2=Rubiera-Garcia |first2=Diego |title=Nonsingular Black Holes in ƒ (R) Theories |journal=Universe |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=173–185 |doi=10.3390/universe1020173 |arxiv=1509.02430 |bibcode=2015Univ....1..173O |doi-access=free }}</ref> Myr sampleyr, ta kiaddey ny [[Bluckan clooie (sheiltynys streng)|bluckanyn clooie]], ta bunnit er sheiltynys streng, gra dy vel tuill ghoo jeant ass [[stayd quantum|meegra-staydyn]] as nagh vel feme oc er singyltaght ny scell-linney haghyrt.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mathur |first=Samir D. |title=The fuzzball proposal for black holes: an elementary review |journal=Fortschritte der Physik |volume=53 |issue=7–8 |page=793 |date=2005 |doi=10.1002/prop.200410203 |arxiv=hep-th/0502050 |bibcode=2005ForPh..53..793M |s2cid=15083147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=Steven G. |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Borun D. |last3=Puhm |first3=Andrea |title=Unitarity and fuzzball complementarity: "Alice fuzzes but may not even know it!" |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |date=2013 |issue=9 |article-number=12 |doi=10.1007/JHEP09(2013)012 |arxiv=1210.6996 |bibcode=2013JHEP...09..012A }}</ref> Ta sheiltynys yn [[ym-hayrn quantum lhoobey]] treeal dy vel y chruillaght as y ghlooaght ec çheshvean towl doo mooar, agh nagh vel eh neuyerrinagh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bojowald |first1=Martin |title=Black-Hole Models in Loop Quantum Gravity |journal=Universe |date=2020 |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=125 |doi=10.3390/universe6080125 |arxiv=2009.13565 |bibcode=2020Univ....6..125B |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Crooaght == Ta duill ghoo er ny chroo lesh [[cohuittym ym-hayrnagh]] rollageyn gloutagh, rere cohuittym jeeragh ny car bleaystey yl-nova ayns loaghtey ta enmyssit “cooyl-huittym.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Woosley |first1=S. E. |last2=Heger |first2=A. |last3=Weaver |first3=T. A. |date=7 Mee Houney 2002 |title=The evolution and explosion of massive stars |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1015 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |language=Baarle |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1071 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1015 |bibcode=2002RvMP...74.1015W |issn=0034-6861|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Foddee tuill ghoo çheet er y theihll rere covestey daa [[rollage naeearaneagh]] ny rollage naeearaneagh as towl doo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zappa |first1=Francesco |last2=Bernuzzi |first2=Sebastiano |last3=Pannarale |first3=Francesco |last4=Mapelli |first4=Michela |last5=Giacobbo |first5=Nicola |date=25 Jerrey Souree 2019 |title=Black-Hole Remnants from Black-Hole–Neutron-Star Mergers |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.041102 |journal=Physical Review Letters |language=Baarle |volume=123 |issue=4 |article-number=041102 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.041102 |pmid=31491270 |arxiv=1903.11622 |bibcode=2019PhRvL.123d1102Z |issn=0031-9007}}</ref> Ta obbrinaghtyn elley ny smoo sheiltynagh goaill stiagh [[towl doo bunneydagh|tuill ghoo vunneydagh]] v’er ny chroo lesh kirkinyssyn glooaght ‘sy tuinney aeg, cohuittym [[Rollage ghorraghey (obbrinaght Newton)|rollageyn dorraghey]], red sheiltynagh fo bree neunheeaghey [[stoo doo]], ny veih stoo doo hene-eddyr-obbree sheiltynagh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Inayoshi |first1=Kohei |last2=Visbal |first2=Eli |last3=Haiman |first3=Zoltán |date=18 Luanistyn 2020 |title=The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-120419-014455 |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=Baarle |volume=58 |issue=<!--none--> |pages=27–97 |doi=10.1146/annurev-astro-120419-014455 |arxiv=1911.05791 |bibcode=2020ARA&A..58...27I |issn=0066-4146}}</ref> === Cohuittym ym-hayrnagh === {{main|Co-huittym ym-hayrnagh}} [[Coadan:Images of gas cloud being ripped apart by the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way ESO.jpg|thumb|Bodjal gas t’er ny raipey lesh y town doo ec çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree (baghtyn veih ny bleeantyn 2006, 2010, as 2013 er nyn daishbyney ayns gorrym, eayney, as jiarg er lheh)<ref>{{cite press release |title=Ripped Apart by a Black Hole |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1332/ |access-date=19 Jerrey Souree 2013 |work=ESO |date=17 Jerrey Souree 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721014626/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1332/ |archive-date=21 Jerrey Souree 2013 }}</ref>]] Ta cohuittym ym-hayrnagh taghyrtyn tra nagh vel dy liooar [[broo]] sthie red dy hassoo noi ym-hayrn y red hene. Ec jerrey seihll rollage, nee yn rollage jeeigeyraghey e chooid [[hiddragien]] dy [[co-lheie çheshveanagh|cho-lheie]], as nee eh co-lheie bunstooghyn ny smoo gloutagh, derrey t’eh çheet dys [[yiarn]]. Ta co-lheie bunstooghyn elley ny s’trimmey [[aawoalley endoçhermagh|shirrey ny smoo bree na’n mooad vees er ny skeaylley magh]], as, kyndagh rish shen, cha nel y rollage jargal dy yannoo co-lheie çheshveanagh. My vees y cree yiarn ro-ghloutagh, cha vees y rollage jargal dy chummal seose ish hene as nee eh goll trooid cohuittym ym-hayrnagh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Janka |first1=H. |last2=Langanke |first2=K. |last3=Marek |first3=A. |last4=Martinezpinedo |first4=G. |last5=Muller |first5=B. |title=Theory of core-collapse supernovae |journal=Physics Reports |date=2007 |volume=442 |issue=1–6 |pages=38–74 |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2007.02.002 |arxiv=astro-ph/0612072 |bibcode=2007PhR...442...38J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fryer |first1=Chris L. |last2=Holz |first2=Daniel E. |last3=Hughes |first3=Scott A. |title=Gravitational Wave Emission from Core Collapse of Massive Stars |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2002-01-20_565_1/page/430 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2002 |volume=565 |issue=1 |pages=430–446 |doi=10.1086/324034 |arxiv=astro-ph/0106113 |bibcode=2002ApJ...565..430F }}</ref> Foddee [[stoo jeeghiennit|broo jeeghientynys]] co-oltyn y rollage cur lhiettrimys er y chohuittym as lhiggey da co-ghlooghey y stoo stiagh ayns stayd ny s’gloo. Veeys eh geiyrt er fer jeh ny sorçhyn eigsoylagh dy [[rollage hionn]]. Bee yn sorçh shen croghey er glout y remlad jeh’n rollage vunneydagh my vees ny bratyn er ny heebey ersooyl (myr sampleyr ayns [[yl-nova y II sorçh]]). Foddee glout y remlad, y red cohuittit ta tannaghtyn bio lurg y bleaystey, ve foddey ny sloo na glout y rollage vunneydagh. Remladyn ny s’yrjey na {{Solar mass|5}}, t’ad gientit lesh rollageyn va ny smoo na {{Solar mass|20}} roish y chohuittym.<ref name="Carroll5.8">{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|loc=Meer 5.8}}</ref> My vees glout y remlad ny smoo na mysh {{solar mass|3–4}} (cagliagh Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff<ref name="OV1939" />), er-yn-oyr dy row yn rollage vunneydagh feer hrome ny kyndagh rish çhymsaghey glout brash trooid cruinnaghey stoo, cha vees broo jeeghientynys ny naeearaneyn dy liooar son dy chur lhiettrimys er y chohuittym. Cha nel obbrinaght erbee ayn (faagail magh broo jeeghientynys quarkyn, foddee) ta cha niartal as dy vel eh cur lhiettrimys er y stiagh-vleaystey as nee yn red cohuittym stiagh ersyn hene dy yannoo towl doo.<ref name="Carroll5.8" /> T’eh raait dy vel cohuittym ym-hayrnagh freggyrtagh rish crooaght [[towl doo rollageagh|tuill ghoo rollageagh]]. Foddee dy ren [[crooaght rollage|crooaght rollageyn]] ‘sy tuinney leah cur rish crooaght rollageyn feer ghloutagh, quoi, lurg y cohuittym oc, yinnagh tuill ghoo ghloutagh seose dys {{Solar mass|{{10^|3}}}}. Oddagh dy nee adsyn sheelyn ny tuill ghoo sur-ghloutagh ta ry-gheddyn ayns çheshveanyn y chooid smoo jeh co-rollageyssyn..<ref name="ReesVolonteri">{{cite conference |first1=M. J. |series=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union |last1=Rees |first2=M. |last2=Volonteri |author2-link=Marta Volonteri|title=Massive black holes: Formation and evolution |editor1-first=V. |editor1-last=Karas |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Matt |book-title=Black Holes from Stars to Galaxies – Across the Range of Masses |pages=51–58 |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-86347-6 |arxiv=astro-ph/0701512 |bibcode=2007IAUS..238...51R |doi=10.1017/S1743921307004681 |doi-access=free |s2cid=14844338 }}</ref> Chammah’s shen, t’eh er ny ve moyllit dy oddagh tuill ghoo ghloutagh ~{{Solar mass|{{10^|5}}}} er glout cadjin ve crooit lesh cohuittym jeeragh dy vodjalyn gas ‘sy tuinney aeg.<ref name="pacucci2016">{{cite journal |last1=Pacucci |first1=F. |last2=Ferrara |first2=A. |last3=Grazian |first3=A. |last4=Fiore |first4=F. |last5=Giallongo |first5=E. |title=First Identification of Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates in the Early Universe in CANDELS/GOODS-S |journal=Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. |volume=459 |issue=2 |year=2016 |page=1432 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stw725 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1603.08522 |bibcode=2016MNRAS.459.1432P|s2cid=118578313 }}</ref> Ta ny reddyn gloutagh shoh er ny ve treealit myr ny sheelyn chroo ny quasaryn leah t’er ny ve cronnit ec <math>z \sim 7</math> er jiarg-arraghey.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bañados|first1=Eduardo|last2=Venemans|first2=Bram P.|last3=Mazzucchelli|first3=Chiara|last4=Farina|first4=Emanuele P.|last5=Walter|first5=Fabian |last6=Wang|first6=Feige |last7=Decarli|first7=Roberto |last8=Stern|first8=Daniel |last9=Fan|first9=Xiaohui |last10=Davies|first10=Frederick B. |last11=Hennawi|first11=Joseph F. |date=1 Jerrey Geuree 2018|title=An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2018-01-25_553_7689/page/473|journal=Nature|volume=553|issue=7689|pages=473–476|doi=10.1038/nature25180|pmid=29211709|arxiv=1712.01860|bibcode=2018Natur.553..473B|s2cid=205263326}}</ref> Ta yeearreyderyn ennagh er ny ve feddynit magh ayns baghtyn y tuinney aeg.<ref name="pacucci2016" /> Choud’s ta’n chooid smoo jeh’n vree er ny vrooightey magh dy tappee car cohuittym ym-hayrnagh, cha nel baghtallagh fakin jerrey yn loaghtey shen. Ga dy vel y cohuittym taghyrtyn harrish mooad traa caglit veih [[fraamey ogheragh]] y stoo ta tuittym stiagh, yinnagh baghtallagh foddey voish fakin y stoo shen as eh moaldey as, fy yerrey, scuirrey kiart erskyn y scell-linney haghyrt kyndagh rish y lheanaghey traa ym-hayrnagh. Y çhayll da ymmyrkey yn toilshey veih’n stoo cohuittymagh dys y vaghtallagh, s’odjey as s’odjey t’eh, as ta cumrail traa neuyerrinagh ec y toilshey da ceaut magh jeeragh roish y scell-linney haghyrt; ‘syn ynnyd, t’eh jeeaghyn dy vel y stoo cohuittymagh çheet dy ve ny s’dullyr as ny smoo jiarg-arrit roish my vel eh er ny lhie ersooyl.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penrose |first1=R. |author-link1=Roger Penrose |title=Gravitational Collapse: The Role of General Relativity |journal=General Relativity and Gravitation |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=1141 |date=2002 |doi=10.1023/A:1016578408204 |url=http://www.imamu.edu.sa/Scientific_selections/abstracts/Physics/Gravitational%20Collapse%20The%20Role%20of%20General.pdf |bibcode=2002GReGr..34.1141P |s2cid=117459073|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526224126/http://www.imamu.edu.sa/Scientific_selections/abstracts/Physics/Gravitational%20Collapse%20The%20Role%20of%20General.pdf |archive-date=26 Boaldyn 2013 }}</ref> ==== Tuill ghoo vunneydagh as y Bleaystey Mooar ==== Ta feme ec cohuittym ym-hayrnagh er ard-ghlooaght. ‘Syn amm roie jeh’n tuinney, cha nel ny h-ard-ghlooaghtyn shen ry-gheddyn agh ynrican ayns rollageyn; agh sy tuinney leah as tammylt beg lurg y Bleaystey Mooar, va ny glooaghtyn foddey ny smoo as foddee dy row eh lhiggey da crooaght tuill ghoo. Agh, cha nel yn ard-ghlooaght ny lomarcan dy liooar son crooaght towl doo er-yn-oyr nagh vel rheynn glout chorrym lhiggey da çhymsaghey yn ghlout. Gyn ourys va boirraghyn glooaght toshee lhig da crooaght [[towl doo bunneydagh|tuill ghoo vunneydagh]] ayns lheid mean gloo oddagh aase fo’n ym-hayrn oc. Ny kiaddaghyn eigsoylagh t’ayn da’n tuinney aeg, t’ad anchasley veih my cheilley rere ny faaishnyssyn oc da scaailey ny boirraghyn shen. Ta kiaddaghyn eigsoylagh faaishnaghey crooaght tuill ghoo vunneydagh as ad anchasley er mooadys veih [[glout Planck]] (<math> m_P = \sqrt{\hbar c/G} </math> ≈ {{val|1.2|e=19|ul=GeV/c2}} ≈ {{val|2.2|e=-8|u=kg}}) dys ny keeadyn as ny thousaneyn dy ghloutyn greiney.<ref name="carr primordial">{{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=B. J. |chapter=Primordial Black Holes: Do They Exist and Are They Useful? |editor1-first=H. |editor1-last=Suzuki |editor2-first=J. |editor2-last=Yokoyama |editor3-first=Y. |editor3-last=Suto |editor4-first=K. |editor4-last=Sato |title=First identification of direct collapse black hole candidates in the early Universe in CANDELS/GOODS-S |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |pages=astro–ph/0511743 |publisher=Universal Academy Press |date=2005 |volume=459 |issue=2 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stw725 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-4-946443-94-7 |arxiv=astro-ph/0511743 |bibcode=2005astro.ph.11743C}}</ref> Dyn y wooise da [[glooaght|ard-ghlooaght]] y tuinney aeg, cha ren eh aa-chohuittym stiagh ayns towl doo car y Bleaystey Mooar er-yn-oyr dy row yn chormid vooadaghey ny smoo na’n cleayn. Geiyrt er y [[sheiltynys mooadaghey|çheiltynys mooadaghey]], ta’n chonastaght chadjin faaishnaghey dy vel y ream ym-hayrnagh moaldey mooadaghey yn tuinney. Ta’n broo jiooldagh geddyn barriaght er y vroo jarrooagh dy yannoo ream ym-hayrnagh aawoallee glen.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guth |first=Alan |date=1997 |title=Was Cosmic Inflation the 'Bang' of the Big Bang? - A. Guth |url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Guth/Guth3.html |access-date=2 Jerrey Souree 2025 |website=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)}}</ref> Ny kiaddaghyn da cohuittym ym-hayrnagh reddyn jeh beayn-vooadys coreiragh, lheid as [[rollage]]yn, cha nel ad cooie ‘syn aght cheddin da spoar ta mooadaghey dy tappee lheid as y Bleaystey Mooar.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Philip Gibbs |title=Is the Big Bang a black hole? |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/universe.html |publisher=[[John Baez]] |access-date=16 Mayrnt 2018 |archive-date=31 Mee ny Nollick 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231021714/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/universe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Covuillaghyn ard-vreeoil === Rere sheiltynys, oddagh tuill ghoo v’er ny chroo ayns covuillaghyn floag [[fishig ard-vreeoil|ard-vreeoil]] ta roshtyn glooaght dy liooar. Roish 2002, cha row lheid taghyrt er ny ve cronnit, dy jeeragh ny dy neu-yeeragh myr lag-chormid glout ayns prowaltyssyn [[siyreyder floag]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giddings |first1=S. B. |last2=Thomas |first2=S. |title=High energy colliders as black hole factories: The end of short distance physics |date=2002 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=65 |issue=5 |article-number=056010 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010 |arxiv=hep-ph/0106219|bibcode=2002PhRvD..65e6010G|s2cid=1203487 }}</ref> Cha vees [[myn-towl doo|myn-tuill ghoo]] crooit ayns ny covuillaghyn ta taghyrtyn tra ta [[scell tuinnagh|scellyn tuinnagh]] bwoalley stiagh ayns aeraght y Dowan ny, foddee, ‘sy [[Co-woalleyder Mooar Hadron|Cho-woalleyder Mooar Hadron]] ec [[CERN]] jargal dy hymsaghey glout brash.<ref name="LHCsafety">{{cite journal |url=http://lsag.web.cern.ch/lsag/LSAG-Report.pdf |title=Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions |journal=Journal of Physics G: Nuclear Physics |volume=35 |issue=11 |article-number=115004 |author=LHC Safety Assessment Group |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414160742/http://lsag.web.cern.ch/lsag/LSAG-Report.pdf |archive-date=14 Averil 2010 |bibcode=2008JPhG...35k5004E |year=2008 |arxiv=0806.3414 |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/11/115004|s2cid=53370175 }}</ref> Ga dy vees crooaght myn-tuill ghoo jargal, t’eh jerkit dy jinnagh ad [[gaalaghey towl doo|gaalaghey]] harrish 10{{sup|−25}} thootçhey, gyn baggyrt da’n Dowan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cavaglià |first=M. |title=Particle accelerators as black hole factories? |journal=Einstein-Online |volume=4 |page=1010 |date=2010 |url=http://www.einstein-online.info/spotlights/accelerators_bh/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508085759/http://www.einstein-online.info/spotlights/accelerators_bh |archive-date=8 Boaldyn 2013 |access-date=8 Boaldyn 2013}}</ref> == Aafilley == === Aase === [[Coadan:BBH gravitational lensing of gw150914.webm|thumb|Yn-soylley daa howl doo ta co-vuilley]] Tra ta towl doo er ny chroo, foddee eh tannaghtyn gaase lesh soo stiagh tooilley [[stoo]]. Nee towl doo erbee tannaghtyn soo stiagh gas as [[joan eddyr-rollageagh]] veih’n çhymmyltaght echey. Foddee dy nee ‘syn aght shen va tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ennagh er ny chroo, agh she ream ronsee foast foshlit ee [[Towl doo sur-ghloutagh#Crooaght|crooaght tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh]].<ref name="ReesVolonteri" /> Ta loaghtey cosoyllagh er ny ve treealit da crooaght [[towl doo mean-ghloutagh|tuill ghoo vean-ghloutagh]] ta ry-gheddyn ayns [[çhaglym bluckanagh|çhaglymyn bluckanagh]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=E. |last1=Vesperini |first2=S. L. W. |last2=McMillan |first3=A. |last3=d'Ercole |first4=F. |last4=d'Antona |display-authors=3 |title=Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Early Globular Clusters |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=713 |issue=1 |pages=L41–L44 |date=2010 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L41 |arxiv=1003.3470 |bibcode=2010ApJ...713L..41V |s2cid=119120429}}</ref> Foddee tuill ghoo covestey rish reddyn elley, lheid as rollageyn ny eer tuill ghoo elley. T’eh er credjal dy row yn aght shen scanshoil, ayns aase leah ny tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh er lheh, oddagh v’er ny chroo lesh çhymsaghey ram reddyn elley ny sloo.<ref name="ReesVolonteri" /> Ta’n loaghtey shen er ny ve treealit myr bun tuill ghoo vean-ghloutagh ennagh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zwart |first1=S. F. P. |last2=Baumgardt |first2=H. |last3=Hut |first3=P. |last4=Makino |first4=J. |last5=McMillan |first5=S. L. W. |display-authors=3 |title=Formation of massive black holes through runaway collisions in dense young star clusters |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-04-15_428_6984/page/724 |journal=Nature |volume=428 |issue=6984 |date=2004 |doi=10.1038/nature02448 |pmid=15085124 |arxiv=astro-ph/0402622 |bibcode=2004Natur.428..724P |pages=724–726 |s2cid=4408378}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Leary |first1=R. M. |last2=Rasio |first2=F. A. |last3=Fregeau |first3=J. M. |last4=Ivanova |first4=N. |last5=o'Shaughnessy |first5=R. |display-authors=3 |title=Binary Mergers and Growth of Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2006-02-01_637_2/page/937 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=637 |issue=2 |pages=937–951 |date=2006 |doi=10.1086/498446 |arxiv=astro-ph/0508224 |bibcode=2006ApJ...637..937O |s2cid=1509957}}</ref> === Gaalaghey === {{main|Goulraght Hawking}} ‘Sy vlein 1974, ren Hawking faaishnaghey nagh vel tuill ghoo slane doo, agh dy vel ad ceau bolgymyn beggey dy ghoulraght hermagh ec ''ħc''{{sup|3}}/(8''πGM''[[Beayn-earroo Boltzmann|''k''{{sub|B}}]]) er çhiassid;<ref name=Hawking1974>{{cite journal |last=Hawking |first=S. W. |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |title=Black hole explosions? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1974-03-01_248_5443/page/30 |journal=Nature |date=1974 |volume=248 |issue=5443 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.1038/248030a0|bibcode=1974Natur.248...30H|s2cid=4290107 }}</ref> ta’n eiyrtys shen er ny ve enmyssit goulraght Hawking. Ren eh ymmyd jeh sheiltynys ream quantum rish cooylrey towl doo neughleashagh as chronnee eh dy lhisagh towl doo ceau magh floagyn ta taishbyney slane [[spectrum doo-chorpane]]. Veih’n toilshaghey magh ec Hawking, ta ram sleih elley er ny yarrooaghey as ny eeraghey yn eiyrtys shen lesh saaseyn eigsoylagh.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Page |first=D. N. |title=Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics |journal=New Journal of Physics |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=203 |date=2005 |arxiv=hep-th/0409024 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/203|bibcode=2005NJPh....7..203P|s2cid=119047329 }}</ref> My vel y kiart ec y çheiltynys goulraght towl doo lesh Hawking, t’eh jerkit dy vees ny tuill ghoo er ny leodaghey as ny ghaalaghey as ad coayl glout lesh brooightey photonyn as floagyn elley.<ref name=Hawking1974 /> Ta çhiassid y spectrum çhermagh shen ([[çhiassid Hawking]]) ayns coreir rish ym-hayrn eaghtyragh y towl doo, as, da towl doo Schwarzschild, ayns coreir contraartagh rish y ghlout. Myr shen, ta tuill ghoo vooarey broightey magh ny sloo goulraght na tuill ghoo veggey.<ref>{{harvnb|Carroll|2004|loc=Ch. 9.6}}</ref> Ta çhiassid Hawking 62&nbsp;[[nanokelvin]] ec towl doo rollageagh er {{Solar mass|1}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siegel |first1=Ethan |author-link1=Ethan Siegel |title=Ask Ethan: Do Black Holes Grow Faster Than They Evaporate? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/08/19/ask-ethan-do-black-holes-grow-faster-than-they-evaporate/ |access-date=17 Mayrnt 2018 |work=Forbes ("Starts With A Bang" blog) |date=2017 |archive-date=22 Mee Houney 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122031830/https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/08/19/ask-ethan-do-black-holes-grow-faster-than-they-evaporate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ta shoh foddey ny sloo na’n 2.7&nbsp;K ta myr çhiassid goulraght y [[cooylrey meegra-honn tuinnagh|chooylrey meegra-honn tuinnagh]]. Ta tuill ghoo rollageagh, ny tuill ghoo ny smoo, geddyn ny smoo glout veih’n chooylrey meegra-honn tuinnagh na t’ad ceau magh lesh goulraght Hawking as, myr shen, nee ad aase ayns ynnyd leodaghey.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sivaram |first1=C. |title=Black hole Hawking radiation may never be observed! |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_general-relativity-and-gravitation_2001-02_33_2/page/n2 |journal=General Relativity and Gravitation |date=2001 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=175–181 |bibcode=2001GReGr..33..175S |doi=10.1023/A:1002753400430|s2cid=118913634 }}</ref> Lhisagh towl doo ve cha gloutagh as yn [[Yn Eayst|Eayst]] son çhiassid Hawking ny s’yrjey 2.7&nbsp;K dy ve echey (as eh jargal dy ghaalaghey). Veagh lheid towl doo ny sloo na jeihoo dy villimeadar er crantessen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/quantum/evaporating_bh/?set_language=en |title=Evaporating black holes? |website=Einstein online |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics |date=2010 |access-date=12 Mee ny Nollick 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722055345/http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/quantum/evaporating_bh/?set_language=en |archive-date=22 Jerrey Souree 2011}}</ref> My vees towl doo feer veg, t’eh jerkit dy vees eiyrtyssyn y ghoulraght feer niartal. Veagh towl doo cha gloutagh as gleashtan 10{{sup|−24}}&nbsp;m er crantessen, veagh eh er ny ghaalaghey ayns nanothootçhey, as veagh lossanaght echey 200 keayrt ny smoo na lossanaght ny Greiney. T’eh jerkit dy vees tuill ghoo beg-ghloutagh er ny ghaalaghey ny s’tappee; myr sampleyr, veagh towl doo 1&nbsp;TeV/''c''{{sup|2}} er glout er ny ghaalaghey ayns ny sloo 10{{sup|−88}} thootçhey. Da lheid towl doo beg, t’eh jerkit dy vees currym scanshoil ec eiyrtyssyn ym-hayrn quantum as foddee ad jannoo yn towl doo shickyr, ga nagh vel lhiasaghyn roie ‘syn ym-hayrn quantum taishbyney eh shen.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giddings |first1=S. B. |last2=Mangano |first2=M. L. |title=Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes |journal=Physical Review D |volume=78 |issue=3 |article-number=035009 |date=2008 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009 |arxiv=0806.3381 |bibcode=2008PhRvD..78c5009G |s2cid=17240525}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peskin |first1=M. E. |title=The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider? |journal=Physics |volume=1 |article-number=14 |date=2008 |doi=10.1103/Physics.1.14 |bibcode=2008PhyOJ...1...14P|doi-access=free}}</ref> T’eh faaishnit dy vees goulraght Hawking da towl doo fishigagh rollageagh feer annoonagh as, myr shen, veagh eh doillee dy chronnaghey eh veih’n Dowan. Foddee dy nee lhimmey eh yn bleaystey dy scellyn gamma t’er brooightey magh ‘sy cheim yerree jeh gaalaghey tuill ghoo vunneydagh. Derrey shoh, cha nel rah ain lesh ny ronsaghyn ta jeant ain da lheid çhentyn as t’eh cur cagliee er jargaght tuill ghoo vunneydagh veg-ghloutagh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fichtel |first1=C. E. |last2=Bertsch |first2=D. L. |last3=Dingus |first3=B. L.|author3-link= Brenda Dingus |last4=Esposito |first4=J. A. |last5=Hartman |first5=R. C. |last6=Hunter |first6=S. D. |last7=Kanbach |first7=G. |last8=Kniffen |first8=D. A. |last9=Lin |first9=Y. C. |display-authors=3 |title=Search of the energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope (EGRET) data for high-energy gamma-ray microsecond bursts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1994-10-20_434_2/page/557 |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=434 |issue=2 |pages=557–559 |date=1994 |doi=10.1086/174758|bibcode=1994ApJ...434..557F |last10=Mattox |first10=J. R. |last11=Mayer-Hasselwander |first11=H. A. |last12=McDonald |first12=L. |last13=Michelson |first13=P. F. |last14=Von Montigny |first14=C. |last15=Nolan |first15=P. L. |last16=Schneid |first16=E. J. |last17=Sreekumar |first17=P. |last18=Thompson |first18=D. J.}}</ref> Ta’n fodreayrtan spoar [[Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope]] lesh [[NASA]], v’er ny launshey ‘sy vlein 2008, ronsaghey magh ny çhentyn shen.<ref>{{cite web |first=R. |last=Naeye |title=Testing Fundamental Physics |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/science/testing_fundamental_physics.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=16 Mean Fouyir 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831045232/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/science/testing_fundamental_physics.html |archive-date=31 Luanistyn 2008}}</ref> My vel tuill ghoo gaalaghey lesh goulraght Hawking, lhisagh towl doo jeh glout greiney gaalaghey (goaill toshiaght rish tuittym çhiassid y chooylrey meegra-honn tuinnagh ny sloo na’n towl doo) yns shayll 10{{sup|64}} bleeaney.<ref name="Frautschi1982" /> Nee towl doo sur-ghloutagh {{Solar mass|{{10^|11}}}} er glout gaalaghey ayns mysh 2×10{{sup|100}} bleeaney.<ref name=page>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198 | volume=13 | title=Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole | year=1976 | journal=Physical Review D | pages=198–206 | last1 = Page | first1 = Don N.| issue=2 | bibcode=1976PhRvD..13..198P}}. Jeeagh er cormid (27) er lheh.</ref> Car cohuittym sur-haglym dy rollageyssyn, t’eh faaishnit dy jinnagh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh gaase seose dys {{solar mass|{{10^|14}}}}. Eer adsyn, veagh ad er ny ghaalaghey ayns shayll dys 10{{sup|106}} bleeaney.<ref name="Frautschi1982">{{cite journal |last1=Frautschi |first1=S. |title=Entropy in an Expanding Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1982-08-13_217_4560/page/593 |journal=Science |volume=217 |issue=4560 |year=1982 |pages=593–599 |doi=10.1126/science.217.4560.593 |pmid=17817517 |bibcode=1982Sci...217..593F|s2cid=27717447 }} Jeeagh er duillag 596: taabyl{{nbsp}}1 as y meer "black hole decay" as yn abbyrt roish er y duillag shen.</ref> == Feanish baghtal == T’eh jerkit dy vel millioonyn dy huill ghoo ayns Raad Mooar Gorree mysh 30 glout greiney er glout as ad çheet magh as cohuittymyn rollageagh. Lhisagh ny keeadyn ve eer ayns [[co-rollageys crivassanagh]] lheid as y [[Yn Dragane (co-rollageys crivassanagh)|Dragane]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elbert |first1=Oliver D. |last2=Bullock |first2=James S. |last3=Kaplinghat |first3=Manoj |date=1 Jerrey Geuree 2018 |title=Counting black holes: The cosmic stellar remnant population and implications for LIGO |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/473/1/1186/4060726 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=Baarle |volume=473 |issue=1 |pages=1186–1194 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stx1959 |doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711|arxiv=1703.02551 }}</ref> Ansherbee, cha nel agh kuse veg jeu er ny ve cronnit. Rere dooghys, cha nel tuill ghoo hene cur magh goulraght lectro-vagnaidagh erbee goaill magh goulraght heiltynagh Hawking as, kyndagh rish shen, lhisagh fishigee rollageagh shirrey tuill ghoo lesh baghtyn neu-yeeragh. === Tessen-veadraght yeeragh === [[Coadan:A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif|thumb|Reayrt er y towl doo sur-ghloutagh [[M87*]] ayns soilshey poullit]] [[Coadan:EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif|thumb|[[Sagittarius A*]], y towl too sur-ghloutagh ayns çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree]] She claare bio eh yn [[Event Horizon Telescope]] (EHT) ta cronnaghey yn çhymmyltaght yeeragh jeh scell-linnaghyn taghyrt tuill ghoo, lheid as y towl doo ec çheshvean Raad Moor Gorree. Ayns Averil 2017, ghow yn EHT toshiaght rish cronnaghey yn towl doo ec çheshvean [[Messier 87]].<ref name="eht">{{cite web |url=https://eventhorizontelescope.org/galleries/2017-observations |title=Averil 2017 Observations |work=Event Horizon Telescope |access-date=11 Averil 2019 |archive-date=10 Averil 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410223148/https://eventhorizontelescope.org/galleries/2017-observations |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20240124">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=That Famous Black Hole Gets a Second Look - Repeated studies of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy Messier 87 confirm that it continues to act as Einstein's theory predicted it would. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/science/space/black-holes-photography-m87.html |date=24 Jerrey Geuree 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240124200523/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/science/space/black-holes-photography-m87.html |archive-date=24 Jerrey Geuree 2024 |access-date=25 Jerrey Geuree 2024 }}</ref> Ren hoght reayrtlann radio er shey slieau as kiare mooar-rheynn cronnaghey yn co-rollageys ‘sy Voidyn nish as reesht feie 10 laa ayns Averil 2017 dy chiarail ny fysseree ren croo yn jalloo ayns Averil 2019.<ref name=OverbyeApril2019>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/science/black-hole-picture.html |title=Darkness Visible, Finally: Astronomers Capture First Ever Image of a Black Hole |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |date=10 Averil 2019 |access-date=11 Averil 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=21 Boaldyn 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521020231/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/science/black-hole-picture.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lurg daa vlein dy cho-earrooaght fysseree, skeayl yn EHT magh e chied jalloo jeh towl doo, ec çheshvean y cho-rollageys Messier 87.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/space/100000006453594/first-image-black-hole.html |type=video |date=10 Averil 2019 |agency=AP |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Astronomers Reveal the First Picture of a Black Hole |access-date=11 Averil 2019 |archive-date=22 Boaldyn 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522052307/https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/space/100000006453594/first-image-black-hole.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Doeleman |first=Shep |title=The Event Horizon Telescope: Imaging and Time-Resolving a Black Hole |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yGSgUUYDQ8&t=46m50s |website=Physics @ Berkeley |date=4 Averil 2016 |time=46:50 |access-date=8 Jerrey Souree 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201115303/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yGSgUUYDQ8&t=46m50s |archive-date=1 Mee ny Nollick 2016}}</ref> Ny ta r-akin, cha nee eshyn y towl doo—ta taishbynit ayns daa doo kyndagh rish coayl dagh soilshey çheusthie jeh’n ard dorraghey shen. Ansherbee, she she yn jysk cruinnee ta çhemmal rish y scell-linney haghyrt, as ta soilshit magh ‘sy jalloo ayns daaghyn oranje-vuigh ny jiarg, ta soilshaghey yn towl doo.<ref name="GrossmanApril2019">{{cite news |last1=Grossman |first1=Lisa |last2=Conover |first2=Emily |author-link2=Emily Conover |date=10 Averil 2019 |title=The first picture of a black hole opens a new era of astrophysics |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/black-hole-first-picture-event-horizon-telescope |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427192956/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/black-hole-first-picture-event-horizon-telescope |archive-date=27 Averil 2019 |access-date=11 Averil 2019 |newspaper=Science News}}</ref> Er 12 Boaldyn 2022, ren yn EHT skeaylley magh y chied jalloo jeh [[Sagittarius A*]], y towl doo sur-ghloutagh ta ny lhie ec çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree. Haishbyn y jalloo soilshit y strughtoor fainagh cheddin as y “scaa” cheddin v’er ny haishbyney ayns jalloo yn towl doo M87*. Ta cagliagh y scaa ny yn ard nagh vel cha gial piyral rish ny cruinleeyn photon ta lensit lesh yn ym-hayrn.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |last2=Akiyama |first2=Kazunori |last3=Alberdi |first3=Antxon |last4=Alef |first4=Walter |last5=Algaba |first5=Juan Carlos |last6=Anantua |first6=Richard |last7=Asada |first7=Keiichi |last8=Azulay |first8=Rebecca |last9=Bach |first9=Uwe |last10=Baczko |first10=Anne-Kathrin |last11=Ball |first11=David |last12=Baloković |first12=Mislav |last13=Barrett |first13=John |last14=Bauböck |first14=Michi |last15=Benson |first15=Bradford A. |date=1 May 2022 |title=First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=930 |issue=2 |quote=The ring usually lies near the gravitationally lensed photon orbits that define the boundary of what we hereafter refer to as the black hole "shadow." |pages=L12 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ApJ...930L..12E |issn=2041-8205|arxiv=2311.08680 }}</ref> Va’n jalloo jeant lesh ny çhagnyssyn cheddin as va ymmydit da’n towl doo ayns M87. Va co-earrooaght jallooaghey da Sagittarius A*, ta thousane keayrtyn ny sloo gloutagh na M87*, foddey ny smoo cast kyndagh rish neuhassooaght y çhymyltaght echey.<ref>{{CC-notice|by4}} {{cite web |title=Astronomers Reveal First Image of the Black Hole at the Heart of Our Galaxy |url=https://eventhorizontelescope.org/blog/astronomers-reveal-first-image-black-hole-heart-our-galaxy |access-date=22 Mean Souree 2022 |website=eventhorizontelescope.org |date=12 Boaldyn 2022 |language=Baarle}}</ref> Va jalloo Sagittarius A* lieh-chayeeagh lesh [[Plasmey (fishig)|plasmey]] boiraneagh eddyr eh as y Dowan, eiyrtys ta cur lhiettrimys er cruinnys y jalloo er tonn-lhiuridyn ny s’lhiurey.<ref>{{cite journal |last=C. Bower |first=Geoffrey |date=Boaldyn 2022 |title=Focus on First Sgr A* Results from the Event Horizon Telescope |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_First_Sgr_A_Results |journal= The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume= |issue=2041–8205}}</ref> T’eh credjit dy nee [[goulley conastaghtoil|goulley Doppler]], raad ta stoo ta goll ayns troa yn vaghtallagh ec bieauidyn conastaghtoil er ny chronnaghey ny s’gilley na’n stoo ta goll ersooyl, cooish lesh giallaghey yn stoo ‘sy lieh heese jeh’n jalloo EHT co-earrooit. Ayns cooish towl doo, ta’n henomenon shoh keeayllaghey dy vel y stoo fakinagh çhyndaa ec bieauidyn conastaghtoil (>{{convert|1,000|km/s|mph|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}}), yn ynrican bieauid raad t’eh jargal cleayn ym-hayrnagh feer vooar y towl doo dy chormaghey mean-shaghnagh as, lesh shen, dy hannaghtyn ayns cruinlagh erskyn y scell-linney haghyrt. Ren y reaghey shoh dy stoo gial taishbyney dy ren yn EHT cronnaghey [[M87*]] as y jysk cruinnee echey çhyndaa lesh y chlag.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration|title=First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2021|volume=910|issue=1|page=L12|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/abe71d|arxiv=2105.01169|bibcode=2021ApJ...910L..12E|s2cid=233851995|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=GrossmanApril2019/> [[Coadan:A view of the jet and shadow of M87’s black hole (eso2305a).jpg|thumb|Towl doo M87* as e skioot conastaghtoil echey]] ‘Sy vlein 2015, chronnee yn EHT reamyn magnaidagh kiart çheumooie jeh scell-linney haghyrt Sagittarius A* as phrow eh fir jeh ny troyn oc. She slane mestey jeh linnaghyn ream reaghit as fud y cheilley adsyn ta roie trooid y jysk cruinnee. Roish shen, va studeyryssyn sheiltynagh er tuill ghoo er faaishnaghey faare reamyn magnaidagh.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A* |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2015-12-04_350_6265/page/1242 |journal=Science |date=4 Mee ny Nollick 2015 |pages=1242–1245 |volume=350 |issue=6265 |doi=10.1126/science.aac7087 |first1=M. D. |last1=Johnson |first2=V. L. |last2=Fish |first3=S. S. |last3=Doeleman |first4=D. P. |last4=Marrone |first5=R. L. |last5=Plambeck |first6=J. F. C. |last6=Wardle |first7=K. |last7=Akiyama |first8=K. |last8=Asada |first9=C. |last9=Beaudoin |arxiv=1512.01220 |bibcode=2015Sci...350.1242J |pmid=26785487|s2cid=21730194 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Event Horizon Telescope Reveals Magnetic Fields at Milky Way's Central Black Hole |url=https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2015-28 |website=cfa.harvard.edu |access-date=12 Jerrey Geuree 2016 |date=3 Mee ny Nollick 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231211408/https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2015-28 |archive-date=31 Mee ny Nollick 2015}}</ref> Ayns Averil 2023, va jalloo scaa yn towl doo ayns Messier 87 as y skioot ard-vreeoil mooinjeragh ry-akin ry-cheilley da’n chied cheayrt er ny skeaylley magh.<ref name="NYT-20230426">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=A Fresh View of an Increasingly Familiar Black Hole - Radio astronomers have captured a wide-angle image of one of the most violent locales in the cosmos. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/26/science/astronomy-black-hole-m87.html |date=26 Averil 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230426212932/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/26/science/astronomy-black-hole-m87.html |archive-date=26 Averil 2023 |access-date=26 Averil 2023 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20230426">{{cite journal |author=Lu, Ru-Sen |display-authors=et al |title=A ring-like accretion structure in M87 connecting its black hole and jet |date=26 April 2023 |journal=[[Nature (earishlioar)|Nature]] |volume=616 |issue=7958 |pages=686–690 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05843-w |pmid=37100940 |pmc=10132962 |arxiv=2304.13252 |bibcode=2023Natur.616..686L }}</ref> === Cronnaghey tonnyn ym-hayrnagh veih tuill ghoo ta covestey === [[Coadan:LIGO measurement of gravitational waves.svg|thumb|Towshan LIGO jeh ny tonnyn ym-hayrnagh ec cronneyderyn Livingston (er yesh) as Hanford (er chlee), ayns cosoyllaght rish ny leaghyn faaishnit sheiltynagh]] Er 14 Mean Fouyir 2015, ren y reayrtlann tonn ym-hayrnagh [[LIGO]] y chied [[Yn chied vaght jeh tonnyn ym-hayrnagh|vaght jeeragh rahoil jeh tonnyn ym-hayrnagh]].<ref name="PRL-20160211">{{cite journal |author=Abbott, B.P. |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |journal=[[Phys. Rev. Lett.]] |volume=116 |issue=6 |article-number=061102 |year=2016 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |display-authors=etal |arxiv=1602.03837 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116f1102A |pmid=26918975|s2cid=124959784 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160211-db">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Physicists Detect Gravitational Waves, Proving Einstein Right |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html |date=11 Toshiaght Arree 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 Toshiaght Arree 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211165128/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html |archive-date=11 Toshiaght Arree 2016}}</ref> Va’n cowrey cohassooagh rish ny faaishnyssyn sheiltynagh da tonnyn ym-hayrnagh gientit lesh covestey daa howl doo: fer as mysh 36 glout greiney echey as fer elley as mysh 29 glout greiney echey.<ref name="PRL-20160211" /><ref name="Properties">{{cite journal |collaboration=[[LIGO Scientific Collaboration]] & [[tessen-veadar Virgo|Virgo Collaboration]] |last1=Abbott |first1=Benjamin P. |arxiv=1602.03840 |title=Properties of the binary black hole merger GW150914 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=116 |issue=24 |article-number=241102 |date=11 Toshiaght Arree 2016 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116x1102A |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241102 |pmid=27367378|s2cid=217406416 }}</ref> Ta’n baght shoh kiarail y feanish smoo shickyr da beays tuill ghoo derrey nish. Myr sampleyr, ta cowrey ny tonnyn ym-hayrnagh coyrlaghey nagh row agh {{cvt|350|km}} eddyr y daa red roish y chovestey, ny mysh kiare keayrt ny smoo na craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild ta coreggyrt rish ny gloutyn infearit. Myr shen, lhisagh ny reddyn ve feer hionn, faagail tuill ghoo myr y soilshaghey smoo so-chredjallagh.<ref name="PRL-20160211" /> Ny smoo scanshoil, y cowrey v’er ny chronnaghey lesh LIGO, ghow eh stiagh toshiaght y [[Towl doo jeesoil#Bwoalley-sheese|woalley-sheese]] eear-chovestagh, y cowrey ta gientit tra ta’n red çhionn noa-chummit goll ny lhie dys stayd ny hassoo. Rere arganeys, ta’n bwoalley-sheese coontit myr yn aght smoo jeeragh dy chronnaghey towl doo.<ref name="Cardoso2016">{{cite journal |author1=Cardoso, V. |author2=Franzin, E. |author3=Pani, P. |title=Is the gravitational-wave ringdown a probe of the event horizon? |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.171101 |pmid=27176511 |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |arxiv=1602.07309 |year=2016 |volume=116 |issue=17 |article-number=171101 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116q1101C|s2cid=206273829 }}</ref> Veih cowrey LIGO, t’eh jargal dy hayrn magh menkid as traa mooghee yn ard-vod jeh’n woalley-sheese. Vouesyn, t’eh jargal glout as momentum uillinagh y red jerree dy infearaghey as ad piyral rish faaishnyssyn seyrey veih yn-soyllaghyn earrooagh y chovestey.<ref name="tests">{{cite journal |url=https://dcc.ligo.org/P1500213/public |title=Tests of general relativity with GW150914 |collaboration=[[LIGO Scientific Collaboration]] & [[Virgo interferometer|Virgo Collaboration]] |last1=Abbott |first1=Benjamin P. |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=11 Toshiaght Arree 2016 |volume=116 |issue=22 |article-number=221101 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.221101 |pmid=27314708 |arxiv=1602.03841 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116v1101A |s2cid=217275338 |access-date=12 Toshiaght Arree 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215165039/https://dcc.ligo.org/P1500213/public |archive-date=15 Toshiaght Arree 2016 }}</ref> Ta menkid as traa fioghys yn ard-vod er nyn gronnaghey lesh towse-oaylleeaght y sfeyr photon. Myr shen, ta baght y vod shen shickyraghey beays sfeyr photon; ansherbee, cha nel eh jargal dy ghoaill magh caghlaayssyn andooghyssagh ayns ynnyd tuill ghoo ta cha çhionn as dy vel sfeyr photon oc.<ref name="Cardoso2016"/><ref name="Murk2023">{{cite journal |last=Murk |first=Sebastian |title=Nomen non est omen: Why it is too soon to identify ultra-compact objects as black holes |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics D |year=2023 |volume=32 |issue=14 |pages=2342012–2342235 |article-number=2342012 |doi=10.1142/S0218271823420129 |arxiv=2210.03750 |bibcode=2023IJMPD..3242012M |s2cid=252781040}}</ref> Chammah’s shen, ta’n baght kiarail y chied eanish baghtagh da beays tuill ghoo rollageagh yeesoil. Harrish shen, t’eh kiarail y chied eanish baghtagh da tuill ghoo rollageagh ta 25 glout greiney ny ny smoo er glout.<ref name="implications">{{cite journal |collaboration=[[LIGO Scientific Collaboration]] & [[Tessen-veadar Virgo|Virgo Collaboration]] |title=Astrophysical Implications of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914 |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/818/2/L22 |journal=Astrophys. J. Lett. |volume=818 |number=2 |page=L22 |url=https://dcc.ligo.org/P1500262/public |arxiv=1602.03846 |bibcode=2016ApJ...818L..22A |year=2016 |last1=Abbott |first1=B. P. |hdl=1826/11732 |s2cid=209315965 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316053938/https://dcc.ligo.org/P1500262/public |archive-date=16 Mayrnt 2016 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Veih shen, shymmey [[Rolley baghtyn jeh tonnyn ym-hayrnagh|taghyrt tonn ym-hayrnagh]] t’er ny ve baghtit.<ref name="ligo list">{{cite web|title=Detection of gravitational waves|url=https://www.ligo.org/detections.php|access-date=9 Averil 2018|publisher=[[LIGO]]|archive-date=20 Boaldyn 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520134427/https://www.ligo.org/detections.php|url-status=live}}</ref> === Rollageyn ta cruinlaghey Sagittarius A* === {{main|Çhaglym Sagittarius A*}} [[Coadan:SgrA2021.gif|thumb|Rollageyn çhyndaa mygeayrt Sagittarius A* myr va ry-akin ‘sy vlein 2021]] Ta [[kiart-ghleashaght]] ny rollageyn faggys da çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree kiarail feanish baghtagh niartal dy vel ny rollageyn shen cruinlaghey towl doo sur-ghloutagh.<ref name="Gillessen">{{cite journal |last1=Gillessen |first1=S. |last2=Eisenhauer |first2=F. |last3=Trippe |first3=S. |last4=Alexander |first4=T. |last5=Genzel |first5=R. |last6=Martins |first6=F. |last7=Ott |first7=T. |display-authors=3 |title=Monitoring Stellar Orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-02-20_692_2/page/1075 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=692 |issue=2 |pages=1075–1109 |date=2009 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075 |arxiv=0810.4674 |bibcode=2009ApJ...692.1075G |s2cid=1431308}}</ref> Veih’n vlein 1995, ta rollageyderyn er nyn eiyrt gleashaghtyn 90 rollage ta cruinlaghey red neuakinagh ta coreggyrtagh rish y voir radio Sagittarius A*. As ad towshanaghey ny gleashaghtyn oc rish [[cruinlagh Keplerianagh|cruinleeyn Keplerianagh]], va rollageyderyn jargal dy infearaghey, ‘sy vlein 1998, dy lhisagh red {{solar mass|{{val|2.6e6}}}} er glout ve cummit stiagh ayns thummid 0.02 [[sollys-vlein]] er craue raadeeoil chur rish gleashaghtyn ny rollageyn shen.<ref name="Ghez1998">{{cite journal |last1=Ghez |first1=A. M. |last2=Klein |first2=B. L. |last3=Morris |first3=M. |last4=Becklin |first4=E. E. |display-authors=3 |title=High Proper-Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1998-12-20_509_2/page/678 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=509 |issue=2 |pages=678–686 |date=1998 |doi=10.1086/306528 |arxiv=astro-ph/9807210 |bibcode=1998ApJ...509..678G |s2cid=18243528}}</ref> Veih shen, ta nane jeh ny rollageyn shen—ta enmyssit [[S2 (rollage)|S2]]—er ny ghoaill jerrey rish slane cruinlagh. Veih ny fysseree chruinlagh, dod ny rollageyderyn aaghlenney earrooaghtyn y ghlout dys {{Solar mass|{{val|4.3e6}}}} as earrooaghtyn y chraue raadeeoil dys ny sloo na 0.002 sollys-vlein da’n red s’cooish lesh gleashaght chruinlagh ny rollageyn shen.<ref name="Gillessen" /> Y cagliagh s’yrjey da mooadys y red, t’eh foast ro-vooar son dy phrowal vel eh ny sloo na craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild. Ny yey shen as ooilley, ta ny baghtyn shen coyrlaghey dy nee towl doo sur-ghloutagh eh yn red meanagh er-yn-oyr nagh vel craue skeeal so-chredjallagh elley ayn cagliaghey lheid glout neuakinagh stiagh ayns thummid cha beg.<ref name="Ghez1998" /> Chammah’s shen, ta feanish baghtagh ayn ta coyrlaghey oddagh scell-linney haghyrt ve ec y red shen, tro nagh vel ry-gheddyn ec red erbee elley faagail magh tuill ghoo.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Event Horizon of Sagittarius A* |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2009-08-20_701_2/page/1357 |last1=Broderick |first1=Avery |date=Luanistyn 2009 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/701/2/1357 |last2=Loeb |first2=Abraham |last3=Narayan |first3=Ramesh |volume=701 |issue=2 |pages=1357–1366 |arxiv=0903.1105 |bibcode=2009ApJ...701.1357B|s2cid=12991878 }}</ref> ‘Sy vlein 2020, va lieh-ayrn [[Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig]] bronnit er [[Andrea Ghez]] as [[Reinhard Genzel]] da’n eddynys oc dy nee towl doo sur-ghloutagh ta Sagittarius A*.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/ |publisher=Undinys Nobel |access-date=6 Jerrey Fouyir 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Overbye |first1=Dennis |last2=Taylor |first2=Derrick Bryson |title=Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work on Black Holes – The prize was awarded half to Roger Penrose for showing how black holes could form and half to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for discovering a supermassive object at the Milky Way's center |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/science/nobel-prize-physics.html |date=6 Jerrey Fouyir 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=6 Jerrey Fouyir 2020 }}</ref> === Cruinnaghey stoo === {{see also|Jysk cruinnee}} [[Coadan:PIA18467-NuSTAR-Plot-BlackHole-BlursLight-20140812.png|thumb|Kayaghey scellyn-X faggys da towl doo ([[NuSTAR]]; 12 Luanistyn 2014)<ref name="NASA-20140812">{{cite web |author= |date=12 Luanistyn 2014 |title=NASA's NuSTAR Sees Rare Blurring of Black Hole Light |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-273 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813072002/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-273 |archive-date=13 Luanistyn 2014 |access-date=12 Luanistyn 2014 |website=[[NASA]]}}</ref>]] Tra ta towl doo cruinnaghey stoo, ta’n gas ‘sy jysk cruinnee sthie cruinlaghey er bieauidyn feer happee kyndagh rish y niessid echey da’n towl doo. Ta’n screebey cha breeoil as dy vel eh çhiow yn jysk sthie dys çhiassidyn cha ard as dy vel mooadyn buillvollee jeh goulraght lectro-vagnaidagh ([[scell-X|scellyn-X]] er y chooid smoo) er ny cheau magh. Foddee ny moiryn scell-X shen ve cronnit lesh fodreayrtanyn. Roish my vel stoo yn jysk er ny roshtyn yn ISCO, vees mooad feer vooar dy vree ceaut magh &ndash; mysh 0.057mc² da towl doo neu-hyndaaee ny 0.42mc² da towl doo bieau-hyndaaee. Y chooid smoo jeh’n vree shen (mysh 90%), t’eh er ny skeaylley magh ayns ard resoonagh beg, çheusthie jeh ard 20 keayrt ny smoo na’n craue raadeeoil ym-hayrnagh veih çheshvean y towl doo.<ref name=McClintockRemillard2006 /> Ayns cooishyn ennagh, ta jyskyn cruinnee ry-gheddyn laue ry laue rish [[skioot conastaghtoil|skiootyn conastaghtoil]] t’er ny vrooightey magh liorish ny puill as ad gymmyrkey cooid vooar jeh’n vree ersooyl. Cha nel yn obbrinaght da crooaght ny skiootyn shen mie toiggit foast er-yn-oyr nagh vel dy liooar fysseree ayn.<ref>{{cite news |title=What powers a black hole's mighty jets? |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/what-powers-black-holes-mighty-jets |access-date=19 Mayrnt 2018 |work=Science {{!}} AAAS |date=19 Mee Houney 2014 |archive-date=5 Boaldyn 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505171217/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/11/what-powers-black-holes-mighty-jets |url-status=live }}</ref> Myr shen, shymmey phenomenon breeoil y tuinney t’er ny chur gys lieh cruinnaghey stoo er tuill ghoo. Myr sampleyr, t’eh credjit dy nee jyskyn cruinnee lesh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ad çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio as [[quasar]]yn.<ref name="CMS1999" /> Cosoyllagh rish shen, t’eh credjit er y chooid smoo dy nee coryssyn [[rollage yeesoil|rollageyn jeesoil]] ad coryssyn scell-X jeesoil raad ta fer jeh’n daa rollage ny red çhionn ta cruinnaghey stoo veih’n chumraag echey.<ref name="CMS1999" /> Chammah’s shen, t’eh er ny ve moyllit dy vel eh jargal dy nee jyskyn cruinnee lesh tuill ghoo vean-ghloutagh ad [[moir scell-X erskyn-lossanagh|moiryn scell-X erskyn-lossanagh]] ennagh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=L. M. |last2=Mushotzky |first2=R. F. |last3=Reynolds |first3=C. S. |title=XMM-Newton Archival Study of the Ultraluminous X-Ray Population in Nearby Galaxies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2006-10-01_649_2/page/730 |date=2006 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=649 |issue=2 |pages=730–752 |arxiv=astro-ph/0512480 |doi=10.1086/506579|bibcode=2006ApJ...649..730W|s2cid=118445260 }}</ref> Ta rollageyderyn er cronnaghey rollageyn t’er ny ve raipit lesh forsaghyn tidee ‘sy naboonys jeeragh dy huill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ayns çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh ayns taghyrtyn ta enmyssit [[taghyrt boirree tidee]] (TDE{{Efn|veih “tidal disruption event” y Vaarle}}). Ta cooid jeh’n stoo veih’n rollage boirrit croo jysk cruinnee mygeayrt y towl doo ta brooightey goulraght lectro-vagnaidagh cronnalagh. Ayns Mee Houney 2011, va’n chied vaght jeh jysk cruinnee quasar mygeayrt towl doo sur-ghloutagh fogrit magh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1116/ |title=Hubble directly observes the disk around a black hole |last=information@eso.org |website=www.spacetelescope.org |access-date=7 Mayrnt 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001224/http://spacetelescope.org/news/heic1116/ |archive-date=8 Mayrnt 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muñoz |first1=José A. |last2=Mediavilla |first2=Evencio |last3=Kochanek |first3=Christopher S. |last4=Falco |first4=Emilio |last5=Mosquera |first5=Ana María |date=1 Mee ny Nollick 2011 |title=A Study of Gravitational Lens Chromaticity with the Hubble Space Telescope |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=742 |issue=2 |page=67 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/742/2/67 |arxiv=1107.5932 |bibcode=2011ApJ...742...67M|s2cid=119119359 }}</ref> ==== Rollageyn scell-X jeesoil ==== {{see also|Corys scell-X jeesoil}} [[Coadan:Chandra image of Cygnus X-1.jpg|thumb|Jalloo lesh [[Reayrtlann Scell-X Chandra]] er [[Cygnus X-1]], y chied yeearreyder towl doo liklee va feddynit magh]] [[Corys scell-X jeesoil|Coryssyn scell-X jeesoil]], she coryssyn rollageagh jeesoil t’ad ta ceau magh y chooid smoo jeh’n ghoulraght oc ‘sy lieh [[scell-X]] jeh’n spectrum. T’eh credjit dy vel ny brooightaghyn scell-X shoh taghyrtyn tra ta fer jeh ny rollageyn (y red çhionn) cruinnaghey stoo veih’n rollage (y red cadjin) elley. Ta beays rollage chadjin ayns lheid coryssyn kiarail caa da studeyryssyn y red meanagh as dy chronnaghey nee towl doo t’eh ny dyn.<ref name="CMS1999" /> My vees lheid corys brooightey cowraghyn oddagh ve er eiyrt er-ash dys y red çhionn, cha nee towl doo vees eh. Ansherbee, cha nel assaaraght lheid cowrey faagail magh y jargaght dy nee rollage naeearaneagh ta’n red çhionn. Lesh studeyryssyn y cho-rollage s’mennick t’eh jargal dy gheddyn ny parameadaryn cruinlagh jeh’n chorys as dy gheddyn ooley da glout y red çhionn. My vees eh foddey ny smoo na cagliagh Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (y glout s’yrjey oddagh ve ec rollage roish my vees eh cohuittym er eshyn hene) cha noddagh y red ve ny rollage naeearaneagh as t’eh jerkit dy vees eh ny howl doo.<ref name="CMS1999">{{Cite journal |last1=Celotti |first1=A. |last2=Miller |first2=J. C. |last3=Sciama |first3=D. W. |title=Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes |journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity |volume=16 |issue=12A |pages=A3–A21 |date=1999 |arxiv=astro-ph/9912186 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/16/12A/301 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/411555/files/9912186.pdf |bibcode=1999CQGra..16A...3C |s2cid=17677758 |access-date=27 Jerrey Souree 2018 |archive-date=27 Jerrey Souree 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727052939/https://cds.cern.ch/record/411555/files/9912186.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Y chied yeearreyder liklee da towl doo, [[Cygnus X-1]], v’eh feddynit magh ‘syn aght shoh lesh [[Charles Thomas Bolton]],<ref name="Bolton1972"/> [[Louise Webster]], as [[Paul Murdin]]<ref name="Webster1972"/> ‘sy vlein 1972.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rolston |first=B. |date=10 Mee Houney 1997 |url=http://news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502230214/http://news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm |archive-date=2 Boaldyn 2008 |title=The First Black Hole |website=The bulletin |publisher=Ollooscoill Toronto |access-date=11 Mayrnt 2008}}</ref><ref name="Shipman1975"/> Jiu, ta yeearreyderyn ny share da tuill ghoo ry-gheddyn mastey rang dy choryssyn scell-X jeesoil ta enmyssit shallidee scell-X vog. ‘Sy rang corys shoh, ta’n cho-rollage injil er glout ayns coreir rish y red elley ‘sy chorys; t’eh lhiggey da oolaghyn glout y towl doo ny s’cruinn. Ta ny coryssyn shen brooightey scellyn-X bio feie shiartanse dy veeghyn foddee keayrt dagh 10–50 bleeaney. Car yn earish shen dy vrooightaghyn scell-X injil, ta enmyssit taauid, s’baiht ta’n jysk cruinnee as t’eh shen lhiggey da baght cruinn jeh’n cho-rollage car yn earish shen. Ta [[V404 Cygni]] coontit mastey ny yeearreyderyn shen.<ref name="CMS1999" /> ===== Leaystaghyn lieh-earishagh ===== {{main|Leaystey lieh-earishagh}} Keayrtyn, ta brooightaghyn scell-X veih jyskyn cruinnee meekey er menkidyn er lheh. Ta ny cowraghyn shen enmyssit [[leaystey lieh-earishagh|leaystaghyn lieh-earishagh]] as t’eh er credjal dy vel ad çheet ass stoo ta gleashaghey liorish yn oirr sthie jeh’n jysk cruinnee (y cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie, ny ISCO). Kyndagh rish shen, ta’n menkid oc kianglt rish glout y red çhionn. Myr shen, foddee ad ve ymmydit myr aght caghlaaee dy chronnaghey glout ny tuill ghoo yeearree.<ref>{{cite press release |title=NASA scientists identify smallest known black hole |publisher=[[Goddard Space Flight Center]] |date=1 Averil 2008 |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/nsfc-nsi040108.php |access-date=14 Mayrnt 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227195554/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/nsfc-nsi040108.php |archive-date=27 Mee ny Nollick 2008 }}</ref> ==== Çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh ==== {{see also|Çheshvean co-rollageyssagh bio}} [[Coadan:X-RayFlare-BlackHole-MilkyWay-20140105.jpg|thumb|Cronnaghey lossan [[scell-X]] feer ghial veih [[Sagittarius A*]], towl doo ayns çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree er 5{{nbsp}}Jerrey Geuree 2015<ref name="NASA-20150105">{{cite web |last1=Chou |first1=Felicia |last2=Anderson |first2=Janet |last3=Watzke |first3=Megan |date=5 Jerrey Geuree 2015 |title=RELEASE 15-001 – NASA's Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way's Black Hole |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/january/nasa-s-chandra-detects-record-breaking-outburst-from-milky-way-s-black-hole/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106100532/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/january/nasa-s-chandra-detects-record-breaking-outburst-from-milky-way-s-black-hole/ |archive-date=6 Jerrey Geuree 2015 |access-date=6 Jerrey Geuree 2015 |website=[[NASA]]}}</ref>]] Ta rollageyderyn gymmydey yn çhiarrym “co-rollageys bio” dy hoilshaghey co-rollageyssyn as troyn quaagh oc, lheid as brooightaghyn [[linney spectragh]] quaagh as brooightaghyn radio feer niartal. Ny studeyryssyn sheiltynagh as baghtagh t’er ny haishbyney ny keimyn ard dy vioyrid, ardjyn ta enmyssit çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio (AGN{{Efn|veih “active galactic nuclei” y Vaarle}}) foddee dy vel ad meenit lesh faare tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh millioonyn dy cheayrtyn ny smoo gloutagh na tuill ghoo rollageagh. Ta ny kiaddaghyn AGN shoh cummal towl doo meanagh oddagh ve ny millioonyn ny ny billoonyn dy cheayrtyn ny smoo gloutagh na’n [[Yn Ghrian|Ghrian]] ain; jysk dy [[gas eddyr-rollageagh|ghas]] as joan eddyr-rollageagh ta enmyssit jysk cruinnee; as daa [[skioot conastaghtoil|skioot]] kern-jeeragh rish y jysk cruinnee.<ref name="krolik1999">{{cite book |first=J. H. |last=Krolik |date=1999 |title=Active Galactic Nuclei |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01151-6 |at=Ch. 1.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRK8otMiWIgC&q=Active+Galactic+Nuclei |access-date=16 Jerrey Fouyir 2020 |archive-date=14 Luanistyn 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814220336/https://books.google.com/books?id=oRK8otMiWIgC&q=Active+Galactic+Nuclei |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sparkegallagher2000">{{cite book |first1=L. S. |last1=Sparke |author-link=Linda Sparke |first2=J. S. |last2=Gallagher |date=2000 |title=Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |at=Ch. 9.1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8Hngab5liQC&q=Galaxies+in+the+Universe:+An+Introduction |isbn=978-0-521-59740-1 |access-date=16 Jerrey Fouyir 2020 |archive-date=22 Mayrnt 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322141933/https://books.google.com/books?id=N8Hngab5liQC&q=Galaxies+in+the+Universe%3A+An+Introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> Ga dy vel eh jerkit dy vel tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ry-gheddyn ‘sy chooid smoo jeh AGN, cha nel studeyryssyn er ny ve jeant agh er kuse veg dy heshveanyn co-rollageyssagh as rollageyderyn jannoo eab dy enmyssey as dy howshan gloutyn rieugh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh veanagh yeearree. Fir jeh ny co-rollageyssyn smoo ard-ghooagh as tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh yeearree oc, t’ad goaill stiagh [[Co-rollageys y Ven Gheulit]], [[Messier 32|M32]], [[Messier 87|M87]], [[NGC 3115]], [[NGC 3377]], [[NGC 4258]], [[NGC 4889]], [[NGC 1277]], [[OJ 287]], [[APM 08279+5255]], as y [[Yn Co-rollageys Sombrero|Co-rollageys Sombrero]].<ref name="kormendyrichstone1995">{{cite journal |first1=J. |last1=Kormendy |first2=D. |last2=Richstone |title=Inward Bound – The Search For Supermassive Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=1995 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=581–624 |bibcode=1995ARA&A..33..581K |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.003053}}</ref> Nish, ta soiagh jeant dy vel mean begnagh dagh co-rollageys, co-rollageyssyn bio as co-rollageyssyn elley, cummal towl doo sur-ghloutagh.<ref name="King">{{cite journal |last=King |first=A. |title=Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the MBH-σ Relation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2003-10-10_596_1/page/27 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=596 |issue=1 |pages=27–29 |date=2003 |doi=10.1086/379143 |arxiv=astro-ph/0308342|bibcode=2003ApJ...596L..27K|s2cid=9507887 }}</ref> Ta co-cheintys baghtagh çhionn eddyr glout y towl shoh as y scaalhean bieauid-jeerit jeh [[boogh co-rollageyssagh|boogh]] y cho-rollageys, ta enmyssit y [[mooinjerys M–sigma]], cur sannish da kiangley eddyr crooaght y towl doo as crooaght y cho-rollageys hene.<ref name="msigma2000">{{cite journal |title=A Fundamental Relation Between Supermassive Black Holes and their Host Galaxies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2000-08-10_539_1/page/9 |last1=Ferrarese |first1=L. |last2=Merritt |first2=D. |author2-link=David Merritt |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=539 |issue=1 |pages=9–12 |date=2000 |bibcode=2000ApJ...539L...9F |doi=10.1086/312838 |arxiv=astro-ph/0006053 |s2cid=6508110}}</ref> === Meegra-lensaghey === Foddee dooghys towl doo jeh red ve er ny phrowal trooid baghtal jeh ny h-eiyrtyssyn ta jeant lesh ream ym-hayrnagh niartal ‘sy çhymmyltaght oc. Ta’n lensaghey ym-hayrnagh coontit mastey ny h-eiyrtyssyn shen. Ta mee-chummey yn spoar-hraa mygeayrt red gloutagh cur rish aawoalley ny çhyndaa scellyn soilshey, gollrish soilshey ta goll trooid [[lensey]] shilleydagh. Ta baghtyn er ny ve jeant er lensaghey ym-hayrnagh annoonagh, raad nagh vel ny scellyn soilshey er ny hyndaa agh er reggyryn dy [[arcthootçhey|arcthootçhaghyn]]. Ta [[meegra-lensaghey]] taghyrtyn mannagh vel ny moiryn cruinn as my ta’n baghtallagh fakin giallaghey beg. ‘Syn aght shoh, haghyr cronnaghey yn chied tree tuill ghoo yeearree ec cassey yn villey bleeaney shoh,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=D. P. |last2=Becker |first2=A. C. |last3=Quinn |first3=J. L. |last4=Tomaney |first4=A. B. |last5=Alcock |first5=C. |last6=Allsman |first6=R. A. |last7=Alves |first7=D. R. |last8=Axelrod |first8=T. S. |last9=Calitz |first9=J. J. |last10=Cook |first10=K. H. |last11=Drake |first11=A. J. |last12=Fragile |first12=P. C. |last13=Freeman |first13=K. C. |last14=Geha |first14=M. |last15=Griest |first15=K. |date=1 Mee Houney 2002 |title=Gravitational Microlensing Events Due to Stellar-Mass Black Holes |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...579..639B/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=579 |issue=2 |pages=639–659 |doi=10.1086/342225 |arxiv=astro-ph/0109467 |bibcode=2002ApJ...579..639B |issn=0004-637X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shude |last2=Smith |first2=Martin C. |last3=Woźniak |first3=P. |last4=Udalski |first4=A. |last5=Szymański |first5=M. |last6=Kubiak |first6=M. |last7=Pietrzyński |first7=G. |last8=Soszyński |first8=I. |last9=Żebruń |first9=K. |date=1 Jerrey Geuree 2002 |title=Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment OGLE-1999-BUL-32: the longest ever microlensing event - evidence for a stellar mass black hole? |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=329 |issue=2 |pages=349–354 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.04986.x |doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0108312 |bibcode=2002MNRAS.329..349M |issn=0035-8711}}</ref> as ayns Jerrey Geuree 2022, ren rollageyderyn fogrey magh y chied chronnaghey jeh taghyrt meegra-lensaghey veih towl doo anerit.<ref name="Sahu">{{cite journal |arxiv=2201.13296 |last1=Sahu |first1=K. C. |title=An Isolated Stellar-Mass Black Hole Detected Through Astrometric Microlensing |journal=Astrophysical Journal|date=2022|volume=933 |issue=1 |page=83 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac739e |bibcode=2022ApJ...933...83S |s2cid=246430448 |doi-access=free }}</ref> She jargaght elley da cronnaghey lensaghey ym-hayrnagh y baghtal jeh rollageyn as ad cruinlaghey towl doo. Ta yeearreyderyn ennagh ayn da lheid cronnaghey ta cruinlaghey [[Sagittarius A*]].<ref name="Bozza">{{cite journal |arxiv=0911.2187 |last1=Bozza |first1=V. |title=Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_general-relativity-and-gravitation_2010-09_42_9/page/2269 |journal=General Relativity and Gravitation |issue=9 |date=2010 |pages=2269–2300 |doi=10.1007/s10714-010-0988-2 |bibcode=2010GReGr..42.2269B |volume=42 |s2cid=118635353}}</ref> == Caghlaayssyn == {{see also|Rollage andooghyssagh}} Ga dy vel cooish as bun mie ayn da tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh, ta’n kiaddey da tuill ghoo rollageagh croghit er beays cagliagh s’yrjey da glout rollageyn naeearaneagh: reddyn t’er ny ve cronnit, t’ad gra dy nee tuill ghoo t’ad, eer gyn feanish kinjagh. Ansherbee, cha nel troyn stoo gloo mie toiggit. Oddagh [[paase (stoo)|paaseyn stoo]] andooghyssagh noa lhiggey da sorçhyn elley dy reddyn gloutagh.<ref name="CMS1999" /> Foddee paase dy [[quark|wharkyn]] ec ard-ghlooaght lhiggey da beays rollageyn quark gloo,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kovacs |first1=Z. |last2=Cheng |first2=K. S. |last3=Harko |first3=T. |title=Can stellar mass black holes be quark stars? |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |date=2009 |volume=400 |issue=3 |pages=1632–1642 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15571.x |doi-access=free |arxiv=0908.2672 |bibcode=2009MNRAS.400.1632K |s2cid=18263809}}</ref> as ta kiaddaghyn [[sur-himmeadraght|sur-himmeadragh]] ennagh faaishnaghey beays [[rollage Q|rollageyn Q]].<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=hep-ph/0612159 |first1=A. |last1=Kusenko |title=Properties and signatures of supersymmetric Q-balls |date=2006 }}</ref> Ta sheeyntaghtyn ennagh jeh’n [[Yn Kiaddey Stundayrtagh|Chiaddey Stundayrtagh]] treeal beays [[preon]]yn myr blick hroggee vunneydagh quarkyn as [[lepton]]yn, oddagh croo [[rollage phreon|rollageyn preon]] dy sheiltynagh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hansson |first1=J. |last2=Sandin |first2=F. |title=Preon stars: a new class of cosmic compact objects |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=616 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–7 |date=2005 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2005.04.034 |arxiv=astro-ph/0410417 |bibcode=2005PhLB..616....1H |s2cid=119063004}}</ref> Oddagh ny kiaddaghyn sheiltynit shen ceau soilshey er shiartanse dy vaghtyn dy huill ghoo rollageagh yeearree. Ansherbee, foddee eh ve taishbynit veih resoonaghtyn ‘sy chonastaght chadjin dy vees glout s’yrjey ec lheid red.<ref name="CMS1999" /> Er-yn-oyr dy vel glooaght y towl doo çheusthie jeh craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild echey ayns coreir contraartagh rish e ghlout er ny vishaghey lesh hene, ta tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh foddey ny sloo gloo na tuill ghoo rollageagh. Ta glooaght veanagh towl doo {{Solar mass|{{10^|8}}}} er glout cosoyllagh rish glooaght ushtey.<ref name="CMS1999" /> Myr shen, ta shin toiggal fishig y stoo ta croo towl doo sur-gloutagh ny share as s’dree ta ny soilsheydyssyn caghlaaee jargal da baghtyn jeh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh. Myr sampleyr, oddagh towl doo sur-ghloutagh ve er ny chiaddey lesh çhaglym mooar dy reddyn feer ghorraghey. Ansherbee, cha nel lheid caghlaayssyn cha shickyr as dy vel ad soilshaghey tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh yeearree.<ref name="CMS1999" /> Ta shiartanse dy reddyn sheiltynagh er ny ve piyrit rish baghtyn dy huill ghoo rollageydagh yeearree dy jarroo ny begnagh dy jarroo,<ref name="Murk2023"/> agh ta gobbraghey lesh obbrinaght elley. T’ad goaill stiagh y [[gravastar]],{{Efn|veih “gravitational vacuum star” y Vaarle, ny “rollage folmid ym-hayrnagh” ‘sy Ghaelg}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazur |first1=Pawel O. |last2=Mottola |first2=Emil |title=Gravitational vacuum condensate stars |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=101 |issue=26 |date=2004 |pages=9545–9550 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0402717101 |doi-access=free |pmid=15210982 |pmc=470711 |arxiv=gr-qc/0407075 |bibcode=2004PNAS..101.9545M |s2cid=2607263}}</ref> y [[rollage ghoo (ym-hayrn lieh-chlassicagh)|rollage ghoo]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choi |first1=Charles Q. |title=Black Hole Pretenders Could Really Be Bizarre Quantum Stars |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/black-hole-pretenders-could-really-be-bizarre-quantum-stars/ |access-date=17 Mayrnt 2018 |work=Scientific American |date=2018 |archive-date=17 Mean Souree 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617164631/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/black-hole-pretenders-could-really-be-bizarre-quantum-stars/ |url-status=live }}</ref> y [[nestar]]{{Efn|veih “nested star” y Vaarle, ny “rollage chlussit” ‘sy Ghaelg}} mooinjeragh,<ref name="SA-20240220">{{cite news |last=McRae |first=Mike |title=Bubble-Like 'Stars Within Stars' Could Explain Black Hole Weirdness |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/bubble-like-stars-within-stars-could-explain-black-hole-weirdness |date=20 Toshiaght Arree 2024 |work=[[ScienceAlert]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240220150012/https://www.sciencealert.com/bubble-like-stars-within-stars-could-explain-black-hole-weirdness |archive-date=20 February 2024 |access-date=20 Toshiaght Arree 2024 }}</ref> as y [[rollage vree dorraghey]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Philip |title=Black holes 'do not exist' |journal=Nature |date=31 Mayrnt 2005 |doi=10.1038/news050328-8}}</ref> == Feyshtyn foshlit == === Entropaght as çhiass-niartallaght=== {{further|Çhiass-niartallaght towl doo|Cagliagh Bekenstein}} {{Image frame|content={{bigmath|1=''S'' = {{sfrac|1|4}} {{sfrac|''c''{{sup|3}}''k'' |''Għ''}} ''A''}}|caption=Y formley da entropaght Bekenstein–Hawking ({{mvar|S}}) jeh towl doo, ta croghey er eaghtyr y towl doo ({{mvar|A}}). Ny beayn-earrooyn, t’ad goaill stiagh [[bieauid hollys]] ({{mvar|c}}), [[beayn-earroo Boltzmann]] ({{mvar|k}}), [[beayn-earroo Newton]] ({{mvar|G}}), as [[beayn-earroo leodit Planck]] ({{mvar|ħ}}). Ayns unnidyn Planck, t’eh er ny leodaghey dys {{math|1=''S'' = {{sfrac|''A''|4}}}}.|width=220}} ‘Sy vlein 1971, haishbyn Hawking fo foaynooyn cadjin{{Efn|Dooyrt eh er lheh dy row dagh stoo cooilleeney [[foaynoo yn vree annoonagh]].}} nagh voddagh slane eaghtyr ny scell-linnaghyn taghyrt ayns çhaglym erbee dy huill ghoo leodaghey, eer my jinnagh ad covuilley as covestey.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hawking |first=S. W. |title=Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=26 |issue=21 |pages=1344–1346 |date=1971 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.1344 |bibcode=1971PhRvL..26.1344H}}</ref> Yn eiyrtys shen, ta enmyssit y [[nah leigh yn obbrinaght towl doo|nah leigh jeh’n obbrinaght towl doo]], t’eh feer chosoyllagh rish [[nah leigh y çhiass-niartallaght]], ta gra nagh vod slane entropaght ayns corys anerit dy leodaghey. Cosoyllagh rish reddyn classicagh ec [[neunhee absaloidagh]], v’eh raait dy row neunhee entropaght ec tuill ghoo. My row eh shen feer, veagh y nah leigh jeh’n çhiass-niartallaght er ny vrishey lesh stoo lane lesh entropaght goll stiagh ‘sy towl doo as cur rish leodaghey slane entropaght y tuinney. Kyndagh rish shen, ren Bekenstein treeal dy lhisagh entropaght ve ec towl doo as dy lhisagh eh ve ayns coreir rish eaghtyr y scell-linney echey.<ref name="wald99">{{cite journal |last=Wald |first=R. M. |title=The Thermodynamics of Black Holes |journal=Living Reviews in Relativity |volume=4 |issue=1 |article-number=6 |date=2001 |arxiv=gr-qc/9912119 |bibcode=2001LRR.....4....6W |doi=10.12942/lrr-2001-6 |doi-access=free |pmid=28163633 |pmc=5253844}}</ref> Hie yn kiangley rish leighyn y çhiass-niartallaght er ny niartaghey lesh yn eddynys lesh Hawking ‘sy vlein 1974 dy row sheiltynys ream quantum faaishnaghey dy vel towl doo goulraghey [[goulraght chorpane doo]] er beayn-çhiassid. T’eh jeeaghyn dy vel eh shen cur rish brishey yn nah leigh jeh obbrinaght towl doo, er-yn-oyr dy nee yn ghoulraght gymmyrkey bree ersooyl veih’n towl doo as cur rish e leodaghey. Ta’n ghoulraght gymmyrkey entropaght ersooyl chammah, as foddee eh dy phrowal fo treealtyssyn cadjin dy vel sym entropaght y stoo mygeayrt towl doo as un chiarroo jeh eaghtyr y scell-linney myr ta towshit ayns unnidyn Planck mooadaghey dy beayn. T’eh shoh lhiggey da formlaghey yn chied leigh jeh obbrinaght towl doo myr cosoyllaght rish y chied leigh jeh’n çhiass-niartallaght, raad ta glout ny hassoo ayns ynnyd bree, yn ym-hayrn eaghtyragh myr çhiassid, as yn eaghtyr myr entropaght.<ref name="wald99" /> Ansherbee, ta boirrey ayn ‘sy tro raad ta entropaght towl doo scaailey rish yn eaghtyr echey ayns ynnyd e hummid, er-yn-oyr er lheh dy nee [[troyn intensagh as eckstensagh|mooadys eckstensagh]] t’eh dy cadjin ta scaailey dy linnagh rish thummid y chorys. Chur y tro quaagh shen [[Gerard 't Hooft]] as [[Leonard Susskind]] rish treealtys y [[prinsabyl holografagh|phrinsabyl holografagh]]. Rere y prinsabyl shoh, red erbee ta taghyrtyn ayns thummid dy spoar-hraa, oddagh eh ve soilshit lesh fysseree er cagliagh y thummid shen.<ref>{{cite book|last='t Hooft|first=G.|title=Basics and Highlights in Fundamental Physics|publisher=[[World Scientific Publishing]]|year=2001|isbn=978-981-02-4536-8|editor-last=Zichichi|editor-first=A.|series=Subnuclear series|volume=37|pages=72–100|chapter=The Holographic Principle|bibcode=2001bhfp.conf...72T<!--|doi=10.1142/9789812811585_0005-->|arxiv=hep-th/0003004|s2cid=119383028}}</ref> Ga dy vel eh jargal y chonastaght chadjin y ymmydey dy yannoo co-earroo lieh-chlassicagh jeh entropaght towl doo, cha nel y soiaghey shoh cooilleenagh dy sheiltynagh. ‘Syn [[obbrinaght staddyssaghtoil]], ta’n entropaght toiggit myr coontey earroo ny reaghyn mynreayrtagh ayns corys as ny qualleeaghtyn mooar-reayrtagh cheddin oc, lheid as glout, lughtey, as broo. Gyn sheiltynys cooilleenagh jeh’n ym-hayrn quantum, cha nod lheid co-earroo da tuill ghoo dy yannoo.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kiefer |first=C. |date=12 Jerrey Geuree 2006 |title=Quantum gravity: general introduction and recent developments |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.200651801-210 |journal=Annalen der Physik |language=Baarle |volume=518 |issue=1–2 |pages=129–148 |doi=10.1002/andp.200651801-210 |issn=0003-3804|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ta lhiasaghey ennagh er ny ve jeant ayns saaseyn eigsoylagh da’n ym-hayrn quantum. ‘Sy vlein 1995, haishbyn [[Andrew Strominger]] as [[Cumrun Vafa]] dy nee co-earroo meegra-staydyn towl doo sur-himmeadragh er lheh ‘sy çheiltynys streng aaghientyn entropaght Bekenstein–Hawking.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strominger |first1=A. |last2=Vafa |first2=C. |title=Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physics-letters-b_1996-06-27_379_1-4/page/99 |journal=Physics Letters B |volume=379 |issue=1–4 |pages=99–104 |date=1996 |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(96)00345-0 |arxiv=hep-th/9601029 |bibcode=1996PhLB..379...99S |s2cid=1041890}}</ref> Veih’n cho-earroo shen, ta eiyrtyssyn cosoyllagh er ny ve fogrit magh da tuill ghoo elley ‘sy çheiltynys streng as ayns saaseyn elley da’n ym-hayrn quantum lheid as [[ym-hayrn quantum lhoob]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carlip |first1=S. |title=Physics of Black Holes |volume=769 |pages=89–123 |date=2009 <!--|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-88460-6_3 --> |arxiv=0807.4520 |series=Lecture Notes in Physics |isbn=978-3-540-88459-0|bibcode=2009LNP...769...89C |chapter=Black Hole Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics|location=Berleen |publisher=Springer |s2cid=15877702 }}</ref> === Sou-cheeall coayl fysseree === {{main|Sou-cheeall fysseree towl doo}} {{unsolved|fishig|Vel fysseree ishigagh er coayl ayns tuill ghoo?}} Coardail rish y çhoarym gyn gruag, as er-yn-oyr nagh vel agh kuse veg dy pharameadaryn sthie ec tuill ghoo, ta’n chooid smoo jeh ny fysseree bentyn rish y stoo hie stiagh ayns crooaght y towl doo er coayl. Gyn scansh da’n torçh dy stoo ta goll stiagh ayns towl doo, t’eh jeeaghyn nagh vel freilt agh fysseree bentyn rish slane glout, lughtey, as momentum uillinagh. Tra v’eh er credjal dy row tuill ghoo farraghtyn er son dy bragh, cha row feysht ny crampys ayn bentyn rish y choayl fysseree, myr v’eh credjit dy row ny fysseree farraghtyn çheusthie jeh’n towl doo, neuroshtynagh veih’n theihll mooie, agh er ny hoylley er y scell-linney haghyrt ayns coreiraght rish y phrinsabyl holografagh. Ansherbee, ta tuill ghoo gaalaghey lesh brooightey goulraght Hawking. Cha nel y ghoulraght shoh gymmyrkey brash fysseree, s’liklee, bentyn rish y stoo chroo yn towl doo; t’eh meenaghey dy vel ny fysseree shen er coayl son dy bragh.<ref name="PlayDice000">{{cite web |title=Does God Play Dice? |first=S. W. |last=Hawking |url=http://www.hawking.org.uk/does-god-play-dice.html |website=www.hawking.org.uk |access-date=14 Mayrnt 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111012413/http://www.hawking.org.uk/does-god-play-dice.html |archive-date=11 Jerrey Geuree 2012 }}</ref> Ta’n feysht bentyn rish coayl fysseree ny dyn ayns tuill ghoo (y [[sou-cheeall fysseree towl doo|tou-cheeall fysseree towl doo]]) er ny rheynn magh boodeeys ny fishigee heiltynagh. ‘Syn obbrinaght quntum, ta coayl fysseree coreggyrt rish brish tro ta enmyssit [[unnaneaghtaght (fishig)|unnaneaghtaght]], as t’eh er ny ve resoonit dy jinnagh coayl unnaneaghtaght keeayllaghey brishey freayltys bree chammah,<ref name="giddings1995">{{cite conference |first=S. B. |last=Giddings |title=The black hole information paradox |arxiv=hep-th/9508151 |book-title=Particles, Strings and Cosmology |date=1995 |conference=Johns Hopkins Workshop on Current Problems in Particle Theory 19 and the PASCOS Interdisciplinary Symposium 5 |bibcode=1995hep.th....8151G}}</ref> ga dy vel ourys ayn ec fishigee elley bentyn rish.<ref name="unruh2017"/> Harrish ny bleeantyn jerree, ta feanish er ny hroggal dy vel fysseree as unnaneaghtaght freilt ayns slane dellal ym-hayrnagh quantum da’n eysht.<ref>{{cite conference |first=S. D. |last=Mathur |title=The information paradox: conflicts and resolutions |journal=Pramana |date=2011 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=1059–1073 |conference=XXV International Symposium on Lepton Photon Interactions at High Energies |arxiv=1201.2079 |bibcode=2012Prama..79.1059M <!--|doi=10.1007/s12043-012-0417-z-->}}</ref> Ta [[co-reggyrtaght towl doo]] çheet er un eab dy eaysley souch-cheeall fysseree towl doo. ‘Sy vlein 2012, va’n "[[Boalley aile (fishig)|sou-cheeall boalley aile]]" currit stiagh son dy haishbyney dy vel co-reggyrtaght towl doo failleil dy eaysley yn tou-cheeall fysseree. Coardail rish [[sheiltynys ream quantum ayns spoar-hraa cruillagh]], ta [[Goulraght chorpane doo|un vrooightey]] dy ghoulraght Hawking goaill stiagh daa loag [[thranglym quantum|cho-hranglit]]. Abbyr dy row towl doo er ny chroo traa caglit ‘sy traa t’er n’gholl shaghey as dy vees eh er ny ghaalaghey traa caglit ‘sy traa ta ry-heet; nee eh brooightey magh fysseree choadit chaglit çheusthie jeh goulraght Hawking echey. Coardail rish ronaght lesh fishigee lheid as [[Don Page (fishigaght)|Don Page]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Page |first1=Don N. |title=Information in black hole radiation |journal=[[Phys. Rev. Lett.]] |date=1993 |volume=71 |issue=23 |pages=3743–3746 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.3743 |pmid=10055062 |bibcode=1993PhRvL..71.3743P |arxiv=hep-th/9306083 |citeseerx=10.1.1.267.174|s2cid=9363821 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Page |first1=Don N. |title=Average entropy of a subsystem |journal=[[Phys. Rev. Lett.]] |date=1993 |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=1291–1294 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.1291 |pmid=10055503 |bibcode=1993PhRvL..71.1291P |arxiv=gr-qc/9305007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.339.7694|s2cid=17058654 }}</ref> as Leonard Susskind, bee traa ayn roish my vees floag magh er ny hranglym rish dagh fer jeh goulraght Hawking t’er ny ve brooightit magh hannah hene. T’eh jeeaghyn dy vel shoh croo sou-cheeal: ta’n prinsabyl ta enmyssit “[[uncheillaghys thraglym]]” geignaghey, gollrish corys elley erbee, nagh vel floag magh lowit dy ve slane thranglit rish daa chorys elley ec y traa cheddin; agh, t’eh jeeaghyn dy vel y loag magh shen thranglit rish y loag stiagh as, dy seyr, rish goulraght Hawking hie shaghey.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merali |first1=Zeeya |title=Astrophysics: Fire in the hole! |journal=Nature |date=3 Averil 2013 |volume=496 |issue=7443 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.1038/496020a |pmid=23552926 |bibcode=2013Natur.496...20M |doi-access=free}}</ref> Son dy easley yn contraartys shen, shegin da fishigee, foddee, fer jeh’n tree prinsabyl prowit dy cheau ass nyn ging oc: prinsabyl co-hrimmid Einstein, unnaneaghtaght, ny sheiltynys ream quantum ynnydagh. Ta feaysley jantagh ayn, ta brishey prinsabyl y cho-hrimmid, ta gra dy vel “boalley aile” ayn ta scryssey floagyn stiagh ec y scell-linney haghyrt.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Amheiri | first1 = Ahmed | last2 = Marolf | first2 = Donald | last3 = Polchinski | first3 = Joseph | last4 = Sully | first4 = James | title = Black holes: Complementarity or Firewalls? | journal = Journal of High Energy Physics | date = 2013 | volume = 2013 | issue = 2 | page = 62 | doi = 10.1007/JHEP02(2013)062| arxiv = 1207.3123 | bibcode = 2013JHEP...02..062A | s2cid = 55581818 }}</ref> Dy cadjin, s’doillee dy ghraa quoi jeu—my vees fer ayn—lhisagh ve er ny hreigeil as t’eh foast coontit myr bun-chooish resoonaght.<ref name="unruh2017">{{cite journal|first1=William G. |last1=Unruh |first2=Robert M. |last2=Wald |author-link1=W. G. Unruh |author-link2=Robert Wald |title=Information loss |journal=[[Reports on Progress in Physics]] |year=2017 |volume=80 |issue=9 |page=092002 |doi=10.1088/1361-6633/aa778e |pmid=28585922 |arxiv=1703.02140 |bibcode=2017RPPh...80i2002U|s2cid=39957660 }}</ref> == Ayns far-skeealaght sheanse == {{main|Tuill ghoo ayns far-skeealaght}} Ta’n fillym [[far-skeealaght heanse]] ''[[Interstellar (fillym)|Interstellar]]'' lesh [[Christopher Nolan]] veih’n vlein 2014 taishbyney towl doo ta enmyssit Gargantua, y red meanagh ayns corys planaidagh ayns co-rollageys foddey voin. Ren y sheelnaue roshtyn y corys shoh trooid [[towl beishteig]] ayns [[Corys ny Greiney]] mooie, faggys da [[Sarn (planaid)|Sarn]]. == Jeeagh er neesht == {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * [[Black Hole Initiative]] * [[Blanaid]] * [[Brane doo]] ny [[streng doo]] * [[Cah Susskind–Hawking]] * [[Corys jeesoil airhey]] * [[Kugelblitz (fishig rollageagh)]] * [[Rollage ghorraghey (stoo dorraghey)]] * [[Rollage Planck]] * [[Rolley tuill ghoo]] * [[Rolley ny tuill ghoo s'niessey]] * [[Saagh spoar towl doo]] * [[Towl bane]] * [[Towl doo BTZ]] * [[Towl doo sheiltynagh (reddaghey)]] * [[Towl doo sonnagh]] * [[Towl doo soyllee]] * [[Traa-linney fishig ny tuill ghoo]] * [[Tuill ghoo ayns far-skeealaght]] {{div col end}} == Noteyn == {{notelist}} == Imraaghyn == {{reflist|20em}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Sister project links|d=Q589|voy=no|wikt=towl doo|c=Category:Black holes|n=Category:Black holes|s=no|b=General Astronomy/Black holes/Introduction}} * {{In Our Time|Black Holes|p00547f4|Black_Holes}} {{in lang|en}} * ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'': "[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-singularities/ Singularities and Black Holes]" lesh Erik Curiel as Peter Bokulich. {{in lang|en}} * [https://hubblesite.org/contents/articles/black-holes.html Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull] – Ynnyd-eggey yl-veanagh eddyr-obbree bentyn rish fishig as rollageydys tuill ghoo veih'n Space Telescope Science Institute (HubbleSite) {{in lang|en}} * [https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/phy/Projects/Blackholes/WebGL.html Black Hole Visualization] lesh yn [[Yn Jantys Spoar Oarpagh|ESA]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503070935/https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/phy/Projects/Blackholes/WebGL.html |date=3 Boaldyn 2019 }} {{in lang|en}} * [https://apod.nasa.gov/htmltest/gifcity/bh_pub_faq.html Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Black Holes] {{in lang|en}} === Feeshanyn === * [https://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso0846b/ Studeyrys 16 bleeaney geiyrt er rollageyn ta cruinlaghey Sagittarius A*] {{in lang|en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040925044354/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/GC/index.php Feeshan jeh Yeearreyder Towl Doo veih Undinys Max Planck] {{in lang|en}} * {{cite journal |last1=Cowen |first1=Ron |title=3D simulations of colliding black holes hailed as most realistic yet |journal=Nature |date=20 Averil 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.17360 |doi-access=free |ref=none}} {{in lang|en}} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35524440 Computer visualisation of the signal detected by LIGO] {{in lang|en}} {{Tuill ghoo}} {{Conastaght}} {{Bun-chooishyn y çheiltynys streng}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Tuill ghoo| ]] [[Ronney:Smooinaghtyn 'sy rollageydys]] [[Ronney:Co-rollageyssyn]] [[Ronney:Singyltaghtyn ym-hayrnagh]] [[Ronney:Conastaght chadjin]] bgv8lmmjn6icu15cdokwuxwee3mj3ue 0 4555 389348 367345 2026-08-13T21:20:29Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Red Rollageydagh |epennym = [[Gorree Crovan]]}} [[Coadan:Milky Way IR Spitzer.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Raad Mooar Ree Gorree]] She '''Raad Mooar Gorree''' y [[co-rollageys]] ta goaill stiagh [[Corys ny Greiney]]. She boandey kayeeagh sollys ayns [[speyr ny h-oie]] t'eh, ta crooit liorish rollageyn nagh vel yn-scarrey veih y cheilley da'n tooill. Ta'n co-rollageys enmyssit '''Raad Mooar Ree Gorree''', '''Bow Ghorree''', as '''Raad Mooar Bainnagh''' chammah. She [[co-rollageys caslagh schimmeigagh]] t'eh, marish [[Co-rollageys#Crantessen eesophotagh|crantessen eesophotagh D₂₅]] ta oolit er {{cvt|26.8|+/-|1.1|kpc|ly|-2|abbr=off|lk=on}},<ref name="Goodwin">{{Cite journal |last1=Goodwin |first1=S. P. |last2=Gribbin |first2=J. |last3=Hendry |first3=M. A. |date=Luanistyn 1998 |title=The relative size of the Milky Way |journal=The Observatory |volume=118 |pages=201–208 |bibcode=1998Obs...118..201G}}</ref> agh nagh vel agh 1,000 sollys-vleeantyn er çheeid ec ny roihaghyn caslagh (ny smoo ec y voogh). Ta lhiggaghyn jeianagh coyrlaghey dy vel ard [[stoo doo]], ta goaill stiagh rollageyn so-akin ennagh, sheeyney magh dys begnagh 2 villioon dy hollys-vleeantyn (613 kpc) er crantessen.<ref name="croswell2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/astronomers-have-found-edge-milky-way-size |title=Astronomers have found the edge of the Milky Way at last |work=ScienceNews |first=Ken |last=Croswell |date=23 Mayrnt 2020 |access-date=27 Mayrnt 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324214927/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/astronomers-have-found-edge-milky-way-size |archive-date=24 Mayrnt 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dearson2020">{{cite journal |last=Dearson |first=Alis J. |arxiv=2002.09497 |title=The Edge of the Galaxy |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2020 |volume=496 |issue=3 |pages=3929–3942 |doi=10.1093/mnras/staa1711 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020MNRAS.496.3929D |s2cid=211259409 }}</ref> Ta reggyryn dy [[Rolley crouw-cho-rollageyssyn Raad Mooar Gorree|chrouw-cho-rollageyssyn]] ec Raad Mooar Gorree. T'eh soit 'sy [[Possan Ynnydagh|Phossan Ynnydagh]] dy cho-rollageyssyn, ayrn jeh [[Sur-ghossan y Voidyn]] ayns [[Sur-ghossan Laniakea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laniakea: Our home supercluster | date=3 Mean Fouyir 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rENyyRwxpHo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904162040/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rENyyRwxpHo |archive-date=4 Mean Fouyir 2014 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tully |first1=R. Brent |last2=Courtois |first2=Hélène |last3=Hoffman |first3=Yehuda |last4=Pomarède |first4=Daniel |display-authors=1 |date=4 Mean Fouyir 2014 |title=The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2014-09-04_513_7516/page/71 |journal=Nature |volume=513 |issue=7516 |pages=71–73 |arxiv=1409.0880 |bibcode=2014Natur.513...71T |doi=10.1038/nature13674 |pmid=25186900 |s2cid=205240232}}</ref> T'eh oolit dy vel eh cummal eddyr 100 as 400 billoonyn dy rollageyn<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milky Way |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/key_places/milky_way |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302071454/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/key_places/milky_way |archive-date=2 Mayrnt 2012 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Many Stars in the Milky Way? |url=http://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/blueshift/index.php/2015/07/22/how-many-stars-in-the-milky-way/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125140109/http://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/blueshift/index.php/2015/07/22/how-many-stars-in-the-milky-way/ |archive-date=25 Jerrey Geuree 2016 |website=NASA Blueshift}}</ref> as y mooad shen dy [[planaid|phlanaidyn]] er y chooid sloo.<ref name="Nature-20120111">{{Cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Cassan |first1=A. |last2=Kubas |first2=D. |last3=Beaulieu |first3=J. -P. |last4=Dominik |first4=M. |last5=Horne |first5=K. |last6=Greenhill |first6=J. |last7=Wambsganss |first7=J. |last8=Menzies |first8=J. |last9=Williams |first9=A. |last10=Jørgensen |doi=10.1038/nature10684 |first10=U. G. |last11=Udalski |first11=A. |last12=Bennett |first12=D. P. |last13=Albrow |first13=M. D. |last14=Batista |first14=V. |last15=Brillant |first15=S. |last16=Caldwell |first16=J. A. R. |last17=Cole |first17=A. |last18=Coutures |first18=C. |last19=Cook |first19=K. H. |last20=Dieters |first20=S. |last21=Prester |first21=D. D. |last22=Donatowicz |first22=J. |last23=Fouqué |first23=P. |last24=Hill |first24=K. |last25=Kains |first25=N. |last26=Kane |first26=S. |last27=Marquette |first27=J. -B. |last28=Martin |first28=R. |last29=Pollard |first29=K. R. |last30=Sahu |first30=K. C. |title=One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-01-12_481_7380/page/167 |journal=Nature |volume=481 |issue=7380 |pages=167–169 |date= 11 Jerrey Geuree 2012 |pmid=22237108 |bibcode=2012Natur.481..167C |arxiv=1202.0903 |s2cid=2614136}}</ref><ref name="Space-20130102">{{cite news |author=<!--Gyn ughtar--> |title=100 Billion Alien Planets Fill Our Milky Way Galaxy: Study |url=http://www.space.com/19103-milky-way-100-billion-planets.html |date= 2 Jerrey Geuree 2013 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date= 3 Jerrey Geuree 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103060601/http://www.space.com/19103-milky-way-100-billion-planets.html |archive-date=3 Jerrey Geuree 2013}}</ref> Ta Corys ny Greiney soit mysh 27,000 sollys-vleeantyn (8.3 kpc) er craue raadeeoil veih [[Cree Raad Mooar Gorree]],<ref name="Gillessen2016">{{cite journal |last1=Gillessen |first1=Stefan |last2=Plewa |first2=Philipp |last3=Eisenhauer |first3=Frank |last4=Sari |first4=Re'em |last5=Waisberg |first5=Idel |last6=Habibi |first6=Maryam |last7=Pfuhl |first7=Oliver |last8=George |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Dexter |first9=Jason|last10=von Fellenberg|first10=Sebastiano |last11=Ott |first11=Thomas |last12=Genzel |first12=Reinhard |title=An Update on Monitoring Stellar Orbits in the Galactic Center |date=28 Sauin 2016 |arxiv=1611.09144 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c41 |volume=837 |issue=1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |page=30 |bibcode=2017ApJ...837...30G|s2cid=119087402 |doi-access=free }}</ref> er oirr sthie [[Roih yn Çhelgeyr Mooar]], nane jeh co-ghlooaghyn caslagh gas as joan. Ta ny rollageyn ayns ny 10,000 sollys-vleeantyn sthie jannoo [[boogh (rollageydys)|boogh]] chammah as nane ny ghaa varr ta sheeney magh veih'n voogh. She moir radio çhiu eh Cree Raad Mooar Gorree ta enmyssit [[Sagittarius A*]], [[towl doo feer vooar]] ta cha mooar as 4.100 (± 0.034) millioonyn dy [[glout ny greiney|ghloutyn ny greiney]].<ref name="NYT-20220131">{{Cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |date=31 Jerrey Geuree 2022 |title=An Electrifying View of the Heart of the Milky Way – A new radio-wave image of the center of our galaxy reveals all the forms of frenzy that a hundred million or so stars can get up to. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/31/science/milky-way.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 Toshiaght Arree 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131224108/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/31/science/milky-way.html |archive-date=2022-01-31}}</ref><ref name="ARX-20220128">{{Cite journal |last=Heyood, I. |display-authors=et al. |date=28 Jerrey Geuree 2022 |title=The 1.28 GHz MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=925 |issue=2 |page=165 |arxiv=2201.10541 |bibcode=2022ApJ...925..165H |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac449a |s2cid=246275657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta ny rollageyn shinney ayns Raad Mooar Gorree cha shenn as y Tuinney hene as, rere shen, s'liklee dy row ad crooit tammylt beg lurg [[Chron-oaylleeaght y tuinney#Ny Doo-Eashyn|Doo-Eashyn]] y [[Bleayst Mooar|Vleayst Mooar]].<ref name="HD_140283_(arXiv)">{{Cite journal |last1=H.E. Bond |last2=E. P. Nelan |last3=D. A. VandenBerg |last4=G. H. Schaefer |last5=D. Harmer |display-authors=4 |date=13 Toshiaght Arree 2013 |title=HD 140283: A Star in the Solar Neighborhood that Formed Shortly After the Big Bang |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=765 |issue=1 |pages=L12 |arxiv=1302.3180 |bibcode=2013ApJ...765L..12B |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L12 |s2cid=119247629}}</ref> Ren [[Galileo Galilei]] kiarail y boandey sollys ayns rollageyn er lheh da'n chied cheayrt liorish y fodreayrtan echey ayns 1610. Derrey ny 1920yn leah, va'n chooid smoo jeh rollageyderyn smooinaghtyn dy row dagh rollage 'sy [[Yn Tuinney|Tuinney]] soit ayns Raad Mooar Gorree.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Milky Way Galaxy: Facts About Our Galactic Home |url=http://www.space.com/19915-milky-way-galaxy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321063305/http://www.space.com/19915-milky-way-galaxy.html |archive-date=21 Mayrnt 2017 |access-date= 8 Averil 2017 |work=Space.com}}</ref> Lurg y [[Yn Resooney Mooar (rollageydys)|Resooney Mooar]] ayns 1920 eddyr ny rollageydeyryn [[Harlow Shapley]] as [[Heber Doust Curtis]],<ref name=shapley_curtis>{{cite journal |title=The Scale of the Universe |last1=Shapley |first1=H. |last2=Curtis |first2=H. D. |journal=Bulletin of the National Research Council |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=171–217 |date=1921 |bibcode=1921BuNRC...2..171S}}</ref> haishbyn baghtyn lesh [[Edwin Hubble]] dy nee fer mastey ram co-rollageyssyn eh Raad Mooar Gorree. ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons category|Milky Way Galaxy|Raad Mooar Gorree}} * [http://www.sky-map.org/?ra=12.0593794293245&de=-20.27239516216098&zoom=0&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=0&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IRAS Towshan speyrey IRAS (fo-yiarg) er Raad Mooar Gorree] – wikisky.org * [http://www.sky-map.org/?ra=12.0593794293245&de=-20.27239516216098&zoom=0&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=0&show_galaxies=1&img_source=HALPHA Towshan speyrey H-Alpha er Raad Mooar Gorree] – wikisky.org * [https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/mwmw/mmw_sci.html Multiwavelength Milky Way] – Jallooyn as kiaddaghyn [[VRML]] (NASA) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170806131326/http://www.360pano.eu/show/?id=736 Lane-reayrtys Raad Mooar Gorree (9 billoonyn dy phicselyn)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806131326/http://www.360pano.eu/show/?id=736 |date=6 Luanistyn 2017 }}. * [http://messier.seds.org/more/mw.html Milky Way] – Ynnyd-eggey Messier SEDS * [http://galaxymap.org/drupal/node/127 Milky Way] – Jallooyn fo-yiarg {{Raad Mooar Gorree}} {{Soiaghey yn Dowan}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Raad Mooar Gorree| ]] [[Ronney:Reddyn rollageydagh er enney veih'n çhenndaght]] [[Ronney:Co-rollageyssyn caslagh schimmeigagh]] guavedbk4cxs583c6v401z7qytv8w1i 0 5631 389349 314292 2026-08-13T21:22:31Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kishtey fys çhengey |ennym=Guugu Yimithirr |ennymdooghyssagh= |daah kynney=Austrailagh |çheeraghyn=[[Yn Austrail]] |ard=[[Hopevale, Queensland|Hopevale]], [[Queensland]] |loayreyderyn=200-300 |fam1=[[Çhengaghyn Bun-Dooghyssagh Austrailagh|Austrailagh]] |fam2=[[Çhengaghyn Pama-Nyungagh|Pama-Nyungagh]] |ashoon=''gyn stayd oikoil'' |jantys=''gyn stiureyder oikoil'' |iso1=''gyn coad'' |iso2=aus |iso3=kky }} Ta '''Guugu Yimithirr''' ny [[Çhengaghyn Bun-Dooghyssagh Austrailagh|çhengey Vun-Dooghyssagh Austrailagh]] ta loayrit mygeayrt [[Hopevale, Queensland|Hopevale]] ayns [[Queensland]], [[yn Austrail]]. ==Sheeanyn== ===Breeocklyn=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ! [[Breeockle toshee|Toshee]] ! [[Breeockle cooyl|Cooyl]] |- ! [[Breeockle ard|Ard]] | {{IPA|i iː}} | {{IPA|u uː}} |- ! [[Breeockle injil|Injil]] |colspan="2"| {{IPA|a aː}} |} Foddee er {{IPA|/u/}} fockley magh myr {{IPA|[ɯ]}} neurontit, as {{IPA|/a/}} neu-hrimmidit myr {{IPA|[ə]}}. ===Corocklyn=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !rowspan="2"| !colspan="2"| [[Corockle ymmyllagh|Ymmyllagh]] !colspan="2"| [[Corockle lhiannagh|Lhiannagh]] !colspan="2"| [[Corockle baaragh|Baaragh]] |- ! [[Corockle meillagh|Meillagh]] ! [[Corockle coghooysagh|Coghooysagh]] ! [[Corockle cleaoil|Cleaoil]] ! [[Corockle feeacklagh|Feeacklagh]] ! [[Corockle cooyl-eeacklagh|Cooyl-eeacklagh]] ! [[Corockle cooyl-chroymmit|Cooyl-chroymmit]] |- ! [[Corockle stad|Stad]] | {{IPA|b}} | {{IPA|ɡ}} | {{IPA|ɟ}} | {{IPA|d̪}} | {{IPA|d}} | {{IPA|ɖ}} |- ! [[Corockle stronnagh|Stroanney]] | {{IPA|m}} | {{IPA|ŋ}} | {{IPA|ɲ}} | {{IPA|n̪}} | {{IPA|n}} | {{IPA|ɳ}} |- ! [[Corockle lhiattagh|Lhiattagh]] | | | | | {{IPA|l}} | |- ! [[Corockle rotagh|Rotagh]] | | | | | {{IPA|r}} | {{IPA|ɻ}} |- ! [[Lhieh-vreeockle]] |colspan="2"| {{IPA|w}} | {{IPA|j}} | | | |} Ta ny stadyn neughooagh dy cadjin as neuvoggit tra dy vel ad ec toshiaght fockly as ny yei breeocklyn giare, as gooagh ny yei corocklyn as breeocklyn foddey. Cha nod ny corocklyn cooyl-chroymmit {{IPA|[ɖ ɳ]}} dy ve nyn sheeanyn ynrican, agh nyn jaglym jeh {{IPA|/ɻd ɻn/}}. Ansherbee, ta ny smoo na un 'ockle ta focklit magh lesh corockle cooyl-chroymmit fockle-hoshiagh: ta "run" focklit magh myr {{IPA|[ɖudaː]}} ny {{IPA|[ɖuɖaː]}}. Ta'n rotagh {{IPA|/r/}} focklit magh myr [[corockle rap]], agh foddee er dy ve focklit magh myr [[corockle rowlal]] ayns coraa trome. ==Imraaghyn== *{{cite book |last=Banks |first=Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Banks |year=1962 |editor=J. C. Beaglehole |title=The Endeavour journal of Joseph Banks, 1768-1771}} *{{cite journal |last=Breen |first=Gavan |authorlink=Gavan Breen |year=1970 |title=A re-examination of Cook's Gogo-Yimidjir word list |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1970-09_41_1/page/28 |journal=Oceania |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=28–38}} *{{cite book |last=Cook |first=James |authorlink=James Cook |year=1955 |title=The Journals of Captain James Cook |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} *{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon |year=2002 |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780}} *{{cite journal |last=Haviland |first=John B. |authorlink=John B. Haviland |year=1974 |title=A last look at Cook's Guugu-Yimidhirr wordlist |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1974-03_44_3/page/216 |journal=Oceania |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=216–232}} *{{cite book|last=Haviland |first=John B. |authorlink=John B. Haviland |year=1979 |chapter=Guugu Yimidhirr Sketch Grammar |editor=R. M. W. Dixon and B. Blake |title=Handbook of Australian Languages Vol I |pages=26–180}} *{{cite journal |last=Haviland |first=John B. |authorlink=John B. Haviland |year=1985 |title=The life history of a speech community: Guugu Yimidhirr at Hopevale |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=8 |number=7 |pages=170–204}} *{{cite journal |author=Richard Phillips |coauthors=[[Sidney H. Ray]] |year=1898 |title=Vocabulary of Australian Aborigines in the neighbourhood of Cooktown, North Queensland |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=27 |pages=144–147 |doi=10.2307/2842861}} *{{cite book |last=Roth |first=Walter E. |authorlink=Walter E. Roth |year=1901 |title=The structure of the Koko-Yimidir language |location=Brisbane |publisher=Government Printer}} *{{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=G. H. |authorlink=George Heinrich Schwarz |year=1946 |title=Order of service and hymns |location=Brisbane |publisher=Watson, Ferguson}} *{{cite book |last=de Zwaan |first=Jan Daniel |year=1969 |title=A preliminary analysis of Gogo-Yimidjir |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}} *{{cite journal |last=de Zwaan |first=Jan Daniel |year=1969 |title=Two studies in Gogo-Yimidjir |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceania_1969-03_39_3/page/198 |journal=Oceania |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=198–217}} [[Category:Çhengaghyn Pama-Nyungagh]] [[Category:Çhengaghyn yn Austrail]] 72ap4mrv9xq7lkqgkc80b15dnlagbo0 0 12311 389351 364437 2026-08-13T21:23:40Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kishtey fys baagh | daah = #90EE90 | ennym = Praase | jalloo = Potato and cross section.jpg | lheead_jalloo = 210px | fo-heidyl_jalloo= Giarrey tessen as slane reayrtys er praase | reeriaght = [[Lus|Plantae]] | rheynn_neurheynnit = [[Magnoliophyta]] | rang_neurheynnit = [[Eudicotyn]] | oardagh_neurheynnit = [[Asteridyn]] | oardagh = [[Solanales]] | kynney = [[Solanaceae]] | genus = ''[[Solanum]]'' | dooie = '''''S. tuberosum''''' | daaennymagh = ''Solanum tuberosum'' | imraa_daaennymagh = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | rankyn_aarheynn = | aarheynn = | cocheayllagh = }} Ta'n '''praase''' ny [[troar (eirinys)|hroar]] [[moyl]]agh, [[stark]]agh veih'n lus vleinoil ''[[Solanum]] tuberosum'' 'sy chynney [[Solanaceae]]. Foddee ymmyd dy yannoo jeh'n fockle praase er son y lus myrane lesh y voyl yn-ee. Ta praaseyn coontit myr y chiaroo troar bee smoo er y theihll, lurg [[reise]], [[curnaght]], as [[grine buigh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Potatoes – Notes |publisher=[[Purdue University]] Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/rhodcv/hort410/potat/po00001.htm |accessdate=15 Jerrey Geuree 2009 |language=Baarle |archivedate=2016-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309174952/https://hort.purdue.edu/rhodcv/hort410/potat/po00001.htm }}</ref> Ta thieyn stoyr feayrey ry-laccal son dy stoyral praase er feie tammylt liauyr<ref name="crosstree">Potato storage, value Preservation: {{cite web | first = Pawanexh | last = Kohli | year = 2009 | title = Potato storage and value Preservation: The Basics | url = http://crosstree.info/Documents/POTATO%20STORAGE.pdf | publisher = Crosstree Techno-visors | language = Baarle | accessdate = 2010-03-12 | archivedate = 2020-08-06 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200806192307/http://www.crosstree.info/Documents/POTATO%20STORAGE.pdf }}</ref> as ta lheid thieyn stoyr shen coontit mastey ny seyrraadyn stoyr smoo as shinney da cooid fioghagh er y theihll. Ta dooieyn dy phraaseyn feie ry-gheddyn veih [[ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] dys [[yn Ooraguay]] as [[Yn Çhillee|y Çhillee]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Geographic distribution of wild potato species |last=Hijmans |first=RJ |coauthors=DM Spooner |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=88 |issue=11 |pages=2101–12 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/11/2101 |doi=10.2307/3558435 |year=2001 |language=Baarle}}</ref> Ta bun-scrutaghtyn gien-oaylleeagh er anchaslys mooar dy [[sorçh (errooid)|horçhyn errooagh]] as dy horçhyn feie cowraghey dy vel un vunneydys ec y phraase ayns ard ennagh jeh'n [[Yn Pheroo|Pheroo yiass]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2005-10-11_102_41/page/14694 |last=Spooner |first=DM |coauthors=et al. |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pages=14694–99 |year=2005 |language=Baarle}} [http://www.cipotato.org/pressroom/press_releases_detail.asp?cod=17&lang=en Lay summary]</ref> veih dooie ennagh 'syn ard-hroggalys ''Solanum brevicaule''. Ga dy vel y phraase çheet ass y Pheroo, ta 99% dy phraaseyn lhiassit er feie ny cruinney jiu nyn sluight dy fo-ghooie as y bun echey 'sy Çhillee yiass-veanagh.<ref name="chile">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/uow-uds012908.php |title=Using DNA, scientists hunt for the roots of the modern potato |accessdate=10 Mean Fouyir 2008 |date=29 Jerrey Geuree 2008 |last=Miller |first=N |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |archive-date=2020-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226222807/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/uow-uds012908.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta recortyssyn shendeeagh, eirinee ynnydagh, as myn-scrutaghtyn [[GDN]], taishbyney dy vel y sorçh smoo lhiassit dy lheeadagh er feie ny cruinney, ''Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum'', çheet ass [[Ellanragh Chiloé]] raad dy row eh lhiassit foddee 10,000 bleeantyn er dy henney.<ref name="Solis 2007 0">{{cite journal |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582007000300011&lng=en&nrm= |title=Molecular description and similarity relationships among native germplasm potatoes (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum L.) using morphological data and AFLP markers |last=Solis |first=JS |coauthors=et al. |journal=Electronic Journal of Biotechnology |year=2007 |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.2225/vol10-issue3-fulltext-14 |page=0 |language=Baarle}}</ref><ref name="John Michael Francis 2005">{{cite book |author=John Michael Francis|title=Iberia and the Americas |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA867&dq=artistic+potato&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a |language=Baarle}}</ref> Va'n praase currit stiagh 'syn [[Yn Oarpey|Oarpey]] liorish [[Yn Spaainey|y Spaainey]] 'sy vlein 1536, as lurg shen v'eh ymmyrkit ec marrinee dys croghaneyn as puirt er feie ny cruinney. Ta millaghyn dy horçhyn foast ry-gheddyn ayns [[ny h-Andeeyn]], raad fod shiu çheet er ny smoo na 100 sorçhyn lhiassit ayns un ghlion, as raad fod shiu çheet er un dussan dy horçhyn ta freillt ec un lught thie eirinagh.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114015939/http://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/display/wpa/Peru |url=http://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/display/wpa/Peru |accessdate=10 Mean Fouyir 2008 |archivedate=2008-01-14 |publisher=[[International Potato Center]] |title=World Potato Atlas: Peru – History and overview |date=1 Jerrey Geuree 2007 |last=Theisen |first=K }}</ref> Tra haink er y phraase dy ve soit seose 'syn Oarpey, haink er dy ve coontit myr bee undinagh as troar vagheragh. Agh, er yn oyr nagh row mooarane dy horçhyn lhiassit ayn, haink er y troar dy ve foshlit da gorlaghyn. 'Sy vlein 1845, hie gorley praase er enney myr y [[cron doo]] er ny skeaylley magh harrish boodeeyssyn boghtey ayns Nerin heear. Haghyr failleil hroarey ayn as yn eiyrtys eck er enney ain jiu myr [[Yn Gortey Mooar|y Gortey Mooar]]. == Imraaghyn == {{rolleyimraaghyn}} {{Commons|Solanum lycopersicum}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{bun}} [[Ronney:Praaseyn|Praaseyn]] [[Ronney:Baaryn as y bun oc 'sy Volivia]] [[Ronney:Baaryn as y bun oc lesh Americaanee ghooghyssagh]] [[Ronney:Baaryn as y bun oc 'sy Pheroo]] [[Ronney:Baaryn as y bun oc ayns America Yiass]] [[Ronney:Solanaceae yn-ee]] [[Ronney:Blaanid ny h-Andeeyn]] [[Ronney:Coagyraght Yernagh]] [[Ronney:Lossreeyn soilshit 'sy vlein 1753]] [[Ronney:Glassraghyn fraueagh]] [[Ronney:Solanum]] [[Ronney:Bee undinagh]] [[Ronney:Lossreeyn sthollaneagh]] [[Ronney:Moyllyn]] 4ob36xtn50hm94nl22uadaiuwnxpf55 0 12450 389307 363799 2026-08-13T19:35:26Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kishtey fys baagh | daah = #90EE90 | ennym = Aane ushtey, lus ny haane | jalloo = Moos 5774.jpg | lheead_jalloo = 250px | fo-heidyl_jalloo= ''Marchantia polymorpha'', ny aane ushtey cadjin | reeriaght = [[Lus|Plantae]] | rheynn = '''[[Marchantiophyta]]''' | imraa_rheynn = Stotler & Stotl.-Crand., 1977<ref name="Stotlers 1977">{{cite journal | last = Stotler | first = Raymond E. | coauthors = Barbara J. Candall-Stotler | year = 1977 | title = A checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of North America | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_bryologist_summer-1977_80_2/page/n174 | journal = The Bryologist | volume=80 | pages=405–428 | doi = 10.2307/3242017 }}</ref> emend. 2000<ref name="Stotlers 2000">Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". page 21 ''in'' A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), ''Bryophyte Biology''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:2000). ISBN 0-521-66097-1.</ref> | rankyn_aarheynn = Rangyn as oardaghyn | aarheynn = '''[[Haplomitriopsida]]''' <small>Stotler & Stotl.-Crand.</small> * [[Haplomitriales]] (Calobryales) * [[Treubiales]] '''[[Jungermanniopsida]]''' <small>Stotler & Stotl.-Crand.</small> * [[Metzgeriales]] * [[Jungermanniales]] '''[[Marchantiopsida]]''' <small>Stotler & Stotl.-Crand.</small> * [[Blasiales]] * [[Sphaerocarpales]] * [[Marchantiales]] }} She rheynn dy lossreeyn [[Bryophyta|bryophytagh]] (neuchuishlagh) eh '''Marchantiophyta''', as t'ad cur '''aane ushtey''' ny '''lus ny haane''' er ny lossreeyn hene. Myr aght cadjin ny Bryophyta, ta corys bea [[gametophyte]]-hrome oc, choud's nagh vel agh un 'oirran dy [[kroymasoom|chroymasoomyn]] oc. T'ad ry-akin er feie ny cruinney ayns dagh çhymbyllaght, bunneys. Bare lhieu ardjyn tash, agh ta dooieyn arctagh as faasagh ayns myrgeddin. Ta kuse jeu nyn sarkylyn ayns garaghyn as thieyn glonney.<ref>{{enmyslioar | screeudeyr = Schuster, Rudolf M. | ennym = The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America | ym-lioar = VI | duillag = 19 | boayl = Chicago | soilsheyder = Field Museum of Natural History | blein = 1992 | isbn = 0-914-86821-7 }}</ref> T'ad beg, agh foddee kuse dy ghooie skeaylley harrish eaghtyr mooar. == Jalloo-oaylleeaght == T'ad beg son y chooid smoo, eddyr 2-20mm er lheead as ny sloo na 10 kentimeader er lhiurid. Ta daa horçh jeu: aaneyn ushtey [[thallus|thallussagh]], as aaneyn ushtey duillagagh. Ta aaneyn ushtey thallussagh jeant seose jeh gish lheaney rybbanagh banglaneagh. Ta aaneyn ushtey duillagagh jeant seose jeh gish lheaney as duillagyn ny crottylyn orroo nyn lhie harrish y cheilley ayns tree keimyn ny ny sloo. Ta'n keim meanagh anchasley rish ny fir elley.<ref>{{enmyslioar | screeudeyr = Kashyap, Shiv Ram | ennym = Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Panjab Plain | ym-lioar = I | duillag = 1 | boayl = New Delhi | soilsheyder = The Chronica Botanica | blein = 1929 }}</ref><ref name="Schofield 1985">{{enmyslioar | screeudeyr = Schofield, W. B | ennym = Introduction to Bryology | duillag = 135-140 | boayl = New York | soilsheyder = Macmillan | blein = 1985 | isbn = 0-02-949660-8 }}</ref> === Corys bea === [[Coadan:Liverwort life cycle.jpg|thumb|300px|Corys bea aane ushtey cadjin]] Ta aane ushtey goaill toshiaght myr [[sporrag]] [[haploid]]. T'eh foghaney as jannoo [[protonema]]: foddee eshyn ve dhossan dy snaueyn ny thallus lhean.<ref>{{enmyslioar | screeudeyr = Nehira, Kunito | cabdil = Spore Germination, Protonemata Development and Sporeling Development | duillag = 358-374 | reagheyder = Rudolf M. Schuster (re.) | ennym = New Manual of Bryology | ym-lioar = I | boayl = Nichinan, Miyazaki, [[yn Çhapaan]] | soilsheyder = The Hattori Botanical Laboratory | blain = 1983 | isbn = 4-938163-3045 | çhengey = Baarle }}</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar | screeudeyr = Chopra, R. N. | coscreeudeyryn = P. K. Kumra | ennym = Biology of Bryophytes | duillag = 1-38 | boayl = New York | soilsheyder = John Wiley & Sons | blein = 1988 | isbn = 0-470-21359-0 | çhengey = Baarle }}</ref> She eash neuveayn eh y protonema. T'eh caghlaa dys [[gemetophore]] (''jeantagh [[gamete|ghameteyn]]'') ta cur magh comyssyn. T'ad cur [[antheridium]] er comys firrinagh ta jannoo killagyn sheel. Ta dhossanyn dy antheridia boallit ec '''[[perigonium]]''', ny vrat dy chillagyn. T'ad cur [[archegonium]] er comys bwoirrinagh, as '''[[perichaetum]]''' mygeayrt-y-mooee.<ref name="Schofield 1985" /> Ta feddan keyl myr mwannal da'n archegonium, as ta sheelyn snaue ny 'heese er son dy roshtyn yn [[ooh]]. Shegin da'n çheel snaue veih ny antheridia da archegonium. Ta daa [[flagellum|'lagellum]] as t'ad snaue lhieu.<ref name="Campbell 1918">{{enmyslioar | kiangley = http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/25364#7 | screeudeyr = Campbell, Douglas H | ennym = The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns | duillag = 73-74 | boayl = London | soilsheyder = The Macmillan Co. | blein = 1918 | çhengey = Baarle</ref> Ta feme oc er ushtey dy snaue ayn, lhig da ve fliaghey ny brat dy ushtey er ny lossreeyn; gyn ushtey, cha nod ad jannoo y turrys. Ta'n sheel torraghey yn ooh, as t'eh gaase dys [[sporophyte]] [[diploid]]. Ny yei shen, ta tree fo-rheynnyn bishaghey er y sporophyre neuappee: * '''cass''' ta kiangley y sporophyte as gymmyrkey beaghey jeh'n "moir-lus" * '''kishtey''' eelipsagh ny cruinn, raad ta sporragyn jeant er son scaalheaney * '''gass''' eddyr oc Traa ta'n tree er mishaghey, ta'n gass lhiuraghey lesh brishey magh yn archegonium as gaase magh ass. Ta'n cass ny hoie sthie y moie-lus, agh ta'n kishtey goll er ymmyrkey magh 'syn [[aer]]. Ta killagyn ny kishtey rheynn ad hene as jannoo [[killag immanagh|killagyn immanagh]] as killagyn sporragagh. S'arraghoil ad ny killaghyn immanagh, as t'ad seiy magh boalley y chishtey. Ta ny killagyn sporragagh jannoo [[meiosis]] as rheynn ayns [[sporrag|sporragyn]] [[haploid]] er son dy skeaylley magh, as myr shen, ta'n corys goaill toshiaght ass y noa. ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Aaneyn ushtey]] [[Ronney:Rheynnyn lossreeyn]] [[Ronney:Bryophyteyn]] l3j57600tifniubjpmi1gkgr4af8g75 0 14315 389356 361820 2026-08-13T21:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kishtey fys baagh | daah = #D3D3A4 | ennym = Bacteria | rheam_fossylagh = [[Yn Eash Archeagh|Archeagh]] ny ny s'leaie - jiu | staydys = | jalloo = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg | lheead_jalloo = 250px | fo-heidyl_jalloo = Caslys mynreayrtan lectraneagh leayrtagh jeh ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' | ream = '''Bacteria''' | reeriaght_neurheynnit = | reeriaght = | imraa_reeriaght = | rankyn_aarheynn = [[Phylum|Phyla]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Bacteria (eubacteria) |accessdate=2008-09-10 |work=Taxonomy Browser |publisher=NCBI |date= }}</ref> | aarheynn = * '''[[Gram-yarrooagh]]/gyn [[far-chrackan mooie bacteyragh|far-chrackan mooie]]''' [[Actinobacteria]] ([[cooid GV|cooid ard G+C]])<br /> [[Firmicutes]] ([[cooid GV|cooid injil G+C]])<br /> [[Tenericutes]] (gyn [[boalley killag]])<br /> * '''[[Gram-yiooldagh]]/[[far-chrackan mooie bacteyragh|far-chrackan mooie]]''' [[Aquificae]]<br /> [[Bacteroidetes]]/[[Chlorobi]]<br /> [[Chlamydiae]]/[[Verrucomicrobia]]<br /> [[Deinococcus-Thermus]]<br /> [[Fusobacteria]]<br /> [[Gemmatimonadetes]]<br /> [[Nitrospirae]]<br /> [[Proteobacteria]]<br /> [[Spirochaete]]s<br /> [[Synergistetes]]<br /> * '''gyn possan''' [[Acidobacteria]]<br /> [[Chloroflexi]]<br /> [[Chrysiogenetes]]<br /> [[Cyanobacteria]]<br /> [[Deferribacteres]]<br /> [[Dictyoglomi]]<br /> [[Fibrobacteres]]<br /> [[Planctomycetes]]<br /> [[Thermodesulfobacteria]]<br /> [[Thermotogae]] }} Ta '''bacteyryn''' (ennym oaylleeagh: '''bacteria''') ny phossan mooar dy [[mynorgaanagh|vynorgaanee]] [[prokaryota|phrokaryotagh]] [[un-chillagagh]]. T'ad ooilley-ynnydagh er feie ny cruinney; t'ad gaase 'sy thalloo, ayns [[geill ushtey çheh|geillyn ushtey çheh]], [[jeeyll goul-rooragh]], ushtey as kirp lossreeyn as beiyn bio.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fredrickson JK, Zachara JM, Balkwill DL, ''et al.'' |title=Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=70 |issue=7 |pages=4230–41 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15240306 |pmc=444790 |doi=10.1128/AEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004}}</ref> Ta mysh 40 millioon bacteyr ayns gramme dy halloo as millioon jeu ayns millileetyr dy ushtey villish; s'cosoylagh dy vel queig [[enmyn earrooyn mooarey|nonillion]] (5×10³⁰) bacteyr er y chruinney.<ref name=pmid9618454>{{cite journal |author=Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ |title=Prokaryotes: the unseen majority |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=6578–83 |year=1998 |month=June |pmid=9618454 |pmc=33863 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578}}</ref> T'ad jannoo magh ayrn mooar jeh [[bea-chorpys]] ny cruinney.<ref name=pmid9618454/> <!--Once regarded as [[plant]]s constituting the Class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as [[prokaryote]]s. Unlike cells of animals and other [[eukaryote]]s, bacterial cells do not contain a [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] and rarely harbour [[cell membrane|membrane-bound]] [[organelle]]s. Although the term ''bacteria'' traditionally included all prokaryotes, the [[scientific classification]] changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that [[evolution|evolved]] independently from an ancient common ancestor. These [[domain (biology)|evolutionary domains]] are called Bacteria and [[Archaea]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite journal |author=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–9 |year=1990 |month=June |pmid=2112744 |pmc=54159 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576}}</ref> --> Ta mysh jeig keayrt smoo bacteyryn cummal er corp deiney na ta killagyn deiney ayn. Ta ram jeu er y [[crackan|chrackan]] as [[biota collaneagh]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sears CL |title=A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora |journal=Anaerobe |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=247–51 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=16701579 |doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001}}</ref> Ta'n chooid smoo jeu meeskielleydagh er coontey obbraghyn y [[corys jeenaght|chorys jeenaght]], as ta fir jeu [[probiotagh|foayssagh]] dooin. Ta fir elley [[bacteyr gorlagh|gorlagh]] as t'adsyn nyn minn ymmodee çhingyssyn, myr sampleyr, [[yn collyr]], [[anthracs]], [[louraneys]] as [[plaih fairaigagh|yn phlaih fairaigagh]]. Ta [[gorley shymlee]] marroo mysh 2 villioon sleih 'sy vlein, 'syn Affrick fo-Haharagh son y chooid smoo.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodgbd2002revised/en/index.html | title = 2002 WHO mortality data | accessdate = 2007-01-20}}</ref> Ta fir lhee jannoo ymmyd jeh [[noi-vaagh]] noi bacteyryn. <!-- In industry, bacteria are important in [[sewage treatment]], the production of [[cheese]] and [[yoghurt]] through [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]], as well as in [[biotechnology]], and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ishige T, Honda K, Shimizu S |title=Whole organism biocatalysis |journal=Current Opinion in Chemical Biology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=174–80 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15811802 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.001}}</ref> Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many steps in [[nutrient cycle]]s depending on these organisms, such as the [[nitrogen fixation|fixation of nitrogen]] from the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] and [[putrefaction]]. However, most bacteria have not been characterized, and only about half of the [[phylum|phyla]] of bacteria have species that can be [[microbiological culture|grown]] in the laboratory.<ref name=Rappe>{{cite journal |author=Rappé MS, Giovannoni SJ |title=The uncultured microbial majority |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2003_57/page/369 |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=57 |issue= |pages=369–94 |year=2003 |pmid=14527284 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090759}}</ref> The study of bacteria is known as [[bacteriology]], a branch of [[microbiology]]. --> == Imraaghyn == {{rolleyimraaghyn}} {{rangyn bea-oaylleeagh}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{bun}} [[Ronney:Bacteyryn| ]] [[Ronney:Bacteyr-oaylleeaght]] [[Ronney:Çhiarnyssyn (bea-oaylleeaght)]] [[Ronney:Çhiarrymeeaght vea-oaylleeaght]] 7mpan9pycqn9o2d7zlglmwknv91ndun 0 14843 389313 373919 2026-08-13T19:46:58Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Coadan:Starsinthesky.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Ard ta gientyn rollageyn ayns [[Bodjal Mooar Magellan]].<br />Jalloo veih [[NASA]]/[[ESA]].]] Ta '''rollage''' (ny '''rolt''', '''roltag''', ny '''rontage''' ny keayrtyn) çheet er bluckan feer vooar soilsheenagh dy [[plasmey (fishag)|phlasmey]] t'er ny freill ry-cheilley liorish [[ym-hayrn]]. Ec jerrey seihill ny rollage, s'foddee dy vel ee cummal cooid jeh [[stoo mee-ghooghyssagh]]. She [[yn Ghrian]] y rollage s'niessey da'n [[Yn Chruinney|Chruinney]], as she bun y chooid smoo jeh [[bree]] er y Chruinney ee yn Ghrian. Ta rollageyn elley ry-akin veih'n Chruinney car yn oie choud's nagh vel sollys ny Greiney ny phenomenonyn aeraghtagh soilsheeney ny cur eie er sollys ny rollageyn elley. Dy shenndeeagh, va ny rollageyn smoo baghtal 'sy [[Magher niauoilagh|vagher niauoilagh]] currit ry-cheilley stiagh ayns [[co-hollys rollageagh|co-hollyssyn rollageagh]] as [[roltagys]]syn, as va enmyn currit er ny rollageyn by-yilley. Ta [[catalog ny rollageyn|catalogyn dy rollageyn]] er nyn gur ry-cheilley liorish rollageyderyn, as t'ad kiarail [[enmys rollageagh|enmyssyn rollageagh]] cadjinit. Er feie cooid jeh'n theihll eck er y chooid sloo, ta rollage soilsheeney rere [[co-haaghey çhiass-heshveanagh]] jeh'n [[hiddragien]] 'sy chree eck. Ta'n obbraghey shen skeaylley yn vree as t'ee goll harrish y çheu sthie jeh'n rollage, as lurg shen, goulraghey magh 'syn [[feaynid mooar|eaynid mooar]]. Va begnagh dagh [[bun-stoo]] najooragh ny s'trimmey na'n [[hailium]] crooit ec rollageyn, rere [[co-haaghey çheshveanagh rollageagh]] car y lhing oc, ny rere [[co-haaghey çheshveanagh olloonova]] car bleaystey ny rollageyn. Foddee rollageyderyn feddyn magh [[glout]], eash, [[meainaghys|stoo-sthie kemmigagh]] as ram troghyn elley jeh rollage rere goaill baght er y [[spectrum]], er y [[soilsheenaght|toilsheenaght]], as er y ghleashaght eck harrish yn 'eaynid mooar. She lane ghlout dy rollage yn ard-chronalagh ayns [[aafilley rollageagh|aafilley]] as erree jerrinagh y rollage. Ta troghyn elley jeh'n rollage reaghit liorish y çhennaghys aafillee eck, goaill stiagh y crantessen, yn çhyndaa, yn ghleashaght as yn çhiassid eck. Ta kaart jeh çhiassidyn jeh ram rollageyn noi'n toilsheenaght oc, kaart t'er enney myr [[graf Hertzsprung-Russell]] (graf H-R), lhiggey da feddyn magh eash as staydys yn-fillee yn rollage. Ta rollage goaill toshiaghey myr bodjal cohionnee jeh stoo ta jeant ass hiddragien son y chooid smoo, agh lesh beggan dy hailium as bun-stooghyn elley. Choud's ta cree yn rollage gloo dy fondagh, ta cooid jeh'n hiddragien ceaghlit gyn stad gys hailium liorish yn obbraghey ta enmyssit co-haaghey çheshveanagh.<ref name="sunshine">{{cite web | last = Bahcall | first = John N. | date = 29 Mean Fouyir 2000 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/fusion/index.html | title = How the Sun Shines | publisher = Nobel Foundation | language = Baarle | accessdate = 14 Nollick 2010 }}</ref> Ta'n chooid faagit jeh çheu sthie yn rollage gymmyrkey yn vree magh ass y chree trooid cochiangle dy obbraghyn [[goulraght|goulragh]] as [[co-ymmyrkey|co-ymmyrkagh]]. Ta broo sthie jeh'n rollage cur lhiettrimys er tooilley co-huittym fo trimmid yn ym-hayrn eck. Choud's ta'n conney hiddragien 'sy chree er ny hoo magh, ta ny rollageyn lesh 0.4 keayrtyn glout ny Greiney<ref name="late stages">{{cite web | last = Richmond | first = Michael | url = http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/planneb/planneb.html | title = Late stages of evolution for low-mass stars | publisher = Rochester Institute of Technology | language = Baarle | accessdate = 14 Nollick 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1170612/5lec/node5.html#SECTION00543000000000000000 | title = Лекции по Общей Астрофизике для Физиков "Leaghtyn er Fishig Rollageagh Chadjin da Fishigee" | last = Postnov | first = K.A. |language = Rooshish | accessdate = 14 Nollick 2010 | publisher = astronet.ru }}</ref> mooadaghey son dy ve nyn [[foawr ruy|voawir ruy]], as ayns cooishyn er lheh, co-haaghey ny bun-stooghyn by hrimmey 'sy chree ny ayns shligganyn mygeayrt y chree. Lurg shen, ta'n rollage aa-filley gys cummey mee-ghooghyssagh, as aa-choorsal cooid jeh'n stoo magh 'sy çhymmyltaght eddyr-rollageagh, raad dy nee yn stoo shen cur sheeloghe noa jeh rollageyn er bun, ga dy bee coreir ny s'yrjey jeh bun-stooghyn tromey ayndaue.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/stellardeath/stellardeath_intro.html | title = Stellar Evolution & Death | publisher = NASA Observatorium | language = Baarle | accessdate = 08 Mean Souree 2010 | archivedate = 2008-02-10 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210154901/http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/stellardeath/stellardeath_intro.html }}</ref> Ta coryssyn dy [[rollage çhyndaaee|rollageyn çhyndaaee]] as coryssyn dy yl-rollageyn jeant seose ass daa ny ny smoo rollageyn. T'ad kianglt ry-cheilley trooid ym-hayrn as t'ad cruinlaghey mygeayrt-y-moosyn ayns [[Cruinlagh|cruinlee]] hickyr. Nar ta cruinlagh faggys ec daa rollage jeh'n torçh shen, s'foddee dy vel cleayney mooar echey shen er nyn aa-filley.<ref name="iben">{{cite journal | last = Iben | first = Icko, Jr. | title=Single and binary star evolution | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | year=1991 | volume=76 | pages=55–114 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJS...76...55I | language = Baarle | doi=10.1086/191565 }}</ref> Foddee rollageyn dy ve nyn gooid jeh strughtoor ny smoo ta kianglt rere yn ym-hayrn, lheid as [[dhossan rollageagh]] ny [[ard-chruinnaght]]. == Enmyssyn == Va eie yn cho-hollys rollageagh er enney roish yn eash [[Babylon|Vabylonnagh]]. Ren arreyderyn shenndeeagh ny speyrey oie smooinaghtyn dy row ny rollageyn jannoo soyllaghyn 'sy speyr, as ren ad kiangley adsyn rish mynchooishaghtyn er lheh jeh'n najoor ny jeh nyn veayn-skeealyn oc. Va daa 'er yeig jeu nyn soie er yn [[ecliptagh]] as ren ad bun da'n [[astroaylleeaght]].<ref>{{cite book| author=Koch-Westenholz, Ulla; Koch, Ulla Susanne |year = 1995 | title= Mesopotamian astrology: an introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian celestial divination |publisher = Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications. 19. Museum Tusculanum Press. |page= dg. 163 |isbn= ISBN 87-7289-287-0}}</ref> Va enmyn currit er rollageyn er lheh, ny rollageyn by-yilley son y chooid smoo, enmyn [[Ladjyn]] ny [[Arabish]] er lheh. Mygeayrt ny bleeaney 1600 va enmyn ny co-hollyssyn rollageagh ymmydit son dy enmyssey ny rollageyn ayns ny h-ardjyn co-reggyrtagh jeh'n speyr. Ren y rollageyder Germaanagh [[Johann Bayer]] croo straih dy chaslyssyn rollageagh as chur eh sheese lettyryn Greagagh myr enmyssyn ny rollageyn ayns ny co-hollyssyn. Ny s'anmey, va corys currit er bun va jannoo ymmyd kiart-irree yn rollage as v'eh currit rish catalog ny rollageyn 'sy lioar ''"Historia coelestis Britannica"'' (lhieggan 1712) liorish [[John Flamsteed]], as ta'n corys shen er enney nish myr ''[[enmys Flamsteed]]'' ny ''earrooaghey Flamsteed''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/ | title = Naming Astronomical Objects | publisher = [[Unnaneys Rollageagh Eddyrashoonagh]] (URE) | accessdate = 2009-01-30 | archive-date = 2008-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216024716/http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://seds.org/~spider/spider/Misc/naming.html | title = Naming Stars | publisher = [[Students for the Exploration and Development of Space]] (SEDS) | accessdate = 2009-01-30 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20021014150732/http://seds.org/~spider/spider/Misc/naming.html | archivedate = 2002-10-14 }}</ref> Rere [[leigh yn 'eaynid mooar]] cha nel agh un lught-reill eddyr-ashoonagh ayns shelloo eaghtyrys son enmyssey corpaneyn rollageagh - yn [[Unnaneys Rollageagh Eddyrashoonagh]] (IAU).<ref>{{cite book| author=Lyall, Francis; Larsen, Paul B. |year =2009 | title= "Chapter 7: The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies". ''Space Law: A Treatise'' | publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |pages= dg. 176. |isbn= 0754643905}}</ref> Ta kuse veg dy cholughtyn preevaadjagh cur enmyssyn rollage er creck, ventyr t'er enney ec y [[Lioarlann Ghoaldagh]] myr ventyr traaghtee neu-oarderit.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.astrometry.org/starnaming.php | title="Star naming" | author = Scientia Astrophysical Organization. | year= 2005 | accessdate= 2010-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bl.uk/names.html | title="Disclaimer: Name a star, name a rose and other, similar enterprises". | author=British Library | publisher=The British Library Board | accessdate=2010-06-29 | archivedate=2010-01-19 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119033625/http://www.bl.uk/names.html }}</ref> Ansherbee, ta'n IAU cur fodjeeaght eddyr eshyn as ny colughtyn shen, as cha nel eh jannoo ymmyd jeh ny h-enmyssyn shen as cha nel ad er enney oc.<ref>{{cite web| last=Andersen| first=Johannes| title="Buying Stars and Star Names"| url=http://www.iau.org/public/buying_star_names/| publisher=International Astronomical Union| accessdate=2010-06-24| archive-date=2013-05-08| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508082903/http://www.iau.org/public/buying_star_names/| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Unnidyn towshan == Ga dy vel unnidyn [[Corys Eddyr-ashoonagh ny h-Unnidyn|SI]] as [[Corys ny h-unnidyn kentimeadar-gram-tullagh|CGS]] ymmydit dy chur sheese er ard-howshanyn rollageagh, ta unnidyn greiney ymmydit da'n chooid smoo son dy chur sheese er cruinnaghey, soilsheanaght as craueyn raadeeoil as ad bunnit er troghyn ny Greiney ain: :{| |[[cruinnaghey greiney]]: |<math>\begin{smallmatrix}M_\odot = 1.9891 \times 10^{30}\end{smallmatrix}</math>&nbsp;[[kilogram|kg]]<ref name="constants">{{cite journal | author = Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I. | title=Our Sun. V. A Bright Young Sun Consistent with Helioseismology and Warm Temperatures on Ancient Earth and Mars | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2003-02-01_583_2/page/1024 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2003 | volume=583 | issue=2 | pages=1024–1039 | bibcode=2003ApJ...583.1024S | doi=10.1086/345408 |arxiv = astro-ph/0210128 }}</ref> |- |[[soilsheanaght ghreiney]]: |<math>\begin{smallmatrix}L_\odot = 3.827 \times 10^{26}\end{smallmatrix}</math>&nbsp;[[watt]]yn<ref name="constants" /> |- |[[craue raadeeoil greiney]]: |<math>\begin{smallmatrix}R_\odot = 6.960 \times 10^{8}\end{smallmatrix}</math> [[Meadar|m]]<ref>{{cite journal | author= Tripathy, S. C.; Antia, H. M. | title=Influence of surface layers on the seismic estimate of the solar radius | journal=Solar Physics | year=1999 | volume=186 | issue=1/2 | pages=1–11 | bibcode=1999SoPh..186....1T | doi = 10.1023/A:1005116830445 }}</ref> |} Ta lhiuridyn liauyrey, lheid as craue raadeoil rollageyn mooarey ny [[essylys lieh-vooar]] choryssyn rollageyn çhyndaaee, focklit ayns [[unnid rollageagh|unnidyn rollageagh]] (AU) - y lhiurid veanagh eddyr y Chruinney as y Ghrian (150 millioon km ny 93 villioon meeillaghyn). == Jeeagh er neesht == * [[Rolley ny rollageyn smoo]] * [[Rolley ny rollageyn s'niessey da'n Chruinney]] * [[Clag rollageagh]] * [[Rollageydys rollageagh]] == Imraaghyn == {{rolleyimraaghyn}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Rollageyn| ]] [[Ronney:Rollageydys rollageagh]] [[Ronney:Smooinaghtyn 'sy rollageydys]] [[Ronney:Kiareyderyn sollysh]] gn6jo053tz27zie9dxkxynz62mbedxm 0 17566 389333 376025 2026-08-13T21:06:36Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jeeagh|Çhengaghyn yn Unnaneys Oarpagh|Rolley çhengaghyn marroo yn Oarpey|Rolley çhengaghyn ayns gaue 'syn Oarpey}} [[Coadan:Rectified Languages of Europe map.png|thumb|450px|Caslys-çheerey er preeu-hengaghyn yn Oarpey]] She fir jeh ny [[çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh]] y chooid smoo jeh '''çhengaghyn yn Oarpey'''. Ta'n kynney shen goll er rheynn magh ayns ram crouwyn, goaill stiagh ny crouwyn [[çhengaghyn Romanagh|Romanagh]], [[çhengaghyn Germaanagh|Germaanagh]], [[çhengaghyn Baltagh|Baltagh]], [[çhengaghyn Slavagh|Slavagh]], yn [[Albaanish]] as y [[Greagish|Ghreagish]]. Ta faare mooar chammah ec ny [[çhengaghyn Ooralagh]], crouw ta goaill stiagh yn [[Ungaarish]], yn [[Finnlynnish|'innlynnish]], as yn [[Estaanish]]. Ta olteynyn ny [[çhengaghyn Turkagh]] as ny [[çhengaghyn Mongoilagh]] ry-gheddyn 'syn Oarpey chammah, as ta scansh vooar ec ny [[çhengaghyn Coagaashagh Hwoaie]] as ny [[çhengaghyn Kartvelagh]] 'syn Oarpey hiar yiass. She çhengey anerit y [[Bascish|Vascish]] ta ry-gheddyn ayns [[ny Sleityn Pyreanagh]] as she yn [[Maltish|Valtish]] yn un çhengey [[çhengaghyn Semittagh|Hemittagh]] 'syn Oarpey as staydys ashoonagh eck. ==Çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh== {{Jeeagh|Rolley çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh}} Ta'n kynney [[çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh|Ind-Oarpagh]] çheet magh as y [[Proto-Ind-Oarpish|Phroto-Ind-Oarpish]]. T'eh er credjal dy row yn çhengey shen goll er loayrt thousaneyn dy vleeantyn er-dy-henney. Ta çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh goll er loayrt er feie yn Oarpey, as ta scansh vooar er lheh 'syn [[Yn Oarpey Heear|Oarpey Heear]]. ===Yn Albaanish=== Ta daa abbyrt vooar ec yn [[Albaanish]]: yn [[Albaanish Gheg]] yn [[Albaanish Tosk]]. T'ee goll er loayrt 'syn [[Yn Albaan|Albaan]], ayns [[Pobblaght ny Massadoan]], ayns [[Kosovo]] as ayrnyn jeh [[Montenegro]], jeh'n [[Yn Serb|Terb]], jeh'n [[Yn Turkee|Turkee]], jiass [[yn Iddaal]] (yn [[Albaanish Arbëresh]]), as jeh'n [[Yn Ghreag|Ghreag]] ([[Arvanitika]]). T'ee goll er loayrt ec arreyderyn magh ayns ram çheeraghyn elley. ===Yn Armeainish=== Ta daa abbyrt vooar ec yn [[Armeainish]]: yn [[Armeainish Heear]] as yn [[Armeainish Hiar]]. T'ee goll er loayrt 'syn [[Yn Armeain|Armeainish]] raad t'ee ny çhengey oikoil. Myrane lesh shen, t'ee goll er loayrt 'sy [[Yn Çhorshey|Çhorshey]], 'syn [[Yn Eeraan|Eeraan]] as 'syn [[Yn Asserbajaan|Asserbajaan]]. T'ee goll er loayrt 'sy [[Yn Turkee|Turkee]] ec mynlagh beg (yn Armeainish Heear as [[Homshetsi (abbyrt)|Homshetsi]]), as ec mynlee veggey ayns çheeraghyn raad ta olteynyn yn [[Eebyrtys ny h-Armeainee|eebyrtys Armeainagh]] cummal. ===Ny Çhengaghyn Baltagh=== [[Coadan:Baltic languages.png|thumb|250px|Rheynn magh ny çhengaghyn Baltagh ayns ny çheeraghyn Baltagh.]] Ta ny [[çhengaghyn Baltagh]] goll er loayrt 'sy [[Yn Litaan|Litaan]] ([[Litaanish]], [[Samogitish]]) as 'sy [[Yn Latvey|Latvey]] ([[Latvish]], [[Latgalish]]). Ta'n Tamogitish as y Latgalish coontit dy mennick myr abbyrtyn y Litaanish as y Latvish er lheh. Ta'n [[Curonish|Noa Churonish]] begnagh marroo: v'eh goll er loayrt er [[Gob Curonia]] ta rheynnit magh jiu eddyr y Litaan as [[Queiggey Kaliningrad]]. Ta ram çhengaghyn Baltagh marroo elley ayn chammah, goaill stiagh y [[Shenn Phrooshish|Çhenn Phrooshish]] as y [[Sudovish|Tudovish]]. ===Ny Çhengaghyn Celtiagh=== [[Coadan:Celtic Nations.svg|left|thumb|150px|Ny [[Ashoonyn Celtiagh|h-Ashoonyn Celtiagh]], raad ta'n chooid smoo jeh Celtisheyryn cummal.]] Haink er ny [[çhengaghyn Celtiagh Mooarheeragh]] dy ve marroo 'sy chied villey bleeaney BNJ, agh v'ad goll er loayrt er feie'n Oarpey veih'n Ibeir as Goal gys yn Aishey Veg hannah hene. Ta ny [[çhengaghyn Celtiagh]] noa-emshyragh goll er rheynn magh myr: * [[çhengaghyn Brythonagh]]: y [[Bretnish|Vretnish]], ta goll er loayrt ayns [[Bretyn]] er y chooid smoo, y [[Britaanish|Vritaanish]] ([[Yn Vritaan (çheer)|y Vritaan]]), as y [[Cornish|Chornish]] ([[Yn Chorn|y Chorn]]) * [[çhengaghyn Gaelgagh]]: y [[Yernish]], ta goll er loayrt ayns Nerin as y Reeriaght Unnaneysit, y [[Gaelg Albinagh|Ghaelg Albinagh]] ([[Nalbin]]), as y [[Gaelg|Ghaelg]] ([[Mannin]]) ===Ny Çhengaghyn Germaanagh=== [[Coadan:Germanic languages in Europe.png|300px|thumb|right| Rheynn magh ny çhengaghyn Germaanagh 'syn Oarpey jiu:<br /> '''Çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Twoaie''' {{legend|#00FFFF|Yn [[Eeslynnish]]}} {{legend|#00CED1|Yn [[Faaroish|'aaroish]]}} {{legend|#007ffe|Y [[Norlynnish]]}} {{legend|#003f7f|Y [[Soolynnish|Toolynnish]]}} {{legend|#0000FF|Y [[Danvargish]]}} '''Çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Neear''' {{legend|#D2691E|Y [[Baarle Albinagh|Vaarle Albinagh]]}} {{legend|#ffa500|Y [[Baarle|Vaarle]]}} {{legend|#E2BD00|Y [[Freeshlannish|Reeshlannish]]}} {{legend|#FFF435|Yn [[Ollanish]]}} {{legend|#ADFF2F|Y [[Germaanish Eeghtyragh|Ghermaanish Eeghtyragh]]}} {{legend|#008000|Y [[Germaanish|Ghermaanish]]}} Ta ponkyn taishbyney ardjyn raad ta'n yl-çhengeydys feer chadjin.]] She ny [[çhengaghyn Germaanagh]] y preeu-chynney çhengagh 'syn [[Yn Oarpey Heear Hwoaie|Oarpey Heear Hwoaie]], as ad goll er loayrt veih'n [[Yn Eeslynn|Eeslynn]] gys [[Yn Toolynn|y Toolynn]] as veih'n [[Reeriaght Unnaneysit]] as [[Nerin]] gys [[yn Austeyr]]. Ta daa vooar-rheynn ayn 'sy chynney çhengey shen: [[çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Neear]] as [[çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Twoaie]]. Va mooar-rheynn elley ayn, [[çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Niar]], agh cha nel ee foast er mayrn; cha nel screeuynyn foast er mayrn ayns çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Niar goaill magh adsyn ta screeuit 'sy [[Gothish|Ghothish]]. ====Çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Neear==== Ta tree mooar-rheynnyn ayn jeh çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Niar: ny [[çhengaghyn Anglo-Freeshlannagh]], ny [[çhengaghyn Franconagh Eeghtyragh]] (yn [[Ollanish]] er y chooid smoo) as [[Germaanish Eeghtyragh|Germaanish Eeghtyragh (Saksonagh)]]; ta'n daa rheynn s'jerree goaill stiagh sorçhyn jeh'n [[Germaanish|Ghermaanish]] yl-veanagh, goaill stiagh y [[Germaanish Chadjinit|Ghermaanish Chadjinit]]. =====Ny Çhengaghyn Anglo-Freeshlannagh===== {{Ardart|Ny Çhengaghyn Anglo-Freeshlannagh}} Ta daa vooar-phossan 'sy chynney çhengey Anglo-Freeshlannagh: * Y [[Baarle|Vaarle]] t'er ny çheet magh ass [[Shenn Vaarle]] ny [[Anglo-Hostnee]] as ta goaill stiagh: ** Y Vaarle, çhengey ''de facto'' y Reeriaght Unnaneysit as ta goll er loayrt ayns çheeraghyn elley yn Oarpey ** Y [[Baarle Albinagh|Vaarle Albinagh]], ta goll er loayrt ayns [[Nalbin]] as [[Ullee]]. * Ny [[çhengaghyn Freeshlannagh]] ta goll er loayrt ec mysh 500,000 dy [[Freeshlannee|Reeshlannee]], ta cummal er coose yiass [[Mooir Hostyn|Vooir Hostyn]] 'sy [[Yn Çheer Injil|Çheer Injil]], 'sy [[Yn Ghermaan|Ghermaan]] as 'sy [[Yn Danvarg|Danvarg]]. T'ad goaill stiagh y [[Freeshlannish Heear|Reeshlannish Heear]], [[Freeshlannish Saterland]], as y [[Freeshlannish Hwoaie|Reeshlannish Hwoaie]]. =====Y Ghermaanish===== {{Ardart|Germaanish}} Ta'n Ghermaanish goll er loayrt er feie'n [[Yn Ghermaan|Ghermaan]], [[yn Austeyr]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Cantoonyn Hiar ny Belg]] as ayrn mooar jeh'n [[Yn Elveeish|Elveeish]] (goaill stiagh ny h-ardjyn hiar hwoaie ta bentyn rish y Ghermaan as yn Austeyr). Ta shiartanse d'abbyrtyn ayn 'sy Ghermaanish: * Y [[Germaanish Eaghtyragh|Ghermaanish Eaghtyragh]] ta goaill stiagh shiartanse dy chynnee abbyrtagh: ** Y [[Germaanish|Ghermaanish Chadjinit]] (Y Ghermaanish Eaghtyragh) ** Abbyrtyn y [[Germaanish Veanagh|Ghermaanish Veanagh]], ta goll er loayrt 'sy Ghermaan veanagh as ta goaill stiagh y [[Lucsemburgish]] ** Y [[Frankonish Eaghtyragh|Rankonish Eaghtyragh]], kynney jeh eddyr-abbyrtyn eddyr y Ghermaanish Eaghtyragh Veanagh as Heose ** Y [[Germaanish Heose|Ghermaanish Heose]], goaill stiagh yn [[Austro-Baveyrish]] as [[Germaanish ny h-Elveeish]] * Y [[Germaanish Eeghtyragh|Ghermaanish Eeghtyragh]] **[[Germaanish Eeghtyragh y Neear]] **[[Germaanish Eeghtyragh y Niar]] =====Y Rankonish Eeghtyragh===== {{ardart|Frankonish Eeghtyragh}} * Ta'n [[Ollanish]] goll er loayrt er feie'n [[Yn Çheer Injil|Çheer Injil]], ayns twoaie [[Yn Velg|y Velg]], chammah as ayns [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] ayns twoaie [[yn Rank]], as mygeayrt [[Düsseldorf]] 'sy Ghermaan. 'Sy Velg as 'sy Rank she [[Flandrynish]] yn ennym ta currit er yn Ollanish. S'mooar yn anchaslys t'ayn ayns [[abbyrtyn ny h-Ollanish]] as t'ad sheeyney magh harrish joaraghyn ashoonagh. 'Sy Ghermaan she yn [[Bergish|Vergish Hiar]] yn ennym ta currit urree. * Ta'n [[Affrickaanish]] goll er loayrt ec boodeeyssyn eebyrtagh veih'n [[Yn Affrick Yiass|Affrick Yiass]] 'syn Oarpey, 'sy Çheer Injil, 'sy Velg as 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit er lheh. ====Çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Twoaie==== Ta [[çhengaghyn Germaanagh y Twoaie]] goll er loayrt ayns ny [[Loghlin|çheeraghyn Loghlinagh]] as t'ad goaill stiagh y [[Danvargish]] ([[Yn Danvarg|y Danvarg]], [[Greenlynn]] as [[Ellanyn ny Geyrragh]]), y [[Norlynnish]] ([[Norlynn]]), y [[Soolynnish|Toolynnish]] ([[Yn Toolynn|y Toolynn]] as ayrnyn ayns [[Finnlynn]]), [[Elfdalish]] ny [[Övdalish]] (ayns rheynn veg 'sy Toolynn veanagh), yn [[Faaroish|Aaroish]] ([[Ellanyn ny Geyrragh]]), as yn [[Eeslynnish]] ([[yn Eeslynn]]). ===Y Ghreagish=== {{ardart|Çhengaghyn Greagagh}} * She yn [[Greagish|Ghreagish]] çhengey oikoil [[Yn Ghreag|y Ghreag]] as [[Yn Cheeprey|y Cheeprey]], as ta boodeeyssyn dy Ghreagisheyryn ry-gheddyn 'syn [[Yn Albaan|Albaan]], 'sy [[Yn Vulgeyr|Vulgeyr]], 'syn [[Yn Iddaal|Iddaaly]], ayns [[Pobblaght ny Massadoan]], 'sy [[Yn Romaan|Romaan]], 'sy [[Yn Çhorshey|Çhorshey]], 'syn [[Yn Ookraan|Ookraan]], 'sy [[Yn Livaan|Livaan]], 'syn [[Yn Egypt|Egypt]], ayns [[Israel]], 'sy [[Yn Jordaan|Jordaan]] as 'sy [[Yn Turkee|Turkee]], as ayns boodeeyssyn eebyrtagh er feie yn Chruinney. T'ad abbyrtyn y Ghreagish noa-emshyragh ren çheet magh as y [[Greagish Attagh|Ghreagish Attagh]] (trooid y [[Greagish Koine|Ghreagish Koine]] as y [[Greagish vean-eashagh|Ghreagish vean-eashagh]]) na yn [[Greagish Chappadoshagh|Chappadoshish]], y [[Greagish Phontagh|Phontish]], y [[Greagish Chreetagh|Chreetish]], y [[Greagish Chypragh|Chyprish]], [[Katharevousa]], as [[Yevanish]] * Ta'n [[Griko (çhengey)|çhengey Griko]], foddee, ny abbyrt [[Greagish Ghoragh|Ghoragh]] jeh'n Ghreagish. T'eh goll er loayrt ayns ny h-ardjyn jiass jeh'n Iddaal na [[Calabria]] eeghtyragh as [[Salento]]. * She abbyrt Ghoragh y Ghreagish ee y [[Tsakonish]] ta goll er loayrt ayns [[Arkadia]], [[Peloponnesos]], mygeayrt y valley beg [[Leonidio]] ===Ny Çhengaghyn Ind-Eeraanagh=== Ta daa vooar-phossan ayns ny [[çhengaghyn Ind-Eeraanagh]]: ny [[çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh]] (goaill stiagh y [[Romanish]]) as ny [[çhengaghyn Eeraanagh]] (ta goaill stiagh y [[Kurdish|Churdish]], y [[Pershish|Phershish]], as yn [[Ossetish]]). ===Ny Çhengaghyn Romanagh=== [[Coadan:Romance 20c en.png|thumb|350px|Ny çhengaghyn Romanagh 'sy 20-oo eash]] Ren ny [[çhengaghyn Romanagh]] çheet magh ass y [[Ladjyn Chadjin]] va goll er loayrt harrish y chooid smoo jeh [[Impiraght ny Raue]]. Ta staydys oikoil ec fir jeh ny çhengaghyn Romanagh 'syn [[Yn Unnaneys Oarpagh|Unnaneys Oarpagh]] as 'syn [[Yn Unnaneys Ladjynagh|Unnaneys Ladjynagh]] as ta ny fir smoo scanshoil goll fo studeyrys ayns ram undinyssyn ynsee er feie yn Chruinney. Ta billioon dy loayreyderyn ec tree jeh ny çhengaghyn Romanagh (y [[Spaainish]], y [[Frangish|Rangish]], as y [[Portiugish|Phortiugish]]). Ta cooid vooar jeh çhengaghyn Romanagh as nyn abbyrtyn ynnydagh goll er loayrt er feie yn Oarpey, feeu as staydys ardjynagh ec fir jeu. Shoh heese rolley jeh ny çhengaghyn Romanagh ta ry-gheddyn 'syn Oarpey: * Yn [[Aragonish]], as staydys ardjynagh agh gyn staydys oikoil eck ayns [[Aragon]], 'sy [[Yn Spaainey|Spaainey]]. * Yn [[Astoorish]], as staydys ardjynagh agh gyn staydys oikoil eck ayns [[Asturias]], 'sy Spaainey. * Y [[Cataloanish|Chataloanish]]; ta staydys oikoil eck ayns [[Andorra]] as ta staydys co-oikoil eck 'sy [[Yn Chataloan|Chataloan]], [[Boodeeys Valencia]] (myr y [[Valensish]]) as [[ny h-Ellanyn Balearagh]]; t'ee goll er enney, agh gyn staydys oikoil, ayns [[La Franja]] ayns Aragon. Myrane lesh shen, t'ee goll er loayrt 'sy [[Yn Chataloan Hwoaie|Chataloan Hwoaie]], [[Yn Rank|y Rank]], 'syn ard [[Languedoc-Roussillon]] ({{lang|ca|''Llengadoc-Rosselló''}}) as 'sy chaayr [[Alghero]], [[Yn Tardeen|y Tardeen]], 'syn [[Yn Iddaal|Iddaal]] (myr yn [[Algherish]]). * Ta'n [[Corsickish|Chorsickish]] goll er loayrt ellan Frangagh [[Yn Chorsickey|y Chorsickey]]. T'ee ny s'niessey da abbyrtyn yn Iddaalish na'n Rangish as t'ee goll er loayrt ayns slystyn hwoaie ellan y Tardeen. * Ta'n [[Arpitaanish]], ny Franco-Provençal, goll fo coadey yn lattys ayns [[Glion Aosta]] 'syn Iddaal. Myrane lesh shen, t'ee goll er loayrt ayns ard [[Romandie]] ayns neear [[yn Elveeish]] as 'sy Rank Hiar Veanagh. T'ee ayns gaue yn anvioys. * Ta staydys oikoil ec y [[Frangish|Rangish]] 'sy [[Yn Rank|Rank]], 'sy [[Yn Velg|Velg]], ayns [[Lucsemburg]], ayns [[Monaco]], 'syn [[Yn Elveeish|Elveeish]] as ayns [[Ellanyn Vooir Eeaght]]. Myrane lesh shen ta staydys oikoil eck 'sy [[Yn Chanadey|Chanadey]], ayns ram [[Frangish#Yn Affrick|çheeraghyn 'syn Affrick]] as ayns [[rheynnyn as thallooyn harrish mooir ny Frank]]. * Ta staydys co-oikoil ec y [[Galeeshish|Ghaleeshish]], çhengey feer chosoylagh rish y Phortiugish, 'sy [[Yn Ghaleesh, y Spaainey|Ghaleesh]] ayns sheear hwoaie [[yn Spaainey]]. * Ta'n [[Iddaalish]] ny çhengey oikoil 'syn [[Yn Iddaal|Iddaal]], ayns [[San Marino]], 'syn [[Yn Elveeish|Elveeish]], ayns [[Ard-valley yn Phaab]], as ayns [[Istria]] ('sy [[Yn Chroit|Chroit]] as 'sy [[Yn Clovean|Clovean]]). * She çhengey varroo ee yn [[Ladjyn]] ren brey ny çhengaghyn Romanagh elley myr fo-phossan. T'ee foast goll er ymmyd myr çhengey liturgagh ec [[yn Agglish Chatoleagh Raueagh]] as t'ee goll er n'ynsaghey ayns ram undinyssyn ynsee. Myrane lesh shen, she fer jeh ny çhengaghyn oikoil ayns [[Ard-valley yn Phaab]]. By ee yn Ladjyn preeu-hengey yn lettyraght, ny h-oaylleeaghtyn as ny h-ellynyn er feie ny keeadyn as ren ee cur stiagh dy mooar er dagh fer jeh ny çhengaghyn Oarpagh. * Ta'n [[Leonish]] er enney dy h-oikoil ayns ard [[Yn Chashteel as León|y Chashteel as León]] 'sy Spaainey. * Ta'n [[Ligoorish]] ny çhengey [[çhengaghyn Gallo-Romanagh|Ghallo-Romanagh]] ta goll er loayrt 'sy [[Yn Ligoor|Ligoor]] ayns twoaie [[yn Iddaal]], ayns [[Monaco]] as ayns ny baljyn beggey [[Carloforte]] as [[Calasetta]] 'sy [[Yn Tardeen|Tardeen]]. * Ta enney oikoil ec y [[Mirandish|Virandish]] ec Parlamaid y Phortiugal. * Ta arganeys ayn mychione staydys y [[Normanish]] as ta fir ennagh gra nagh vel aynjee agh abbyrt y Rangish Chadjin as fir elley gra dy nee çhengey er lheh t'aynjee. Ta enney oikoil eck ayns [[Ellanyn Vooir Eeaght]], remlad jeh [[Diucaght ny Norman]], as veih'n vlein 2008 hie ee er enney myr fer jeh çhengaghyn ardjynagh y Rank rere y vunraght Frangagh. * Ta'n [[Ocsitaanish]] goll er loayrt ayns jiass [[Yn Rank|y Rank]] er y chooid smoo, agh cha nel staydys oikoil eck agh 'sy Spaainey raad t'eh er enney myr yn [[Aranish]] as 'syn Iddaal myr çhengey vynlagh. * Ta'n [[Picardish|Phicardish]] goll er loayrt ayns twoaie [[yn Rank]] ayns [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] as ayns [[Picardie (ard)|Picardie]] as ayns ayrnyn 'sy [[Yn Walloon|Walloon]], [[Yn Velg|y Velg]]. Ta staydys oikoil ec y Phicardish mastey boodeeys ny Frangisheyryn 'sy Velg. * Yn Iddaalish Hwoaie yn ennym ta currit er y [[Piemontish|Phiemontish]], er y [[Lombardish Heear]] as er y [[Emilianish-Romagnolish]]. * She çhengey oikoil y [[Yn Phortiugal|Phortiugal]] ee yn [[Portiugish|Phortiugish]]. Myrane lesh shen ta staydys oikoil eck ayns ram eear-choloinyn y Phortiugal ayns [[Affrick ny Portiugal]], 'syn [[Yn Aishey Hiar|Aishey Hiar]] as ayns [[Coloinaghey Portiugagh America|America]]. * Çhengey oikoil [[Yn Romaan|y Romaan]] as [[Moldova|Voldova]] (myr y [[Moldovish|Voldovish]]) ee yn [[Romaanish]]. Chammah as shen ta staydys oikoil ayns [[Vojvodina]] ([[Yn Terb|y Terb]]). * Fer jeh ny çhengaghyn oikoil 'syn [[Yn Elveeish|Elveeish]] ee yn [[Romansh]]. * Ta staydys co-oikoil ec y [[Sardeenish|Tardeenish]] 'sy [[Yn Tardeen|Tardeen]]. * Ta'n [[Shisslish|Çhisslish]] goll er loayrt 'sy [[Yn Çhissyl|Çhissyl]], [[yn Iddaal]], er y chooid smoo, agh ta abbyrtyn y çhengey goll er loayrt ayns [[Calabria]] Yiass as [[Puglia]] Hiar Yiass. * Ta'n [[Spaainish]] (ny yn "Chashteelish") ny çhengey oikoil 'sy [[Yn Spaainey|Spaainey]]. Ta staydys oikoil 'sy chooid smoo jeh [[America Ladjynagh]] (faagail magh [[Yn Vrasseel|y Vrasseel]]). ===Ny Çhengaghyn Slavagh=== {{ardart|Çhengaghyn Slavagh}} Ta ny [[çhengaghyn Slavagh]] goll er loayrt harrish ardjyn mooarey 'syn [[Yn Oarpey Veanagh|Oarpey Veanagh]], 'syn [[Yn Oarpey Yiass|Oarpey Yiass]] as 'syn [[Yn Oarpey Hiar|Oarpey Hiar]], goaill stiagh [[Yn Roosh|y Roosh]]. * '''[[Çhengaghyn Slavagh y Niar]]''', goaill stiagh y [[Rooshish]], yn [[Ookraanish]], y [[Belarooshish|Velarooshish]], [[Roosheenish]], as [[Roosheenish Phannonagh]]. * '''[[Çhengaghyn Slavagh y Neear]]''', goaill stiagh y [[Sheckish|Çheckish]], y [[Kashoobish|Chashoobish]], y [[Polynnish|Pholynnish]], y [[Slovackish|Clovackish]], as y [[Sorbish|Torbiash]]. Ta enney currit er abbyrtyn ennagh y Pholynnish, lheid as y [[Sileeshish|Tileeshish]], myr çhengaghyn er lheh.<ref>http://www.omniglot.com/writing/silesian.php</ref> * '''[[Çhengaghyn Slavagh y Jiass]]''', goaill stiagh y [[Bosnish|Vosnish]], y [[Bulgeyrish|Vulgeyrish]], y [[Croitish|Chroitish]], y [[Massadoanish|Vassadoanish]], y [[Montenegrish|Vontenegrish]], y [[Slavish Agglishagh|Clavish Agglishagh]] ([[çhengey liturgagh]]), y [[Romano-Serbish|Romano-Serbish]] ([[çhengey vestit]]), y [[Serbish|Terbish]], as y [[Sloveanish|Cloveanish]]. ==Çhengaghyn neu-Ind-Oarpagh== ===Y Vascish=== {{ardart|Bascish}} She [[çhengey anerit]] ee yn [[Bascish|Vascish]] ({{lang|eu|''Euskara''}}) as çhengey vayrey ny [[Bascee]] ta cummal 'sy [[Yn Çheer Vascagh (thalloo shendeeagh)|Çheer Vascagh]], ard ayns [[ny Sleityn Pyreneagh]] heear ayns iar hwoaie yn Spaainey as eear yiass y Rank. T'ee goll er loayrt myr çhengey flaaoil ec mysh 750,000 deiney as er toiggal ec ny smoo na 1.5&nbsp;millioonyn dy 'leih. Ta kiangley jeeragh eddyr y Vascish as y [[Aquitaanish|Çhenn Aquitaanish]], as s'liklee dy row cummey leah yn Vascish goll er loayrt 'syn Oarpey Heear roish çheet ny çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh. Foddee dy row yn Vascish goll er loayrt veih'n [[Yn Oarpey Henn-chlaghagh|Eash Henn-chlaghagh]]. Ta'n Vascish goll er loayrt ec arreyderyn stiagh 'syn [[Yn Austrail|Austrail]], 'sy [[Yn Coose Berçhagh|Choose Verçhagh]], ayns [[Meksico]], ayns [[ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh]] as ayns [[ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]], as ayns ny steatyn [[Nevada]], [[Idaho]], as [[California]] er lheh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basque |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=24&menu=004 |publisher=UCLA Language Materials Project, UCLA International Institute |accessdate=2 Sauin 2009 |language=Baarle |archivedate=2010-06-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609011210/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=24 }}</ref> ===Ny Çhengaghyn Kartvelagh=== [[Coadan:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|300px|Possanyn kynney-hengagh ayns ard y Choagaash]] Ta ny [[çhengaghyn Kartvelagh]] goaill stiagh y [[Shorshish|Çhorshish]] as ny çhengaghyn kianglee [[Svanish]], [[Mingrelish]], as [[Lazish]]. T'eh er credjal dy nee y [[Proto-Kartvelish|Phroto-Kartvelish]] shennvayr chadjin er dagh çhengey Chartvelagh. Haghyr y chied rheynn magh 'sy çhengey 'sy nah villey-bleeaney RC ny ny s'leah tra hie yn Svanish er ny lhiassaghey. Ren y Vegrelish as y Lazish rheynn magh as y Phroto-Chartvelish mysh thousane dy vleeantyn ny lurg ec toshiaght y chied villey-bleeaney RC (m.s.,&nbsp;Klimov, T. Gamkrelidze, G. Machavariani). T'eh er credjal dy nee kynney çhengey anerit t'ayn, agh er cooishyn yn aashaght, ta'n kynney shen coontit marish ny çhengaghyn Coagaashagh, ga nagh vel kiangley çhengoaylleeagh ayn eddyr y daa phossan. ===Twoaie Ard y Choagaash=== Ta ny [[çhengaghyn Coagaashagh]] coodaghey daa phossan dy hengaghyn ta goll er loayrt [[Ard ny Coagaash]] as 'sy [[Yn Turkee|Turkee]] &mdash; ny [[çhengaghyn Coagaashagh Heear Hwoaie]] (goaill stiagh yn [[Abcaaishish]], ta goll er loayrt 'syn [[Yn Abcaaish|Abcaaish]] as y çhengey [[Adyghe (çhengey)|Adyghe]]) as ny [[çhengaghyn Coagaashagh Hiar Hwoaie]], ta goll er loayrt 'syn ard joaree jeh'n Roosh yiass (goaill stiagh [[yn Dagestaan|y Dagestaan]], [[Chechnya]], as [[Ingushetia]]). Ta ram çhengoaylleeyn, [[Sergei Starostin]] as [[Sergei Nikolayev]] er lheh, credjal dy ren y daa phossan çheet magh ass shennvayr chadjin mysh 5,000 bleeaney er dy henney.<ref name="NCED">Nikolayev, S., as S. Starostin. 1994 ''North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary''. Moscow: Asterisk Press. [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?flags=eygtnnl&basename=%5Cdata%5Ccauc%5Ccaucet&recode=yes&hiero=gif Ry-gheddyn er-linney].</ref> ===Ny Çhengaghyn Ooralagh=== {{ardart|Çhengaghyn Ooralagh}} [[Coadan:Oeraals verspreiding-af.svg|bélyegkép|thumb|right|450px|Skeaylley ny çhengaghyn Ooralagh]] Ta shiartanse dy hengaghyn Ooralagh ry-chlashtyn 'syn Oarpey, goaill stiagh yn [[Estaanish]], yn [[Finnlynnish|Innlynnish]] as yn [[Ungaarish]]. ===Ny Çhengaghyn Turkagh=== {{ardart|Çhengaghyn Turkagh}} [[Coadan:Carte peuples turcs.png|thumb|right|500px|Ny çhengaghyn Turkagh]] * Ta '''[[çhangaghyn Oghuz]]''' yn Oarpey goaill stiagh y [[Turkish]] ta goll er loayrt ayns ny [[çheeraghyn Balkanagh]] as ec ny [[Turkee 'syn Oarpey|mynlee Hurkagh]] 'syn [[Yn Oarpey Heear|Oarpey Heear]] as [[Yn Oarpey Veanagh|Veanagh]], myrane lesh yn [[Asserbajaanish]] as y [[Gagauzish|Ghagauzish]]. * Ta ny '''[[çhengaghyn Kypchak]]''' ry-chlashtyn 'syn Oarpey chammah, as t'ad goaill stiagh y [[Tatarish Chrimeeagh]], y [[Karaimish|Charaimish]], as y [[Krymchakish|Chrymchakish]] ta ry-chlashtyn 'syn [[Yn Ookraan|Ookraan]] ([[Yn Chrimeea|y Chrimeea]]), 'sy [[Yn Litaan|Litaan]], as 'sy [[Yn Pholynn|Pholynn]], as y [[Tatarish]] as y [[Kumykish|Chumykish]] ta ry-chlashtyn ayns ayrnyn Oarpagh [[Yn Roosh|y Roosh]]. * Hie ny '''[[çhengaghyn Oghur]]''' er nyn loayrt er feie yn chooid iaragh jeh'n vooar-rheynn, agh ta'n chooid smoo jeu marroo nish. Cha nel agh y [[Chuvashish]] foast er mayrn jiu. ===Ny Çhengaghyn Mongoilagh=== Hie ny [[çhengaghyn Mongoilagh]] er nyn lhiassaghey 'syn Aishey as cha ren y chooid smoo jeu cur stiagh er yn Oarpey. Ansherbee, ta un çhengey ry-chlashtyn 'syn Oarpey ta ny çhengey Vongoilagh: y [[Kalmykish|Chalmykish]] ta goll er loayrt ayns [[Kalmykia]] 'sy Roosh. ==Ny Çhengaghyn Semittagh== {{ardart|Çhengaghyn Semittagh}} ===Yn Arabish Varoneetagh Chypragh=== She [[sorçhyn ny h-Arabish|sorçh jeh'n]] [[Arabish]] ta goll er loayrt ec ny [[Maroneetee]] 'sy [[Yn Cheeprey|Cheeprey]] ee yn [[Arabish Varoneetagh Chypragh]]. Ta'n chooid smoo jeh ny loayreyderyn cummal ayns [[Lefkosia]], agh ta fir elley ry-gheddyn ayns [[Kormakitis]] as [[Limassol]]. Chur ny Maroneetee yn çhengey gys yn ellan ny smoo na 700 bleeaney er dy henney tra ren ad çhea veih'n [[Yn Livaan|Livaan]]. Ta cleayney mooar y Ghreagish rere [[sheeanchoryssaghtys]] as [[tasht-fockle]] ry-chlashtyn 'sy çhengey, agh ta troyn shenn-emshiragh er lheh ry-chlashtyn chammah. ===Yn Ewnish=== Ta'n [[Ewnish]] er ny ve screeuit sheese as loayrit ec boodeeyssyn [[Ewagh]] 'syn Oarpey ayns co-heksyn liturgagh, ynsee, as coloayrtyssagh veih çheet ny h-Ewnyn stiagh 'syn Oarpey car y çhenneraght yeianagh. Ren aachur y çhengey myr çhengey oikoil [[Israel]] siyraghey yn ymmyd j'ee myr çhengey neuvonnagh. V'ee ymmydit ec rheynnyn er lheh jeh'n phobbyl Creestee ayns co-heksyn ynsee as liturgagh. Ta [[abjad|abbyrlhit corocklagh]] ec yn Ewnish raad foddee ny breeocklyn y chowraghey lesh [[scarreydagh (çhengoaylleeaght)|scarreydee]] ta goll er enney myr ''[[Niqqud|pointal]]'' 'sy Ghaelg as ''[[dagesh]]'' as ''[[mappiq]]'' 'syn Ewnish. Va'n abbyrlhit Ewnish ymmydit dy screeu sheese yn [[Ewdish]], çhengey Ghermaanagh y Neear, as y [[Ladinish]], çhengey Romanagh, as ad goll er loayrt ec Ewnyn ayns twoaie as jiass yn Oarpey er lheh. ===Y Valtish=== She [[çhengaghyn Semittagh|çhengey Hemittagh]] as cleaynaghyn [[çhengaghyn Romanagh|Romanagh]] as [[çhengaghyn Germaanagh|Germaanagh]] eck ee yn [[Maltish|Valtish]]. T'ee goll er loayrt 'sy [[Yn Valta|Valta]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Marie Alexander and others |title=2nd International Conference of Maltese Linguistics |url=http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/maltese/abstracts.aspx |year=2009 |publisher=International Association of Maltese Linguistics |accessdate=2 Sauin 2009 |archive-date=2008-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623195959/http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/maltese/abstracts.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Aquilina |title=Maltese as a Mixed Language |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-semitic-studies_1958-01_3_1/page/58 |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |year=1958 |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=58–79 |doi=10.1093/jss/3.1.58}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Structure of Maltese |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1960_80_3/page/267 |first=Joseph |last=Aquilina |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=80 |number=3 |date=July–September, 1960 |pages=267–68}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Europe's New Arabic Connection |first=Louis |last=Werner |first2=Alan |last2=Calleja |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200406/europe.s.new.arabic.connection.htm |journal=Saudi Aramco World |date=Sauin/Nollick 2004}}</ref> T'ee bunnit er yn [[Arabish Hisslagh]], as cleaynaghyn eck veih'n [[Iddaalish]] (as veih'n [[Shisslish|Çhisslish]] er lheh), veih'n [[Frangish|Rangish]], as, er y gherrid, veih'n [[Baarle|Vaarle]]. She çhengey er lheh ee er-yn-oyr dy nee yn Valtish yn un çhengey Hemittagh ta screeuit 'syn [[abbyrlhit Romanagh]] 'sy chummey cadjinit. T'ee ny çhengey oikoil sloo 'syn [[Yn Unnaneys Oarpagh|Unnaneys Oarpagh]] rere earroo ny loayreyderyn as yn un çhengey Hemittagh oikoil ayn. ==Noteyn== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Jeeagh er neesht== * [[Deyn-oaylleeaght ny h-Oarpey]] * [[Possanyn kynneeagh 'syn Oarpey]] * [[Çhengaghyn yn Unnaneys Oarpagh]] * [[Rolley çhengaghyn ayns gaue ny h-Oarpey]] * [[Rolley çhengaghyn marroo ny h-Oarpey]] * [[Çheeraghyn as ardjyn yl-hengagh ny h-Oarpey]] ==Kianglaghyn mooie== {{Commonscat|Languages of Europe|Çhengaghyn ny h-Oarpey}} * {{cite web |title=The Alphabets of Europe |url=http://www.evertype.com/alphabets |first=Michael |last=Everson |publisher=evertype.com |year=2001 |language=[[Baarle]] |accessdate=19 Mayrnt 2010}} * {{cite web |title=Luingoi in Europa |first=Stefan |last=Reissmann |first2=Urion |last2=Argador |url=http://www.argador.info/skope/tero/Regioi/Europa/kultur/scpraaxoi/index.html |language=[[Esperanto]], Baarle, Germaanish |publisher=Reissmann & Argador |year=2006 |accessdate=2 Sauin 2009 |archivedate=2009-06-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622183043/http://www.argador.info/skope/tero/Regioi/Europa/kultur/scpraaxoi/index.html }} * {{cite web |title=Europako Mapa linguistikoa |url=http://www.muturzikin.com/carteseurope/europe.htm |first=Mutur |last=Zikin |publisher=muturzikin.com |date=2005–06 |language=[[Bascish]], mastey çhengaghyn elley |accessdate=2 Sauin 2009}} * {{cite web |title=Europe's Mosaic of Languages|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011081855 |first=Harald |last=Haarmann |publisher=[[Undinys Hennaghys ny h-Oarpey]] |year=2011 |language=[[Baarle]], mastey çhengaghyn elley |accessdate=2 Sauin 2011}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chengaghyn yn Oarpey}} [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn yn Oarpey| ]] 702fb8a0mr29iyiby95succtb8sqtd7 0 18437 389355 324408 2026-08-13T21:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Co-vunstoo |nfpa_slaynt = 1 |nfpa_aileaght = 0 |nfpa_frasseeaght = 0 |nfpa_elley = |jalloo = |formley_kemmigagh = Al₂(SO₄)₃ |jallooagyn_GHS= }} She [[co-vunstoo]] as [[sollan (kemmig)|sollan]] lesh y [[formley kemmigagh]] [[Ollymin|Al]]₂([[Sulfaid|SO₄]])₃ eh '''sulfaid ollymin'''. T'eh yn-lheieagh 'syn ushtey as t'eh ymmydit er y chooid smoo myr [[çhiughey (glenney ushtey)|jantagh çhiughey]] (cur rish covuilley floagyn liorish neaghtyraghey yn lught) ayns glenney ushtey iu<ref>{{cite web | last = Global Health and Education Foundation | title = Conventional Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation | work = Safe Drinking Water is Essential | publisher = National Academy of Sciences | year = 2007 | url = http://drinking-water.org/html/en/Treatment/Coagulation-Flocculation-technologies.html | accessdate = 2007-12-01 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007195603/http://www.drinking-water.org/html/en/Treatment/Coagulation-Flocculation-technologies.html | archivedate = 2007-10-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Kvech S, Edwards M | title=Solubility controls on aluminum in drinking water at relatively low and high pH | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-research_2002-10_36_17/page/4356 | journal=Water Research | volume=36 | issue=17 | year=2002 | pages=4356–4368 | pmid=12420940 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00137-9 }}</ref> as ayns obbraghyn glenney ushtey, chammah as ayns jeantys pabyr. ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== * [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1191.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1191] {{en jalloo}} * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0024.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] {{en jalloo}} * [http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v12je19.htm WHO Food Additive Series No. 12] {{en jalloo}} [[Ronney:Co-vunstooghyn ollymin]] [[Ronney:Sulfaidyn|Ollymin]] [[Ronney:Marrooderyn eeastyn shliggagh]] [[Ronney:Glenney ushtey]] [[Ronney:Cooneyderyn jeen-oaylleeagh]] [[Ronney:Bishaghtyn earrooyn E]] nyo2ltg6unxtlu17j0mcqpo428hnob1 2 19947 389442 388939 2026-08-14T07:15:06Z ListeriaBot 10339 Wikidata list updated [V2] 389442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?yob ?yod WHERE { ?item wdt:P19 ?pob . ?pob wdt:P131* wd:Q9676 . OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P569 ?dob . BIND(YEAR(?dob) as ?yob) } OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P570 ?dod . BIND(YEAR(?dod) as ?yod) } . } |wdq=. |sort=569 |section=31 |columns=number:#,P18:XXX Add 'Image' in Manx here please! XXX,label:XXX change to 'Name' in Manx! XXX,?yob:XXX dob XXX,?yod:XXX date of death XXX,P19:xxx Place of birth xxx }} == human == {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! XXX Add 'Image' in Manx here please! XXX ! XXX change to 'Name' in Manx! XXX ! XXX dob XXX ! XXX date of death XXX ! xxx Place of birth xxx |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | | ''[[:d:Q134487555|Chris Garrett]]'' | 1984 | 2025 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | | ''[[:d:Q135256163|Michael Higgins]]'' | 1939 | 1988 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | | ''[[:d:Q136434024|Albert Hugh Teare]]'' | 1877 | 1932 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Coadan:Frederick Agnew Gill LCCN2014714984 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Frederick Agnew Gill]] | 1873 | 1938 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | | ''[[:d:Q75456632|Elizabeth Quayle]]'' | | | [[Skeerey Chreest ny h-Ayrey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Coadan:RobinGibb.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q188482|Robin Gibb]]'' | 1949 | 2012 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Coadan:Maurice Gibb (Bee Gees) - TopPop 1973 (cropped).png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q296876|Maurice Gibb]]'' | 1949 | 2003 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | | [[Randolph Quirk]] | 1920 | 2017 | [[Maayl]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | | [[Ned Maddrell]] | 1877 | 1974 | [[Creneash]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Coadan:Rhodri Mawr - Historiae Cambriae.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q470862|Rhodri Mawr]]'' | 820 | 878 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Coadan:John Thomas Caine.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q964884|John Thomas Caine]]'' | 1829 | 1911 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | | ''[[:d:Q1064177|Charles Duncan Cameron]]'' | 1825 | 1870 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | | [[Chris Killip]] | 1946 | 2020 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Coadan:Edward Forbes.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Edward Forbes]] | 1815 | 1854 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Coadan:Peter Heywood, by John Simpson.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q1370965|Peter Heywood]]'' | 1772 | 1831 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Coadan:Eredoctoraten UvA nr. 21, 22 Charles B. Timmer , nr. 1 20 prof. J. Frank Kerm, Bestanddeelnr 934-1653.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Frank Kermode]] | 1919 | 2010 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Coadan:Hugh Binney.jpeg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q1634227|Hugh Binney]]'' | 1883 | 1953 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | | ''[[:d:Q2025044|Daniel Lowey]]'' | 1878 | 1951 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Coadan:Gofraid Crobán (British Library Cotton MS Julius A VII, folio 50v).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Gorree Crovan]] | 1050 | 1095 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Coadan:MikeKerruish.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Mike Kerruish]] | 1948 | 2010 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Coadan:Brian Stowell - Gaisgeach na Gaelg.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Brian Stowell]] | 1936 | 2019 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Coadan:Archibald Knox.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2860090|Archibald Knox]]'' | 1864 | 1933 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Coadan:Goshen-Routh 10.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Arthur Caley]] | 1824 | 1889 | [[Skeerey Chreest ny h-Ayrey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | | ''[[:d:Q2917082|Peter Buckley]]'' | 1944 | 1969 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | | ''[[:d:Q2960723|Charles de Viry]]'' | 1809 | 1888 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | | ''[[:d:Q2979086|Clifford Irving]]'' | 1914 | 2004 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | | ''[[:d:Q3048476|Edward Christian]]'' | 1600<br/>1590 | 1659<br/>1661 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | | ''[[:d:Q3082831|Frank Tipper]]'' | 1909 | 1963 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | | [[Hilary Pritchard]] | 1942 | 1996 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[Coadan:Illiam Dhone.JPG|center|128px]] | [[Illiam Dhone]] | 1608 | 1662<br/>1663 | [[Camys y Ree]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Coadan:Captain John Quilliam RN.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3182325|John Quilliam]]'' | 1771 | 1829 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | | ''[[:d:Q3184768|Joseph Clayton Clark]]'' | 1857<br/>1856 | 1937 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | | [[Joseph Davidson Qualtrough]] | 1885 | 1960 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | | ''[[:d:Q3375184|Percy Cowley]]'' | 1886 | 1958 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | | ''[[:d:Q3780140|Gwen Crellin]]'' | 1917 | 2007 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | | ''[[:d:Q4647267|A.P. Penketh]]'' | 1865 | 1932 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | | ''[[:d:Q4684998|Adrian Earnshaw]]'' | 1950 | 2022 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[Coadan:AWM 099103 Arnold Potts.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4795209|Arnold Potts]]'' | 1896 | 1968 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[Coadan:Arthur William Moore.png|center|128px]] | [[Arthur William Moore]] | 1853 | 1909 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[Coadan:Baldwin Wake Walker.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4850612|Baldwin Wake Walker]]'' | 1802 | 1876 | ''[[:d:Q3398663|Port e Vullen]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Coadan:Bertram Kelly, vicar.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Bertram Kelly]] | 1884 | 1976 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | | [[Bill Malarkey (politickeyr)|Bill Malarkey]] | 1951 | 2020 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | | ''[[:d:Q4980208|Bryan Kneale]]'' | 1930 | 2025 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | | [[Charles Kerruish]] | 1917 | 2003 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[Coadan:TT Lightweight - Dan Kneen (8985019419).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q5213818|Dan Kneen]]'' | 1987 | 2018 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | | ''[[:d:Q5232102|David Callister]]'' | 1935 | 2020 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | | ''[[:d:Q5233727|David Forbes]]'' | 1828 | 1876 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | | ''[[:d:Q5262311|Derek Robinson]]'' | 1941 | 2002 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | | [[Dursley McLinden]] | 1965 | 1995 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | | ''[[:d:Q5339649|Edmund Lowey]]'' | 1938 | 2024 | [[Balley Sallagh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | | ''[[:d:Q5442313|Felix Fordati Ready]]'' | 1872 | 1940 | [[Balley Sallagh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | | ''[[:d:Q5534099|Geoff Corkish]]'' | 1953 | 2025 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | | ''[[:d:Q5585508|Gordon Manley]]'' | 1902 | 1980 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | | ''[[:d:Q5702651|Harry Dacre]]'' | 1860 | 1922 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Coadan:Hugh Stowell Brown.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Hugh Stowell Brown]] | 1823 | 1886 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | | [[Jack Nivison]] | 1910 | 2003 | [[Skeerey Vraddan|Skeerey Braddan]]<br/>[[Kione Droghad]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Coadan:James Ashton.jpeg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q6128902|James Ashton]]'' | 1859 | 1935 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Coadan:James Kewley Ward 1890.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q6137285|James Kewley Ward]]'' | 1819 | 1910 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | | ''[[:d:Q6218777|John Allen Mylrea]]'' | 1849 | 1911 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | | [[John Joseph Kneen]] | 1873 | 1938 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Coadan:John McHutchin.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q6247893|John McHutchin]]'' | 1788 | 1847 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | | ''[[:d:Q6387399|Ken Burns]]'' | 1923 | 2006 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[Coadan:Mark Cubbon b1785.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q6767214|Mark Cubbon]]'' | 1775 | 1861 | [[Skeerey Maghal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[Coadan:ColMarkWilks.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q6770348|Mark Wilks]]'' | 1759 | 1831 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | | ''[[:d:Q6777668|Martyn Quayle]]'' | 1959 | 2016 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | | ''[[:d:Q7173434|Peter Craine]]'' | 2000 | 2003 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | | ''[[:d:Q7324916|Richard Costain]]'' | 1839 | 1902 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | | ''[[:d:Q7342026|Robert Benjamin Young]]'' | 1773 | 1846 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | | ''[[:d:Q7351285|Robert Wylie]]'' | 1839 | 1877 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[Coadan:Sophia Morrison.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Sophia Morrison]] | 1859 | 1917 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | | ''[[:d:Q7627097|Stuart Slack]]'' | 1935 | 1998 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[Coadan:T. E. Brown (young).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q7789264|Thomas Edward Brown]]'' | 1830 | 1897 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | | ''[[:d:Q7790684|Thomas Hill Dixon]]'' | 1816 | 1880 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | | ''[[:d:Q7821311|Toni Onley]]'' | 1928 | 2004 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | | [[Walter y Chleree]] | 1928 | 2007 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | | ''[[:d:Q8010366|William H. Corlett]]'' | 1856 | 1937 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | | [[William Kennish]] | 1799 | 1862 | [[Skeerey Maghal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[Coadan:William Moore (1898).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q8015768|William Moore]]'' | 1823 | 1914 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Coadan:Sir William Rowan.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q8017805|William Rowan]]'' | 1789 | 1879 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[Coadan:Rushen Abbey.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q8017850|William Russell]]'' | | 1374 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | | ''[[:d:Q9374876|William Russell]]'' | 1852 | 1940 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | | ''[[:d:Q10314191|Kenneth Creer]]'' | 1925 | 2020 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | | [[John Kelly (scoillar)|John Kelly]] | 1750 | 1809 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | | [[Noel Cringle]] | 1937 | 2021 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[Coadan:Edward Faragher.jpeg|center|128px]] | [[Edward Faragher]] | 1831 | 1908 | [[Creneash]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Coadan:Josephine Kermode (Cushag).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Josephine Kermode]] | 1852 | 1937 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[Coadan:Mona Margaret McBURNEY.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q15433239|Mona McBurney]]'' | 1862 | 1932 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[Coadan:Philip Moore Callow Kermode.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q15453822|P. M. C. Kermode]]'' | 1855 | 1932 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Coadan:Hugo Flinn 1933.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q15996075|Hugo Flinn]]'' | 1880 | 1943 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[Coadan:Canon John Quine.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q15997058|John Quine]]'' | 1857 | 1940 | [[Skeerey Charmane]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Coadan:W. Walter Gill.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q16002989|W. Walter Gill]]'' | 1876 | 1963 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | | ''[[:d:Q16007058|Harry Korris]]'' | 1891 | 1971 | [[Kione Droghad]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[Coadan:Christopher R. Shimmin.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q16029252|Christopher R. Shimmin]]'' | 1870 | 1933 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[Coadan:Actress Annie Yeamans, c. 1896.png|center|128px]] | [[Annie Yeamans]] | 1835 | 1912 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[Coadan:Robert Q. Kermode.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q16065654|Robert Kermode]]'' | 1812 | 1870 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | | ''[[:d:Q16169661|John Dongan]]'' | 1301 | 1413 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | | ''[[:d:Q16200333|Esther Nelson]]'' | 1810 | 1843 | [[Jorby]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[Coadan:Kathleen Faragher.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Kathleen Faragher]] | 1904 | 1974 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | | ''[[:d:Q16825531|Stewart Henbest Capper]]'' | 1859 | 1925 | [[Lunnin]]<br/>[[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | | ''[[:d:Q17182825|William Garrett]]'' | 1842 | 1916 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | | ''[[:d:Q17309064|Charles Gibbon]]'' | 1843 | 1890 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[Coadan:Plexus (1901) (14597471297).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q18157096|William Edward Quine]]'' | 1847 | 1922 | [[Skeerey Stondane]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Coadan:Capt. William Gill, the first Captain of the line..jpg|center|128px]] | [[William Gill (marrinagh)|William Gill]] | 1795 | 1858 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[Coadan:William Cubbon.jpg|center|128px]] | [[William Cubbon]] | 1865 | 1955 | [[Colby]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[Coadan:Sir Benjamin Alfred Dobson statue, Bolton (4).JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q18681459|Benjamin Dobson]]'' | 1847 | 1898 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[Coadan:Sir James Gell.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q18922358|James Gell]]'' | 1823 | 1905 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[Coadan:Archibald Cregeen.png|center|128px]] | [[Archibald Cregeen]] | 1774 | 1841 | [[Colby]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Coadan:Rev thomas bacon.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q19282324|Thomas Bacon]]'' | 1711 | 1768 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | | ''[[:d:Q20639142|Annie Warren Gill]]'' | 1862 | 1930 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | | ''[[:d:Q20683954|Charles Clague]]'' | 1890 | 1962 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | | ''[[:d:Q20711846|Frank Gill]]'' | 1866 | 1950 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | | ''[[:d:Q20747196|Arthur Lemon]]'' | 1850 | 1912 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | | ''[[:d:Q20756364|Patrick William Stuart-Menteath]]'' | 1845 | 1925 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | | ''[[:d:Q20763301|Richard Paget Murray]]'' | 1842 | 1908 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[Coadan:Joseph Creer MLA.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q20810712|Joseph Creer]]'' | 1832 | 1913 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | | ''[[:d:Q20877240|Edward Quayle]]'' | 1802 | 1862 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | | ''[[:d:Q20981819|Sidney Nowell Rostron]]'' | 1883 | 1948 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | | ''[[:d:Q21461346|Frederick Swynnerton]]'' | 1858 | 1918 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | | ''[[:d:Q21538837|Thomas O'Reilly]]'' | 1819 | 1881 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[Coadan:Capt. James Teare of the RMS Ellan Vannin..JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q22018744|James Teare]]'' | 1872 | 1909 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | | ''[[:d:Q24034942|Amelia Jane Murray]]'' | 1800 | 1896 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | | ''[[:d:Q24205000|William Cain]]'' | 1831 | 1914 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | | ''[[:d:Q24264205|James F. Keggin]]'' | 1905 | 1993 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | | [[Doolish y Karagher]] | 1926 | 1987 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | | ''[[:d:Q26330510|William Hutchison]]'' | 1904 | 1975 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | | ''[[:d:Q27178436|Robert H. Nesbitt]]'' | 1883 | 1966 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[Coadan:David "Dawsey" Kewley.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q27827705|David Kewley]]'' | 1850 | 1904 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Coadan:James Stowell Gell.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q28179118|James Stowell Gell]]'' | 1855 | 1919 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[Coadan:Samuel Harris.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q28203030|Samuel Harris]]'' | 1815 | 1905 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Coadan:Paul Lebiedzinski.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q28810393|Paul Lebiedzinski]]'' | 1951 | 1995 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Coadan:John Moore Jeffcott.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q31201248|John Moore Jeffcott]]'' | 1817 | 1892 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Coadan:Stewart Stevenson Moore.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q37154286|Stewart Stevenson Moore]]'' | 1860 | 1951 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | | ''[[:d:Q39070085|John Kelly]]'' | 1793 | 1854 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Coadan:Snaefell Miners.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q41757067|John Kewley]]'' | 1832 | 1905 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[Coadan:Elizabeth S. Nutt, A.R.C.A. (I0007923).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q43196426|Elizabeth Styring Nutt]]'' | 1870 | 1946 | [[Kione Droghad]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | | ''[[:d:Q43606976|Charles Swynnerton]]'' | 1843 | 1923 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | | ''[[:d:Q43779525|Mark Hildesley Quayle]]'' | 1804 | 1879 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | | ''[[:d:Q43945628|Mark Quayle]]'' | 1770 | 1804 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | | ''[[:d:Q44049933|John Quayle]]'' | 1693 | 1755 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | | ''[[:d:Q44746168|Mark Quayle]]'' | 1841 | 1928 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | | ''[[:d:Q48110870|Joseph Swynnerton]]'' | 1848 | 1910 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | | ''[[:d:Q52148110|Jim Caine]]'' | 1926 | 2018 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | | ''[[:d:Q53196681|Wilfred Kissack]]'' | 1873 | 1942 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | | ''[[:d:Q54553548|Millie Robinson]]'' | 1924 | 1994 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[Coadan:Nellie Brennan.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q55418295|Nelly Brennan]]'' | 1792 | 1859 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | | ''[[:d:Q56254209|Thomas Stowell]]'' | 1764 | 1821 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | | ''[[:d:Q56452187|Derek Ennett]]'' | 1931 | 1956 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | | ''[[:d:Q56528264|Thomas Tobin]]'' | 1775 | 1863 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[Coadan:John D. LaMothe.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q56665493|John Dominique LaMothe]]'' | 1868 | 1928 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | | ''[[:d:Q56887925|Nina Morrison]]'' | 1915 | 2011 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | | [[Dorothy Pantin]] | 1896 | 1985 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[Coadan:John Quayle (1725 - 1797).png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q60754040|John Quayle]]'' | 1725 | 1797 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | | ''[[:d:Q64685433|Francis Claudius Armstrong]]'' | 1802 | 1872 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | | ''[[:d:Q64685645|Hugh Coleman Davidson]]'' | 1852 | 1934 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | | ''[[:d:Q65767130|Pilcher George Ralfe]]'' | 1861 | 1936 | [[Skeerey Chreest ny h-Ayrey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | | ''[[:d:Q65768017|Frank Stanley Graves]]'' | 1863 | 1935 | [[Skeerey Charmane]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | | ''[[:d:Q66606883|John Joseph Heywood]]'' | 1789 | 1855 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[Coadan:Mona Hirst 1925.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q70743693|Mona Hirst]]'' | 1903 | 1988 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[Coadan:Emily Maria Gawne.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q75265312|Emily Maria Gawne]]'' | 1814 | 1889 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | | [[Ewan Christian (briw)|Ewan Christian]] | 1579 | 1655 | [[Skeerey Chreest ny h-Ayrey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[Coadan:Portrait of Esther Taubman, née Christian (by George Romney).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q75456778|Esther Christian]]'' | 1711 | 1802 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | | ''[[:d:Q75458718|George Horsley Wood]]'' | | 1874 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | | ''[[:d:Q75460583|Robert Christian]]'' | 1625 | 1668 | [[Skeerey Maghal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | | ''[[:d:Q75463324|Margaret Moore]]'' | 1733<br/>1730 | 1782<br/>1807 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | | ''[[:d:Q75463414|Margaret Moore]]'' | 1736 | 1828 | [[Skeerey Vraddan|Skeerey Braddan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | | ''[[:d:Q75463447|Margaret Moore]]'' | 1769 | 1804 | [[Skeerey Vraddan|Skeerey Braddan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | | ''[[:d:Q75946963|Anna Cleather]]'' | 1811 | 1887 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | | ''[[:d:Q76142859|Fanny Edith Walters]]'' | 1887 | 1949 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | | ''[[:d:Q76245966|Laura, Lady Buchan]]'' | 1797 | 1888 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | | ''[[:d:Q78901420|Edward Ashton Cannell]]'' | 1927 | 1994 | [[Purt Çhiarn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | | [[Tommy Leece]] | 1859 | 1956 | [[Skeerey Chairbre]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | | ''[[:d:Q94373906|John Kaighn]]'' | 1660 | 1724 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Coadan:Leonard McCombe, 1954, NY, Photograh taken by Jun Miki.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q97066829|Leonard McCombe]]'' | 1923 | 2005 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | | [[Edmund Goodwin]] | 1845 | 1925 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | | ''[[:d:Q97497011|Lewis Crellin]]'' | 1901 | 1990 | [[Forsdal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | | ''[[:d:Q97597263|Leslie Quirk]]'' | 1914 | 2004 | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | | ''[[:d:Q98763296|Norman Sayle]]'' | 1926 | 2007 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | | ''[[:d:Q101068189|John Quayle-Dickson]]'' | 1860 | 1945 | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | | ''[[:d:Q102175647|David W. Lewis]]'' | 1944 | 2021 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | | ''[[:d:Q104286259|Ernest Feltus Adams]]'' | 1865 | 1957 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Coadan:Thomas Leigh-Goldie.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q109559333|Thomas Leigh Goldie]]'' | 1807 | 1854 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | | ''[[:d:Q110806864|John Newlands Thomson]]'' | 1870 | 1948 | [[Purt le Moirrey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | | ''[[:d:Q112394413|John David Williams]]'' | 1931 | 2005 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | | ''[[:d:Q112954595|Letitia Hannah Damer Sandys]]'' | 1840<br/>1833 | 1911 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | | ''[[:d:Q114578445|John Wordsworth]]'' | 1845 | 1920 | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | | ''[[:d:Q120900628|R. S. McCombe]]'' | 1902 | 1985 | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[Coadan:Robert Swan Stephen.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q121875076|Robert Swan Stephen]]'' | 1843 | 1903 | [[Skeerey Maghal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | | [[John Quane]] | 1757 | 1838 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | | [[Robert E. Christian]] | 1817 | 1891 | [[Skeerey Maghal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | | ''[[:d:Q122381207|Voirrey Irving]]'' | 1918 | 2005 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[Coadan:Charles Lionel Carson (1847–1901).png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q123558946|Charles Lionel Carson]]'' | 1847 | 1901 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[Coadan:Margaret Jennifer Kewley Draskau in the video 'Lady Derby – The Great Whore of Babylon'.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q130730092|Jennifer Kewley Draskau]]'' | | 2024 | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[Coadan:Jersey Town Criterium 2012 Greg Mansell.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q126242|Greg Mansell]]'' | 1987 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[Coadan:Mark Cavendish TDF2012 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Mark Cavendish]] | 1985 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[Coadan:Barry Gibb in 2017-Glasto17-197 (34744934874).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q296872|Barry Gibb]]'' | 1946 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | | ''[[:d:Q373700|Richard Corkill]]'' | 1951 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[Coadan:Leo Mansell 2010.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q427791|Leo Mansell]]'' | 1985 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[Coadan:Samantha Barks - Fendi.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Samantha Barks]] | 1990 | | [[Laksaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[Coadan:Andrew Roche - 2014 Commonwealth Games (Men's road time trial).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q506928|Andrew Roche]]'' | 1971 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[Coadan:Peter Kennaugh - Tour de Romandie 2010, Stage 3.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q561361|Peter Kennaugh]]'' | 1989 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[Coadan:Ss7 higgins.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q570357|Mark Higgins]]'' | 1971 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[Coadan:Saint-Ghislain - Grand Prix Pino Cerami, 22 juillet 2015, départ (B016).JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q594947|Mark Christian]]'' | 1990 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | | ''[[:d:Q935074|Donald Gelling]]'' | 1938 | | [[Skeerey Stondane]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[Coadan:Alan Bell 2007.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Allan Bell]] | 1947 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | | ''[[:d:Q1378254|James Anthony Brown]]'' | 1950 | | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[Coadan:Jonathan Bellis.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q1381074|Jonathan Bellis]]'' | 1988 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[Coadan:Amy Jackson headshot (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Amy Jackson]] | 1992 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[Coadan:David Knight WEC 2010.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2309170|David Knight]]'' | 1978 | | [[Balley ny Loghey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[Coadan:Prof eva rieger.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2693484|Eva Rieger]]'' | 1940 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | | ''[[:d:Q2898341|Bernard Moffatt]]'' | 1946 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | | [[Clare Christian]] | 1945 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[Coadan:Harry Manx at Bluesfest 2008.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3127867|Harry Manx]]'' | 1955 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[Coadan:Jamie Blackley.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Jamie Blackley]] | 1991 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | | ''[[:d:Q3314091|Miles Walker]]'' | 1940 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | | ''[[:d:Q3337801|Neil Bennett]]'' | 1951 | | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[Coadan:Conor Cummins portrait.JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3687112|Conor Cummins]]'' | 1986 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | | ''[[:d:Q3973323|Steve Colley]]'' | 1972 | | [[Kione Droghad]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | | ''[[:d:Q4706420|Alan Corkish]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | | ''[[:d:Q4706451|Alan Crowe]]'' | 1940 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[Coadan:AndyT Mugshot.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4761421|Andy Tudor]]'' | 1977 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[Coadan:Prof Angela Little.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4762488|Angela Little]]'' | 1949 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | | [[Anne Craine]] | 1954 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[Coadan:Christine Collister.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Christine Collister]] | 1961 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[Coadan:Sidecar Thurs Practice IMG 00257.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q5229405|Dave Molyneux]]'' | 1963 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | | ''[[:d:Q5229413|Dave Moore]]'' | 1966 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | | ''[[:d:Q5230767|David Anderson]]'' | 1954 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | | ''[[:d:Q5232661|David Cretney]]'' | 1954 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | | ''[[:d:Q5236864|David Lyon]]'' | 1943 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[Coadan:Davy-knowles.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q5242207|Davy Knowles]]'' | 1987 | | [[Purt le Moirrey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | | ''[[:d:Q5336528|Eddie Teare]]'' | 1948 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | | ''[[:d:Q5337428|Edgar Quine]]'' | 1934 | | [[Andreas, Mannin|Andreas]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | | ''[[:d:Q5522814|Gareth Davies]]'' | 1965 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | | ''[[:d:Q5687920|Hazel Hannan]]'' | 2000 | | [[Purt Soderick]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[Coadan:Roskams jane.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q6152688|Jane Roskams]]'' | | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | | ''[[:d:Q6239980|John Houghton]]'' | 2000 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | | [[Juan Turner]] | 1974 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[Coadan:2021-Watterson-Juan-portrait.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q6301157|Juan Watterson]]'' | 1980 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | | ''[[:d:Q6397791|Kevin Woodford]]'' | 1950 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[Coadan:Martin Bridson2.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q6775057|Martin Bridson]]'' | 1964 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | | ''[[:d:Q7175096|Peter Karran]]'' | 1960 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[Coadan:Phil Gawne (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Phil Gawne]] | 1965 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | | ''[[:d:Q7612099|Steve Burke]]'' | 1974 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | | [[Tim Kennaugh]] | 1991 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[Coadan:Stoneham Maltais Anthonioz.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Zoe Gillings]] | 1985 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | | [[Cristen Marritt]] | 1989 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | | [[Kimberley Clague]] | 1988 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[Coadan:Robert Corteen Carswell.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Bob Carswell]] | 1950 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | | ''[[:d:Q16206261|Nick Crowe]]'' | 1971 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | | ''[[:d:Q16213489|Araminta de Clermont]]'' | 1971 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[Coadan:Goshen-Routh 16.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q16855481|Arthur Caley]]'' | 1824 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[Coadan:Anna Christian - 2019 Women's Tour of Scotland (stage 3).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Anna Christian]] | 1995 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[Coadan:FIL 2014 - Femmes Gaéliques - Ruth Keggin quartet - 1377.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q19874790|Ruth Keggin]]'' | 1989 | | [[Purt Çhiarn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[Coadan:Kieran Tierney Scotland v Bolivia 6 June 2026-6.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q19888012|Kieran Tierney]]'' | 1997 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | | ''[[:d:Q19956065|Kate Costain]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | | ''[[:d:Q21289363|Kevin Atherton]]'' | 1950 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | | ''[[:d:Q21642675|Tim Kneale]]'' | 1982 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[Coadan:Lillers - Grand Prix de Lillers-Souvenir Bruno Comini, 6 mars 2016 (B052).JPG|center|128px]] | [[Jake Kelly (daawheeylleyder)|Jake Kelly]] | 1995 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[Coadan:Liam Doyle.JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q24005468|Liam Doyle]]'' | 1992 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[Coadan:2021-Skelly-Laurence-portrait.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Laurence Skelly]] | 1961 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | | [[Isla Callister]] | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | | [[Paayl Rogers]] | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | | [[Daniel Quayle]] | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[Coadan:Howard Quayle.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Howard Quayle]] | 1967 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[Coadan:Laura Wasley - 2014 Commonwealth Games (Women's road time trial).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q26845558|Laura Wasley]]'' | 1984 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[Coadan:Matt Bostock - 2019 Tour Series, Aberdeen (Men's race - team win).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Matthew Bostock]] | 1997 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[Coadan:Brianne West.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q28033898|Brianne West]]'' | 1985 | | [[Purt Çhiarn]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[Coadan:2024 Tour de France Femmes - 2e etappe Lizzie Holden 1.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Lizzie Holden]] | 1997 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | | ''[[:d:Q28378513|Hugh Davidson]]'' | 1935 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | | ''[[:d:Q28792438|Nathan Draper]]'' | 1997 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[Coadan:Sam Brand, 2019 Milan-Sanremo.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q36286044|Sam Brand]]'' | 1991 | | [[Purt ny h-Inshey]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | | [[Adam Long (bluckaneyr)|Adam Long]] | 2000 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | | ''[[:d:Q44821053|Alfred Walter Adams]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[Coadan:Dr Eleanor Scott.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q46997927|Eleanor Scott]]'' | 1960 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | | [[Jessica Li]] | 1998 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[Coadan:Sophia Goulden anon died 1910.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q50387964|Sophia Goulden]]'' | 1833 | | [[Skeerey Lonan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | | ''[[:d:Q50676544|Kerry Sharpe]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | | [[Daryl Callister]] | 1989 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | | ''[[:d:Q55409232|Leon Mazzone]]'' | 1996 | | [[Rhumsaa]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | | ''[[:d:Q55900439|Gérard MacQuillan]]'' | 1949 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | | ''[[:d:Q59242725|Clare Faulds]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | | ''[[:d:Q63344804|Colin Callow]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | | ''[[:d:Q64006025|Gary R. Lewin]]'' | 1965 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | | ''[[:d:Q75401195|Margaret Rosamund Moore]]'' | 1871 | | [[Skeerey Vraddan|Skeerey Braddan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | | ''[[:d:Q75463040|Margaret Moore]]'' | 1735 | | [[Skeerey Maghal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | | ''[[:d:Q75463064|George Quaile]]'' | 1801 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | | ''[[:d:Q75463140|Margaret Moore]]'' | | | [[Skeerey Malew]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | | ''[[:d:Q75467601|Margaret Moore]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | | ''[[:d:Q87063021|Tom Mazzone]]'' | 1993 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[Coadan:Paul Quine.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q98755074|Paul Quine]]'' | 1969 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | | ''[[:d:Q100740733|Jane Callister]]'' | 1963 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[Coadan:Joe Locke en 2022.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Joe Locke (aghteyr)|Joe Locke]] | 2003 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | | ''[[:d:Q106808901|Julie Edge]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[Coadan:Max Walker - 2023 UCI Road World Championships (Men's under-23 road race).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q107036155|Max Walker]]'' | 2001 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | | ''[[:d:Q108257419|Nola York]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[Coadan:Becky Storrie - Présentation TCFIA 2025.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q108878510|Becky Storrie]]'' | 1998 | | [[Balley Sallagh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | | ''[[:d:Q111254683|Jason Evans]]'' | 1991 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[Coadan:Yasmin Ingham at the Badminton Horse Trials 2025 - 20250510 135552(0).jpg|center|128px]] | [[Yasmin Ingham]] | 1997 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | | ''[[:d:Q114785217|William Henry Cooper]]'' | 1870 | | [[Balley Chashtal]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | | ''[[:d:Q115910223|Michael Bott]]'' | 1954 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | | ''[[:d:Q117309494|Anna Branford]]'' | 1975 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | | ''[[:d:Q124685800|Tyler Hannay]]'' | 2003 | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | | ''[[:d:Q126365066|Lucy Barnett]]'' | 2006 | | [[Kione Droghad]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | | ''[[:d:Q130198574|Brian Christian]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | | ''[[:d:Q134973228|Catherine Perry]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | | ''[[:d:Q134973249|Rebecca Webster]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | | ''[[:d:Q134973255|Daniellle Murphy]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | | ''[[:d:Q134973282|Alanya Thorpe]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | | ''[[:d:Q134973285|Andrea Littlejohns]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | | ''[[:d:Q134973288|Caitlin Henery]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | | ''[[:d:Q134973298|Clare Crowe]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | | ''[[:d:Q134980247|Bliss Murtagh]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | | ''[[:d:Q134980251|Emma Miller]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | | ''[[:d:Q134980254|Rachel Overman]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | | ''[[:d:Q134980258|Sam Hassall]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | | ''[[:d:Q134980259|Finnola Martin]]'' | | | [[Mannin]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[Coadan:James franklin iom 2021 1.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q135898155|James Franklin]]'' | 1980 | | ''[[:d:Q26715141|Glen Mona]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | | ''[[:d:Q135898269|Simon Maddrell]]'' | 1965 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | | ''[[:d:Q138535546|Alexander Foster]]'' | 1999 | | [[Doolish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | | ''[[:d:Q140366855|William Arthur Gill]]'' | 1865 | | [[Mannin]] |} == Misc == {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! XXX Add 'Image' in Manx here please! XXX ! XXX change to 'Name' in Manx! XXX ! XXX dob XXX ! XXX date of death XXX ! xxx Place of birth xxx |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | | ''[[:d:Q15840011|Peta]]'' | 1963 | 1980 | [[Mannin]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} fsbuqxnwgvv9uykugm85pgz2myb3kmf 828 20742 389443 387379 2026-08-14T11:32:34Z MacTire02 219 prowal 389443 Scribunto text/plain -- The values and functions in this submodule should be localized per wiki. local p = {} function p.init(aliasesP) p = { ["version"] = "8", -- increment this each time the below parameters are changed to avoid reference conflict errors ["errors"] = { ["unknown-data-type"] = "Unknown or unsupported datatype '%s'.", ["missing-required-parameter"] = "No required parameters defined, needing at least one", ["extra-required-parameter"] = "Parameter '%s' must be defined as optional", ["no-function-specified"] = "You must specify a function to call", -- equal to the standard module error message ["main-called-twice"] = 'The function "main" cannot be called twice', ["no-such-function"] = 'The function "%s" does not exist', -- equal to the standard module error message ["no-such-reference-template"] = 'Error: template "%s", which is set in %s as the output template for the citation-output type "%s", does not exist', -- Parts of the error message signalling a malformed reference. ["malformed-reference-header"] = "<span style=\"color:#dd3333\">\nError: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details:\n", ["malformed-reference-footer"] = "See [[Module:wd/doc#References|the documentation]] for further details.\n</span>\n[[Category:Module:Wd reference errors]]", ["template-failure-reason"] = "* Reason for the failure of {{tl|%s}}: %s\n", ["missing-mandatory-param"] = 'The output template call would miss the mandatory parameter <code>%s</code>.', ["unknown-property-in-ref"] = 'The Wikidata reference contains the property {{property|%s}}, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.' }, ["info"] = { ["edit-on-wikidata"] = "Reagh eh shoh er Wikidata" }, ["numeric"] = { ["decimal-mark"] = ".", ["delimiter"] = "," }, ["datetime"] = { ["prefixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "" }, ["suffixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "yn", ["millennium"] = " milley bleeaney", ["century"] = " eash", ["million-years"] = " millioonyn dy vleeantyn", ["billion-years"] = " biloonyn dy vleeantyn", ["year"] = " blein", ["years"] = " bleintyn" }, ["julian-calendar"] = "feaillere Yool", -- linked page title ["julian"] = "Joolagh", ["BCE"] = "REC", ["CE"] = "EC", ["common-era"] = "Eash Chadjin" -- linked page title }, ["coord"] = { ["latitude-north"] = "N", ["latitude-south"] = "S", ["longitude-east"] = "E", ["longitude-west"] = "W", ["degrees"] = "°", ["minutes"] = "'", ["seconds"] = '"', ["separator"] = ", " }, ["values"] = { ["unknown"] = "gyn fys", ["none"] = "leagh erbee" }, ["cite"] = { ["output-types"] = {"web", "q"}, -- In this order, the output types will be tried ["param-mapping"] = { ["web"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *web page sources* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite web]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.referenceURL] = "url", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date", [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.subjectNamedAs] = "title", [aliasesP.archiveURL] = "archive-url", [aliasesP.archiveDate] = "archive-date", [aliasesP.language] = "language", [aliasesP.author] = "author", [aliasesP.authorNameString] = "author", [aliasesP.publisher] = "publisher", [aliasesP.quote] = "quote", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", -- extra option [aliasesP.publishedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "at", ["P299"] = "" -- ISO 3166-1 numeric code; not a citable field, skip }, ["q"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *sources other than web pages* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite Q]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "1", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", [aliasesP.column] = "at", [aliasesP.chapter] = "chapter", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "section", ["external-id"] = "id", -- used for any type of database property ID [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date", ["P299"] = "" -- ISO 3166-1 numeric code; not a citable field, skip } }, ["config"] = { -- supported fields: -- - template: name of the template used for output -- - numbered-params: citation params accepting an arbitrary number of values by numbering the params (e.g. author1, author2) -- - raw-value-params: params taking a raw value (which means the property is rendered with getValue with raw=true) -- - mandatory-params: params that are required be in the template call (after potentially appending numbers to params listed in numbered-params) -- - prioritization: table associating a list of properties, in the order in which they are preferred, to template parameters; -- properties not mentioned here have the lowest priority; -- prioritization of properties handled through additionalProcessedProperties is unsupported; -- no key of this table can be from numbered-params -- Leaving out the "template" field causes the output type to be ignored. ["web"] = { ["template"] = "Cite web", ["numbered-params"] = {"author"}, ["mandatory-params"] = {"url"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate}, ["title"] = {aliasesP.title, aliasesP.subjectNamedAs} } }, ["q"] = { ["template"] = "Cite Q", ["raw-value-params"] = {"1"}, -- the first, unnamed parameter of CiteQ takes a QID, not the name of the item cited ["mandatory-params"] = {"1"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate} } } } } } p.getOrdinalSuffix = function(num) if tostring(num):sub(-2,-2) == '1' then return "oo" -- 10oo, 11oo, 12oo, 13oo, ... 19oo end num = tostring(num):sub(-1) if num == '1' then return "d" elseif num == '2' then return "h" elseif num == '3' then return "oo" else return "oo" end end p.addDelimiters = function(n) local left, num, right = string.match(n, "^([^%d]*%d)(%d*)(.-)$") if left and num and right then return left .. (num:reverse():gsub("(%d%d%d)", "%1" .. p['numeric']['delimiter']):reverse()) .. right else return n end end return p end return p svy1qf9mi1u17pncej9ch6qr0qw8036 389445 389443 2026-08-14T11:42:02Z MacTire02 219 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/389443|389443]] by [[Special:Contributions/MacTire02|MacTire02]] ([[User talk:MacTire02|talk]]) 389445 Scribunto text/plain -- The values and functions in this submodule should be localized per wiki. local p = {} function p.init(aliasesP) p = { ["version"] = "8", -- increment this each time the below parameters are changed to avoid reference conflict errors ["errors"] = { ["unknown-data-type"] = "Unknown or unsupported datatype '%s'.", ["missing-required-parameter"] = "No required parameters defined, needing at least one", ["extra-required-parameter"] = "Parameter '%s' must be defined as optional", ["no-function-specified"] = "You must specify a function to call", -- equal to the standard module error message ["main-called-twice"] = 'The function "main" cannot be called twice', ["no-such-function"] = 'The function "%s" does not exist', -- equal to the standard module error message ["no-such-reference-template"] = 'Error: template "%s", which is set in %s as the output template for the citation-output type "%s", does not exist', -- Parts of the error message signalling a malformed reference. ["malformed-reference-header"] = "<span style=\"color:#dd3333\">\nError: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details:\n", ["malformed-reference-footer"] = "See [[Module:wd/doc#References|the documentation]] for further details.\n</span>\n[[Category:Module:Wd reference errors]]", ["template-failure-reason"] = "* Reason for the failure of {{tl|%s}}: %s\n", ["missing-mandatory-param"] = 'The output template call would miss the mandatory parameter <code>%s</code>.', ["unknown-property-in-ref"] = 'The Wikidata reference contains the property {{property|%s}}, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.' }, ["info"] = { ["edit-on-wikidata"] = "Reagh eh shoh er Wikidata" }, ["numeric"] = { ["decimal-mark"] = ".", ["delimiter"] = "," }, ["datetime"] = { ["prefixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "" }, ["suffixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "yn", ["millennium"] = " milley bleeaney", ["century"] = " eash", ["million-years"] = " millioonyn dy vleeantyn", ["billion-years"] = " biloonyn dy vleeantyn", ["year"] = " blein", ["years"] = " bleintyn" }, ["julian-calendar"] = "feaillere Yool", -- linked page title ["julian"] = "Joolagh", ["BCE"] = "REC", ["CE"] = "EC", ["common-era"] = "Eash Chadjin" -- linked page title }, ["coord"] = { ["latitude-north"] = "N", ["latitude-south"] = "S", ["longitude-east"] = "E", ["longitude-west"] = "W", ["degrees"] = "°", ["minutes"] = "'", ["seconds"] = '"', ["separator"] = ", " }, ["values"] = { ["unknown"] = "gyn fys", ["none"] = "leagh erbee" }, ["cite"] = { ["output-types"] = {"web", "q"}, -- In this order, the output types will be tried ["param-mapping"] = { ["web"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *web page sources* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite web]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.referenceURL] = "url", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date", [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.subjectNamedAs] = "title", [aliasesP.archiveURL] = "archive-url", [aliasesP.archiveDate] = "archive-date", [aliasesP.language] = "language", [aliasesP.author] = "author", [aliasesP.authorNameString] = "author", [aliasesP.publisher] = "publisher", [aliasesP.quote] = "quote", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", -- extra option [aliasesP.publishedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "at" }, ["q"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *sources other than web pages* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite Q]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "1", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", [aliasesP.column] = "at", [aliasesP.chapter] = "chapter", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "section", ["external-id"] = "id", -- used for any type of database property ID [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date" } }, ["config"] = { -- supported fields: -- - template: name of the template used for output -- - numbered-params: citation params accepting an arbitrary number of values by numbering the params (e.g. author1, author2) -- - raw-value-params: params taking a raw value (which means the property is rendered with getValue with raw=true) -- - mandatory-params: params that are required be in the template call (after potentially appending numbers to params listed in numbered-params) -- - prioritization: table associating a list of properties, in the order in which they are preferred, to template parameters; -- properties not mentioned here have the lowest priority; -- prioritization of properties handled through additionalProcessedProperties is unsupported; -- no key of this table can be from numbered-params -- Leaving out the "template" field causes the output type to be ignored. ["web"] = { ["template"] = "Cite web", ["numbered-params"] = {"author"}, ["mandatory-params"] = {"url"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate}, ["title"] = {aliasesP.title, aliasesP.subjectNamedAs} } }, ["q"] = { ["template"] = "Cite Q", ["raw-value-params"] = {"1"}, -- the first, unnamed parameter of CiteQ takes a QID, not the name of the item cited ["mandatory-params"] = {"1"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate} } } } } } p.getOrdinalSuffix = function(num) if tostring(num):sub(-2,-2) == '1' then return "oo" -- 10oo, 11oo, 12oo, 13oo, ... 19oo end num = tostring(num):sub(-1) if num == '1' then return "d" elseif num == '2' then return "h" elseif num == '3' then return "oo" else return "oo" end end p.addDelimiters = function(n) local left, num, right = string.match(n, "^([^%d]*%d)(%d*)(.-)$") if left and num and right then return left .. (num:reverse():gsub("(%d%d%d)", "%1" .. p['numeric']['delimiter']):reverse()) .. right else return n end end return p end return p o85tkn1m1se0ivv02em1c0375qi7khf 828 20744 389444 387381 2026-08-14T11:41:37Z MacTire02 219 ++ 389444 Scribunto text/plain -- Original module located at [[:en:Module:Wd]] and [[:en:Module:Wd/i18n]]. require("strict") local p = {} local module_arg = ... local i18n local i18nPath local function loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) local title if frame then -- current module invoked by page/template, get its title from frame title = frame:getTitle() else -- current module included by other module, get its title from ... title = module_arg end if not i18n then i18nPath = title .. "/i18n" i18n = require(i18nPath).init(aliasesP) end end p.claimCommands = { property = "property", properties = "properties", qualifier = "qualifier", qualifiers = "qualifiers", reference = "reference", references = "references" } p.generalCommands = { label = "label", title = "title", description = "description", alias = "alias", aliases = "aliases", badge = "badge", badges = "badges" } p.flags = { linked = "linked", short = "short", raw = "raw", multilanguage = "multilanguage", unit = "unit", ------------- preferred = "preferred", normal = "normal", deprecated = "deprecated", best = "best", future = "future", current = "current", former = "former", edit = "edit", editAtEnd = "edit@end", mdy = "mdy", single = "single", sourced = "sourced" } p.args = { eid = "eid", page = "page", date = "date", globalSiteId = "globalSiteId" } local aliasesP = { coord = "P625", ----------------------- image = "P18", author = "P50", authorNameString = "P2093", publisher = "P123", importedFrom = "P143", wikimediaImportURL = "P4656", statedIn = "P248", pages = "P304", language = "P407", hasPart = "P527", publicationDate = "P577", startTime = "P580", endTime = "P582", chapter = "P792", retrieved = "P813", referenceURL = "P854", sectionVerseOrParagraph = "P958", archiveURL = "P1065", title = "P1476", formatterURL = "P1630", quote = "P1683", shortName = "P1813", definingFormula = "P2534", archiveDate = "P2960", inferredFrom = "P3452", typeOfReference = "P3865", column = "P3903", subjectNamedAs = "P1810", wikidataProperty = "P1687", publishedIn = "P1433", lastUpdate = "P5017" } local aliasesQ = { percentage = "Q11229", prolepticJulianCalendar = "Q1985786", citeWeb = "Q5637226", citeQ = "Q22321052" } local parameters = { property = "%p", qualifier = "%q", reference = "%r", alias = "%a", badge = "%b", separator = "%s", general = "%x" } local formats = { property = "%p[%s][%r]", qualifier = "%q[%s][%r]", reference = "%r", propertyWithQualifier = "%p[ <span style=\"font-size:85\\%\">(%q)</span>][%s][%r]", alias = "%a[%s]", badge = "%b[%s]" } local hookNames = { -- {level_1, level_2} [parameters.property] = {"getProperty"}, [parameters.reference] = {"getReferences", "getReference"}, [parameters.qualifier] = {"getAllQualifiers"}, [parameters.qualifier.."\\d"] = {"getQualifiers", "getQualifier"}, [parameters.alias] = {"getAlias"}, [parameters.badge] = {"getBadge"} } -- default value objects, should NOT be mutated but instead copied local defaultSeparators = { ["sep"] = {" "}, ["sep%s"] = {","}, ["sep%q"] = {"; "}, ["sep%q\\d"] = {", "}, ["sep%r"] = nil, -- none ["punc"] = nil -- none } local rankTable = { ["preferred"] = 1, ["normal"] = 2, ["deprecated"] = 3 } local function replaceAlias(id) if aliasesP[id] then id = aliasesP[id] end return id end local function errorText(code, ...) local text = i18n["errors"][code] if not text then return "Missing i18n error key: " .. tostring(code) end if arg then text = mw.ustring.format(text, unpack(arg)) end return text end local function throwError(errorMessage, ...) error(errorText(errorMessage, unpack(arg))) end local function replaceDecimalMark(num) return mw.ustring.gsub(num, "[.]", i18n['numeric']['decimal-mark'], 1) end local function padZeros(num, numDigits) local numZeros local negative = false if num < 0 then negative = true num = num * -1 end num = tostring(num) numZeros = numDigits - num:len() for _ = 1, numZeros do num = "0"..num end if negative then num = "-"..num end return num end local function replaceSpecialChar(chr) if chr == '_' then -- replace underscores with spaces return ' ' else return chr end end local function replaceSpecialChars(str) local chr local esc = false local strOut = "" for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then esc = true else strOut = strOut .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else strOut = strOut .. chr esc = false end end return strOut end local function buildWikilink(target, label) if not label or target == label then return "[[" .. target .. "]]" else return "[[" .. target .. "|" .. label .. "]]" end end -- used to make frame.args mutable, to replace #frame.args (which is always 0) -- with the actual amount and to simply copy tables local function copyTable(tIn) if not tIn then return nil end local tOut = {} for i, v in pairs(tIn) do tOut[i] = v end return tOut end -- used to merge output arrays together; -- note that it currently mutates the first input array local function mergeArrays(a1, a2) for i = 1, #a2 do a1[#a1 + 1] = a2[i] end return a1 end local function split(str, del) local out = {} local i, j = str:find(del) if i and j then out[1] = str:sub(1, i - 1) out[2] = str:sub(j + 1) else out[1] = str end return out end local function parseWikidataURL(url) local id if url:match('^http[s]?://') then id = split(url, "Q") if id[2] then return "Q" .. id[2] end end return nil end local function parseDate(dateStr, precision) precision = precision or "d" local i, j, index, ptr local parts = {nil, nil, nil} if dateStr == nil then return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end -- 'T' for snak values, '/' for outputs with '/Julian' attached i, j = dateStr:find("[T/]") if i then dateStr = dateStr:sub(1, i-1) end local from = 1 if dateStr:sub(1,1) == "-" then -- this is a negative number, look further ahead from = 2 end index = 1 ptr = 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", from) if i then -- year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) -- explicitly give base 10 to prevent error if parts[index] == -0 then parts[index] = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'parts[index] = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end if precision == "y" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", ptr) if i then -- month parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) if precision == "m" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 end end if dateStr:sub(ptr) ~= "" then -- day if we have month, month if we have year, or year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr), 10) end return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end local function datePrecedesDate(aY, aM, aD, bY, bM, bD) if aY == nil or bY == nil then return nil end aM = aM or 1 aD = aD or 1 bM = bM or 1 bD = bD or 1 if aY < bY then return true end if aY > bY then return false end if aM < bM then return true end if aM > bM then return false end if aD < bD then return true end return false end local function getHookName(param, index) if hookNames[param] then return hookNames[param][index] elseif param:len() > 2 then return hookNames[param:sub(1, 2).."\\d"][index] else return nil end end local function alwaysTrue() return true end -- The following function parses a format string. -- -- The example below shows how a parsed string is structured in memory. -- Variables other than 'str' and 'child' are left out for clarity's sake. -- -- Example: -- "A %p B [%s[%q1]] C [%r] D" -- -- Structure: -- [ -- { -- str = "A " -- }, -- { -- str = "%p" -- }, -- { -- str = " B ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%s", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%q1" -- } -- ] -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " C ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%r" -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " D" -- } -- ] -- local function parseFormat(str) local chr, esc, param, root, cur, prev, new local params = {} local function newObject(array) local obj = {} -- new object obj.str = "" array[#array + 1] = obj -- array{object} obj.parent = array return obj end local function endParam() if param > 0 then if cur.str ~= "" then cur.str = "%"..cur.str cur.param = true params[cur.str] = true cur.parent.req[cur.str] = true prev = cur cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 0 end end root = {} -- array root.req = {} cur = newObject(root) prev = nil esc = false param = 0 for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then endParam() esc = true elseif chr == '%' then endParam() if cur.str ~= "" then cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 2 elseif chr == '[' then endParam() if prev and cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) cur = prev end cur.child = {} -- new array cur.child.req = {} cur.child.parent = cur cur = newObject(cur.child) elseif chr == ']' then endParam() if cur.parent.parent then new = newObject(cur.parent.parent.parent) if cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) end cur = new end else if param > 1 then param = param - 1 elseif param == 1 then if not chr:match('%d') then endParam() end end cur.str = cur.str .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else cur.str = cur.str .. chr esc = false end prev = nil end endParam() -- make sure that at least one required parameter has been defined if not next(root.req) then throwError("missing-required-parameter") end -- make sure that the separator parameter "%s" is not amongst the required parameters if root.req[parameters.separator] then throwError("extra-required-parameter", parameters.separator) end return root, params end local function sortOnRank(claims) local rankPos local ranks = {{}, {}, {}, {}} -- preferred, normal, deprecated, (default) local sorted = {} for _, v in ipairs(claims) do rankPos = rankTable[v.rank] or 4 ranks[rankPos][#ranks[rankPos] + 1] = v end sorted = ranks[1] sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[2]) sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[3]) return sorted end local function isValueInTable(searchedItem, inputTable) for _, item in pairs(inputTable) do if item == searchedItem then return true end end return false end local Config = {} -- allows for recursive calls function Config:new() local cfg = {} setmetatable(cfg, self) self.__index = self cfg.separators = { -- single value objects wrapped in arrays so that we can pass by reference ["sep"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep"])}, ["sep%s"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%s"])}, ["sep%q"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q"])}, ["sep%r"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%r"])}, ["punc"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["punc"])} } cfg.entity = nil cfg.entityID = nil cfg.propertyID = nil cfg.propertyValue = nil cfg.qualifierIDs = {} cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues = {} cfg.bestRank = true cfg.ranks = {true, true, false} -- preferred = true, normal = true, deprecated = false cfg.foundRank = #cfg.ranks cfg.flagBest = false cfg.flagRank = false cfg.periods = {true, true, true} -- future = true, current = true, former = true cfg.flagPeriod = false cfg.atDate = {parseDate(os.date('!%Y-%m-%d'))} -- today as {year, month, day} cfg.mdyDate = false cfg.singleClaim = false cfg.sourcedOnly = false cfg.editable = false cfg.editAtEnd = false cfg.inSitelinks = false cfg.langCode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code cfg.langName = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(cfg.langCode, cfg.langCode) cfg.langObj = mw.language.new(cfg.langCode) cfg.siteID = mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId() cfg.states = {} cfg.states.qualifiersCount = 0 cfg.curState = nil cfg.prefetchedRefs = nil return cfg end local State = {} function State:new(cfg, type) local stt = {} setmetatable(stt, self) self.__index = self stt.conf = cfg stt.type = type stt.results = {} stt.parsedFormat = {} stt.separator = {} stt.movSeparator = {} stt.puncMark = {} stt.linked = false stt.rawValue = false stt.shortName = false stt.anyLanguage = false stt.unitOnly = false stt.singleValue = false return stt end -- if id == nil then item connected to current page is used function Config:getLabel(id, raw, link, short) local label = nil local prefix, title= "", nil if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if not id then return "" end end id = id:upper() -- just to be sure if raw then -- check if given id actually exists if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then label = id end prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", label -- may be nil else -- try short name first if requested if short then label = p._property{aliasesP.shortName, [p.args.eid] = id} -- get short name if label == "" then label = nil end end -- get label if not label then label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) end end if not label then label = "" elseif link then -- build a link if requested if not title then if id:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) elseif id:sub(1,1) == "P" then -- properties have no sitelink, link to Wikidata instead prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", id end end label = mw.text.nowiki(label) -- escape raw label text so it cannot be wikitext markup if title then label = buildWikilink(prefix .. title, label) end end return label end function Config:getEditIcon() local value = "" local prefix = "" local front = "&nbsp;" local back = "" if self.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then prefix = "Property:" end if self.editAtEnd then front = '<span style="float:' if self.langObj:isRTL() then front = front .. 'left' else front = front .. 'right' end front = front .. '">' back = '</span>' end value = "[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|frameless|text-top|10px|alt=" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. prefix .. self.entityID .. "?uselang=" .. self.langCode if self.propertyID then value = value .. "#" .. self.propertyID elseif self.inSitelinks then value = value .. "#sitelinks-wikipedia" end value = value .. "|" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "]]" return front .. value .. back end -- used to create the final output string when it's all done, so that for references the -- function extensionTag("ref", ...) is only called when they really ended up in the final output function Config:concatValues(valuesArray) local outString = "" local j, skip for i = 1, #valuesArray do -- check if this is a reference if valuesArray[i].refHash then j = i - 1 skip = false -- skip this reference if it is part of a continuous row of references that already contains the exact same reference while valuesArray[j] and valuesArray[j].refHash do if valuesArray[i].refHash == valuesArray[j].refHash then skip = true break end j = j - 1 end if not skip then -- add <ref> tag with the reference's hash as its name (to deduplicate references) outString = outString .. mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", valuesArray[i][1], {name = valuesArray[i].refHash}) end else outString = outString .. valuesArray[i][1] end end return outString end function Config:convertUnit(unit, raw, link, short, unitOnly) local space = " " local label = "" local itemID if unit == "" or unit == "1" then return nil end if unitOnly then space = "" end itemID = parseWikidataURL(unit) if itemID then if itemID == aliasesQ.percentage then return "%" else label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label ~= "" then return space .. label end end end return "" end function State:getValue(snak) return self.conf:getValue(snak, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName, self.anyLanguage, self.unitOnly, false, self.type:sub(1,2)) end function Config:getValue(snak, raw, link, short, anyLang, unitOnly, noSpecial, type) if snak.snaktype == 'value' then local datatype = snak.datavalue.type local subtype = snak.datatype local datavalue = snak.datavalue.value if datatype == 'string' then if subtype == 'url' and link then -- create link explicitly if raw then -- will render as a linked number like [1] return "[" .. datavalue .. "]" else return "[" .. datavalue .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" end elseif subtype == 'commonsMedia' then if link then return buildWikilink("c:File:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif not raw then return "[[File:" .. datavalue .. "]]" else return datavalue end elseif subtype == 'geo-shape' and link then return buildWikilink("c:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif subtype == 'math' and not raw then local attribute = nil if (type == parameters.property or (type == parameters.qualifier and self.propertyID == aliasesP.hasPart)) and snak.property == aliasesP.definingFormula then attribute = {qid = self.entityID} end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("math", datavalue, attribute) elseif subtype == 'external-id' and link then local url = p._property{aliasesP.formatterURL, [p.args.eid] = snak.property} -- get formatter URL if url ~= "" then url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, "$1", datavalue) return "[" .. url .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" else return datavalue end else return datavalue end elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then if anyLang or datavalue['language'] == self.langCode then return datavalue['text'] else return nil end elseif datatype == 'quantity' then local value = "" local unit if not unitOnly then -- get value and strip + signs from front value = mw.ustring.gsub(datavalue['amount'], "^%+(.+)$", "%1") if raw then return value end -- replace decimal mark based on locale value = replaceDecimalMark(value) -- add delimiters for readability value = i18n.addDelimiters(value) end unit = self:convertUnit(datavalue['unit'], raw, link, short, unitOnly) if unit then value = value .. unit end return value elseif datatype == 'time' then local y, m, d, p, yDiv, yRound, yFull, value, calendarID, dateStr local yFactor = 1 local sign = 1 local prefix = "" local suffix = "" local mayAddCalendar = false local calendar = "" local precision = datavalue['precision'] if precision == 11 then p = "d" elseif precision == 10 then p = "m" else p = "y" yFactor = 10^(9-precision) end y, m, d = parseDate(datavalue['time'], p) if y < 0 then sign = -1 y = y * sign end -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of years if precision <= 8 then yDiv = y / yFactor -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands of years if precision >= 6 then mayAddCalendar = true if precision <= 7 then -- round centuries/millenniums up (e.g. 20th century or 3rd millennium) yRound = math.ceil(yDiv) if not raw then if precision == 6 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['millennium'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['century'] end suffix = i18n.getOrdinalSuffix(yRound) .. suffix else -- if not verbose, take the first year of the century/millennium -- (e.g. 1901 for 20th century or 2001 for 3rd millennium) yRound = (yRound - 1) * yFactor + 1 end else -- precision == 8 -- round decades down (e.g. 2010s) yRound = math.floor(yDiv) * yFactor if not raw then prefix = i18n['datetime']['prefixes']['decade-period'] suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['decade-period'] end end if raw and sign < 0 then -- if BCE then compensate for "counting backwards" -- (e.g. -2019 for 2010s BCE, -2000 for 20th century BCE or -3000 for 3rd millennium BCE) yRound = yRound + yFactor - 1 end else local yReFactor, yReDiv, yReRound -- round to nearest for tens of thousands of years or more yRound = math.floor(yDiv + 0.5) if yRound == 0 then if precision <= 2 and y ~= 0 then yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = y / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years only if we have a whole number of them precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end if yRound == 0 then -- otherwise, take the unrounded (original) number of years precision = 5 yFactor = 1 yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end end if precision >= 1 and y ~= 0 then yFull = yRound * yFactor yReFactor = 1e9 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to billions of years if we're in that range precision = 0 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound else yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years if we're in that range precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end end if not raw then if precision == 3 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['million-years'] elseif precision == 0 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['billion-years'] else yRound = yRound * yFactor if yRound == 1 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['year'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['years'] end end else yRound = yRound * yFactor end end else yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end if mayAddCalendar then calendarID = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['calendarmodel']) if calendarID and calendarID == aliasesQ.prolepticJulianCalendar then if not raw then if link then calendar = " ("..buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['julian-calendar'], i18n['datetime']['julian'])..")" else calendar = " ("..i18n['datetime']['julian']..")" end else calendar = "/"..i18n['datetime']['julian'] end end end if not raw then local ce = nil if sign < 0 then ce = i18n['datetime']['BCE'] elseif precision <= 5 then ce = i18n['datetime']['CE'] end if ce then if link then ce = buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['common-era'], ce) end suffix = suffix .. " " .. ce end value = tostring(yRound) if m then dateStr = self.langObj:formatDate("F", "1-"..m.."-1") if d then if self.mdyDate then dateStr = dateStr .. " " .. d .. "," else dateStr = d .. " " .. dateStr end end value = dateStr .. " " .. value end value = prefix .. value .. suffix .. calendar else value = padZeros(yRound * sign, 4) if m then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(m, 2) if d then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(d, 2) end end value = value .. calendar end return value elseif datatype == 'globecoordinate' then -- logic from https://github.com/DataValues/Geo (v4.0.1) local precision, unitsPerDegree, numDigits, strFormat, value, globe local latitude, latConv, latValue, latLink local longitude, lonConv, lonValue, lonLink local latDirection, latDirectionN, latDirectionS, latDirectionEN local lonDirection, lonDirectionE, lonDirectionW, lonDirectionEN local degSymbol, minSymbol, secSymbol, separator local latDegrees = nil local latMinutes = nil local latSeconds = nil local lonDegrees = nil local lonMinutes = nil local lonSeconds = nil local latDegSym = "" local latMinSym = "" local latSecSym = "" local lonDegSym = "" local lonMinSym = "" local lonSecSym = "" local latDirectionEN_N = "N" local latDirectionEN_S = "S" local lonDirectionEN_E = "E" local lonDirectionEN_W = "W" if not raw then latDirectionN = i18n['coord']['latitude-north'] latDirectionS = i18n['coord']['latitude-south'] lonDirectionE = i18n['coord']['longitude-east'] lonDirectionW = i18n['coord']['longitude-west'] degSymbol = i18n['coord']['degrees'] minSymbol = i18n['coord']['minutes'] secSymbol = i18n['coord']['seconds'] separator = i18n['coord']['separator'] else latDirectionN = latDirectionEN_N latDirectionS = latDirectionEN_S lonDirectionE = lonDirectionEN_E lonDirectionW = lonDirectionEN_W degSymbol = "/" minSymbol = "/" secSymbol = "/" separator = "/" end latitude = datavalue['latitude'] longitude = datavalue['longitude'] if latitude < 0 then latDirection = latDirectionS latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_S latitude = math.abs(latitude) else latDirection = latDirectionN latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_N end if longitude < 0 then lonDirection = lonDirectionW lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_W longitude = math.abs(longitude) else lonDirection = lonDirectionE lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_E end precision = datavalue['precision'] if not precision or precision <= 0 then precision = 1 / 3600 -- precision not set (correctly), set to arcsecond end -- remove insignificant detail latitude = math.floor(latitude / precision + 0.5) * precision longitude = math.floor(longitude / precision + 0.5) * precision if precision >= 1 - (1 / 60) and precision < 1 then precision = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) - (1 / 3600) and precision < (1 / 60) then precision = 1 / 60 end if precision >= 1 then unitsPerDegree = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) then unitsPerDegree = 60 else unitsPerDegree = 3600 end numDigits = math.ceil(-math.log10(unitsPerDegree * precision)) if numDigits <= 0 then numDigits = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'numDigits = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end strFormat = "%." .. numDigits .. "f" if precision >= 1 then latDegrees = strFormat:format(latitude) lonDegrees = strFormat:format(longitude) if not raw then latDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(latDegrees) .. degSymbol lonDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonDegrees) .. degSymbol else latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol end else latConv = math.floor(latitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits lonConv = math.floor(longitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = latConv lonMinutes = lonConv else latSeconds = latConv lonSeconds = lonConv latMinutes = math.floor(latSeconds / 60) lonMinutes = math.floor(lonSeconds / 60) latSeconds = strFormat:format(latSeconds - (latMinutes * 60)) lonSeconds = strFormat:format(lonSeconds - (lonMinutes * 60)) if not raw then latSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(latSeconds) .. secSymbol lonSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonSeconds) .. secSymbol else latSecSym = latSeconds .. secSymbol lonSecSym = lonSeconds .. secSymbol end end latDegrees = math.floor(latMinutes / 60) lonDegrees = math.floor(lonMinutes / 60) latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol latMinutes = latMinutes - (latDegrees * 60) lonMinutes = lonMinutes - (lonDegrees * 60) if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = strFormat:format(latMinutes) lonMinutes = strFormat:format(lonMinutes) if not raw then latMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(latMinutes) .. minSymbol lonMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonMinutes) .. minSymbol else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end end latValue = latDegSym .. latMinSym .. latSecSym .. latDirection lonValue = lonDegSym .. lonMinSym .. lonSecSym .. lonDirection value = latValue .. separator .. lonValue if link then globe = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['globe']) if globe then globe = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(globe, "en"):lower() else globe = "earth" end latLink = table.concat({latDegrees, latMinutes, latSeconds}, "_") lonLink = table.concat({lonDegrees, lonMinutes, lonSeconds}, "_") value = "[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language="..self.langCode.."&params="..latLink.."_"..latDirectionEN.."_"..lonLink.."_"..lonDirectionEN.."_globe:"..globe.." "..value.."]" end return value elseif datatype == 'wikibase-entityid' then local label local itemID = datavalue['numeric-id'] if subtype == 'wikibase-item' then itemID = "Q" .. itemID elseif subtype == 'wikibase-property' then itemID = "P" .. itemID else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', subtype) .. '</strong>' end label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label == "" then label = nil end return label else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', datatype) .. '</strong>' end elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' else return i18n['values']['unknown'] end elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return "" -- empty string represents 'novalue' else return i18n['values']['none'] end else return nil end end function Config:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, qualifierID) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[qualifierID] end if qualifiers and qualifiers[1] then return self:getValue(qualifiers[1], true) -- raw = true else return nil end end function Config:snakEqualsValue(snak, value) local snakValue = self:getValue(snak, true) -- raw = true if snakValue and snak.snaktype == 'value' and snak.datavalue.type == 'wikibase-entityid' then value = value:upper() end return snakValue == value end function Config:setRank(rank) local rankPos if rank == p.flags.best then self.bestRank = true self.flagBest = true -- mark that 'best' flag was given return end if rank:sub(1,9) == p.flags.preferred then rankPos = 1 elseif rank:sub(1,6) == p.flags.normal then rankPos = 2 elseif rank:sub(1,10) == p.flags.deprecated then rankPos = 3 else return end -- one of the rank flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagRank then self.ranks = {false, false, false} -- no other rank flag given before, so unset ranks self.bestRank = self.flagBest -- unsets bestRank only if 'best' flag was not given before self.flagRank = true -- mark that a rank flag was given end if rank:sub(-1) == "+" then for i = rankPos, 1, -1 do self.ranks[i] = true end elseif rank:sub(-1) == "-" then for i = rankPos, #self.ranks do self.ranks[i] = true end else self.ranks[rankPos] = true end end function Config:setPeriod(period) local periodPos if period == p.flags.future then periodPos = 1 elseif period == p.flags.current then periodPos = 2 elseif period == p.flags.former then periodPos = 3 else return end -- one of the period flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagPeriod then self.periods = {false, false, false} -- no other period flag given before, so unset periods self.flagPeriod = true -- mark that a period flag was given end self.periods[periodPos] = true end function Config:qualifierMatches(claim, id, value) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[id] end if qualifiers then for _, v in pairs(qualifiers) do if self:snakEqualsValue(v, value) then return true end end elseif value == "" then -- if the qualifier is not present then treat it the same as the special value 'novalue' return true end return false end function Config:rankMatches(rankPos) if self.bestRank then return (self.ranks[rankPos] and self.foundRank >= rankPos) else return self.ranks[rankPos] end end function Config:timeMatches(claim) local startTime = nil local startTimeY = nil local startTimeM = nil local startTimeD = nil local endTime = nil local endTimeY = nil local endTimeM = nil local endTimeD = nil if self.periods[1] and self.periods[2] and self.periods[3] then -- any time return true end startTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.startTime) if startTime and startTime ~= "" and startTime ~= " " then startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD = parseDate(startTime) end endTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.endTime) if endTime and endTime ~= "" and endTime ~= " " then endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD = parseDate(endTime) end if startTimeY ~= nil and endTimeY ~= nil and datePrecedesDate(endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD, startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then -- invalidate end time if it precedes start time endTimeY = nil endTimeM = nil endTimeD = nil end if self.periods[1] then -- future if startTimeY and datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then return true end end if self.periods[2] then -- current if (startTimeY == nil or not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD)) and (endTimeY == nil or datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD)) then return true end end if self.periods[3] then -- former if endTimeY and not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD) then return true end end return false end function Config:processFlag(flag) if not flag then return false end if flag == p.flags.linked then self.curState.linked = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.raw then self.curState.rawValue = true if self.curState == self.states[parameters.reference] then -- raw reference values end with periods and require a separator (other than none) self.separators["sep%r"][1] = {" "} end return true elseif flag == p.flags.short then self.curState.shortName = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.multilanguage then self.curState.anyLanguage = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.unit then self.curState.unitOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.mdy then self.mdyDate = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.single then self.singleClaim = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.sourced then self.sourcedOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.edit then self.editable = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.editAtEnd then self.editable = true self.editAtEnd = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.best or flag:match('^'..p.flags.preferred..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.normal..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.deprecated..'[+-]?$') then self:setRank(flag) return true elseif flag == p.flags.future or flag == p.flags.current or flag == p.flags.former then self:setPeriod(flag) return true elseif flag == "" then -- ignore empty flags and carry on return true else return false end end function Config:processFlagOrCommand(flag) local param = "" if not flag then return false end if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.properties then param = parameters.property elseif flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifiers then self.states.qualifiersCount = self.states.qualifiersCount + 1 param = parameters.qualifier .. self.states.qualifiersCount self.separators["sep"..param] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q\\d"])} elseif flag == p.claimCommands.reference or flag == p.claimCommands.references then param = parameters.reference else return self:processFlag(flag) end if self.states[param] then return false end -- create a new state for each command self.states[param] = State:new(self, param) -- use "%x" as the general parameter name self.states[param].parsedFormat = parseFormat(parameters.general) -- will be overwritten for param=="%p" -- set the separator self.states[param].separator = self.separators["sep"..param] -- will be nil for param=="%p", which will be set separately if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.reference then self.states[param].singleValue = true end self.curState = self.states[param] return true end function Config:processSeparators(args) local sep for i, v in pairs(self.separators) do if args[i] then sep = replaceSpecialChars(args[i]) if sep ~= "" then self.separators[i][1] = {sep} else self.separators[i][1] = nil end end end end function Config:setFormatAndSeparators(state, parsedFormat) state.parsedFormat = parsedFormat state.separator = self.separators["sep"] state.movSeparator = self.separators["sep"..parameters.separator] state.puncMark = self.separators["punc"] end -- determines if a claim has references by prefetching them from the claim using getReferences, -- which applies some filtering that determines if a reference is actually returned, -- and caches the references for later use function State:isSourced(claim) self.conf.prefetchedRefs = self:getReferences(claim) return (#self.conf.prefetchedRefs > 0) end function State:resetCaches() -- any prefetched references of the previous claim must not be used self.conf.prefetchedRefs = nil end function State:claimMatches(claim) local matches, rankPos -- first of all, reset any cached values used for the previous claim self:resetCaches() -- if a property value was given, check if it matches the claim's property value if self.conf.propertyValue then matches = self.conf:snakEqualsValue(claim.mainsnak, self.conf.propertyValue) else matches = true end -- if any qualifier values were given, check if each matches one of the claim's qualifier values for i, v in pairs(self.conf.qualifierIDsAndValues) do matches = (matches and self.conf:qualifierMatches(claim, i, v)) end -- check if the claim's rank and time period match rankPos = rankTable[claim.rank] or 4 matches = (matches and self.conf:rankMatches(rankPos) and self.conf:timeMatches(claim)) -- if only claims with references must be returned, check if this one has any if self.conf.sourcedOnly then matches = (matches and self:isSourced(claim)) -- prefetches and caches references end return matches, rankPos end function State:out() local result -- collection of arrays with value objects local valuesArray -- array with value objects local sep = nil -- value object local out = {} -- array with value objects local function walk(formatTable, result) local valuesArray = {} -- array with value objects for i, v in pairs(formatTable.req) do if not result[i] or not result[i][1] then -- we've got no result for a parameter that is required on this level, -- so skip this level (and its children) by returning an empty result return {} end end for _, v in ipairs(formatTable) do if v.param then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, result[v.str]) elseif v.str ~= "" then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = {v.str} end if v.child then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, walk(v.child, result)) end end return valuesArray end -- iterate through the results from back to front, so that we know when to add separators for i = #self.results, 1, -1 do result = self.results[i] -- if there is already some output, then add the separators if #out > 0 then sep = self.separator[1] -- fixed separator result[parameters.separator] = {self.movSeparator[1]} -- movable separator else sep = nil result[parameters.separator] = {self.puncMark[1]} -- optional punctuation mark end valuesArray = walk(self.parsedFormat, result) if #valuesArray > 0 then if sep then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(valuesArray, out) end end -- reset state before next iteration self.results = {} return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getProperty(claim) local value = {self:getValue(claim.mainsnak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getQualifiers(claim, param) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[self.conf.qualifierIDs[param]] end if qualifiers then -- iterate through claim's qualifier statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[param]:iterate(qualifiers, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.qualifier.."\\d"][2], count = 1}) -- pass qualifier state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getQualifier(snak) local value = {self:getValue(snak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getAllQualifiers(claim, param, result, hooks) local out = {} -- array with value objects local sep = self.conf.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier][1] -- value object -- iterate through the output of the separate "qualifier(s)" commands for i = 1, self.conf.states.qualifiersCount do -- if a hook has not been called yet, call it now if not result[parameters.qualifier..i] then self:callHook(parameters.qualifier..i, hooks, claim, result) end -- if there is output for this particular "qualifier(s)" command, then add it if result[parameters.qualifier..i] and result[parameters.qualifier..i][1] then -- if there is already some output, then add the separator if #out > 0 and sep then out[#out + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(out, result[parameters.qualifier..i]) end end return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getReferences(claim) if self.conf.prefetchedRefs then -- return references that have been prefetched by isSourced return self.conf.prefetchedRefs end if claim.references then -- iterate through claim's reference statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[parameters.reference]:iterate(claim.references, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.reference][2], count = 1}) -- pass reference state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getReference(statement) local citeParamMapping = i18n['cite']['param-mapping'] local citeConfig = i18n['cite']['config'] local citeTypes = i18n['cite']['output-types'] -- will hold rendered properties of the reference which are not directly from statement.snaks, -- Namely, is URL generated from an external ID. local additionalProcessedProperties = {} -- for each citation type, there will be an associative array that associates lists of rendered properties -- to citation-template parameters local candidateParams = {} -- like above, but only associates one rendered property to each parameter; if the above variable -- contains more strings for a parameter, the strings will be assigned to numbered params (e.g. "author1") local citeParams = {} local citeErrors = {} local referenceEmpty = true -- will be set to false if at least one parameter is left unremoved local version = 12 -- increment this each time the below logic is changed to avoid conflict errors if not statement.snaks then return {} end -- don't use bot-added references referencing Wikimedia projects or containing "inferred from" (such references are not usable on Wikipedia) if statement.snaks[aliasesP.importedFrom] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.wikimediaImportURL] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.inferredFrom] then return {} end -- don't include "type of reference" if statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] = nil end -- don't include "image" to prevent littering if statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] = nil end -- don't include "ISO 3166-1 numeric code" - not a citable field, just metadata about the source's location if statement.snaks["P299"] then statement.snaks["P299"] = nil end -- don't include "language" if it is equal to the local one if self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, aliasesP.language) == self.conf.langName then statement.snaks[aliasesP.language] = nil end if statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn] and not statement.snaks[aliasesP.referenceURL] then -- "stated in" was given but "reference URL" was not. -- get "Wikidata property" properties from the item in "stated in" -- if any of the returned properties of the external-id datatype is in statement.snaks, generate a link from it and use the link in the reference -- find the "Wikidata property" properties in the item from "stated in" local wikidataPropertiesOfSource = mw.text.split(p._properties{p.flags.raw, aliasesP.wikidataProperty, [p.args.eid] = self.conf:getValue(statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn][1], true, false)}, ", ", true) for i, wikidataPropertyOfSource in pairs(wikidataPropertiesOfSource) do if statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] and statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource][1].datatype == "external-id" then local tempLink = self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, wikidataPropertyOfSource, false, true) -- not raw, linked if mw.ustring.match(tempLink, "^%[%Z- %Z+%]$") then -- getValue returned a URL in square brackets. -- the link is in wiki markup, so strip the square brackets and the display text -- gsub also returns another, discarted value, therefore the result is assigned to tempLink first tempLink = mw.ustring.gsub(tempLink, "^%[(%Z-) %Z+%]$", "%1") additionalProcessedProperties[aliasesP.referenceURL] = {tempLink} statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] = nil break end end end end -- initialize candidateParams and citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do candidateParams[citeType] = {} citeParams[citeType] = {} end -- fill candidateParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do -- This will contain value--priority pairs for each param name. local candidateValuesAndPriorities = {} -- fill candidateValuesAndPriorities for refProperty in pairs(statement.snaks) do if citeErrors[citeType] then break end repeat -- just a simple wrapper to emulate "continue" -- set mappingKey and prefix local mappingKey local prefix = "" if statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype == 'external-id' then mappingKey = "external-id" prefix = self.conf:getLabel(refProperty) if prefix ~= "" then prefix = prefix .. " " end else mappingKey = refProperty end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][mappingKey] -- skip properties with empty parameter name if paramName == "" then break -- skip this property for this value of citeType end -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then referenceEmpty = false local error_message = errorText("unknown-property-in-ref", refProperty) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message break end -- set processedProperty local processedProperty local raw = false -- if the value is wanted raw if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["raw-value-params"] or {}) then raw = true end if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then -- Multiple values may be given. processedProperty = self:getReferenceDetails(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked, true) -- anyLang = true else -- If multiple values are given, all but the first suitable one are discarted. processedProperty = {self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked and (statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype ~= 'url'), true)} -- link = true/false, anyLang = true end if #processedProperty == 0 then break end referenceEmpty = false -- add an empty entry to candidateValuesAndPriorities, if there isn't one already if not candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] then candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] = {} end -- find the priority of refProperty local thisPropertyPriority = -1 local thisParamPrioritization = citeConfig[citeType]["prioritization"][paramName] if thisParamPrioritization then for i_priority, i_property in ipairs(thisParamPrioritization) do if i_property == refProperty then thisPropertyPriority = i_priority end end end for _, propertyValue in pairs(processedProperty) do table.insert( candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], {prefix .. propertyValue, thisPropertyPriority} ) end until true end -- fill candidateParams[citeType] if not citeErrors[citeType] then local compareValuePriorities = function(pair1, pair2) if pair1[2] == -1 and pair2[2] ~= -1 then return false end if pair1[2] ~= -1 and pair2[2] == -1 then return true end return pair1[2] < pair2[2] end -- fill candidateParams[citeType][paramName] for each used param for paramName, _ in pairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities) do table.sort(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], compareValuePriorities) candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} for _, valuePriorityPair in ipairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], valuePriorityPair[1]) end end end end -- handle additional properties for refProperty in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties) do for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do repeat -- skip if there already have been errors if citeErrors[citeType] then break end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][refProperty] -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then -- Skip this additional property, but do not cause an error. break end if paramName == "" then break end referenceEmpty = false if not candidateParams[citeType][paramName] then candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} end for _, propertyValue in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties[refProperty]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], propertyValue) end until true end end -- fill citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for paramName, paramValues in pairs(candidateParams[citeType]) do if #paramValues == 1 or not isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then citeParams[citeType][paramName] = paramValues[1] else -- There is more than one value for this parameter - the values will -- go into separate numbered parameters (e.g. "author1", "author2") for paramNum, paramValue in pairs(paramValues) do citeParams[citeType][paramName .. paramNum] = paramValue end end end end -- fallback: use "stated in" (P248) as title if "title" (P1476) is missing for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do local titleParam = citeParamMapping[citeType][aliasesP.title] if titleParam and not citeParams[citeType][titleParam] and statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn] then local fallbackTitle = self:getReferenceDetail( statement.snaks, aliasesP.statedIn, false, false ) if fallbackTitle and fallbackTitle ~= "" then citeParams[citeType][titleParam] = fallbackTitle end end end -- handle missing mandatory parameters for the templates for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for _, requiredCiteParam in pairs(citeConfig[citeType]["mandatory-params"] or {}) do if not citeParams[citeType][requiredCiteParam] then -- The required param is not present. if citeErrors[citeType] then -- Do not override the previous error, if it exists. break end local error_message = errorText("missing-mandatory-param", requiredCiteParam) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message end end end local citeTypeToUse = nil -- choose the output template for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do if not citeErrors[citeType] then citeTypeToUse = citeType break end end -- set refContent local refContent = "" if citeTypeToUse then local templateToUse = citeConfig[citeTypeToUse]["template"] local paramsToUse = citeParams[citeTypeToUse] if not templateToUse or templateToUse == "" then throwError("no-such-reference-template", tostring(templateToUse), i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end -- if this module is being substituted then build a regular template call, otherwise expand the template if mw.isSubsting() then for i, v in pairs(paramsToUse) do refContent = refContent .. "|" .. i .. "=" .. v end refContent = "{{" .. templateToUse .. refContent .. "}}" else xpcall( function () refContent = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=templateToUse, args=paramsToUse} end, function () throwError("no-such-reference-template", templateToUse, i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end ) end -- If the citation couldn't be displayed using any template, but is not empty (barring ignored propeties), throw an error. elseif not referenceEmpty then refContent = errorText("malformed-reference-header") for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do refContent = refContent .. errorText("template-failure-reason", citeConfig[citeType]["template"], citeErrors[citeType]) end refContent = refContent .. errorText("malformed-reference-footer") end -- wrap refContent local ref = {} if refContent ~= "" then ref = {refContent} if not self.rawValue then -- this should become a <ref> tag, so save the reference's hash for later ref.refHash = "wikidata-" .. statement.hash .. "-v" .. (tonumber(i18n['version']) + version) end return {ref} else return {} end end -- gets a detail of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetail(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local switchLang = anyLang local value = nil if not snaks[dType] then return nil end -- if anyLang, first try the local language and otherwise any language repeat for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do value = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang and not switchLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true if value then break end end if value or not anyLang then break end switchLang = not switchLang until anyLang and switchLang return value end -- gets the details of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetails(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local values = {} if not snaks[dType] then return {} end for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do -- if nil is returned then it will not be added to the table values[#values + 1] = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true end return values end -- level 1 hook function State:getAlias(object) local value = object.value local title = nil if value and self.linked then if self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(self.conf.entityID) elseif self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then title = "d:Property:" .. self.conf.entityID end if title then value = buildWikilink(title, value) end end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getBadge(value) value = self.conf:getLabel(value, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName) if value == "" then value = nil end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end function State:callHook(param, hooks, statement, result) -- call a parameter's hook if it has been defined and if it has not been called before if not result[param] and hooks[param] then local valuesArray = self[hooks[param]](self, statement, param, result, hooks) -- array with value objects -- add to the result if #valuesArray > 0 then result[param] = valuesArray result.count = result.count + 1 else result[param] = {} -- an empty array to indicate that we've tried this hook already return true -- miss == true end end return false end -- iterate through claims, claim's qualifiers or claim's references to collect values function State:iterate(statements, hooks, matchHook) matchHook = matchHook or alwaysTrue local matches = false local rankPos = nil local result, gotRequired for _, v in ipairs(statements) do -- rankPos will be nil for non-claim statements (e.g. qualifiers, references, etc.) matches, rankPos = matchHook(self, v) if matches then result = {count = 0} -- collection of arrays with value objects local function walk(formatTable) local miss for i2, v2 in pairs(formatTable.req) do -- call a hook, adding its return value to the result miss = self:callHook(i2, hooks, v, result) if miss then -- we miss a required value for this level, so return false return false end if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point breaks the loop return true end end for _, v2 in ipairs(formatTable) do if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point prevents further childs from being processed return true end if v2.child then walk(v2.child) end end return true end gotRequired = walk(self.parsedFormat) -- only append the result if we got values for all required parameters on the root level if gotRequired then -- if we have a rankPos (only with matchHook() for complete claims), then update the foundRank if rankPos and self.conf.foundRank > rankPos then self.conf.foundRank = rankPos end -- append the result self.results[#self.results + 1] = result -- break if we only need a single value if self.singleValue then break end end end end return self:out() end local function getEntityId(arg, eid, page, allowOmitPropPrefix, globalSiteId) local id = nil local prop = nil if arg then if arg:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = arg eid = nil elseif arg:sub(1,1):upper() == "Q" or arg:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" or allowOmitPropPrefix then eid = arg page = nil else prop = arg end end if eid then if eid:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" then id = replaceAlias(mw.text.trim(eid:sub(10))) if id:sub(1,1):upper() ~= "P" then id = "" end else id = replaceAlias(eid) end elseif page then if page:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = mw.text.trim(page:sub(2)) end id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(page, globalSiteId) or "" end if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or "" end id = id:upper() if not mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then id = "" end return id, prop end local function nextArg(args) local arg = args[args.pointer] if arg then args.pointer = args.pointer + 1 return mw.text.trim(arg) else return nil end end local function claimCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg:processFlagOrCommand(funcName) -- process first command (== function name) local lastArg, parsedFormat, formatParams, claims, value local hooks = {count = 0} -- set the date if given; -- must come BEFORE processing the flags if args[p.args.date] then cfg.atDate = {parseDate(args[p.args.date])} cfg.periods = {false, true, false} -- change default time constraint to 'current' end -- process flags and commands repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlagOrCommand(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID, cfg.propertyID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], false, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" then return "" -- we cannot continue without a valid entity ID end cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if not cfg.propertyID then cfg.propertyID = nextArg(args) end cfg.propertyID = replaceAlias(cfg.propertyID) if not cfg.entity or not cfg.propertyID then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity or a property ID end cfg.propertyID = cfg.propertyID:upper() if not cfg.entity.claims or not cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any claims end claims = cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- do further processing if "qualifier(s)" command was given if #args - args.pointer + 1 > cfg.states.qualifiersCount then -- claim ID or literal value has been given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end for i = 1, cfg.states.qualifiersCount do -- check if given qualifier ID is an alias and add it cfg.qualifierIDs[parameters.qualifier..i] = replaceAlias(nextArg(args) or ""):upper() end elseif cfg.states[parameters.reference] then -- do further processing if "reference(s)" command was given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end -- check for special property value 'somevalue' or 'novalue' if cfg.propertyValue then cfg.propertyValue = replaceSpecialChars(cfg.propertyValue) if cfg.propertyValue ~= "" and mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) == "" then cfg.propertyValue = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue', whereas empty string represents 'novalue' else cfg.propertyValue = mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) end end -- parse the desired format, or choose an appropriate format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) elseif cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- "qualifier(s)" command given if cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.propertyWithQualifier) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.qualifier) end elseif cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.property) else -- "reference(s)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.reference) end -- if a "qualifier(s)" command and no "propert(y|ies)" command has been given, make the movable separator a semicolon if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.separator][1] = {";"} end -- if only "reference(s)" has been given, set the default separator to none (except when raw) if cfg.states[parameters.reference] and not cfg.states[parameters.property] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.reference].rawValue then cfg.separators["sep"][1] = nil end -- if exactly one "qualifier(s)" command has been given, make "sep%q" point to "sep%q1" to make them equivalent if cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 1 then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier] = cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier.."1"] end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hooks that should be called (getProperty, getQualifiers, getReferences); -- only define a hook if both its command ("propert(y|ies)", "reference(s)", "qualifier(s)") and its parameter ("%p", "%r", "%q1", "%q2", "%q3") have been given for i, v in pairs(cfg.states) do -- e.g. 'formatParams["%q1"] or formatParams["%q"]' to define hook even if "%q1" was not defined to be able to build a complete value for "%q" if formatParams[i] or formatParams[i:sub(1, 2)] then hooks[i] = getHookName(i, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end end -- the "%q" parameter is not attached to a state, but is a collection of the results of multiple states (attached to "%q1", "%q2", "%q3", ...); -- so if this parameter is given then this hook must be defined separately, but only if at least one "qualifier(s)" command has been given if formatParams[parameters.qualifier] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then hooks[parameters.qualifier] = getHookName(parameters.qualifier, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- create a state for "properties" if it doesn't exist yet, which will be used as a base configuration for each claim iteration; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.states[parameters.property] = State:new(cfg, parameters.property) -- if the "single" flag has been given then this state should be equivalent to "property" (singular) if cfg.singleClaim then cfg.states[parameters.property].singleValue = true end end -- if the "sourced" flag has been given then create a state for "reference" if it doesn't exist yet, using default values, -- which must exist in order to be able to determine if a claim has any references; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if cfg.sourcedOnly and not cfg.states[parameters.reference] then cfg:processFlagOrCommand(p.claimCommands.reference) -- use singular "reference" to minimize overhead end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark); -- must come AFTER creating the additonal states cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.states[parameters.property], parsedFormat) -- process qualifier matching values, analogous to cfg.propertyValue for i, v in pairs(args) do i = tostring(i) if i:match('^[Pp]%d+$') or aliasesP[i] then v = replaceSpecialChars(v) -- check for special qualifier value 'somevalue' if v ~= "" and mw.text.trim(v) == "" then v = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' end cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues[replaceAlias(i):upper()] = v end end -- first sort the claims on rank to pre-define the order of output (preferred first, then normal, then deprecated) claims = sortOnRank(claims) -- then iterate through the claims to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.states[parameters.property]:iterate(claims, hooks, State.claimMatches)) -- pass property state with level 1 hooks and matchHook -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned values on Wikidata if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end local function generalCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg.curState = State:new(cfg) local lastArg local value = nil repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlag(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], true, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(cfg.entityID) then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity end -- serve according to the given command if funcName == p.generalCommands.label then value = cfg:getLabel(cfg.entityID, cfg.curState.rawValue, cfg.curState.linked, cfg.curState.shortName) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.title then cfg.inSitelinks = true if cfg.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then value = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(cfg.entityID) end if cfg.curState.linked and value then value = buildWikilink(value) end elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.description then value = mw.wikibase.getDescription(cfg.entityID) else local parsedFormat, formatParams local hooks = {count = 0} cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.badge then cfg.curState.singleValue = true end if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.aliases then if not cfg.entity.aliases or not cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any aliasses end local aliases = cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.alias) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getAlias); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%a") has been given if formatParams[parameters.alias] then hooks[parameters.alias] = getHookName(parameters.alias, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(aliases, hooks)) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.badge or funcName == p.generalCommands.badges then if not cfg.entity.sitelinks or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID] or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any badges end local badges = cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges cfg.inSitelinks = true -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.badge) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getBadge); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%b") has been given if formatParams[parameters.badge] then hooks[parameters.badge] = getHookName(parameters.badge, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(badges, hooks)) end end value = value or "" if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned value on Wikidata value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end -- modules that include this module should call the functions with an underscore prepended, e.g.: p._property(args) local function establishCommands(commandList, commandFunc) for _, commandName in pairs(commandList) do local function wikitextWrapper(frame) local args = copyTable(frame.args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p[commandName] = wikitextWrapper local function luaWrapper(args) args = copyTable(args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p["_" .. commandName] = luaWrapper end end establishCommands(p.claimCommands, claimCommand) establishCommands(p.generalCommands, generalCommand) -- main function that is supposed to be used by wrapper templates function p.main(frame) if not mw.wikibase then return nil end local f, args loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) -- get the parent frame to take the arguments that were passed to the wrapper template frame = frame:getParent() or frame if not frame.args[1] then throwError("no-function-specified") end f = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) if f == "main" then throwError("main-called-twice") end assert(p["_"..f], errorText('no-such-function', f)) -- copy arguments from immutable to mutable table args = copyTable(frame.args) -- remove the function name from the list table.remove(args, 1) return p["_"..f](args) end return p m7sx7naq7owf6e34aat59u54tw5lo9x 389446 389444 2026-08-14T11:51:38Z MacTire02 219 ++ 389446 Scribunto text/plain -- Original module located at [[:en:Module:Wd]] and [[:en:Module:Wd/i18n]]. require("strict") local p = {} local module_arg = ... local i18n local i18nPath local function loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) local title if frame then -- current module invoked by page/template, get its title from frame title = frame:getTitle() else -- current module included by other module, get its title from ... title = module_arg end if not i18n then i18nPath = title .. "/i18n" i18n = require(i18nPath).init(aliasesP) end end p.claimCommands = { property = "property", properties = "properties", qualifier = "qualifier", qualifiers = "qualifiers", reference = "reference", references = "references" } p.generalCommands = { label = "label", title = "title", description = "description", alias = "alias", aliases = "aliases", badge = "badge", badges = "badges" } p.flags = { linked = "linked", short = "short", raw = "raw", multilanguage = "multilanguage", unit = "unit", ------------- preferred = "preferred", normal = "normal", deprecated = "deprecated", best = "best", future = "future", current = "current", former = "former", edit = "edit", editAtEnd = "edit@end", mdy = "mdy", single = "single", sourced = "sourced" } p.args = { eid = "eid", page = "page", date = "date", globalSiteId = "globalSiteId" } local aliasesP = { coord = "P625", ----------------------- image = "P18", author = "P50", authorNameString = "P2093", publisher = "P123", importedFrom = "P143", wikimediaImportURL = "P4656", statedIn = "P248", pages = "P304", language = "P407", hasPart = "P527", publicationDate = "P577", startTime = "P580", endTime = "P582", chapter = "P792", retrieved = "P813", referenceURL = "P854", sectionVerseOrParagraph = "P958", archiveURL = "P1065", title = "P1476", formatterURL = "P1630", quote = "P1683", shortName = "P1813", definingFormula = "P2534", archiveDate = "P2960", inferredFrom = "P3452", typeOfReference = "P3865", column = "P3903", subjectNamedAs = "P1810", wikidataProperty = "P1687", publishedIn = "P1433", lastUpdate = "P5017" } local aliasesQ = { percentage = "Q11229", prolepticJulianCalendar = "Q1985786", citeWeb = "Q5637226", citeQ = "Q22321052" } local parameters = { property = "%p", qualifier = "%q", reference = "%r", alias = "%a", badge = "%b", separator = "%s", general = "%x" } local formats = { property = "%p[%s][%r]", qualifier = "%q[%s][%r]", reference = "%r", propertyWithQualifier = "%p[ <span style=\"font-size:85\\%\">(%q)</span>][%s][%r]", alias = "%a[%s]", badge = "%b[%s]" } local hookNames = { -- {level_1, level_2} [parameters.property] = {"getProperty"}, [parameters.reference] = {"getReferences", "getReference"}, [parameters.qualifier] = {"getAllQualifiers"}, [parameters.qualifier.."\\d"] = {"getQualifiers", "getQualifier"}, [parameters.alias] = {"getAlias"}, [parameters.badge] = {"getBadge"} } -- default value objects, should NOT be mutated but instead copied local defaultSeparators = { ["sep"] = {" "}, ["sep%s"] = {","}, ["sep%q"] = {"; "}, ["sep%q\\d"] = {", "}, ["sep%r"] = nil, -- none ["punc"] = nil -- none } local rankTable = { ["preferred"] = 1, ["normal"] = 2, ["deprecated"] = 3 } local function replaceAlias(id) if aliasesP[id] then id = aliasesP[id] end return id end local function errorText(code, ...) local text = i18n["errors"][code] if not text then return "Missing i18n error key: " .. tostring(code) end if arg then text = mw.ustring.format(text, unpack(arg)) end return text end local function throwError(errorMessage, ...) error(errorText(errorMessage, unpack(arg))) end local function replaceDecimalMark(num) return mw.ustring.gsub(num, "[.]", i18n['numeric']['decimal-mark'], 1) end local function padZeros(num, numDigits) local numZeros local negative = false if num < 0 then negative = true num = num * -1 end num = tostring(num) numZeros = numDigits - num:len() for _ = 1, numZeros do num = "0"..num end if negative then num = "-"..num end return num end local function replaceSpecialChar(chr) if chr == '_' then -- replace underscores with spaces return ' ' else return chr end end local function replaceSpecialChars(str) local chr local esc = false local strOut = "" for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then esc = true else strOut = strOut .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else strOut = strOut .. chr esc = false end end return strOut end local function buildWikilink(target, label) if not label or target == label then return "[[" .. target .. "]]" else return "[[" .. target .. "|" .. label .. "]]" end end -- used to make frame.args mutable, to replace #frame.args (which is always 0) -- with the actual amount and to simply copy tables local function copyTable(tIn) if not tIn then return nil end local tOut = {} for i, v in pairs(tIn) do tOut[i] = v end return tOut end -- used to merge output arrays together; -- note that it currently mutates the first input array local function mergeArrays(a1, a2) for i = 1, #a2 do a1[#a1 + 1] = a2[i] end return a1 end local function split(str, del) local out = {} local i, j = str:find(del) if i and j then out[1] = str:sub(1, i - 1) out[2] = str:sub(j + 1) else out[1] = str end return out end local function parseWikidataURL(url) local id if url:match('^http[s]?://') then id = split(url, "Q") if id[2] then return "Q" .. id[2] end end return nil end local function parseDate(dateStr, precision) precision = precision or "d" local i, j, index, ptr local parts = {nil, nil, nil} if dateStr == nil then return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end -- 'T' for snak values, '/' for outputs with '/Julian' attached i, j = dateStr:find("[T/]") if i then dateStr = dateStr:sub(1, i-1) end local from = 1 if dateStr:sub(1,1) == "-" then -- this is a negative number, look further ahead from = 2 end index = 1 ptr = 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", from) if i then -- year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) -- explicitly give base 10 to prevent error if parts[index] == -0 then parts[index] = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'parts[index] = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end if precision == "y" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", ptr) if i then -- month parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) if precision == "m" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 end end if dateStr:sub(ptr) ~= "" then -- day if we have month, month if we have year, or year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr), 10) end return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end local function datePrecedesDate(aY, aM, aD, bY, bM, bD) if aY == nil or bY == nil then return nil end aM = aM or 1 aD = aD or 1 bM = bM or 1 bD = bD or 1 if aY < bY then return true end if aY > bY then return false end if aM < bM then return true end if aM > bM then return false end if aD < bD then return true end return false end local function getHookName(param, index) if hookNames[param] then return hookNames[param][index] elseif param:len() > 2 then return hookNames[param:sub(1, 2).."\\d"][index] else return nil end end local function alwaysTrue() return true end -- The following function parses a format string. -- -- The example below shows how a parsed string is structured in memory. -- Variables other than 'str' and 'child' are left out for clarity's sake. -- -- Example: -- "A %p B [%s[%q1]] C [%r] D" -- -- Structure: -- [ -- { -- str = "A " -- }, -- { -- str = "%p" -- }, -- { -- str = " B ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%s", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%q1" -- } -- ] -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " C ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%r" -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " D" -- } -- ] -- local function parseFormat(str) local chr, esc, param, root, cur, prev, new local params = {} local function newObject(array) local obj = {} -- new object obj.str = "" array[#array + 1] = obj -- array{object} obj.parent = array return obj end local function endParam() if param > 0 then if cur.str ~= "" then cur.str = "%"..cur.str cur.param = true params[cur.str] = true cur.parent.req[cur.str] = true prev = cur cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 0 end end root = {} -- array root.req = {} cur = newObject(root) prev = nil esc = false param = 0 for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then endParam() esc = true elseif chr == '%' then endParam() if cur.str ~= "" then cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 2 elseif chr == '[' then endParam() if prev and cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) cur = prev end cur.child = {} -- new array cur.child.req = {} cur.child.parent = cur cur = newObject(cur.child) elseif chr == ']' then endParam() if cur.parent.parent then new = newObject(cur.parent.parent.parent) if cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) end cur = new end else if param > 1 then param = param - 1 elseif param == 1 then if not chr:match('%d') then endParam() end end cur.str = cur.str .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else cur.str = cur.str .. chr esc = false end prev = nil end endParam() -- make sure that at least one required parameter has been defined if not next(root.req) then throwError("missing-required-parameter") end -- make sure that the separator parameter "%s" is not amongst the required parameters if root.req[parameters.separator] then throwError("extra-required-parameter", parameters.separator) end return root, params end local function sortOnRank(claims) local rankPos local ranks = {{}, {}, {}, {}} -- preferred, normal, deprecated, (default) local sorted = {} for _, v in ipairs(claims) do rankPos = rankTable[v.rank] or 4 ranks[rankPos][#ranks[rankPos] + 1] = v end sorted = ranks[1] sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[2]) sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[3]) return sorted end local function isValueInTable(searchedItem, inputTable) for _, item in pairs(inputTable) do if item == searchedItem then return true end end return false end local Config = {} -- allows for recursive calls function Config:new() local cfg = {} setmetatable(cfg, self) self.__index = self cfg.separators = { -- single value objects wrapped in arrays so that we can pass by reference ["sep"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep"])}, ["sep%s"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%s"])}, ["sep%q"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q"])}, ["sep%r"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%r"])}, ["punc"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["punc"])} } cfg.entity = nil cfg.entityID = nil cfg.propertyID = nil cfg.propertyValue = nil cfg.qualifierIDs = {} cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues = {} cfg.bestRank = true cfg.ranks = {true, true, false} -- preferred = true, normal = true, deprecated = false cfg.foundRank = #cfg.ranks cfg.flagBest = false cfg.flagRank = false cfg.periods = {true, true, true} -- future = true, current = true, former = true cfg.flagPeriod = false cfg.atDate = {parseDate(os.date('!%Y-%m-%d'))} -- today as {year, month, day} cfg.mdyDate = false cfg.singleClaim = false cfg.sourcedOnly = false cfg.editable = false cfg.editAtEnd = false cfg.inSitelinks = false cfg.langCode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code cfg.langName = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(cfg.langCode, cfg.langCode) cfg.langObj = mw.language.new(cfg.langCode) cfg.siteID = mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId() cfg.states = {} cfg.states.qualifiersCount = 0 cfg.curState = nil cfg.prefetchedRefs = nil return cfg end local State = {} function State:new(cfg, type) local stt = {} setmetatable(stt, self) self.__index = self stt.conf = cfg stt.type = type stt.results = {} stt.parsedFormat = {} stt.separator = {} stt.movSeparator = {} stt.puncMark = {} stt.linked = false stt.rawValue = false stt.shortName = false stt.anyLanguage = false stt.unitOnly = false stt.singleValue = false return stt end -- if id == nil then item connected to current page is used function Config:getLabel(id, raw, link, short) local label = nil local prefix, title= "", nil if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if not id then return "" end end id = id:upper() -- just to be sure if raw then -- check if given id actually exists if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then label = id end prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", label -- may be nil else -- try short name first if requested if short then label = p._property{aliasesP.shortName, [p.args.eid] = id} -- get short name if label == "" then label = nil end end -- get label if not label then label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) end end if not label then label = "" elseif link then -- build a link if requested if not title then if id:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) elseif id:sub(1,1) == "P" then -- properties have no sitelink, link to Wikidata instead prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", id end end label = mw.text.nowiki(label) -- escape raw label text so it cannot be wikitext markup if title then label = buildWikilink(prefix .. title, label) end end return label end function Config:getEditIcon() local value = "" local prefix = "" local front = "&nbsp;" local back = "" if self.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then prefix = "Property:" end if self.editAtEnd then front = '<span style="float:' if self.langObj:isRTL() then front = front .. 'left' else front = front .. 'right' end front = front .. '">' back = '</span>' end value = "[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|frameless|text-top|10px|alt=" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. prefix .. self.entityID .. "?uselang=" .. self.langCode if self.propertyID then value = value .. "#" .. self.propertyID elseif self.inSitelinks then value = value .. "#sitelinks-wikipedia" end value = value .. "|" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "]]" return front .. value .. back end -- used to create the final output string when it's all done, so that for references the -- function extensionTag("ref", ...) is only called when they really ended up in the final output function Config:concatValues(valuesArray) local outString = "" local j, skip for i = 1, #valuesArray do -- check if this is a reference if valuesArray[i].refHash then j = i - 1 skip = false -- skip this reference if it is part of a continuous row of references that already contains the exact same reference while valuesArray[j] and valuesArray[j].refHash do if valuesArray[i].refHash == valuesArray[j].refHash then skip = true break end j = j - 1 end if not skip then -- add <ref> tag with the reference's hash as its name (to deduplicate references) outString = outString .. mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", valuesArray[i][1], {name = valuesArray[i].refHash}) end else outString = outString .. valuesArray[i][1] end end return outString end function Config:convertUnit(unit, raw, link, short, unitOnly) local space = " " local label = "" local itemID if unit == "" or unit == "1" then return nil end if unitOnly then space = "" end itemID = parseWikidataURL(unit) if itemID then if itemID == aliasesQ.percentage then return "%" else label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label ~= "" then return space .. label end end end return "" end function State:getValue(snak) return self.conf:getValue(snak, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName, self.anyLanguage, self.unitOnly, false, self.type:sub(1,2)) end function Config:getValue(snak, raw, link, short, anyLang, unitOnly, noSpecial, type) if snak.snaktype == 'value' then local datatype = snak.datavalue.type local subtype = snak.datatype local datavalue = snak.datavalue.value if datatype == 'string' then if subtype == 'url' and link then -- create link explicitly if raw then -- will render as a linked number like [1] return "[" .. datavalue .. "]" else return "[" .. datavalue .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" end elseif subtype == 'commonsMedia' then if link then return buildWikilink("c:File:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif not raw then return "[[File:" .. datavalue .. "]]" else return datavalue end elseif subtype == 'geo-shape' and link then return buildWikilink("c:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif subtype == 'math' and not raw then local attribute = nil if (type == parameters.property or (type == parameters.qualifier and self.propertyID == aliasesP.hasPart)) and snak.property == aliasesP.definingFormula then attribute = {qid = self.entityID} end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("math", datavalue, attribute) elseif subtype == 'external-id' and link then local url = p._property{aliasesP.formatterURL, [p.args.eid] = snak.property} -- get formatter URL if url ~= "" then url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, "$1", datavalue) return "[" .. url .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" else return datavalue end else return datavalue end elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then if anyLang or datavalue['language'] == self.langCode then return datavalue['text'] else return nil end elseif datatype == 'quantity' then local value = "" local unit if not unitOnly then -- get value and strip + signs from front value = mw.ustring.gsub(datavalue['amount'], "^%+(.+)$", "%1") if raw then return value end -- replace decimal mark based on locale value = replaceDecimalMark(value) -- add delimiters for readability value = i18n.addDelimiters(value) end unit = self:convertUnit(datavalue['unit'], raw, link, short, unitOnly) if unit then value = value .. unit end return value elseif datatype == 'time' then local y, m, d, p, yDiv, yRound, yFull, value, calendarID, dateStr local yFactor = 1 local sign = 1 local prefix = "" local suffix = "" local mayAddCalendar = false local calendar = "" local precision = datavalue['precision'] if precision == 11 then p = "d" elseif precision == 10 then p = "m" else p = "y" yFactor = 10^(9-precision) end y, m, d = parseDate(datavalue['time'], p) if y < 0 then sign = -1 y = y * sign end -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of years if precision <= 8 then yDiv = y / yFactor -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands of years if precision >= 6 then mayAddCalendar = true if precision <= 7 then -- round centuries/millenniums up (e.g. 20th century or 3rd millennium) yRound = math.ceil(yDiv) if not raw then if precision == 6 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['millennium'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['century'] end suffix = i18n.getOrdinalSuffix(yRound) .. suffix else -- if not verbose, take the first year of the century/millennium -- (e.g. 1901 for 20th century or 2001 for 3rd millennium) yRound = (yRound - 1) * yFactor + 1 end else -- precision == 8 -- round decades down (e.g. 2010s) yRound = math.floor(yDiv) * yFactor if not raw then prefix = i18n['datetime']['prefixes']['decade-period'] suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['decade-period'] end end if raw and sign < 0 then -- if BCE then compensate for "counting backwards" -- (e.g. -2019 for 2010s BCE, -2000 for 20th century BCE or -3000 for 3rd millennium BCE) yRound = yRound + yFactor - 1 end else local yReFactor, yReDiv, yReRound -- round to nearest for tens of thousands of years or more yRound = math.floor(yDiv + 0.5) if yRound == 0 then if precision <= 2 and y ~= 0 then yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = y / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years only if we have a whole number of them precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end if yRound == 0 then -- otherwise, take the unrounded (original) number of years precision = 5 yFactor = 1 yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end end if precision >= 1 and y ~= 0 then yFull = yRound * yFactor yReFactor = 1e9 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to billions of years if we're in that range precision = 0 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound else yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years if we're in that range precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end end if not raw then if precision == 3 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['million-years'] elseif precision == 0 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['billion-years'] else yRound = yRound * yFactor if yRound == 1 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['year'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['years'] end end else yRound = yRound * yFactor end end else yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end if mayAddCalendar then calendarID = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['calendarmodel']) if calendarID and calendarID == aliasesQ.prolepticJulianCalendar then if not raw then if link then calendar = " ("..buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['julian-calendar'], i18n['datetime']['julian'])..")" else calendar = " ("..i18n['datetime']['julian']..")" end else calendar = "/"..i18n['datetime']['julian'] end end end if not raw then local ce = nil if sign < 0 then ce = i18n['datetime']['BCE'] elseif precision <= 5 then ce = i18n['datetime']['CE'] end if ce then if link then ce = buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['common-era'], ce) end suffix = suffix .. " " .. ce end value = tostring(yRound) if m then dateStr = self.langObj:formatDate("F", "1-"..m.."-1") if d then if self.mdyDate then dateStr = dateStr .. " " .. d .. "," else dateStr = d .. " " .. dateStr end end value = dateStr .. " " .. value end value = prefix .. value .. suffix .. calendar else value = padZeros(yRound * sign, 4) if m then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(m, 2) if d then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(d, 2) end end value = value .. calendar end return value elseif datatype == 'globecoordinate' then -- logic from https://github.com/DataValues/Geo (v4.0.1) local precision, unitsPerDegree, numDigits, strFormat, value, globe local latitude, latConv, latValue, latLink local longitude, lonConv, lonValue, lonLink local latDirection, latDirectionN, latDirectionS, latDirectionEN local lonDirection, lonDirectionE, lonDirectionW, lonDirectionEN local degSymbol, minSymbol, secSymbol, separator local latDegrees = nil local latMinutes = nil local latSeconds = nil local lonDegrees = nil local lonMinutes = nil local lonSeconds = nil local latDegSym = "" local latMinSym = "" local latSecSym = "" local lonDegSym = "" local lonMinSym = "" local lonSecSym = "" local latDirectionEN_N = "N" local latDirectionEN_S = "S" local lonDirectionEN_E = "E" local lonDirectionEN_W = "W" if not raw then latDirectionN = i18n['coord']['latitude-north'] latDirectionS = i18n['coord']['latitude-south'] lonDirectionE = i18n['coord']['longitude-east'] lonDirectionW = i18n['coord']['longitude-west'] degSymbol = i18n['coord']['degrees'] minSymbol = i18n['coord']['minutes'] secSymbol = i18n['coord']['seconds'] separator = i18n['coord']['separator'] else latDirectionN = latDirectionEN_N latDirectionS = latDirectionEN_S lonDirectionE = lonDirectionEN_E lonDirectionW = lonDirectionEN_W degSymbol = "/" minSymbol = "/" secSymbol = "/" separator = "/" end latitude = datavalue['latitude'] longitude = datavalue['longitude'] if latitude < 0 then latDirection = latDirectionS latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_S latitude = math.abs(latitude) else latDirection = latDirectionN latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_N end if longitude < 0 then lonDirection = lonDirectionW lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_W longitude = math.abs(longitude) else lonDirection = lonDirectionE lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_E end precision = datavalue['precision'] if not precision or precision <= 0 then precision = 1 / 3600 -- precision not set (correctly), set to arcsecond end -- remove insignificant detail latitude = math.floor(latitude / precision + 0.5) * precision longitude = math.floor(longitude / precision + 0.5) * precision if precision >= 1 - (1 / 60) and precision < 1 then precision = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) - (1 / 3600) and precision < (1 / 60) then precision = 1 / 60 end if precision >= 1 then unitsPerDegree = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) then unitsPerDegree = 60 else unitsPerDegree = 3600 end numDigits = math.ceil(-math.log10(unitsPerDegree * precision)) if numDigits <= 0 then numDigits = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'numDigits = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end strFormat = "%." .. numDigits .. "f" if precision >= 1 then latDegrees = strFormat:format(latitude) lonDegrees = strFormat:format(longitude) if not raw then latDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(latDegrees) .. degSymbol lonDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonDegrees) .. degSymbol else latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol end else latConv = math.floor(latitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits lonConv = math.floor(longitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = latConv lonMinutes = lonConv else latSeconds = latConv lonSeconds = lonConv latMinutes = math.floor(latSeconds / 60) lonMinutes = math.floor(lonSeconds / 60) latSeconds = strFormat:format(latSeconds - (latMinutes * 60)) lonSeconds = strFormat:format(lonSeconds - (lonMinutes * 60)) if not raw then latSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(latSeconds) .. secSymbol lonSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonSeconds) .. secSymbol else latSecSym = latSeconds .. secSymbol lonSecSym = lonSeconds .. secSymbol end end latDegrees = math.floor(latMinutes / 60) lonDegrees = math.floor(lonMinutes / 60) latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol latMinutes = latMinutes - (latDegrees * 60) lonMinutes = lonMinutes - (lonDegrees * 60) if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = strFormat:format(latMinutes) lonMinutes = strFormat:format(lonMinutes) if not raw then latMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(latMinutes) .. minSymbol lonMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonMinutes) .. minSymbol else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end end latValue = latDegSym .. latMinSym .. latSecSym .. latDirection lonValue = lonDegSym .. lonMinSym .. lonSecSym .. lonDirection value = latValue .. separator .. lonValue if link then globe = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['globe']) if globe then globe = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(globe, "en"):lower() else globe = "earth" end latLink = table.concat({latDegrees, latMinutes, latSeconds}, "_") lonLink = table.concat({lonDegrees, lonMinutes, lonSeconds}, "_") value = "[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language="..self.langCode.."&params="..latLink.."_"..latDirectionEN.."_"..lonLink.."_"..lonDirectionEN.."_globe:"..globe.." "..value.."]" end return value elseif datatype == 'wikibase-entityid' then local label local itemID = datavalue['numeric-id'] if subtype == 'wikibase-item' then itemID = "Q" .. itemID elseif subtype == 'wikibase-property' then itemID = "P" .. itemID else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', subtype) .. '</strong>' end label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label == "" then label = nil end return label else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', datatype) .. '</strong>' end elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' else return i18n['values']['unknown'] end elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return "" -- empty string represents 'novalue' else return i18n['values']['none'] end else return nil end end function Config:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, qualifierID) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[qualifierID] end if qualifiers and qualifiers[1] then return self:getValue(qualifiers[1], true) -- raw = true else return nil end end function Config:snakEqualsValue(snak, value) local snakValue = self:getValue(snak, true) -- raw = true if snakValue and snak.snaktype == 'value' and snak.datavalue.type == 'wikibase-entityid' then value = value:upper() end return snakValue == value end function Config:setRank(rank) local rankPos if rank == p.flags.best then self.bestRank = true self.flagBest = true -- mark that 'best' flag was given return end if rank:sub(1,9) == p.flags.preferred then rankPos = 1 elseif rank:sub(1,6) == p.flags.normal then rankPos = 2 elseif rank:sub(1,10) == p.flags.deprecated then rankPos = 3 else return end -- one of the rank flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagRank then self.ranks = {false, false, false} -- no other rank flag given before, so unset ranks self.bestRank = self.flagBest -- unsets bestRank only if 'best' flag was not given before self.flagRank = true -- mark that a rank flag was given end if rank:sub(-1) == "+" then for i = rankPos, 1, -1 do self.ranks[i] = true end elseif rank:sub(-1) == "-" then for i = rankPos, #self.ranks do self.ranks[i] = true end else self.ranks[rankPos] = true end end function Config:setPeriod(period) local periodPos if period == p.flags.future then periodPos = 1 elseif period == p.flags.current then periodPos = 2 elseif period == p.flags.former then periodPos = 3 else return end -- one of the period flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagPeriod then self.periods = {false, false, false} -- no other period flag given before, so unset periods self.flagPeriod = true -- mark that a period flag was given end self.periods[periodPos] = true end function Config:qualifierMatches(claim, id, value) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[id] end if qualifiers then for _, v in pairs(qualifiers) do if self:snakEqualsValue(v, value) then return true end end elseif value == "" then -- if the qualifier is not present then treat it the same as the special value 'novalue' return true end return false end function Config:rankMatches(rankPos) if self.bestRank then return (self.ranks[rankPos] and self.foundRank >= rankPos) else return self.ranks[rankPos] end end function Config:timeMatches(claim) local startTime = nil local startTimeY = nil local startTimeM = nil local startTimeD = nil local endTime = nil local endTimeY = nil local endTimeM = nil local endTimeD = nil if self.periods[1] and self.periods[2] and self.periods[3] then -- any time return true end startTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.startTime) if startTime and startTime ~= "" and startTime ~= " " then startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD = parseDate(startTime) end endTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.endTime) if endTime and endTime ~= "" and endTime ~= " " then endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD = parseDate(endTime) end if startTimeY ~= nil and endTimeY ~= nil and datePrecedesDate(endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD, startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then -- invalidate end time if it precedes start time endTimeY = nil endTimeM = nil endTimeD = nil end if self.periods[1] then -- future if startTimeY and datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then return true end end if self.periods[2] then -- current if (startTimeY == nil or not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD)) and (endTimeY == nil or datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD)) then return true end end if self.periods[3] then -- former if endTimeY and not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD) then return true end end return false end function Config:processFlag(flag) if not flag then return false end if flag == p.flags.linked then self.curState.linked = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.raw then self.curState.rawValue = true if self.curState == self.states[parameters.reference] then -- raw reference values end with periods and require a separator (other than none) self.separators["sep%r"][1] = {" "} end return true elseif flag == p.flags.short then self.curState.shortName = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.multilanguage then self.curState.anyLanguage = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.unit then self.curState.unitOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.mdy then self.mdyDate = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.single then self.singleClaim = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.sourced then self.sourcedOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.edit then self.editable = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.editAtEnd then self.editable = true self.editAtEnd = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.best or flag:match('^'..p.flags.preferred..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.normal..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.deprecated..'[+-]?$') then self:setRank(flag) return true elseif flag == p.flags.future or flag == p.flags.current or flag == p.flags.former then self:setPeriod(flag) return true elseif flag == "" then -- ignore empty flags and carry on return true else return false end end function Config:processFlagOrCommand(flag) local param = "" if not flag then return false end if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.properties then param = parameters.property elseif flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifiers then self.states.qualifiersCount = self.states.qualifiersCount + 1 param = parameters.qualifier .. self.states.qualifiersCount self.separators["sep"..param] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q\\d"])} elseif flag == p.claimCommands.reference or flag == p.claimCommands.references then param = parameters.reference else return self:processFlag(flag) end if self.states[param] then return false end -- create a new state for each command self.states[param] = State:new(self, param) -- use "%x" as the general parameter name self.states[param].parsedFormat = parseFormat(parameters.general) -- will be overwritten for param=="%p" -- set the separator self.states[param].separator = self.separators["sep"..param] -- will be nil for param=="%p", which will be set separately if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.reference then self.states[param].singleValue = true end self.curState = self.states[param] return true end function Config:processSeparators(args) local sep for i, v in pairs(self.separators) do if args[i] then sep = replaceSpecialChars(args[i]) if sep ~= "" then self.separators[i][1] = {sep} else self.separators[i][1] = nil end end end end function Config:setFormatAndSeparators(state, parsedFormat) state.parsedFormat = parsedFormat state.separator = self.separators["sep"] state.movSeparator = self.separators["sep"..parameters.separator] state.puncMark = self.separators["punc"] end -- determines if a claim has references by prefetching them from the claim using getReferences, -- which applies some filtering that determines if a reference is actually returned, -- and caches the references for later use function State:isSourced(claim) self.conf.prefetchedRefs = self:getReferences(claim) return (#self.conf.prefetchedRefs > 0) end function State:resetCaches() -- any prefetched references of the previous claim must not be used self.conf.prefetchedRefs = nil end function State:claimMatches(claim) local matches, rankPos -- first of all, reset any cached values used for the previous claim self:resetCaches() -- if a property value was given, check if it matches the claim's property value if self.conf.propertyValue then matches = self.conf:snakEqualsValue(claim.mainsnak, self.conf.propertyValue) else matches = true end -- if any qualifier values were given, check if each matches one of the claim's qualifier values for i, v in pairs(self.conf.qualifierIDsAndValues) do matches = (matches and self.conf:qualifierMatches(claim, i, v)) end -- check if the claim's rank and time period match rankPos = rankTable[claim.rank] or 4 matches = (matches and self.conf:rankMatches(rankPos) and self.conf:timeMatches(claim)) -- if only claims with references must be returned, check if this one has any if self.conf.sourcedOnly then matches = (matches and self:isSourced(claim)) -- prefetches and caches references end return matches, rankPos end function State:out() local result -- collection of arrays with value objects local valuesArray -- array with value objects local sep = nil -- value object local out = {} -- array with value objects local function walk(formatTable, result) local valuesArray = {} -- array with value objects for i, v in pairs(formatTable.req) do if not result[i] or not result[i][1] then -- we've got no result for a parameter that is required on this level, -- so skip this level (and its children) by returning an empty result return {} end end for _, v in ipairs(formatTable) do if v.param then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, result[v.str]) elseif v.str ~= "" then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = {v.str} end if v.child then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, walk(v.child, result)) end end return valuesArray end -- iterate through the results from back to front, so that we know when to add separators for i = #self.results, 1, -1 do result = self.results[i] -- if there is already some output, then add the separators if #out > 0 then sep = self.separator[1] -- fixed separator result[parameters.separator] = {self.movSeparator[1]} -- movable separator else sep = nil result[parameters.separator] = {self.puncMark[1]} -- optional punctuation mark end valuesArray = walk(self.parsedFormat, result) if #valuesArray > 0 then if sep then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(valuesArray, out) end end -- reset state before next iteration self.results = {} return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getProperty(claim) local value = {self:getValue(claim.mainsnak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getQualifiers(claim, param) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[self.conf.qualifierIDs[param]] end if qualifiers then -- iterate through claim's qualifier statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[param]:iterate(qualifiers, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.qualifier.."\\d"][2], count = 1}) -- pass qualifier state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getQualifier(snak) local value = {self:getValue(snak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getAllQualifiers(claim, param, result, hooks) local out = {} -- array with value objects local sep = self.conf.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier][1] -- value object -- iterate through the output of the separate "qualifier(s)" commands for i = 1, self.conf.states.qualifiersCount do -- if a hook has not been called yet, call it now if not result[parameters.qualifier..i] then self:callHook(parameters.qualifier..i, hooks, claim, result) end -- if there is output for this particular "qualifier(s)" command, then add it if result[parameters.qualifier..i] and result[parameters.qualifier..i][1] then -- if there is already some output, then add the separator if #out > 0 and sep then out[#out + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(out, result[parameters.qualifier..i]) end end return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getReferences(claim) if self.conf.prefetchedRefs then -- return references that have been prefetched by isSourced return self.conf.prefetchedRefs end if claim.references then -- iterate through claim's reference statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[parameters.reference]:iterate(claim.references, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.reference][2], count = 1}) -- pass reference state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getReference(statement) local citeParamMapping = i18n['cite']['param-mapping'] local citeConfig = i18n['cite']['config'] local citeTypes = i18n['cite']['output-types'] -- will hold rendered properties of the reference which are not directly from statement.snaks, -- Namely, is URL generated from an external ID. local additionalProcessedProperties = {} -- for each citation type, there will be an associative array that associates lists of rendered properties -- to citation-template parameters local candidateParams = {} -- like above, but only associates one rendered property to each parameter; if the above variable -- contains more strings for a parameter, the strings will be assigned to numbered params (e.g. "author1") local citeParams = {} local citeErrors = {} local referenceEmpty = true -- will be set to false if at least one parameter is left unremoved local version = 12 -- increment this each time the below logic is changed to avoid conflict errors if not statement.snaks then return {} end -- don't use bot-added references referencing Wikimedia projects or containing "inferred from" (such references are not usable on Wikipedia) if statement.snaks[aliasesP.importedFrom] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.wikimediaImportURL] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.inferredFrom] then return {} end -- don't include "type of reference" if statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] = nil end -- don't include "image" to prevent littering if statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] = nil end -- don't include "ISO 3166-1 numeric code" - not a citable field, just metadata about the source's location if statement.snaks["P299"] then statement.snaks["P299"] = nil end -- if "retrieved" (access-date) is the only remaining property, this reference has no -- actual source information (no URL, no stated-in, no title) and cannot be meaningfully -- cited; skip it silently rather than showing an error do local onlyRetrieved = true local hasAny = false for snakProperty in pairs(statement.snaks) do hasAny = true if snakProperty ~= aliasesP.retrieved then onlyRetrieved = false break end end if hasAny and onlyRetrieved then return {} end end -- don't include "language" if it is equal to the local one if self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, aliasesP.language) == self.conf.langName then statement.snaks[aliasesP.language] = nil end if statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn] and not statement.snaks[aliasesP.referenceURL] then -- "stated in" was given but "reference URL" was not. -- get "Wikidata property" properties from the item in "stated in" -- if any of the returned properties of the external-id datatype is in statement.snaks, generate a link from it and use the link in the reference -- find the "Wikidata property" properties in the item from "stated in" local wikidataPropertiesOfSource = mw.text.split(p._properties{p.flags.raw, aliasesP.wikidataProperty, [p.args.eid] = self.conf:getValue(statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn][1], true, false)}, ", ", true) for i, wikidataPropertyOfSource in pairs(wikidataPropertiesOfSource) do if statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] and statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource][1].datatype == "external-id" then local tempLink = self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, wikidataPropertyOfSource, false, true) -- not raw, linked if mw.ustring.match(tempLink, "^%[%Z- %Z+%]$") then -- getValue returned a URL in square brackets. -- the link is in wiki markup, so strip the square brackets and the display text -- gsub also returns another, discarted value, therefore the result is assigned to tempLink first tempLink = mw.ustring.gsub(tempLink, "^%[(%Z-) %Z+%]$", "%1") additionalProcessedProperties[aliasesP.referenceURL] = {tempLink} statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] = nil break end end end end -- initialize candidateParams and citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do candidateParams[citeType] = {} citeParams[citeType] = {} end -- fill candidateParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do -- This will contain value--priority pairs for each param name. local candidateValuesAndPriorities = {} -- fill candidateValuesAndPriorities for refProperty in pairs(statement.snaks) do if citeErrors[citeType] then break end repeat -- just a simple wrapper to emulate "continue" -- set mappingKey and prefix local mappingKey local prefix = "" if statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype == 'external-id' then mappingKey = "external-id" prefix = self.conf:getLabel(refProperty) if prefix ~= "" then prefix = prefix .. " " end else mappingKey = refProperty end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][mappingKey] -- skip properties with empty parameter name if paramName == "" then break -- skip this property for this value of citeType end -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then referenceEmpty = false local error_message = errorText("unknown-property-in-ref", refProperty) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message break end -- set processedProperty local processedProperty local raw = false -- if the value is wanted raw if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["raw-value-params"] or {}) then raw = true end if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then -- Multiple values may be given. processedProperty = self:getReferenceDetails(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked, true) -- anyLang = true else -- If multiple values are given, all but the first suitable one are discarted. processedProperty = {self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked and (statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype ~= 'url'), true)} -- link = true/false, anyLang = true end if #processedProperty == 0 then break end referenceEmpty = false -- add an empty entry to candidateValuesAndPriorities, if there isn't one already if not candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] then candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] = {} end -- find the priority of refProperty local thisPropertyPriority = -1 local thisParamPrioritization = citeConfig[citeType]["prioritization"][paramName] if thisParamPrioritization then for i_priority, i_property in ipairs(thisParamPrioritization) do if i_property == refProperty then thisPropertyPriority = i_priority end end end for _, propertyValue in pairs(processedProperty) do table.insert( candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], {prefix .. propertyValue, thisPropertyPriority} ) end until true end -- fill candidateParams[citeType] if not citeErrors[citeType] then local compareValuePriorities = function(pair1, pair2) if pair1[2] == -1 and pair2[2] ~= -1 then return false end if pair1[2] ~= -1 and pair2[2] == -1 then return true end return pair1[2] < pair2[2] end -- fill candidateParams[citeType][paramName] for each used param for paramName, _ in pairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities) do table.sort(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], compareValuePriorities) candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} for _, valuePriorityPair in ipairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], valuePriorityPair[1]) end end end end -- handle additional properties for refProperty in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties) do for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do repeat -- skip if there already have been errors if citeErrors[citeType] then break end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][refProperty] -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then -- Skip this additional property, but do not cause an error. break end if paramName == "" then break end referenceEmpty = false if not candidateParams[citeType][paramName] then candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} end for _, propertyValue in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties[refProperty]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], propertyValue) end until true end end -- fill citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for paramName, paramValues in pairs(candidateParams[citeType]) do if #paramValues == 1 or not isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then citeParams[citeType][paramName] = paramValues[1] else -- There is more than one value for this parameter - the values will -- go into separate numbered parameters (e.g. "author1", "author2") for paramNum, paramValue in pairs(paramValues) do citeParams[citeType][paramName .. paramNum] = paramValue end end end end -- fallback: use "stated in" (P248) as title if "title" (P1476) is missing for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do local titleParam = citeParamMapping[citeType][aliasesP.title] if titleParam and not citeParams[citeType][titleParam] and statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn] then local fallbackTitle = self:getReferenceDetail( statement.snaks, aliasesP.statedIn, false, false ) if fallbackTitle and fallbackTitle ~= "" then citeParams[citeType][titleParam] = fallbackTitle end end end -- handle missing mandatory parameters for the templates for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for _, requiredCiteParam in pairs(citeConfig[citeType]["mandatory-params"] or {}) do if not citeParams[citeType][requiredCiteParam] then -- The required param is not present. if citeErrors[citeType] then -- Do not override the previous error, if it exists. break end local error_message = errorText("missing-mandatory-param", requiredCiteParam) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message end end end local citeTypeToUse = nil -- choose the output template for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do if not citeErrors[citeType] then citeTypeToUse = citeType break end end -- set refContent local refContent = "" if citeTypeToUse then local templateToUse = citeConfig[citeTypeToUse]["template"] local paramsToUse = citeParams[citeTypeToUse] if not templateToUse or templateToUse == "" then throwError("no-such-reference-template", tostring(templateToUse), i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end -- if this module is being substituted then build a regular template call, otherwise expand the template if mw.isSubsting() then for i, v in pairs(paramsToUse) do refContent = refContent .. "|" .. i .. "=" .. v end refContent = "{{" .. templateToUse .. refContent .. "}}" else xpcall( function () refContent = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=templateToUse, args=paramsToUse} end, function () throwError("no-such-reference-template", templateToUse, i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end ) end -- If the citation couldn't be displayed using any template, but is not empty (barring ignored propeties), throw an error. elseif not referenceEmpty then refContent = errorText("malformed-reference-header") for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do refContent = refContent .. errorText("template-failure-reason", citeConfig[citeType]["template"], citeErrors[citeType]) end refContent = refContent .. errorText("malformed-reference-footer") end -- wrap refContent local ref = {} if refContent ~= "" then ref = {refContent} if not self.rawValue then -- this should become a <ref> tag, so save the reference's hash for later ref.refHash = "wikidata-" .. statement.hash .. "-v" .. (tonumber(i18n['version']) + version) end return {ref} else return {} end end -- gets a detail of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetail(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local switchLang = anyLang local value = nil if not snaks[dType] then return nil end -- if anyLang, first try the local language and otherwise any language repeat for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do value = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang and not switchLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true if value then break end end if value or not anyLang then break end switchLang = not switchLang until anyLang and switchLang return value end -- gets the details of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetails(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local values = {} if not snaks[dType] then return {} end for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do -- if nil is returned then it will not be added to the table values[#values + 1] = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true end return values end -- level 1 hook function State:getAlias(object) local value = object.value local title = nil if value and self.linked then if self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(self.conf.entityID) elseif self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then title = "d:Property:" .. self.conf.entityID end if title then value = buildWikilink(title, value) end end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getBadge(value) value = self.conf:getLabel(value, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName) if value == "" then value = nil end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end function State:callHook(param, hooks, statement, result) -- call a parameter's hook if it has been defined and if it has not been called before if not result[param] and hooks[param] then local valuesArray = self[hooks[param]](self, statement, param, result, hooks) -- array with value objects -- add to the result if #valuesArray > 0 then result[param] = valuesArray result.count = result.count + 1 else result[param] = {} -- an empty array to indicate that we've tried this hook already return true -- miss == true end end return false end -- iterate through claims, claim's qualifiers or claim's references to collect values function State:iterate(statements, hooks, matchHook) matchHook = matchHook or alwaysTrue local matches = false local rankPos = nil local result, gotRequired for _, v in ipairs(statements) do -- rankPos will be nil for non-claim statements (e.g. qualifiers, references, etc.) matches, rankPos = matchHook(self, v) if matches then result = {count = 0} -- collection of arrays with value objects local function walk(formatTable) local miss for i2, v2 in pairs(formatTable.req) do -- call a hook, adding its return value to the result miss = self:callHook(i2, hooks, v, result) if miss then -- we miss a required value for this level, so return false return false end if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point breaks the loop return true end end for _, v2 in ipairs(formatTable) do if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point prevents further childs from being processed return true end if v2.child then walk(v2.child) end end return true end gotRequired = walk(self.parsedFormat) -- only append the result if we got values for all required parameters on the root level if gotRequired then -- if we have a rankPos (only with matchHook() for complete claims), then update the foundRank if rankPos and self.conf.foundRank > rankPos then self.conf.foundRank = rankPos end -- append the result self.results[#self.results + 1] = result -- break if we only need a single value if self.singleValue then break end end end end return self:out() end local function getEntityId(arg, eid, page, allowOmitPropPrefix, globalSiteId) local id = nil local prop = nil if arg then if arg:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = arg eid = nil elseif arg:sub(1,1):upper() == "Q" or arg:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" or allowOmitPropPrefix then eid = arg page = nil else prop = arg end end if eid then if eid:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" then id = replaceAlias(mw.text.trim(eid:sub(10))) if id:sub(1,1):upper() ~= "P" then id = "" end else id = replaceAlias(eid) end elseif page then if page:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = mw.text.trim(page:sub(2)) end id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(page, globalSiteId) or "" end if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or "" end id = id:upper() if not mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then id = "" end return id, prop end local function nextArg(args) local arg = args[args.pointer] if arg then args.pointer = args.pointer + 1 return mw.text.trim(arg) else return nil end end local function claimCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg:processFlagOrCommand(funcName) -- process first command (== function name) local lastArg, parsedFormat, formatParams, claims, value local hooks = {count = 0} -- set the date if given; -- must come BEFORE processing the flags if args[p.args.date] then cfg.atDate = {parseDate(args[p.args.date])} cfg.periods = {false, true, false} -- change default time constraint to 'current' end -- process flags and commands repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlagOrCommand(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID, cfg.propertyID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], false, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" then return "" -- we cannot continue without a valid entity ID end cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if not cfg.propertyID then cfg.propertyID = nextArg(args) end cfg.propertyID = replaceAlias(cfg.propertyID) if not cfg.entity or not cfg.propertyID then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity or a property ID end cfg.propertyID = cfg.propertyID:upper() if not cfg.entity.claims or not cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any claims end claims = cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- do further processing if "qualifier(s)" command was given if #args - args.pointer + 1 > cfg.states.qualifiersCount then -- claim ID or literal value has been given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end for i = 1, cfg.states.qualifiersCount do -- check if given qualifier ID is an alias and add it cfg.qualifierIDs[parameters.qualifier..i] = replaceAlias(nextArg(args) or ""):upper() end elseif cfg.states[parameters.reference] then -- do further processing if "reference(s)" command was given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end -- check for special property value 'somevalue' or 'novalue' if cfg.propertyValue then cfg.propertyValue = replaceSpecialChars(cfg.propertyValue) if cfg.propertyValue ~= "" and mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) == "" then cfg.propertyValue = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue', whereas empty string represents 'novalue' else cfg.propertyValue = mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) end end -- parse the desired format, or choose an appropriate format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) elseif cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- "qualifier(s)" command given if cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.propertyWithQualifier) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.qualifier) end elseif cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.property) else -- "reference(s)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.reference) end -- if a "qualifier(s)" command and no "propert(y|ies)" command has been given, make the movable separator a semicolon if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.separator][1] = {";"} end -- if only "reference(s)" has been given, set the default separator to none (except when raw) if cfg.states[parameters.reference] and not cfg.states[parameters.property] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.reference].rawValue then cfg.separators["sep"][1] = nil end -- if exactly one "qualifier(s)" command has been given, make "sep%q" point to "sep%q1" to make them equivalent if cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 1 then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier] = cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier.."1"] end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hooks that should be called (getProperty, getQualifiers, getReferences); -- only define a hook if both its command ("propert(y|ies)", "reference(s)", "qualifier(s)") and its parameter ("%p", "%r", "%q1", "%q2", "%q3") have been given for i, v in pairs(cfg.states) do -- e.g. 'formatParams["%q1"] or formatParams["%q"]' to define hook even if "%q1" was not defined to be able to build a complete value for "%q" if formatParams[i] or formatParams[i:sub(1, 2)] then hooks[i] = getHookName(i, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end end -- the "%q" parameter is not attached to a state, but is a collection of the results of multiple states (attached to "%q1", "%q2", "%q3", ...); -- so if this parameter is given then this hook must be defined separately, but only if at least one "qualifier(s)" command has been given if formatParams[parameters.qualifier] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then hooks[parameters.qualifier] = getHookName(parameters.qualifier, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- create a state for "properties" if it doesn't exist yet, which will be used as a base configuration for each claim iteration; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.states[parameters.property] = State:new(cfg, parameters.property) -- if the "single" flag has been given then this state should be equivalent to "property" (singular) if cfg.singleClaim then cfg.states[parameters.property].singleValue = true end end -- if the "sourced" flag has been given then create a state for "reference" if it doesn't exist yet, using default values, -- which must exist in order to be able to determine if a claim has any references; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if cfg.sourcedOnly and not cfg.states[parameters.reference] then cfg:processFlagOrCommand(p.claimCommands.reference) -- use singular "reference" to minimize overhead end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark); -- must come AFTER creating the additonal states cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.states[parameters.property], parsedFormat) -- process qualifier matching values, analogous to cfg.propertyValue for i, v in pairs(args) do i = tostring(i) if i:match('^[Pp]%d+$') or aliasesP[i] then v = replaceSpecialChars(v) -- check for special qualifier value 'somevalue' if v ~= "" and mw.text.trim(v) == "" then v = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' end cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues[replaceAlias(i):upper()] = v end end -- first sort the claims on rank to pre-define the order of output (preferred first, then normal, then deprecated) claims = sortOnRank(claims) -- then iterate through the claims to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.states[parameters.property]:iterate(claims, hooks, State.claimMatches)) -- pass property state with level 1 hooks and matchHook -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned values on Wikidata if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end local function generalCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg.curState = State:new(cfg) local lastArg local value = nil repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlag(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], true, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(cfg.entityID) then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity end -- serve according to the given command if funcName == p.generalCommands.label then value = cfg:getLabel(cfg.entityID, cfg.curState.rawValue, cfg.curState.linked, cfg.curState.shortName) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.title then cfg.inSitelinks = true if cfg.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then value = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(cfg.entityID) end if cfg.curState.linked and value then value = buildWikilink(value) end elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.description then value = mw.wikibase.getDescription(cfg.entityID) else local parsedFormat, formatParams local hooks = {count = 0} cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.badge then cfg.curState.singleValue = true end if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.aliases then if not cfg.entity.aliases or not cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any aliasses end local aliases = cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.alias) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getAlias); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%a") has been given if formatParams[parameters.alias] then hooks[parameters.alias] = getHookName(parameters.alias, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(aliases, hooks)) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.badge or funcName == p.generalCommands.badges then if not cfg.entity.sitelinks or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID] or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any badges end local badges = cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges cfg.inSitelinks = true -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.badge) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getBadge); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%b") has been given if formatParams[parameters.badge] then hooks[parameters.badge] = getHookName(parameters.badge, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(badges, hooks)) end end value = value or "" if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned value on Wikidata value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end -- modules that include this module should call the functions with an underscore prepended, e.g.: p._property(args) local function establishCommands(commandList, commandFunc) for _, commandName in pairs(commandList) do local function wikitextWrapper(frame) local args = copyTable(frame.args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p[commandName] = wikitextWrapper local function luaWrapper(args) args = copyTable(args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p["_" .. commandName] = luaWrapper end end establishCommands(p.claimCommands, claimCommand) establishCommands(p.generalCommands, generalCommand) -- main function that is supposed to be used by wrapper templates function p.main(frame) if not mw.wikibase then return nil end local f, args loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) -- get the parent frame to take the arguments that were passed to the wrapper template frame = frame:getParent() or frame if not frame.args[1] then throwError("no-function-specified") end f = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) if f == "main" then throwError("main-called-twice") end assert(p["_"..f], errorText('no-such-function', f)) -- copy arguments from immutable to mutable table args = copyTable(frame.args) -- remove the function name from the list table.remove(args, 1) return p["_"..f](args) end return p gps5dstawu9ne5apldcu4uqkhussm79 0 22339 389334 374668 2026-08-13T21:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389334 wikitext text/x-wiki Ta '''comyssey thoanney''',{{Efn|Er ny lettyraghey myr '''commyssey thoanney''' chammah.}} '''bwoideeaght thoanney''',{{Efn|Er ny lettyraghey myr '''bwoiddaght thoanney''' as '''bwoidiaght thoanney'''.}} '''colleeys thoanney''', '''keintys thoanney''',{{Efn|Ga dy vel "keintys" çheet er ronney bea-oaylleeagh ny antrapoaylleeagh, ta'n fockle goll er ymmyd keayrtyn 'sy Ghaelg gollrish yn aght 'sy Vaarle raad ta ''sex'' meanal y ronney bea-oaylleeaght aght ta ymmydit 'sy ghlare chadjin son dy chur sheese er y woideeaght.}} ny '''jibbag hoanney'''çheet er cur stiagh ny [[puttey pelvishagh|puttey]] yn woid [[çhionney|çhionn]] stiagh ayns [[thoyn deinney]] son taitnyssid cheintyssagh.<ref name="Weiten">{{cite book|author=Wayne Weiten|author2=Margaret A. Lloyd|author3=Dana S. Dunn|author4=Elizabeth Yost Hammer|title=Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st century|isbn=978-1305968479|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2016|page=349|accessdate=11 Mayrnt 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09S5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA349|quote=Anal intercourse involves insertion of the penis into a partner's anus and rectum.|archivedate=12 Mayrnt 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312140211/https://books.google.com/books?id=09S5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA349}}</ref><ref name="Carroll">Jeeagh er [https://books.google.com/?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA271 duillagyn 270–271] son fys bentyn rish comyssey thoanney, as [https://books.google.com/?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA118 duillag 118] son fys bentyn rish y [[brillane|vrillane]]. {{cite book|author=Janell L. Carroll|title=Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity|isbn=978-0-495-60274-3|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2009|pages=629 pages|accessdate=19 Mee ny Nollick 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C|archivedate=21 Mayrnt 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321130924/https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C}}</ref><ref name="WebMD">{{cite web|title=Anal Sex Safety and Health Concerns|website=[[WebMD]]|accessdate=19 Luanistyn 2013|url=http://www.webmd.com/sex/anal-sex-health-concerns|quote=Often referred to simply as anal sex, anal intercourse is sexual activity that involves inserting the penis into the anus.|archivedate=12 Mee Houney 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112202705/https://www.webmd.com/sex/anal-sex-health-concerns}}</ref> Ta sorçhyn elley jeh comyssey thoanney goaill stiagh [[Mairaghey (roortys keintyssagh)|mairaghey]], ymmyd [[gaih keintyssagh|gaihyn keintyssagh]] son towlley thoanney, [[comyssey beill]] ta jeant er y thoyn ([[anilingus]]), as [[Staikey (roortys keintyssagh)|staikey]].<ref name="Answer">{{cite book|author1-link=Barry Komisaruk|author3-link=Sara Nasserzadeh|author =Barry R. Komisaruk |author2 =Beverly Whipple |author2-link =Beverly Whipple |author3 =Sara Nasserzadeh |author4 =Carlos Beyer-Flores|title=The Orgasm Answer Guide|isbn = 978-0-8018-9396-4|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]]|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/orgasmanswerguid00komi/page/108 108]–109|accessdate=6 Mee Houney 2011|url=https://archive.org/details/orgasmanswerguid00komi}}</ref><ref name="LeRoy">{{cite book|author=Vern LeRoy Bullough|author2=Bonnie Bullough|title=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia|isbn=0824079728|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=1994|pages=27–28|accessdate=5 Jerrey Souree 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5HFtMkmFMYC&pg=PA27|archivedate=17 Mean Fouyir 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917172401/https://books.google.com/books?id=y5HFtMkmFMYC&pg=PA27}}</ref> Ga dy vel ''comyssey thoanney'' çheet er towlley bwoiddagh{{endash}}thoanney son y chooid smoo,<ref name="WebMD"/><ref name="Answer"/><ref name="McBride and Fortenberry">{{cite journal|title=Heterosexual anal sexuality and anal sex behaviors: a review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_march-june-2010_47_2-3/page/123|author=Kimberly R. McBride|author2=J. Dennis Fortenberry|journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]]|volume=47|issue=2–3|date=Mayrnt 2010|pmid= 20358456|doi=10.1080/00224490903402538|pages=123–136|s2cid=37930052}}</ref> ta feanishyn gymmydey ''bwoideeaght thoaney'' keayrtyn dy chur sheese dy liehlagh er towlley bwoiddagh{{en dash}}thoanney, as ''comyssey thoanney'' dy chur sheese er sorçh erbee jeh [[roortys keintyssagh deiney|roortys keintyssagh]] thoanney eddyr deiney, goaill magh [[laue-chooilleeney thoaney]].<ref name="McBride and Fortenberry"/><ref name="Discovery.com">{{cite web|title=Anal Sex, defined|publisher=[[Discovery Channel|Discovery.com]]|accessdate=23 Jerrey Souree 2013|url=http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/analsex.html| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020613200634/http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/analsex.html|archivedate= 13 Mean Souree 2002}}</ref> Ga dy vel comyssey thoanney kianglt rish y [[homocheintyssaght]] irryn, ta ronsaghyn magh taishbyney nagh vel dagh [[fir aeragh|fer aeragh]] cliaghtey comyssey thoanney as dy vel eh cadjin ayns cleuinyssyn [[hetracheintyssaght|hetracheintyssagh]] chammah.<ref name="Carroll"/><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=13 Mean Souree 2008|accessdate=19 Averil 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archivedate=21 Averil 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|accessdate=29 Luanistyn 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archivedate=26 Mayrnt 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91}}</ref> Ta sorçhyn jeh'n chomyssey thoanney [[Cliaghtaghyn keintyssagh lesbeeagh|cliaghtit chammah ec lesbee]].<ref name="Newman">{{cite book|author=Felice Newman|title=The Whole Lesbian Sex Book: A Passionate Guide For All Of Us|isbn=978-1-57344-199-5|publisher=Cleis Press|year=2004|pages=205–224|accessdate= 6 Mee Houney 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OquFdu3Qt9sC&pg=PA205|archivedate=10 Mayrnt 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000427/https://books.google.com/books?id=OquFdu3Qt9sC&pg=PA205}}</ref> Foddee deiney taitnyssid y ennaghtyn veih comyssey thoanney lesh greinney ny king [[nearroo|nearragagh]] thoanney, as foddee [[attys]] y gheddyn lesh towlley thoanney&nbsp;– lesh greinney neuyeeragh y [[trellag phrostaitagh]] ayns fir, lesh greinney neuyeeragh y [[brillane|vrillane]] ny ard yn [[fine (bea-oaylleeaght)|ine]] (ta goll er enney myr y ''[[spot-G]]'') ayns mraane, as [[nearroo keeallagh|nearrooyn keeallagh]] elley (goaill stiagh y [[nearroo pudendagh]]).<ref name="Carroll"/><ref name="Answer"/><ref name="Rosenthal">{{cite book | first = Martha | last = Rosenthal | title = Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society | publisher = [[Cengage Learning]] | year = 2012 | pages = 133–135 | accessdate = 17 Mean Fouyir 2012 | isbn = 978-0-618-75571-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT153 | archive-date = 20 Boaldyn 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160520211405/https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT153 }}</ref> Ansherbee, foddee sleih smooinaghtyn dy vel y comyssey thoanney guinnagh.<ref name="Anal Pain">{{cite web|title=Pain from anal sex, and how to prevent it|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=26 Mean Souree 2009|accessdate=7 Averil 2011|url=http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/pain-anal-sex-and-how-prevent-it|archivedate=11 Luanistyn 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811153612/http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/pain-anal-sex-and-how-prevent-it}}</ref><ref name="Heidelbaugh">{{cite book|title=Clinical men's health: evidence in practice|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|year=2007|page=273|accessdate=14 Jerrey Fouyir 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4N_6nOH5BAEC&pg=PA273|author=Joel J. Heidelbaugh|isbn=978-1-4160-3000-3|archivedate=19 Mee ny Nollick 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219100558/https://books.google.com/books?id=4N_6nOH5BAEC&pg=PA273}}</ref> Foddee dy vel y smooinnaght shen bunnit er cooishyn shicklaagagh ayns cooishyn ennagh.<ref name="Heidelbaugh"/> ==Noteyn== {{notelist}} ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Jeeagh er neesht== * [[An-ghraaghys thoanney]] * [[Thoyn dys beeal]] * [[Pye kay (roortys keintyssagh)]] * [[Staikey (roortys keintyssagh)]] ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{commonscat|Anal sex|Comyssey thoanney}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Comyssey thoanney| ]] [[Ronney:An-ghraaghys thoanney]] [[Ronney:Keintys-oaylleeaght|Thoanney]] [[Ronney:Jannooyn keintyssagh|Thoanney]] [[Ronney:Shassooyn keintyssagh|Thoanney]] [[Ronney:Comyssey|Thoanney]] 34j1q6tyi67l3t4mpwpts01o5owkucr 828 23751 389404 389210 2026-08-14T00:55:52Z MacTire02 219 prowal cammagyn 389404 Scribunto text/plain -- version 20200526 from master @cawiki local p = {} -- Initialization of variables -------------------- local i18n = { -- internationalisation at [[Module:Wikidata/i18n]] ["errors"] = { ["property-not-found"] = "Property not found.", ["qualifier-not-found"] = "Qualifier not found.", }, ["datetime"] = { -- $1 is a placeholder for the actual number ["beforenow"] = "$1 RC", -- how to format negative numbers for precisions 0 to 5 ["afternow"] = "$1 BNJ", -- how to format positive numbers for precisions 0 to 5 ["bc"] = "$1 RC", -- how print negative years ["ad"] = "$1", -- how print 1st century AD dates [0] = "$1 billoon bleeaney", -- precision: billion years [1] = "$100 millioon bleeaney", -- precision: hundred million years [2] = "$10 millioon bleeaney", -- precision: ten million years [3] = "$1 millioon bleeaney", -- precision: million years [4] = "$100000 bleeaney", -- precision: hundred thousand years; thousand separators added afterwards [5] = "$10000 bleeaney", -- precision: ten thousand years; thousand separators added afterwards [6] = "$1 milley bleeaney", -- precision: millennium [7] = "$1 eash", -- precision: century [8] = "$1yn", -- precision: decade -- the following use the format of #time parser function [9] = "Y", -- precision: year, [10] = "F Y", -- precision: month [11] = "j F Y", -- precision: day }, ["years-old"] = { ["singular"] = "", -- year old, as in {{PLURAL:$1|singular|plural}} ["plural"] = "", -- years old ["paucal"] = "", -- for languages with 3 plural forms as in {{PLURAL:$1|singular|paucal|plural}} }, ["cite"] = { -- cite parameters ["title"] = "title", ["author"] = "author", ["date"] = "date", ["pages"] = "pages", ["language"] = "language", -- cite web parameters ["url"] = "url", ["website"] = "website", ["access-date"] = "access-date", ["archive-url"] = "archive-url", ["archive-date"] = "archive-date", ["publisher"] = "publisher", ["quote"] = "quote", -- cite journal parameters ["work"] = "work", ["issue"] = "issue", ["issn"] = "issn", ["doi"] = "doi" }, -- local wiki settings ["addpencil"] = false, -- adds a pencil icon linked to Wikidata statement, planned to overwrite by Wikidata Bridge ["categorylabels"] = "", -- Category:Pages with Wikidata labels not translated (void for no local category) ["addfallback"] = {} -- additional fallback language codes } local cases = {} -- functions for local grammatical cases defined at [[Module:Wikidata/i18n]] local required = ... -- variadic arguments from require function local wiki = { langcode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code, module_title = required or mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle() } local untranslated -- used in infobox modules: nil or true local _ -- variable for unused returned values, avoiding globals -- Module local functions -------------------------------------------- -- Credit to http://stackoverflow.com/a/1283608/2644759, cc-by-sa 3.0 local function tableMerge(t1, t2) for k, v in pairs(t2) do if type(v) == "table" then if type(t1[k] or false) == "table" then tableMerge(t1[k] or {}, t2[k] or {}) else t1[k] = v end else t1[k] = v end end return t1 end -- Format a list of strings with "as" before the last element local function formatWithAs(items) local n = #items if n == 0 then return "" elseif n == 1 then return items[1] elseif n == 2 then return items[1] .. " as " .. items[2] else -- Join all items except last with commas local prefix = table.concat(items, ", ", 1, n - 1) return prefix .. ", as " .. items[n] end end -- Example usage: local example1 = formatWithAs({"A", "B"}) -- "A as B" local example2 = formatWithAs({"A", "B", "C"}) -- "A, B, as C" local example3 = formatWithAs({"A", "B", "C", "D"}) -- "A, B, C, as D" local function loadI18n(lang) local exist, res = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/i18n") if exist and next(res) ~= nil then tableMerge(i18n, res.i18n) cases = res.cases end if lang ~= wiki.langcode then exist, res = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/i18n/" .. lang) if exist and next(res) ~= nil then tableMerge(i18n, res.i18n) tableMerge(cases, res.cases) end end end -- Table of language codes: requested or default and its fallbacks local function findLang(langcode) if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then local cframe = mw.getCurrentFrame() local pframe = cframe:getParent() langcode = pframe and pframe.args.lang if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then if not mw.title.getCurrentTitle().isContentPage then langcode = cframe:preprocess('{{int:lang}}') end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then langcode = wiki.langcode end end end loadI18n(langcode) local languages = mw.language.getFallbacksFor(langcode) table.insert(languages, 1, langcode) if langcode == wiki.langcode then for _, l in ipairs(i18n.addfallback) do table.insert(languages, l) end end return languages end -- Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string. local function isSet(var) return not (var == nil or var == '') end -- Set local case to a label local function case(localcase, label, ...) if not isSet(label) then return label end if localcase == "smallcaps" then return '<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">' .. label .. '</span>' elseif cases[localcase] then return cases[localcase](label, ...) end return label end -- get safely a serialized snak local function getSnak(statement, snaks) local ret = statement for i, v in ipairs(snaks) do if not ret then return end ret = ret[v] end return ret end -- mw.wikibase.getLabelWithLang or getLabelByLang with a table of languages local function getLabelByLangs(id, languages) local label local lang for _, l in ipairs(languages) do if l == wiki.langcode then -- using getLabelWithLang when possible instead of getLabelByLang, do not solve redirects pending phab:T157868 label, l = mw.wikibase.getLabelWithLang(id) else label = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(id, l) end if label then lang = l break end end return label, lang end -- getBestStatements if bestrank=true, else getAllStatements with no deprecated local function getStatements(entityId, property, bestrank) local claims = {} if not (entityId and mw.ustring.match(property, "^P%d+$")) then return claims end if bestrank then claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entityId, property) else local allclaims = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(entityId, property) for _, c in ipairs(allclaims) do if c.rank ~= "deprecated" then table.insert(claims, c) end end end return claims end -- Is gender femenine? true or false local function feminineGender(id) local claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage(),'P21') if getSnak(claims, {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue"}) == nil then -- no claim, novalue or somevalue return false else local genderId = claims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id if genderId == "Q6581072" or genderId == "Q1052281" or genderId == "Q43445" then -- female, transgender female, female organism return true end end return false end -- Fetch female form of label local function feminineForm(id, lang) local feminine_claims = getStatements(id, 'P2521') for _, feminine_claim in ipairs(feminine_claims) do if getSnak(feminine_claim, {'mainsnak', 'datavalue', 'value', 'language'}) == lang then return feminine_claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text end end end -- Add an icon for no label in requested language local function addLabelIcon(label_id, lang, uselang, icon) local ret_lang, ret_icon = '', '' if icon then if lang and lang ~= uselang and lang ~= 'mul' then ret_lang = " ^{(" .. lang .. ")}" end if label_id and (lang == nil or (lang ~= uselang and lang ~= 'mul')) then ret_icon = " [[File:Noun Project label icon 1116097 cc mirror.svg|10px|baseline|" .. mw.message.new('Translate-taction-translate'):inLanguage(uselang):plain() .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/" .. label_id .. "?uselang=" .. uselang .. "]]" untranslated = true end if isSet(i18n.categorylabels) and lang ~= uselang and lang ~= 'mul' and uselang == wiki.langcode then ret_icon = ret_icon .. '[[' .. i18n.categorylabels .. (lang and ']]' or '/Q]]') end end return ret_lang .. ret_icon end -- Add an icon for editing a statement with requirements for Wikidata Bridge -- Format a Manx prose list. -- 1 item: A -- 2 items: A as B -- 3 items: A, B, as C -- 4 items: A, B, C, as D -- The comma is attached directly to the penultimate item so that -- it cannot wrap onto a line by itself. local function manxListToText(list) local count = #list if count == 0 then return '' end -- Remove trailing whitespace, including non-breaking spaces, -- from individual Wikidata values. local function cleanItem(item) if not item then return '' end -- U+00A0 (NBSP) is represented by %C2%A0 in UTF-8. -- Remove ordinary whitespace and NBSPs from the end. item = mw.ustring.gsub(item, '[%s\194\160]+$', '') return item end for i = 1, count do list[i] = cleanItem(list[i]) end if count == 1 then return list[1] elseif count == 2 then return list[1] .. '&#32;as&#32;' .. list[2] end local result = {} for i = 1, count - 2 do result[#result + 1] = list[i] end result[#result + 1] = list[count - 1] .. ',' .. '&#32;as&#32;' .. list[count] return table.concat(result, ',' .. '&#32;') end -- editicon values: true/false (no=false), right, void defaults to i18n.addpencil -- labelicon only by parameter local function setIcons(arg, parg) local val = arg == nil and parg or arg local edit_icon, label_icon if not isSet(val) then edit_icon, label_icon = i18n.addpencil, true elseif val == false or val == "false" or val == "no" then edit_icon, label_icon = false, false else edit_icon, label_icon = val, true end return edit_icon, label_icon end -- Add an icon for editing a statement with requirements for Wikidata Bridge local function addEditIcon(parameters) local ret = '' if i18n.addpencil and parameters.editicon and parameters.id and parameters.property then ret = ' <span data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value">' .. "[[File:Arbcom ru editing.svg|10px|baseline|" .. mw.message.new('Editlink'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. parameters.id .. "?uselang=" .. parameters.lang[1] .. "#" .. parameters.property .. "]]" .. "</span>" end return ret end -- add edit icon to the last element of a table local function addEditIconTable(thetable, parameters) if #thetable == 0 or not i18n.addpencil then return thetable end local last_element = thetable[#thetable] local the_icon = addEditIcon(parameters) -- add it before last html closing tags local tags = '' local rev_element = string.reverse(last_element) for tag in string.gmatch(rev_element, '(>%l+/<)') do if string.match(rev_element, '^' .. tags .. tag) then tags = tags .. tag else break end end local last_tags = string.reverse(tags) local offset = string.find(last_element, last_tags .. '$') if offset then thetable[#thetable] = string.sub(last_element, 1, offset - 1) .. the_icon .. last_tags else thetable[#thetable] = last_element .. the_icon end return thetable end -- Escape Lua captures local function captureEscapes(text) return mw.ustring.gsub(text, "(%%%d)", "%%%1") end -- expandTemplate or callParserFunction local function expandBraces(text, formatting) if text == nil or formatting == nil then return text end -- only expand braces if provided in argument, not included in value as in Q1164668 if mw.ustring.find(formatting, '{{', 1, true) == nil then return text end if type(text) ~= "string" then text = tostring(text) end for braces in mw.ustring.gmatch(text, "{{(.-)}}") do local parts = mw.text.split(braces, "|") local title_part = parts[1] local parameters = {} for i = 2, #parts do local subparts = mw.ustring.find(parts[i], "=") if subparts then parameters[mw.ustring.sub(parts[i], 1, subparts-1)] = mw.ustring.sub(parts[i], subparts+1, -1) else table.insert(parameters, parts[i]) end end local braces_expanded if mw.ustring.find(title_part, ":") and mw.text.split(title_part, ":")[1] ~= mw.site.namespaces[10].name -- not a prefix Template: then braces_expanded = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction{name=title_part, args=parameters} else braces_expanded = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=title_part, args=parameters} end braces = mw.ustring.gsub(braces, "([%^%$%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1") -- escape magic characters braces_expanded = captureEscapes(braces_expanded) text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "{{" .. braces .. "}}", braces_expanded) end return text end -- Resolve Wikidata redirects, pending phab:T157868 local function resolveEntityId(id) if not id or not mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then return id end -- if no label in English, maybe it is a redirect -- not using mw.title.new(id).isRedirect as it is expensive -- currently getLabelByLang does not follows redirects if mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(id, 'en') == nil then local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(id) -- expensive function if not entity then return nil end if id ~= entity.id then -- Qid redirected to be fixed -- see [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Track/wikidata/redirect]] require(wiki.module_title .. '/debug').track('redirect') require(wiki.module_title .. '/debug').track('redirect/' .. id) else -- no redirect and no English label, fix it to avoid expensive functions require(wiki.module_title .. '/debug').track('label') require(wiki.module_title .. '/debug').track('label/' .. id) end return entity.id end return id end -- format data type math local function printDatatypeMath(data) return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#tag:math', data) end -- format data type musical-notation local function printDatatypeMusical(data, formatting) local attr = {} if formatting == 'sound' then attr.sound = 1 end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag('score', data, attr) end -- format data type string local function printDatatypeString(data, parameters) if mw.ustring.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$1', 1, true) then -- formatting = a pattern return expandBraces(mw.ustring.gsub(parameters.formatting, '$1', {['$1'] = data}), parameters.formatting) elseif parameters.case then return case(parameters.case, data, parameters.lang[1]) end local data_number = string.match(data, "^%d+") if data_number then -- sort key by initial number and remaining string local sortkey = string.format("%019d", data_number * 1000) return data, sortkey .. string.sub(data, #data_number + 1) end return data end -- format data type url local function printDatatypeUrl(data, parameters) if parameters.formatting == 'weblink' then local label_parts = mw.text.split(string.gsub(data, '/$', ''), '/') local label = string.gsub(label_parts[3], '^www%.', '') if #label_parts > 3 then label = label .. '…' end return '[' .. data .. ' ' .. label .. ']' end return printDatatypeString(data, parameters) end -- format data type external-id local function printDatatypeExternal(data, parameters) if parameters.formatting == 'externalid' then local p_stat = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(parameters.property, 'P1630') -- formatter URL local p_link_pattern = getSnak(p_stat, {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value"}) if p_link_pattern then local p_link = mw.ustring.gsub(p_link_pattern, '$1', {['$1'] = data}) return '[' .. p_link .. ' ' .. data .. ']' end end return printDatatypeString(data, parameters) end -- format data type commonsMedia local function printDatatypeMedia(data, parameters) local icon if not string.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$1', 1, true) then icon = "no-icon" end return printDatatypeString(data, parameters), icon end -- format data type globe-coordinate local function printDatatypeCoordinate(data, formatting) local function globes(globe_id) local globes = {['Q3134']='callisto',['Q596']='ceres',['Q15040']='dione',['Q2']='earth',['Q3303']='enceladus', ['Q3143']='europa',['Q17975']='phoebe',['Q3169']='ganymede',['Q3123']='io',['Q17958']='iapetus', ['Q308']='mercury',['Q15034']='mimas',['Q405']='moon',['Q15050']='rhea',['Q15047']='tethys', ['Q111']='mars',['Q2565']='titan',['Q3359']='triton',['Q313']='venus',['Q3030']='vesta'} return globes[globe_id] end local function roundPrecision(num, prec) if prec == nil or prec <= 0 then return num end local sig = 10^math.floor(math.log10(prec)+.5) -- significant figure from sexagesimal precision: 0.00123 -> 0.001 return math.floor(num / sig + 0.5) * sig end local precision = data.precision local latitude = roundPrecision(data.latitude, precision) local longitude = roundPrecision(data.longitude, precision) if formatting and string.find(formatting, '$lat', 1, true) and string.find(formatting, '$lon', 1, true) then local ret = mw.ustring.gsub(formatting, '$l[ao][tn]', {['$lat'] = latitude, ['$lon'] = longitude}) if string.find(formatting, '$globe', 1, true) then local myglobe = 'earth' if isSet(data.globe) then local globenum = mw.text.split(data.globe, 'entity/')[2] -- http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2 myglobe = globes(globenum) or 'earth' end ret = mw.ustring.gsub(ret, '$globe', myglobe) end return expandBraces(ret, formatting) elseif formatting == 'latitude' then return latitude, "no-icon" elseif formatting == 'longitude' then return longitude, "no-icon" elseif formatting == 'dimension' then return data.dimension, "no-icon" else --default formatting='globe' if isSet(data.globe) == false or data.globe == 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2' then return 'earth', "no-icon" else local globenum = mw.text.split(data.globe, 'entity/')[2] return globes(globenum) or globenum, "no-icon" end end end -- Local functions for data value quantity local function unitSymbol(id, lang) -- get unit symbol or code local unit_symbol = '' if lang == wiki.langcode and pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units") then unit_symbol = require(wiki.module_title .. "/Units").getUnit(0, '', id, true) end if unit_symbol == '' then -- fetch it local claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, 'P5061') if #claims > 0 then local langclaims = {} table.insert(lang, 'mul') -- multilingual as last try for _, snak in ipairs(claims) do local snak_language = getSnak(snak, {"mainsnak", "datavalue", "value", "language"}) if snak_language and not langclaims[snak_language] then -- just the first one by language langclaims[snak_language] = snak.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text end end for _, l in ipairs(lang) do if langclaims[l] then return langclaims[l] end end end end return unit_symbol end local function getUnit(amount, id, parameters) -- get unit symbol or name local suffix = '' if parameters.formatting == "unitcode" then -- get unit symbol local unit_symbol = unitSymbol(id, parameters.lang) if isSet(unit_symbol) then suffix = unit_symbol end end if suffix == '' then -- formatting=unit, or formatting=unitcode not found -- get unit name local unit_label, lang = getLabelByLangs(id, parameters.lang) if lang == wiki.langcode and pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units") then suffix = require(wiki.module_title .. "/Units").getUnit(amount, unit_label, id, false) else suffix = (unit_label or id) .. addLabelIcon(id, lang, parameters.lang[1], parameters.editicon) end end if suffix ~= '' then suffix = ' ' .. suffix end return suffix end local function roundPrecision(in_num, out_num) -- rounds out_num with significant figures of in_num (default precision) -- first, count digits after decimal mark, handling cases like '12.345e6' local exponent, prec local integer, dot, decimals, expstr = in_num:match('^(%d*)(%.?)(%d*)(.*)') local e = expstr:sub(1, 1) if e == 'e' or e == 'E' then exponent = tonumber(expstr:sub(2)) end if dot == '' then prec = -integer:match('0*$'):len() else prec = #decimals end if exponent then -- So '1230' and '1.23e3' both give prec = -1, and '0.00123' and '1.23e-3' give 5. prec = prec - exponent end -- significant figures local in_bracket = 10^-prec -- -1 -> 10, 5 -> 0.00001 local out_bracket = in_bracket * out_num / in_num out_bracket = 10^math.floor(math.log10(out_bracket)+.5) -- 1230 -> 1000, 0.00123 -> 0.001 -- round it (credit to Luc Bloom from http://lua-users.org/wiki/SimpleRound) return math.floor(out_num/out_bracket + (out_num >=0 and 1 or -1) * 0.5) * out_bracket end -- format data type quantity local function printDatatypeQuantity(data, parameters) local amount = data.amount amount = mw.ustring.gsub(amount, "%+", "") local suffix = "" local conv_amount, conv_suffix if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 4) == "unit" or parameters.convert then -- example "unit": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q174728" local unit_id = data.unit unit_id = mw.ustring.sub(unit_id, mw.ustring.find(unit_id, "Q"), -1) if string.sub(unit_id, 1, 1) == "Q" then suffix = getUnit(amount, unit_id, parameters) local convert_to if parameters.convert == "default" or parameters.convert == "default2" then local exist, units = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units") if exist and next(units.convert_default) ~= nil then convert_to = units.convert_default[unit_id] end elseif string.sub(parameters.convert or '', 1, 1) == "Q" then convert_to = resolveEntityId(parameters.convert) end if convert_to and convert_to ~= unit_id then -- convert units local conv_temp = { -- formulae for temperatures ºC, ºF, ªK: [from] = {[to] = 'formula'} ['Q25267'] = {['Q42289'] = '$1*1.8+32', ['Q11597'] = '$1+273.15'}, ['Q42289'] = {['Q25267'] = '($1-32)/1.8', ['Q11597'] = '($1+459.67)*5/9'}, ['Q11597'] = {['Q25267'] = '$1-273.15', ['Q42289'] = '($1-273.15)*1.8000+32.00'} } if conv_temp[unit_id] and conv_temp[unit_id][convert_to] then local amount_f = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#expr', mw.ustring.gsub(conv_temp[unit_id][convert_to], "$1", amount)) conv_amount = math.floor(tonumber(amount_f) + 0.5) else local conversions = getStatements(unit_id, 'P2442') -- conversion to standard unit table.insert(conversions, mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(unit_id, 'P2370')[1]) -- conversion to SI unit for _, conv in ipairs(conversions) do if conv.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then -- no somevalue nor novalue if conv.mainsnak.datavalue.value.unit == "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/" .. convert_to then conv_amount = roundPrecision(amount, amount * tonumber(conv.mainsnak.datavalue.value.amount)) break end end end end if conv_amount then conv_suffix = getUnit(conv_amount, convert_to, parameters) end elseif parameters.convert == 'M' and tonumber(amount) > 10^8 then conv_amount = math.floor(amount/10^6 + 0.5) conv_suffix = ' M' .. string.sub(suffix, 2) end end end local lang_obj = mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1]) local sortkey = string.format("%019d", tonumber(amount) * 1000) if parameters.case then amount = case(parameters.case, amount, parameters.lang[1]) else amount = lang_obj:formatNum(tonumber(amount)) end if conv_amount then local conv_sortkey = string.format("%019d", tonumber(conv_amount) * 1000) conv_amount = lang_obj:formatNum(tonumber(conv_amount)) if parameters.convert == 'default2' then return conv_amount .. conv_suffix .. ' (' .. amount .. suffix .. ')', conv_sortkey else return conv_amount .. conv_suffix, conv_sortkey end end return amount .. suffix, sortkey end -- format data type time local function printDatatypeTime(data, parameters) -- Dates and times are stored in ISO 8601 format local timestamp = data.time local post_format local calendar_add = "" local precision = data.precision or 11 if string.sub(timestamp, 1, 1) == '-' then post_format = i18n.datetime["bc"] elseif string.sub(timestamp, 2, 3) == '00' then post_format = i18n.datetime["ad"] elseif precision > 8 then -- calendar model local calendar_model = {["Q12138"] = "gregorian", ["Q1985727"] = "gregorian", ["Q11184"] = "julian", ["Q1985786"] = "julian"} local calendar_id = mw.text.split(data.calendarmodel, 'entity/')[2] if (timestamp < "+1582-10-15T00:00:00Z" and calendar_model[calendar_id] == "gregorian") or (timestamp > "+1582-10-04T00:00:00Z" and calendar_model[calendar_id] == "julian") then calendar_add = " ^{(" .. mw.message.new('Wikibase-time-calendar-' .. calendar_model[calendar_id]):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() .. ")}" end end local function formatTime(form, stamp) local pattern if type(form) == "function" then pattern = form(stamp) else pattern = form end stamp = tostring(stamp) if mw.ustring.find(pattern, "$1") then return mw.ustring.gsub(pattern, "$1", stamp) elseif string.sub(stamp, 1, 1) == '-' then -- formatDate() only supports years from 0 stamp = '+' .. string.sub(stamp, 2) elseif string.sub(stamp, 1, 1) ~= '+' then -- not a valid timestamp, it is a number stamp = string.format("%04d", stamp) end local ret = mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1]):formatDate(pattern, stamp) ret = string.gsub(ret, "^(%[?%[?)0+", "%1") -- supress leading zeros ret = string.gsub(ret, "( %[?%[?)0+", "%1") return ret end local function postFormat(t) if post_format and mw.ustring.find(post_format, "$1") then return mw.ustring.gsub(post_format, "$1", t) end return t end local intyear = tonumber(string.match(timestamp, "[+-](%d+)")) local ret = "" if precision <= 5 then -- precision is 10000 years or more local factor = 10 ^ ((5 - precision) + 4) local y2 = math.ceil(math.abs(intyear) / factor) local relative = formatTime(i18n.datetime[precision], y2) if post_format == i18n.datetime["bc"] then ret = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.beforenow, "$1", relative) else ret = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.afternow, "$1", relative) end local ret_number = string.match(ret, "%d+") if ret_number ~= nil then ret = mw.ustring.gsub(ret, ret_number, mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1]):formatNum(tonumber(ret_number))) end elseif precision == 6 or precision == 7 then -- millennia or centuries local card = math.floor((intyear - 1) / 10^(9 - precision)) + 1 ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[precision], card) ret = postFormat(ret) elseif precision == 8 then -- decades local card = math.floor(math.abs(intyear) / 10) * 10 ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[8], card) ret = postFormat(ret) elseif intyear > 9999 then -- not a valid timestamp return elseif precision == 9 or parameters.formatting == 'Y' then -- precision is year ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[9], intyear) ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add elseif precision == 10 then -- month ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[10], timestamp .. " + 1 day") -- formatDate yyyy-mm-00 returns the previous month ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add else -- precision 11, day ret = formatTime(parameters.formatting or i18n.datetime[11], timestamp) ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add end return ret, timestamp end -- format data value wikibase-entityid: types wikibase-item, wikibase-property local function printDatatypeEntity(data, parameters) local entity_id = data['id'] if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then return entity_id, entity_id end local entity_page = 'Special:EntityPage/' .. entity_id local label, lang = getLabelByLangs(entity_id, parameters.lang) local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(entity_id) local parameter = parameters.formatting local labelcase = label or sitelink if parameters.gender == 'feminineform' then labelcase = feminineForm(entity_id, lang) or labelcase end if parameters.case ~= 'gender' then labelcase = case(parameters.case, labelcase, lang, parameters.lang[1], entity_id, parameters.id) end local ret1, ret2 if parameter == 'label' then ret1 = labelcase or entity_id ret2 = labelcase or entity_id elseif parameter == 'sitelink' then ret1 = (sitelink or 'd:' .. entity_page) ret2 = sitelink or entity_id elseif mw.ustring.find((parameter or ''), '$1', 1, true) then -- formatting = a pattern ret1 = mw.ustring.gsub(parameter, '$1', labelcase or entity_id) ret1 = expandBraces(ret1, parameter) ret2 = labelcase or entity_id else if parameter == "ucfirst" or parameter == "ucinternallink" then if labelcase and lang then labelcase = mw.language.new(lang):ucfirst(labelcase) end -- only first of a list, reset formatting for next ones if parameter == "ucinternallink" then parameters.formatting = 'internallink' else parameters.formatting = nil -- default format end end if sitelink then ret1 = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. labelcase .. ']]' ret2 = labelcase elseif label and (parameter == 'internallink' or parameter == 'ucinternallink') then ret1 = '[[' .. label .. '|' .. labelcase .. ']]' ret2 = labelcase else ret1 = '[[d:' .. entity_page .. '|' .. (labelcase or entity_id) .. ']]' ret2 = labelcase or entity_id end end return ret1 .. addLabelIcon(entity_id, lang, parameters.lang[1], parameters.editicon), ret2 end -- format data type monolingualtext local function printDatatypeMonolingual(data, parameters) -- data fields: language [string], text [string] if parameters.list == "lang" and data["language"] ~= parameters.lang[1] then return elseif parameters.formatting == "language" or parameters.formatting == "text" then return data[parameters.formatting] end local result = data["text"] if data["language"] ~= wiki.langcode then result = mw.ustring.gsub('<span lang="$1">$2</span>', '$[12]', {["$1"]=data["language"], ["$2"]=data["text"]}) end if mw.ustring.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$', 1, true) then -- output format defined with $text, $language result = mw.ustring.gsub(parameters.formatting, '$text', result) result = mw.ustring.gsub(result, '$language', data["language"]) end return result end local function getSnakValue(snak, parameters) if snak.snaktype == 'value' then -- see Special:ListDatatypes if snak.datatype == "string" then return printDatatypeString(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) -- other data value string, tabular-data not implemented elseif snak.datatype == "commonsMedia" then return printDatatypeMedia(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "url" then return printDatatypeUrl(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "external-id" then return printDatatypeExternal(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == 'math' then return printDatatypeMath(snak.datavalue.value) elseif snak.datatype == 'musical-notation' then return printDatatypeMusical(snak.datavalue.value, parameters.formatting) -- other data types elseif snak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' or snak.datatype == 'wikibase-property' then return printDatatypeEntity(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == 'monolingualtext' then return printDatatypeMonolingual(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "globe-coordinate" then return printDatatypeCoordinate(snak.datavalue.value, parameters.formatting) elseif snak.datatype == "quantity" then return printDatatypeQuantity(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "time" then return printDatatypeTime(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) end elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' then if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then return end return mw.message.new('Wikibase-snakview-snaktypeselector-novalue'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' then if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then return end return mw.message.new('Wikibase-snakview-snaktypeselector-somevalue'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() end return mw.wikibase.renderSnak(snak) end local function printError(key) return '<span class="error">' .. i18n.errors[key] .. '</span>' end local function getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId, parameters) -- a "snak" is Wikidata terminology for a typed key/value pair -- a claim consists of a main snak holding the main information of this claim, -- as well as a list of attribute snaks and a list of references snaks if qualifierId then -- search the attribute snak with the given qualifier as key if claim.qualifiers then local qualifier = claim.qualifiers[qualifierId] if qualifier then if qualifier[1].datatype == "monolingualtext" then -- iterate over monolingualtext qualifiers to get local language for idx in pairs(qualifier) do if getSnak(qualifier[idx], {"datavalue", "value", "language"}) == parameters.lang[1] then return qualifier[idx] end end elseif parameters.list then return qualifier else return qualifier[1] end end end return nil, printError("qualifier-not-found") else -- otherwise return the main snak return claim.mainsnak end end local function getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameters) local snak, error = getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId, parameters) if not snak then return nil, nil, error elseif snak[1] then -- a multi qualifier local result, sortkey = {}, {} local maxvals = tonumber(parameters.list) for idx in pairs(snak) do result[#result + 1], sortkey[#sortkey + 1] = getSnakValue(snak[idx], parameters) if maxvals and maxvals == #result then break end end return mw.text.listToText(result, parameters.qseparator, parameters.qconjunction), sortkey[1] else -- a property or a qualifier return getSnakValue(snak, parameters) end end local function getValueOfParentClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameters) local qids = mw.text.split(qualifierId, '/', true) local valueraw, parent_claims, value, sortkey if qids[1] == parameters.property then valueraw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang}) else valueraw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, qids[1], {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang}) end if string.sub(valueraw or '', 1, 1) == "Q" then -- protection for 'no value' parent_claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(valueraw, qids[2]) if parent_claims[1] ~= nil then value, sortkey, _ = getValueOfClaim(parent_claims[1], nil, parameters) -- raw parent value needed for while/black lists, lang for avoiding an error on types other than entity valueraw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(parent_claims[1], nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang}) end end return value, sortkey, valueraw end -- see d:Help:Sources local function getReferences(claim, lang) local notproperref = { ["P143"] = true, -- imported from ["P3452"] = true, -- inferred from ["P887"] = true, -- based on heuristic ["P4656"] = true -- Wikimedia import URL } local result = "" -- traverse through all references for ref in pairs(claim.references or {}) do local refparts local refs = {} local validref = true local ref_name -- traverse through all parts of the current reference for snakkey, snakval in pairs(claim.references[ref].snaks or {}) do for partkey, _ in pairs(claim.references[ref].snaks[snakkey] or {}) do if notproperref[snakkey] then -- not a proper reference validref = false break end end if validref then for snakidx = 1, #snakval do if snakidx > 1 then refparts = refparts .. ", " end refparts = refparts or '' .. getSnakValue(snakval[snakidx], {lang=lang}) end refs[snakkey] = refparts refparts = nil if snakkey == "P248" then -- stated in ref_name = snakval[1].datavalue.value.id end end end -- fill missing values with parent item if ref_name then local function refParent(qid, pid, formatting) local snak = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, pid), {1, "mainsnak"}) return snak and getSnakValue(snak, {formatting=formatting, lang=lang}) end refs['P50'] = refs['P50'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P50', 'label') -- author refs['P407'] = refs['P407'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P407', 'label') -- language of work refs['P123'] = refs['P123'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P123', 'label') -- publisher refs['P577'] = refs['P577'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P577') -- date refs['P1433'] = refs['P1433'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P1433', 'label') -- published in refs['P304'] = refs['P304'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P304') -- page(s) refs['P433'] = refs['P433'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P433') -- issue refs['P236'] = refs['P236'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P236') -- ISSN refs['P356'] = refs['P356'] or refParent(ref_name, 'P356') -- DOI end -- get title of local templates for citing references local template_web = mw.wikibase.getSitelink('Q5637226') or "" template_web = mw.text.split(template_web, ":")[2] -- split off namespace from front local template_journal = mw.wikibase.getSitelink('Q5624899') or "" template_journal = mw.text.split(template_journal, ":")[2] local citeParams = {} if refs['P854'] and (refs['P1476'] or refs['P248']) and template_web then -- if both "reference URL" and "title" (or "stated in") are present, then use cite web template citeParams[i18n['cite']['url']] = refs['P854'] if refs['P248'] and refs['P1476'] == nil then citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P248']:match("^%[%[.-|(.-)%]%]") else citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P1476'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['website']] = refs['P248'] end citeParams[i18n['cite']['author']] = refs['P50'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['language']] = refs['P407'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['publisher']] = refs['P123'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['date']] = refs['P577'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['pages']] = refs['P304'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['access-date']] = refs['P813'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['archive-url']] = refs['P1065'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['archive-date']] = refs['P2960'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['quote']] = refs['P1683'] refparts = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=template_web, args=citeParams} elseif refs['P1433'] and (refs['P1476'] or refs['P248']) and template_journal then -- if both "published in" and "title" (or "stated in") are present, then use cite journal template citeParams[i18n['cite']['work']] = refs['P1433'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P1476'] or refs['P248'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['author']] = refs['P50'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['date']] = refs['P577'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['issue']] = refs['P433'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['pages']] = refs['P304'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['language']] = refs['P407'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['issn']] = refs['P236'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['doi']] = refs['P356'] refparts = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=template_journal, args=citeParams} elseif validref then -- raw ouput local snaksorder = claim.references[ref]["snaks-order"] local function indexed(a) for _, b in ipairs(snaksorder) do if b == a then return true end end return false end for k, _ in pairs(refs or {}) do if not indexed(k) then table.insert(snaksorder, k) end end local italics = "''" for _, k in ipairs(snaksorder) do if refs[k] then refparts = refparts and refparts .. " " or "" refparts = refparts .. mw.ustring.gsub(getLabelByLangs(k, lang), "^%l", mw.ustring.upper) .. ": " refparts = refparts .. italics .. refs[k] .. italics .. "." italics = "" end end end if refparts then result = mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", refparts, {name=ref_name}) end end return result end -- Set whitelist or blacklist values local function setWhiteOrBlackList(type_list, num_qual, args) local listed = false local list = {} for i = 0, num_qual do if isSet(args[type_list .. i]) then listed = true list[tostring(i)] = {} for v in string.gmatch(args[type_list .. i], 'Q%d+') do list[tostring(i)][resolveEntityId(v)] = true end end end return list, listed end local function tableParameters(args, parameters, column) local column_params = mw.clone(parameters) column_params.formatting = args["colformat"..column]; if column_params.formatting == "" then column_params.formatting = nil end column_params.convert = args["convert" .. column] if args["case" .. column] then column_params.case = args["case" .. column] end return column_params end local function getEntityId(frame, unnamed) local args = frame.args or frame local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args local id = args.item or args.from or (unnamed and mw.text.trim(args[1] or '') or nil) if not isSet(id) and pargs then id = pargs.item or pargs.from or (unnamed and mw.text.trim(pargs[1] or '') or nil) end if isSet(id) then if string.find(id, ":") then -- remove prefix as Property:Pid id = mw.text.split(id, ":")[2] end else id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end return id end -- Main function claim --------------------------------------------- -- on debug console use: =p.claim{item="Q...", property="P...", ...} function p.claim(frame) local is_sandbox = frame.args and isSet(frame:getParent().args.sandbox) if not required and is_sandbox then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).claim(frame) end local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require --If a value is already set, use it if isSet(args.value) then if args.value == 'NONE' then return else return args.value end end -- arguments local id = getEntityId(frame) if id == nil then return end local property = string.upper(args.property or "") local qualifierId = {} qualifierId[1] = isSet(args.qualifier) and string.upper(args.qualifier) or nil local i = 2 while isSet(args["qualifier" .. i]) do qualifierId[i] = string.upper(args["qualifier" .. i]) i = i + 1 end local formatting = isSet(args.formatting) and args.formatting or nil local convert = isSet(args.convert) and args.convert or nil local case = args.case local list = args.list or true; if (list == "false" or list == "no") then list = false end if list == 'firstrank' then list = 'bestrank' end -- alias local sorting_col = args.tablesort local sorting_up = (args.sorting or "") ~= "-1" local separator = isSet(args.separator) and args.separator local conjunction = isSet(args.conjunction) and args.conjunction or separator local rowformat = args.rowformat local references = args.references local showerrors = args.showerrors local default = args.default if default then showerrors = nil end local editicon = not (args.editicon == "false" or args.editicon == "no" or formatting == "raw") local parameters = {["id"] = id, ["property"] = property, ["formatting"] = formatting, ["convert"] = convert, ["list"] = list, ["case"] = case, ["editicon"] = editicon, ["separator"] = separator, ["conjunction"] = conjunction, ["qseparator"] = separator, ["qconjunction"] = conjunction} parameters.lang = findLang(args.lang) -- fetch property local claims = {} local bestrank = (parameters.list == false or parameters.list == 'bestrank') and parameters.list ~= 'lang' for p in string.gmatch(property, 'P%d+') do claims = getStatements(id, p, bestrank) if #claims > 0 then parameters.property = p break end end if #claims == 0 then if showerrors then return printError("property-not-found") else return default end end -- defaults for table local preformat, postformat = "", "" local whitelisted, blacklisted = false, false local whitelist, blacklist = {}, {} if parameters.formatting == "table" then parameters.separator = parameters.separator or "<br />" parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction or "<br />" parameters.qseparator = ", " parameters.qconjunction = ", " if not rowformat then rowformat = "$0 ($1" i = 2 while qualifierId[i] do rowformat = rowformat .. ", $" .. i i = i + 1 end rowformat = rowformat .. ")" elseif mw.ustring.find(rowformat, "^[*#]") then parameters.separator = "</li><li>" parameters.conjunction = "</li><li>" if mw.ustring.match(rowformat, "^[*#]") == "*" then preformat = "<ul><li>" postformat = "</li></ul>" else preformat = "<ol><li>" postformat = "</li></ol>" end rowformat = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformat, "^[*#] ?", "") end -- set whitelist and blacklist values whitelist, whitelisted = setWhiteOrBlackList("whitelist", #qualifierId, args) blacklist, blacklisted = setWhiteOrBlackList("blacklist", #qualifierId, args) end -- set feminine case if gender is requested local itemgender = args.itemgender local idgender if itemgender then if string.match(itemgender, "^P%d+$") then local snak_id = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, itemgender), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value", "id"}) if snak_id then idgender = snak_id end elseif string.match(itemgender, "^Q%d+$") then idgender = itemgender end end local gender_requested = false if parameters.case == "gender" or idgender then gender_requested = true elseif parameters.formatting == "table" then for i=0, #qualifierId do if args["case" .. i] and args["case" .. i] == "gender" then gender_requested = true break end end end if gender_requested then if feminineGender(idgender or id) then parameters.gender = "feminineform" end end -- get initial sort indices local sortindices = {} for idx in pairs(claims) do sortindices[#sortindices + 1] = idx end -- sort by claim rank local comparator = function(a, b) local rankmap = { deprecated = 2, normal = 1, preferred = 0 } local ranka = rankmap[claims[a].rank or "normal"] .. string.format("%08d", a) local rankb = rankmap[claims[b].rank or "normal"] .. string.format("%08d", b) return ranka < rankb end table.sort(sortindices, comparator) local result, result2 local error if parameters.list or parameters.formatting == "table" then -- convert LF to line feed, <br /> may not work on some cases parameters.separator = parameters.separator == "LF" and "\010" or parameters.separator parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction == "LF" and "\010" or parameters.conjunction -- i18n separators parameters.separator = parameters.separator or mw.message.new('Comma-separator'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction or (mw.message.new('And'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() .. mw.message.new('Word-separator'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain()) -- iterate over all elements and return their value (if existing) local value, valueq local sortkey, sortkeyq local values = {} local sortkeys = {} local refs = {} local rowlist = {} -- rows to list with whitelist or blacklist for idx in pairs(claims) do local claim = claims[sortindices[idx]] local reference = {} if not whitelisted then rowlist[idx] = true end if parameters.formatting == "table" then local params = tableParameters(args, parameters, "0") value, sortkey, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, params) if value then values[#values + 1] = {} sortkeys[#sortkeys + 1] = {} refs[#refs + 1] = {} if whitelist["0"] or blacklist["0"] then local valueraw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=params.lang}) if whitelist["0"] and whitelist["0"][valueraw or ""] then rowlist[#values] = true elseif blacklist["0"] and blacklist["0"][valueraw or ""] then rowlist[#values] = false end end for i, qual in ipairs(qualifierId) do local j = tostring(i) params = tableParameters(args, parameters, j) local valueq, sortkeyq, valueraw if qual == property then -- hack for getting the property with another formatting, i.e. colformat1=raw valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, params) else for q in mw.text.gsplit(qual, '%s*OR%s*') do if string.find(q, ".+/.+") then valueq, sortkeyq, valueraw = getValueOfParentClaim(claim, q, params) elseif string.find(q, "^/.+") then local claim2 = getStatements(id, string.sub(q, 2), bestrank) if #claim2 > 0 then valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim2[1], nil, params) end else valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, q, params) end if valueq then break end end end values[#values]["col" .. j] = valueq sortkeys[#sortkeys]["col" .. j] = sortkeyq or valueq if whitelist[j] or blacklist[j] then valueq = valueraw or getValueOfClaim(claim, qual, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=params.lang}) if whitelist[j] and whitelist[j][valueq or ""] then rowlist[#values] = true elseif blacklist[j] and blacklist[j][valueq or ""] then rowlist[#values] = false end end end end else value, sortkey, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId[1], parameters) values[#values + 1] = {} sortkeys[#sortkeys + 1] = {} refs[#refs + 1] = {} end if not value and showerrors then value = error end if value then if references and claim.references then reference = claim.references end refs[#refs]["col0"] = reference values[#values]["col0"] = value sortkeys[#sortkeys]["col0"] = sortkey or value end end -- sort and format results sortindices = {} for idx in pairs(values) do sortindices[#sortindices + 1] = idx end if sorting_col then local sorting_table = mw.text.split(sorting_col, '%D+') local comparator = function(a, b) local valuea, valueb local i = 1 while valuea == valueb and i <= #sorting_table do valuea = sortkeys[a]["col" .. sorting_table[i]] or '' valueb = sortkeys[b]["col" .. sorting_table[i]] or '' i = i + 1 end if sorting_up then return valueb > valuea end return valueb < valuea end table.sort(sortindices, comparator) end local maxvals = tonumber(parameters.list) result = {} for idx in pairs(values) do local valuerow = values[sortindices[idx]] local reference = getReferences({["references"] = refs[sortindices[idx]]["col0"]}, parameters.lang) value = valuerow["col0"] if parameters.formatting == "table" then if not rowlist[sortindices[idx]] then value = nil else local rowformatting = rowformat .. "$" -- fake end character added for easy gsub value = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformatting, "$0", value) value = mw.ustring.gsub(value, "$R0", reference) -- add reference for i, _ in ipairs(qualifierId) do local valueq = valuerow["col" .. i] if args["rowsubformat" .. i] and valueq then -- add fake end character $ -- gsub $i not followed by a number so $1 doesn't match $10, $11... -- remove fake end character valueq = captureEscapes(valueq) valueq = mw.ustring.gsub(args["rowsubformat" .. i] .. "$", "$" .. i .. "(%D)", valueq .. "%1") valueq = string.sub(valueq, 1, -2) rowformatting = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformatting, "$" .. i .. "(%D)", args["rowsubformat" .. i] .. "%1") end valueq = valueq and captureEscapes(valueq) or '' value = mw.ustring.gsub(value, "$" .. i .. "(%D)", valueq .. "%1") end value = string.sub(value, 1, -2) -- remove fake end character value = expandBraces(value, rowformatting) end elseif value then value = expandBraces(value, parameters.formatting) value = value .. reference end if isSet(value) then result[#result + 1] = value if not parameters.list or (maxvals and maxvals == #result) then break end end end -- in a table, add edit icon on last element if parameters.formatting == 'table' and parameters.editicon then result = addEditIconTable(result, parameters) end -- Use Manx prose-list punctuation for ordinary lists. -- Explicit separators/conjunctions and table output retain -- the original mw.text.listToText behaviour. local useManxList = parameters.lang[1] == 'gv' and parameters.formatting ~= 'table' and not isSet(args.separator) and not isSet(args.conjunction) if useManxList then result = preformat .. manxListToText(result) .. postformat else result = preformat .. mw.text.listToText(result, parameters.separator, parameters.conjunction) .. postformat end else -- return first element local claim = claims[sortindices[1]] result, result2, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId[1], parameters) if result and references then result = result .. getReferences(claim, parameters.lang) end end if isSet(result) then if i18n.addpencil and not (parameters.formatting == 'table' or (result2 and result2 == 'no-icon')) then -- add edit icon, except table added previously and except explicit no-icon internal flag result = result .. addEditIcon(parameters) end else if showerrors then result = error else result = default end end return result, (required and not is_sandbox) and untranslated or '' end -- This is used to get the TA98 (Terminologia Anatomica first edition 1998) values like 'A01.1.00.005' (property P1323) -- which are then linked to http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm -- uses the newer mw.wikibase calls instead of directly using the snaks -- formatPropertyValues returns a table with the P1323 values concatenated with ", " so we have to split them out into a table in order to construct the return string p.getTAValue = function(frame) local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity() local props = ent:formatPropertyValues('P1323') local out = {} local t = {} for k, v in pairs(props) do if k == 'value' then t = mw.text.split( v, ", ") for k2, v2 in pairs(t) do out[#out + 1] = "[http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/" .. string.sub(v2, 2) .. "%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm " .. v2 .. "]" end end end local ret = table.concat(out, "<br> ") if #ret == 0 then ret = "Invalid TA" end return ret end -- Local functions for getParentValues ----------------------- local function uc_first(word) return mw.ustring.upper(mw.ustring.sub(word, 1, 1)) .. mw.ustring.sub(word, 2) end local function getPropertyValue(id, property, parameter, langs, editicon, case) local snaks = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, property) local mysnak = getSnak(snaks, {1, "mainsnak"}) if mysnak == nil then return end local entity_id local result = '-' -- default for 'no value' if mysnak.datavalue then entity_id = "Q" .. tostring(mysnak.datavalue.value['numeric-id']) result, _ = getSnakValue(mysnak, {formatting=parameter, lang=langs, editicon=editicon, case=case}) end return entity_id, result end local function getParentObjects(id, prop_format, label_format, languages, propertySupString, propertyLabel, propertyLink, labelShow, editicon, upto, upto_linkId, last_only, grammatical_case, include_self) if upto_linkId == nil then upto_linkId = "" end local upto_link_ids = {} for q in mw.text.gsplit(upto_linkId, '[^Q%d]') do upto_link_ids[resolveEntityId(q)] = true end local propertySups = mw.text.split(propertySupString, '[^P%d]') local lastlabel = uc_first(upto or '') local maxloop = tonumber(upto) or ((lastlabel .. upto_linkId) == '' and 10 or 50) local labelFilter = {} if labelShow then for _, v in ipairs(mw.text.split(labelShow, "/")) do labelFilter[uc_first(v)] = true end end local label_self _, label_self = getPropertyValue(id, propertyLabel, label_format, languages) local result = {} for iter = 1, maxloop do local link, label, linktext, _id, _link for _, propertySup in pairs(propertySups) do _id, _link = getPropertyValue(id, propertySup, prop_format, languages, editicon, grammatical_case) if _id and _link then id = _id; link = _link break end end if not id or not link then break end if propertyLink then _, linktext = getPropertyValue(id, propertyLink, "label", languages) if linktext then link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, "%[%[(.*)%|.+%]%]", "[[%1|" .. linktext .. "]]") end end _, label = getPropertyValue(id, propertyLabel, label_format, languages, false, "infoboxlabel") if labelShow == nil or labelFilter[label] then result[#result + 1] = {label, link} if label then labelFilter[label] = nil -- only first label found end end if label == lastlabel or upto_link_ids[id] then break end end if last_only then result = {result[#result]} end if include_self then table.insert(result, 1, {label_self, mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text}) end return result end local function parentObjectsToString(result, rowformat, cascade, sorting) local ret = {} local first = 1 local last = #result local iter = 1 if sorting == "-1" then first = #result; last = 1; iter = -1 end for i = first, last, iter do local rowtext = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformat, "$[01]", {["$0"] = result[i][1], ["$1"] = result[i][2]}) ret[#ret +1] = expandBraces(rowtext, rowformat) end if cascade then local prefix = "" for i = 1, #ret do ret[i] = prefix .. "• " .. ret[i] prefix = prefix .. "&nbsp;" end end return ret end -- Returns pairs of instance label and property value fetching a recursive tree function p.getParentValues(frame) if not required and frame.args and frame:getParent().args.sandbox then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).getParentValues(frame) end local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local id = getEntityId(frame) if id == nil then return end local languages = findLang(args.lang) local propertySup = args.property; if not isSet(propertySup) then propertySup = "P131" end --administrative entity local propertyLabel = args.label; if not isSet(propertyLabel) then propertyLabel = "P31" end --instance local propertyLink = args.valuetext; if propertyLink == "" then propertyLink = nil end --internallink local property_format = args.formatting; if property_format == "" then property_format = nil end local label_format = args.labelformat; if not isSet(label_format) then label_format = "label" end local upto = args.upto; if upto == "" then upto = nil end local last_only = (args.last_only == "true" or args.last_only == "yes") local labelShow = args.labelshow; if labelShow == "" then labelShow = nil end local editicon = not (args.editicon == "false" or args.editicon == "no") local include_self = (args.include_self == "true" or args.include_self == "yes") local case = args.case; if case == "" then case = nil end if isSet(args.uptolabelid) then upto, _ = getLabelByLangs(args.uptolabelid, languages) end if isSet(args.showlabelid) then local showLabelList = {} for substring in mw.text.gsplit(args.showlabelid, '[^Q%d]') do table.insert(showLabelList, (getLabelByLangs(substring, languages))) end if #showLabelList > 0 then labelShow = table.concat(showLabelList,"/") end end local result = getParentObjects(id, property_format, label_format, languages, propertySup, propertyLabel, propertyLink, labelShow, editicon, upto, args.uptovalueid or args.uptolinkid, last_only, case, include_self) if #result == 0 then return end local rowformat = args.rowformat; if not isSet(rowformat) then rowformat = "$0 = $1" end local separator = args.separator; if not isSet(separator) then separator = "<br />" end local sorting = args.sorting; if sorting == "" then sorting = nil end local cascade = (args.cascade == "true" or args.cascade == "yes") local ret = parentObjectsToString(result, rowformat, cascade, sorting) ret = addEditIconTable(ret, {property=propertySup, editicon=editicon, id=id, lang=languages}) return mw.text.listToText(ret, separator, separator) end -- Link with a parent label -------------------- function p.linkWithParentLabel(frame) if not required and frame.args and isSet(frame:getParent().args.sandbox) then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).linkWithParentLabel(frame) end local args = {} if frame.args then for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do -- metatable args[k] = v end else args = frame -- via require end if isSet(args.value) then return args.value end -- get id value of property/qualifier local largs = mw.clone(args) largs.list = tonumber(args.list) and args.list or "true" largs.formatting = "raw" largs.separator = "/·/" largs.editicon = "false" local items_list, _ = p.claim(largs) if not isSet(items_list) then return end local items_table = mw.text.split(items_list, "/·/", true) -- get internal link of property/qualifier largs.formatting = "internallink" local link_list, _ = p.claim(largs) local link_table = mw.text.split(link_list, "/·/", true) -- get label of parent property local parent_claim = getSnak(getStatements(items_table[1], args.parent, true), {1, "mainsnak", "datatype"}) if parent_claim == 'monolingualtext' then largs.formatting = nil largs.list = 'lang' else largs.formatting = "label" largs.list = "false" end largs.property = args.parent largs.qualifier = nil for i, v in ipairs(items_table) do largs.item = v local link_label, _ = p.claim(largs) if isSet(link_label) then link_table[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(link_table[i] or '', "%[%[(.*)%|.+%]%]", "[[%1|" .. link_label .. "]]") end end args.editicon = not (args.editicon == "false" or args.editicon == "no") args.id = getEntityId(frame) args.lang = findLang(args.lang) return mw.text.listToText(link_table) .. addEditIcon(args) end -- Calculate number of years old ---------------------------- function p.yearsOld(frame) if not required and frame.args and frame:getParent().args.sandbox then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).yearsOld(frame) end local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local id = getEntityId(frame) local lang = mw.language.new('en') local function getBestValue(id, prop) local snak_value = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, prop), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value"}) return snak_value end local birth = getBestValue(id, 'P569') if type(birth) ~= 'table' or birth.time == nil or birth.precision == nil or birth.precision < 8 then return end local death = getBestValue(id, 'P570') if type(death) ~= 'table' or death.time == nil or death.precision == nil then death = {['time'] = lang:formatDate('c'), ['precision'] = 11} -- current date elseif death.precision < 8 then return end local dates = {} dates[1] = {['min'] = {}, ['max'] = {}, ['precision'] = birth.precision} dates[1].min.year = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "^[+-]?%d+")) dates[1].min.month = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "-(%d%d)-")) dates[1].min.day = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "-(%d%d)T")) dates[1].max = mw.clone(dates[1].min) dates[2] = {['min'] = {}, ['max'] = {}, ['precision'] = death.precision} dates[2].min.year = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "^[+-]?%d+")) dates[2].min.month = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "-(%d%d)-")) dates[2].min.day = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "-(%d%d)T")) dates[2].max = mw.clone(dates[2].min) for i, d in ipairs(dates) do if d.precision == 10 then -- month d.min.day = 1 local timestamp = string.format("%04d", tostring(math.abs(d.max.year))) .. string.format("%02d", tostring(d.max.month)) .. "01" d.max.day = tonumber(lang:formatDate("j", timestamp .. " + 1 month - 1 day")) elseif d.precision < 10 then -- year or decade d.min.day = 1 d.min.month = 1 d.max.day = 31 d.max.month = 12 if d.precision == 8 then -- decade d.max.year = d.max.year + 9 end end end local function age(d1, d2) local years = d2.year - d1.year if d2.month < d1.month or (d2.month == d1.month and d2.day < d1.day) then years = years - 1 end if d2.year > 0 and d1.year < 0 then years = years - 1 -- no year 0 end return years end local old_min = age(dates[1].max, dates[2].min) local old_max = age(dates[1].min, dates[2].max) local old, old_expr if old_min == 0 and old_max == 0 then old = "< 1" old_max = 1 -- expression in singular elseif old_min == old_max then old = old_min else old = old_min .. "/" .. old_max end if args.formatting == 'unit' then local langs = findLang(args.lang) local yo, yo_sg, yo_pl, yo_pau if langs[1] == wiki.langcode then yo_sg = i18n["years-old"].singular yo_pl = i18n["years-old"].plural yo_pau = i18n["years-old"].paucal end if not isSet(yo_pl) then yo_pl, _ = getLabelByLangs('Q24564698', langs) yo_sg = yo_pl end if not isSet(yo_pau) then yo_pau = yo_pl end yo = mw.language.new(langs[1]):plural(old_max, {yo_sg, yo_pau, yo_pl}) if mw.ustring.find(yo, '$1', 1, true) then old_expr = mw.ustring.gsub(yo, "$1", old) else old_expr = old .. '&nbsp;' .. yo end elseif args.formatting then old_expr = expandBraces(mw.ustring.gsub(args.formatting, '$1', old), args.formatting) else old_expr = old end return old_expr end -- Gets a label in a given language (content language by default) or its fallbacks, optionnally linked. function p.getLabel(frame) if not required and frame.args and frame:getParent().args.sandbox then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).getLabel(frame) end local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local id = getEntityId(frame, true) if id == nil then return end local editicon = not (args.editicon == "false" or args.editicon == "no") and mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) local label_icon = '' local label, lang if args.label then label = args.label else local languages = findLang(args.lang) -- exceptions or labels fixed local exist, labels = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/labels" .. (languages[1] == wiki.langcode and '' or '/' .. languages[1])) if exist and next(labels.infoboxLabelsFromId) ~= nil then label = labels.infoboxLabelsFromId[id] end if label == nil then label, lang = getLabelByLangs(id, languages) if label then if args.itemgender and feminineGender(args.itemgender) then label = feminineForm(id, lang) or label end label = mw.language.new(lang):ucfirst(mw.text.nowiki(label)) -- sanitize end label_icon = addLabelIcon(id, lang, languages[1], editicon) end end local linked = args.linked if isSet(linked) and linked ~= "no" then local article = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) or ("d:Special:EntityPage/" .. id) return "[[" .. article .. "|" .. (label or id) .. "]]" .. label_icon, not required and '' or untranslated else return (label or id) .. label_icon, not required and '' or untranslated end end -- Utilities ----------------------------- -- See also module ../debug. -- Copied from Module:Wikibase function p.getSiteLink(frame) local id = getEntityId(frame, 1) if id == nil then return end return mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id, mw.text.trim(frame.args[2] or '')) end -- Helper function for the default language code used function p.lang(frame) local lang = frame and frame.args[1] -- nil via require return findLang(lang)[1] end -- Number of statements function p.numStatements(frame) local id = getEntityId(frame) if id == nil then return 0 end local prop = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) local num = {} if frame.args[2] then -- qualifier local qual = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2]) local values = p.claim{item=id, property=prop, qualifier=qual, formatting='raw', separator='/·/'} if values then num = mw.text.split(values, '/·/') end else num = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, prop) end return #num end -- Returns true if property datavalue is found excluding novalue/somevalue function p.validProperty(frame) local property = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) local item = getEntityId(frame) if item == nil then return end local prop_data = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(item, property), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue"}) return prop_data and true or nil end function p.editAtWikidata(frame) local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} local value = isSet(args[1]) if value then return end local param = {} param.id = getEntityId(args, pargs) param.property = args.property param.lang = findLang(args.lang) param.editicon, _ = setIcons(args.editicon) return addEditIcon(param) end return p p7ybw4ihipy2ulfnrjvz4lb7vsjtdsh 389405 389404 2026-08-14T01:01:51Z MacTire02 219 covestey in daa voddyl WD 389405 Scribunto text/plain -- version 20220818 from master @cawiki local p = {} -- Initialization of variables -------------------- local i18n = { -- internationalisation at [[Module:Wikidata/i18n]] ["errors"] = { ["property-not-found"] = "Property not found.", ["qualifier-not-found"] = "Qualifier not found.", }, ["datetime"] = { -- $1 is a placeholder for the actual number ["beforenow"] = "$1 RC", -- how to format negative numbers for precisions 0 to 5 ["afternow"] = "$1 BNJ", -- how to format positive numbers for precisions 0 to 5 ["bc"] = "$1 RC", -- how print negative years ["ad"] = "$1", -- how print 1st century AD dates [0] = "$1 billion years", -- precision: billion years [1] = "$100 million years", -- precision: hundred million years [2] = "$10 million years", -- precision: ten million years [3] = "$1 million years", -- precision: million years [4] = "$100000 years", -- precision: hundred thousand years; thousand separators added afterwards [5] = "$10000 years", -- precision: ten thousand years; thousand separators added afterwards [6] = "$1 millennium", -- precision: millennium [7] = "$1 century", -- precision: century [8] = "$1s", -- precision: decade -- the following use the format of #time parser function [9] = "Y", -- precision: year, [10] = "F Y", -- precision: month [11] = "j F Y", -- precision: day ["hms"] = {["hours"] = "h", ["minutes"] = "m", ["seconds"] = "s"}, -- duration: xh xm xs }, ["years-old"] = {"", ""}, -- year(s) old, as in {{PLURAL:$1|singular|plural}} -- two values for most languages, up to six values for some languages -- see documentation of PLURAL magic word in your language, examples: -- ["years-old"] = {"singular", "paucal", "plural"} in Russian and other Slavic languages -- ["years-old"] = {"zero", "one", "two", "few 3-10", "many 11-99", "other 100-102"} in Arabic ["cite"] = { -- cite parameters ["title"] = "title", ["author"] = "author", ["date"] = "date", ["pages"] = "pages", ["language"] = "language", -- cite web parameters ["url"] = "url", ["website"] = "website", ["access-date"] = "access-date", ["archive-url"] = "archive-url", ["archive-date"] = "archive-date", ["publisher"] = "publisher", ["quote"] = "quote", -- cite journal parameters ["work"] = "work", ["issue"] = "issue", ["issn"] = "issn", ["doi"] = "doi" }, -- default local wiki settings ["addpencil"] = false, -- adds a pencil icon linked to Wikidata statement, planned to overwrite by Wikidata Bridge ["categorylabels"] = "", -- Category:Pages with Wikidata labels not translated (void for no local category) ["categoryprop"] = "", -- Category:Pages using Wikidata property $1 (void for no local category) ["categoryref"] = "", -- Category:Pages with references from Wikidata (void for no local category) ["addfallback"] = {}, -- additional fallback language codes ["suppressids"] = {}, -- list of Qid values to suppress ["qidlabels"] = true -- show labels as Qid if no fallback translation is available } local cases = {} -- functions for local grammatical cases defined at [[Module:Wikidata/i18n]] local required = ... -- variadic arguments from require function local wiki = { langcode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code, module_title = required or mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle() } local untranslated -- used in infobox modules: nil or true local _ -- variable for unused returned values, avoiding globals -- Module local functions -------------------------------------------- -- Credit to http://stackoverflow.com/a/1283608/2644759, cc-by-sa 3.0 local function tableMerge(t1, t2) for k, v in pairs(t2) do if type(v) == "table" then if type(t1[k] or false) == "table" then tableMerge(t1[k] or {}, t2[k] or {}) else t1[k] = v end else t1[k] = v end end return t1 end local function loadI18n(lang) local exist, res = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/i18n") if exist and next(res) ~= nil then tableMerge(i18n, res.i18n) cases = res.cases end if lang ~= wiki.langcode then exist, res = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/i18n/" .. lang) if exist and next(res) ~= nil then tableMerge(i18n, res.i18n) tableMerge(cases, res.cases) end end i18n.suppress = {} for _, id in ipairs(i18n.suppressids) do i18n.suppress[id] = true end end -- Table of language codes: requested or default and its fallbacks local function findLang(langcode) if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then local cframe = mw.getCurrentFrame() local pframe = cframe:getParent() langcode = pframe and pframe.args.lang if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then if not mw.title.getCurrentTitle().isContentPage then langcode = cframe:preprocess('{{int:lang}}') end if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then langcode = wiki.langcode end end end loadI18n(langcode) local languages = mw.language.getFallbacksFor(langcode) table.insert(languages, 1, langcode) if langcode == wiki.langcode then for _, l in ipairs(i18n.addfallback) do table.insert(languages, l) end end return languages end -- Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string. local function isSet(var) return not (var == nil or (type(var) == 'string' and mw.text.trim(var) == '')) end -- Set local case to a label local function case(localcase, label, ...) if not isSet(label) then return label end if type(localcase) == "function" then return localcase(label) elseif localcase == "smallcaps" then return '<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">' .. label .. '</span>' elseif cases[localcase] then return cases[localcase](label, ...) end return label end -- get safely a serialized snak local function getSnak(statement, snaks) local ret = statement for i, v in ipairs(snaks) do if not ret then return end ret = ret[v] end return ret end -- mw.wikibase.getLabelWithLang or getLabelByLang with a table of languages local function getLabelByLangs(id, languages) local label local lang for _, l in ipairs(languages) do if l == wiki.langcode then -- using getLabelWithLang when possible instead of getLabelByLang label, l = mw.wikibase.getLabelWithLang(id) else label = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(id, l) end if label then lang = l break end end return label, lang end -- getBestStatements if bestrank=true, else getAllStatements with no deprecated local function getStatements(entityId, property, bestrank) local claims = {} if not (entityId and mw.ustring.match(property, "^P%d+$")) then return claims end if bestrank then claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entityId, property) else local allclaims = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(entityId, property) for _, c in ipairs(allclaims) do if c.rank ~= "deprecated" then table.insert(claims, c) end end end return claims end -- Is gender femenine? true or false local function feminineGender(id) local claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage(),'P21') local gender_id = getSnak(claims, {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value", "id"}) if gender_id == "Q6581072" or gender_id == "Q1052281" or gender_id == "Q43445" then -- female, transgender female, female organism return true end return false end -- Fetch female form of label local function feminineForm(id, lang) local feminine_claims = getStatements(id, 'P2521') for _, feminine_claim in ipairs(feminine_claims) do if getSnak(feminine_claim, {'mainsnak', 'datavalue', 'value', 'language'}) == lang then return feminine_claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text end end end -- Add an icon for no label in requested language local function addLabelIcon(label_id, lang, uselang, icon) local ret_lang, ret_icon = '', '' if icon then if lang and lang ~= uselang then ret_lang = " ^{(" .. lang .. ")}" end if label_id and (lang == nil or lang ~= uselang) then local namespace = '' if string.sub(label_id, 1, 1) == 'P' then namespace = 'Property:' end ret_icon = " [[File:Noun Project label icon 1116097 cc mirror.svg|10px|baseline|" .. mw.message.new('Translate-taction-translate'):inLanguage(uselang):plain() .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. namespace .. label_id .. "?uselang=" .. uselang .. "]]" untranslated = true end if isSet(i18n.categorylabels) and lang ~= uselang and uselang == wiki.langcode then ret_icon = ret_icon .. '[[' .. i18n.categorylabels .. (lang and ']]' or '/Q]]') end end return ret_lang .. ret_icon end -- editicon values: true/false (no=false), right, void defaults to i18n.addpencil -- labelicon only by parameter local function setIcons(arg, parg) local val = arg == nil and parg or arg local edit_icon, label_icon if not isSet(val) then edit_icon, label_icon = i18n.addpencil, true elseif val == false or val == "false" or val == "no" then edit_icon, label_icon = false, false else edit_icon, label_icon = val, true end return edit_icon, label_icon end -- Add an icon for editing a statement with requirements for Wikidata Bridge -- Format a Manx prose list. -- 1 item: A -- 2 items: A as B -- 3 items: A, B, as C -- 4 items: A, B, C, as D -- The comma is attached directly to the penultimate item so that -- it cannot wrap onto a line by itself. local function manxListToText(list) local count = #list if count == 0 then return '' end -- Remove trailing whitespace, including non-breaking spaces, -- from individual Wikidata values. local function cleanItem(item) if not item then return '' end -- U+00A0 (NBSP) is represented by %C2%A0 in UTF-8. -- Remove ordinary whitespace and NBSPs from the end. item = mw.ustring.gsub(item, '[%s\194\160]+$', '') return item end for i = 1, count do list[i] = cleanItem(list[i]) end if count == 1 then return list[1] elseif count == 2 then return list[1] .. '&#32;as&#32;' .. list[2] end local result = {} for i = 1, count - 2 do result[#result + 1] = list[i] end result[#result + 1] = list[count - 1] .. ',' .. '&#32;as&#32;' .. list[count] return table.concat(result, ',' .. '&#32;') end local function addEditIcon(parameters) local ret = '' if parameters.editicon and parameters.id and parameters.property then local icon_style = parameters.editicon == "right" and ' style="float: right;"' or '' ret = ' <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"' .. icon_style .. '>' .. "[[File:Arbcom ru editing.svg|10px|baseline|" .. string.gsub(mw.message.new('Wikibase-client-data-bridge-bailout-suggestion-go-to-repo-button'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain(), '{{WBREPONAME}}', 'Wikidata') .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. parameters.id .. "?uselang=" .. parameters.lang[1] .. "#" .. parameters.property .. "]]" .. "</span>" if isSet(i18n.categoryprop) then ret = ret .. "[[" .. string.gsub(i18n.categoryprop, '$1', parameters.property) .. "]]" end end return ret end -- add edit icon to the last element of a table local function addEditIconTable(thetable, parameters) if #thetable == 0 or parameters.editicon == false then return thetable end local last_element = thetable[#thetable] local the_icon = addEditIcon(parameters) -- add it before last html closing tags local tags = '' local rev_element = string.reverse(last_element) for tag in string.gmatch(rev_element, '(>%l+/<)') do if string.match(rev_element, '^' .. tags .. tag) then tags = tags .. tag else break end end local last_tags = string.reverse(tags) local offset = string.find(last_element, last_tags .. '$') if offset then thetable[#thetable] = string.sub(last_element, 1, offset - 1) .. the_icon .. last_tags else thetable[#thetable] = last_element .. the_icon end return thetable end -- Escape Lua captures local function captureEscapes(text) return mw.ustring.gsub(text, "(%%%d)", "%%%1") end -- expandTemplate or callParserFunction local function expandBraces(text, formatting) if text == nil or formatting == nil then return text end -- only expand braces if provided in argument, not included in value as in Q1164668 if mw.ustring.find(formatting, '{{', 1, true) == nil then return text end if type(text) ~= "string" then text = tostring(text) end for braces in mw.ustring.gmatch(text, "{{(.-)}}") do local parts = mw.text.split(braces, "|") local title_part = parts[1] local parameters = {} for i = 2, #parts do local subparts = mw.ustring.find(parts[i], "=") if subparts then local param_name = mw.ustring.sub(parts[i], 1, subparts - 1) local param_value = mw.ustring.sub(parts[i], subparts + 1, -1) -- reconstruct broken links by parts if i < #parts and mw.ustring.find(param_value, "[[", 1, true) and not mw.ustring.find(param_value, "]]", 1, true) then parameters[param_name] = param_value local part_next = i + 1 while parts[part_next] and mw.ustring.find(parts[part_next], "]]", 1, true) do parameters[param_name] = parameters[param_name] .. "|" .. parts[part_next] part_next = part_next + 1 end else parameters[param_name] = param_value end elseif not mw.ustring.find(parts[i], "]]", 1, true) then table.insert(parameters, parts[i]) end end local braces_expanded if mw.ustring.find(title_part, ":") and mw.text.split(title_part, ":")[1] ~= mw.site.namespaces[10].name -- not a prefix Template: then braces_expanded = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction{name=title_part, args=parameters} else braces_expanded = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=title_part, args=parameters} end braces = mw.ustring.gsub(braces, "([%^%$%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1") -- escape magic characters braces_expanded = captureEscapes(braces_expanded) text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "{{" .. braces .. "}}", braces_expanded) end return text end -- format data type math local function printDatatypeMath(data) return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#tag:math', data) end -- format data type musical-notation local function printDatatypeMusical(data, formatting) local attr = {} if formatting == 'sound' then attr.sound = 1 end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag('score', data, attr) end -- format data type string local function printDatatypeString(data, parameters) if mw.ustring.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$1', 1, true) then -- formatting = a pattern return expandBraces(mw.ustring.gsub(parameters.formatting, '$1', {['$1'] = data}), parameters.formatting) elseif parameters.case then return case(parameters.case, data, parameters.lang[1], feminineGender(parameters.id)) end local data_number = string.match(data, "^%d+") if data_number then -- sort key by initial number and remaining string local sortkey = string.format("%019d", data_number * 1000) return data, sortkey .. string.sub(data, #data_number + 1) end return data end -- format data type tabular-data local function printDatatypeTabular(data, parameters) local icon if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then icon = "no-icon" data = string.gsub(data, '^Data:', '') -- remove prefix, i.e. see Module:Tabular data end return printDatatypeString(data, parameters), icon end -- format data type url local function printDatatypeUrl(data, parameters) if parameters.formatting == 'weblink' then local label_parts = mw.text.split(string.gsub(data, '/$', ''), '/') local label = string.gsub(label_parts[3], '^www%.', '') if #label_parts > 3 then label = label .. '…' end return '[' .. data .. ' ' .. label .. ']' end return printDatatypeString(data, parameters) end -- format data type external-id local function printDatatypeExternal(data, parameters) if parameters.formatting == 'externalid' then local p_stat = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(parameters.property, 'P1630') -- formatter URL local p_link_pattern = getSnak(p_stat, {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value"}) if p_link_pattern then local p_link = mw.ustring.gsub(p_link_pattern, '$1', {['$1'] = data}) return '[' .. p_link .. ' ' .. data .. ']' end end return printDatatypeString(data, parameters) end -- format data type commonsMedia and geo-shape local function printDatatypeMedia(data, parameters) local icon if not string.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$1', 1, true) then icon = "no-icon" if not string.find(data, '^Data:') then data = mw.uri.encode(data, 'PATH') -- encode special characters in filename end end return printDatatypeString(data, parameters), icon end -- format data type globe-coordinate local function printDatatypeCoordinate(data, formatting) local function globes(globe_id) local globes = {['Q3134']='callisto',['Q596']='ceres',['Q15040']='dione',['Q2']='earth',['Q3303']='enceladus', ['Q3143']='europa',['Q17975']='phoebe',['Q3169']='ganymede',['Q3123']='io',['Q17958']='iapetus', ['Q308']='mercury',['Q15034']='mimas',['Q405']='moon',['Q15050']='rhea',['Q15047']='tethys', ['Q111']='mars',['Q2565']='titan',['Q3359']='triton',['Q313']='venus',['Q3030']='vesta'} return globes[globe_id] end local function roundPrecision(num, prec) if prec == nil or prec <= 0 then return num end local sig = 10^math.floor(math.log10(prec)+.5) -- significant figure from sexagesimal precision: 0.00123 -> 0.001 return math.floor(num / sig + 0.5) * sig end local precision = data.precision local latitude = roundPrecision(data.latitude, precision) local longitude = roundPrecision(data.longitude, precision) if formatting and string.find(formatting, '$lat', 1, true) and string.find(formatting, '$lon', 1, true) then local ret = mw.ustring.gsub(formatting, '$l[ao][tn]', {['$lat'] = latitude, ['$lon'] = longitude}) if string.find(formatting, '$globe', 1, true) then local myglobe = 'earth' if isSet(data.globe) then local globenum = mw.text.split(data.globe, 'entity/')[2] -- http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2 myglobe = globes(globenum) or 'earth' end ret = mw.ustring.gsub(ret, '$globe', myglobe) end return expandBraces(ret, formatting) elseif formatting == 'latitude' then return latitude, "no-icon" elseif formatting == 'longitude' then return longitude, "no-icon" elseif formatting == 'dimension' then return data.dimension, "no-icon" else --default formatting='globe' if isSet(data.globe) == false or data.globe == 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2' then return 'earth', "no-icon" else local globenum = mw.text.split(data.globe, 'entity/')[2] return globes(globenum) or globenum, "no-icon" end end end -- Local functions for data value quantity local function unitSymbol(id, lang) -- get unit symbol or code local unit_symbol = '' if lang == wiki.langcode and pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units") then unit_symbol = require(wiki.module_title .. "/Units").getUnit(0, '', id, true) end if unit_symbol == '' then -- fetch it local claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, 'P5061') if #claims > 0 then local langclaims = {} table.insert(lang, 'mul') -- multilingual as last try for _, snak in ipairs(claims) do local snak_language = getSnak(snak, {"mainsnak", "datavalue", "value", "language"}) if snak_language and not langclaims[snak_language] then -- just the first one by language langclaims[snak_language] = snak.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text end end for _, l in ipairs(lang) do if langclaims[l] then return langclaims[l] end end end end return unit_symbol end local function getUnit(amount, id, parameters) -- get unit symbol or name local suffix = '' if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 8) == "unitcode" then -- get unit symbol local unit_symbol = unitSymbol(id, parameters.lang) if isSet(unit_symbol) then if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', -6) == "linked" then suffix = "[[" .. (mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) or "d:" .. id) .. "|" .. unit_symbol .. "]]" else suffix = unit_symbol end end end if suffix == '' then -- formatting=unit, or formatting=unitcode not found -- get unit label local unit_label, lang = getLabelByLangs(id, parameters.lang) if lang == wiki.langcode and pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units") then suffix = require(wiki.module_title .. "/Units").getUnit(amount, unit_label, id, false) if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', -6) == "linked" then suffix = "[[" .. (mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) or "d:" .. id) .. "|" .. suffix .. "]]" end else suffix = (unit_label or id) .. addLabelIcon(id, lang, parameters.lang[1], parameters.labelicon) end end if suffix ~= '' then suffix = ' ' .. suffix end return suffix end local function roundDefPrecision(in_num, factor) -- rounds out_num with significant figures of in_num (default precision) local out_num = in_num * factor if factor/60 == math.floor(factor/60) or out_num == 0 then -- sexagesimal integer or avoiding NaN return out_num end -- first, count digits after decimal mark, handling cases like '12.345e6' local exponent, prec local integer, dot, decimals, expstr = in_num:match('^(%d*)(%.?)(%d*)(.*)') local e = expstr:sub(1, 1) if e == 'e' or e == 'E' then exponent = tonumber(expstr:sub(2)) end if dot == '' then prec = -integer:match('0*$'):len() else prec = #decimals end if exponent then -- So '1230' and '1.23e3' both give prec = -1, and '0.00123' and '1.23e-3' give 5. prec = prec - exponent end -- significant figures local in_bracket = 10^-prec -- -1 -> 10, 5 -> 0.00001 local out_bracket = in_bracket * out_num / in_num out_bracket = 10^math.floor(math.log10(out_bracket)+.5) -- 1230 -> 1000, 0.00123 -> 0.001 -- round it (credit to Luc Bloom from http://lua-users.org/wiki/SimpleRound) return math.floor(out_num/out_bracket + (out_num >=0 and 1 or -1) * 0.5) * out_bracket end -- format data type quantity local function printDatatypeQuantity(data, parameters) local amount = data.amount amount = mw.ustring.gsub(amount, "%+", "") local suffix = "" local conv_amount, conv_suffix if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 4) == "unit" or string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 8) == "duration" or parameters.convert then local unit_id = data.unit unit_id = mw.ustring.sub(unit_id, mw.ustring.find(unit_id, "Q"), -1) if string.sub(unit_id, 1, 1) == "Q" then suffix = getUnit(amount, unit_id, parameters) local convert_to if parameters.convert == "default" or parameters.convert == "default2" then local exist, units = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units") if exist and units.convert_default and next(units.convert_default) ~= nil then convert_to = units.convert_default[unit_id] end elseif string.sub(parameters.convert or '', 1, 1) == "Q" then convert_to = parameters.convert elseif string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 8) == "duration" then convert_to = 'Q11574' -- seconds end if convert_to and convert_to ~= unit_id then -- convert units local conv_temp = { -- formulae for temperatures ºC, ºF, ªK: [from] = {[to] = 'formula'} ['Q25267'] = {['Q42289'] = '$1*1.8+32', ['Q11597'] = '$1+273.15'}, ['Q42289'] = {['Q25267'] = '($1-32)/1.8', ['Q11597'] = '($1+459.67)*5/9'}, ['Q11597'] = {['Q25267'] = '$1-273.15', ['Q42289'] = '($1-273.15)*1.8000+32.00'} } if conv_temp[unit_id] and conv_temp[unit_id][convert_to] then local amount_f = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#expr', mw.ustring.gsub(conv_temp[unit_id][convert_to], "$1", amount)) conv_amount = math.floor(tonumber(amount_f) + 0.5) else local conversions = getStatements(unit_id, 'P2442') -- conversion to standard unit table.insert(conversions, mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(unit_id, 'P2370')[1]) -- conversion to SI unit for _, conv in ipairs(conversions) do if conv.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then -- no somevalue nor novalue if conv.mainsnak.datavalue.value.unit == "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/" .. convert_to then conv_amount = roundDefPrecision(amount, tonumber(conv.mainsnak.datavalue.value.amount)) break end end end end if conv_amount then conv_suffix = getUnit(conv_amount, convert_to, parameters) end elseif parameters.convert == 'M' and tonumber(amount) > 10^8 then conv_amount = math.floor(amount/10^6 + 0.5) conv_suffix = ' M' .. string.sub(suffix, 2) end if conv_amount and parameters.formatting == 'raw' then amount = conv_amount suffix = "" conv_amount = nil end end end local lang_obj = mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1]) local sortkey = string.format("%019d", tonumber(amount) * 1000) if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 8) == "duration" then local sec = tonumber(conv_amount or amount) if parameters.formatting == 'duration' then return lang_obj:formatDuration(sec) elseif parameters.formatting == 'durationm:s' then local mm = math.floor(sec / 60) local ss = sec - (mm * 60) return string.format("%02d:%02d", mm, ss) else -- durationhms or durationh:m:s local intervals = {"hours", "minutes", "seconds"} local sec2table = lang_obj:getDurationIntervals(sec, intervals) sec2table["seconds"] = (sec2table["seconds"] or 0) + tonumber("." .. (tostring(sec):match("%.(%d+)") or "0")) -- add decimals local duration = '' for i, v in ipairs(intervals) do if parameters.formatting == 'durationh:m:s' then if i == 1 and sec2table[v] then duration = duration .. sec2table[v] .. ":" elseif i == 2 then duration = duration .. string.format("%02d", sec2table[v] or 0) .. ":" elseif i == 3 then local sec_str = tostring(lang_obj:formatNum(sec2table[v] or 0)) duration = duration .. (sec2table[v] < 10 and "0" or "") .. sec_str end elseif sec2table[v] then duration = duration .. lang_obj:formatNum(sec2table[v]) .. i18n.datetime.hms[v] .. (i < 3 and " " or "") end end return duration end end if parameters.case then amount = case(parameters.case, amount, parameters.lang[1], feminineGender(parameters.id)) elseif parameters.formatting ~= 'raw' then if parameters.numformat then amount = lang_obj:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(parameters.numformat, amount))) else amount = lang_obj:formatNum(tonumber(amount)) end end if conv_amount then local conv_sortkey = string.format("%019d", conv_amount * 1000) conv_amount = lang_obj:formatNum(conv_amount) if parameters.convert == 'default2' then return conv_amount .. conv_suffix .. ' (' .. amount .. suffix .. ')', conv_sortkey else return conv_amount .. conv_suffix, conv_sortkey end elseif mw.ustring.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$1', 1, true) then -- formatting with pattern amount = mw.ustring.gsub(parameters.formatting, '$1', {['$1'] = amount}) end return amount .. suffix, sortkey end -- format data type time local function printDatatypeTime(data, parameters) -- Dates and times are stored in ISO 8601 format local timestamp = data.time local post_format local calendar_add = "" local precision = data.precision or 11 if string.sub(timestamp, 1, 1) == '-' then post_format = i18n.datetime["bc"] elseif string.sub(timestamp, 2, 3) == '00' then post_format = i18n.datetime["ad"] elseif precision > 8 then -- calendar model local calendar_model = {["Q12138"] = "gregorian", ["Q1985727"] = "gregorian", ["Q11184"] = "julian", ["Q1985786"] = "julian"} local calendar_id = mw.text.split(data.calendarmodel, 'entity/')[2] if (timestamp < "+1582-10-15T00:00:00Z" and calendar_model[calendar_id] == "gregorian") or (timestamp > "+1582-10-04T00:00:00Z" and calendar_model[calendar_id] == "julian") then calendar_add = " ^{(" .. mw.message.new('Wikibase-time-calendar-' .. calendar_model[calendar_id]):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() .. ")}" end end local function formatTime(form, stamp) local pattern if type(form) == "function" then pattern = form(stamp) else pattern = form end stamp = tostring(stamp) if mw.ustring.find(pattern, "$1") then return mw.ustring.gsub(pattern, "$1", stamp) elseif string.sub(stamp, 1, 1) == '-' then -- formatDate() only supports years from 0 stamp = '+' .. string.sub(stamp, 2) elseif string.sub(stamp, 1, 1) ~= '+' then -- not a valid timestamp, it is a number stamp = string.format("%04d", stamp) end local ret = mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1]):formatDate(pattern, stamp) ret = string.gsub(ret, "^(%[?%[?)0+", "%1") -- suppress leading zeros ret = string.gsub(ret, "( %[?%[?)0+", "%1") return ret end local function postFormat(t) if post_format and mw.ustring.find(post_format, "$1") then return mw.ustring.gsub(post_format, "$1", t) end return t end local intyear = tonumber(string.match(timestamp, "[+-](%d+)")) local ret = "" if precision <= 5 then -- precision is 10000 years or more local factor = 10 ^ ((5 - precision) + 4) local y2 = math.ceil(math.abs(intyear) / factor) local relative = formatTime(i18n.datetime[precision], y2) if post_format == i18n.datetime["bc"] then ret = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.beforenow, "$1", relative) else ret = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.afternow, "$1", relative) end local ret_number = string.match(ret, "%d+") if ret_number ~= nil then ret = mw.ustring.gsub(ret, ret_number, mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1]):formatNum(tonumber(ret_number))) end elseif precision == 6 or precision == 7 then -- millennia or centuries local card = math.floor((intyear - 1) / 10^(9 - precision)) + 1 ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[precision], card) ret = postFormat(ret) elseif precision == 8 then -- decades local card = math.floor(math.abs(intyear) / 10) * 10 ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[8], card) ret = postFormat(ret) elseif intyear > 9999 then -- not a valid timestamp return elseif precision == 9 or parameters.formatting == 'Y' then -- precision is year ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[9], intyear) ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add elseif precision == 10 then -- month ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[10], timestamp .. " + 1 day") -- formatDate yyyy-mm-00 returns the previous month ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add else -- precision 11, day ret = formatTime(parameters.formatting or i18n.datetime[11], timestamp) ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add end return ret, timestamp end -- format data value wikibase-entityid with data types wikibase-item or wikibase-property local function printDatatypeEntity(data, parameters) local entity_id = data['id'] if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then return entity_id, entity_id end local entity_page = 'Special:EntityPage/' .. entity_id local label, lang = getLabelByLangs(entity_id, parameters.lang) local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(entity_id) local parameter = parameters.formatting local labelcase = label or sitelink if parameters.gender == 'feminineform' then labelcase = feminineForm(entity_id, lang) or labelcase end if parameters.case ~= 'gender' then labelcase = case(parameters.case, labelcase, lang, parameters.lang[1], entity_id, parameters.id) end if labelcase == nil and i18n.qidlabels == false then return end local ret1, ret2 if parameter == 'label' then ret1 = labelcase or entity_id ret2 = labelcase or entity_id elseif parameter == 'sitelink' then ret1 = (sitelink or 'd:' .. entity_page) ret2 = sitelink or entity_id elseif mw.ustring.find((parameter or ''), '$1', 1, true) then -- formatting = a pattern ret1 = mw.ustring.gsub(parameter, '$1', labelcase or entity_id) ret1 = expandBraces(ret1, parameter) ret2 = labelcase or entity_id else if parameter == "ucfirst" or parameter == "ucinternallink" then if labelcase and lang then labelcase = mw.language.new(lang):ucfirst(labelcase) end -- only first of a list, reset formatting for next ones if parameter == "ucinterlanllink" then parameters.formatting = 'internallink' else parameters.formatting = nil -- default format end end if sitelink then ret1 = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. labelcase .. ']]' ret2 = labelcase elseif label and string.match(parameter or '', 'internallink$') and not mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(label) then ret1 = '[[' .. label .. '|' .. labelcase .. ']]' ret2 = labelcase else ret1 = '[[d:' .. entity_page .. '|<span style="color:#5f9cbb;">' .. (labelcase or entity_id) .. '</span>]]' ret2 = labelcase or entity_id end end return ret1 .. addLabelIcon(entity_id, lang, parameters.lang[1], parameters.labelicon), ret2 end -- format data type wikibase-lexeme local function printDatatypeLexeme(data, parameters) local entity_id = data['id'] if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then return entity_id, entity_id end local lemmas = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entity_id):getLemmas() if parameters.list == 'lang' and lemmas[1][2] ~= parameters.lang[1] then return end local ret = '[[d:Special:EntityPage/' .. entity_id .. '|<span style="color:#5f9cbb;">' .. lemmas[1][1] .. '</span>]]' if parameters.list ~= 'lang' or (parameters.list == 'lang' and lemmas[1][2] ~= wiki.langcode) then ret = ret .. " ^{(" .. lemmas[1][2] .. ")}" end return ret, entity_id end -- format data type monolingualtext local function printDatatypeMonolingual(data, parameters) -- data fields: language [string], text [string] if parameters.list == "lang" and data["language"] ~= parameters.lang[1] then return elseif parameters.list == "notlang" and data["language"] == parameters.lang[1] then return elseif parameters.formatting == "language" or parameters.formatting == "text" then return data[parameters.formatting] end local result = data["text"] if data["language"] ~= wiki.langcode then result = mw.ustring.gsub('<span lang="$1">$2</span>', '$[12]', {["$1"]=data["language"], ["$2"]=data["text"]}) end if mw.ustring.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$', 1, true) then -- output format defined with $text, $language result = mw.ustring.gsub(parameters.formatting, '$text', result) result = mw.ustring.gsub(result, '$language', data["language"]) end return result end local function getSnakValue(snak, parameters) if snak.snaktype == 'value' then -- see Special:ListDatatypes -- data value string if snak.datatype == "string" then return printDatatypeString(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "commonsMedia" or snak.datatype == "geo-shape" then return printDatatypeMedia(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "tabular-data" then return printDatatypeTabular(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "url" then return printDatatypeUrl(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "external-id" then return printDatatypeExternal(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == 'math' then return printDatatypeMath(snak.datavalue.value) elseif snak.datatype == 'musical-notation' then return printDatatypeMusical(snak.datavalue.value, parameters.formatting) -- data types other than string value elseif snak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' or snak.datatype == 'wikibase-property' then if i18n.suppress[snak.datavalue.value.id] then return end return printDatatypeEntity(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == 'wikibase-lexeme' then return printDatatypeLexeme(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == 'monolingualtext' then return printDatatypeMonolingual(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "globe-coordinate" then return printDatatypeCoordinate(snak.datavalue.value, parameters.formatting) elseif snak.datatype == "quantity" then return printDatatypeQuantity(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) elseif snak.datatype == "time" then return printDatatypeTime(snak.datavalue.value, parameters) end elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' then if parameters.formatting == 'raw' or parameters.shownovalue == false then return end return mw.message.new('Wikibase-snakview-snaktypeselector-novalue'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' then if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then return end return mw.message.new('Wikibase-snakview-snaktypeselector-somevalue'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() end return mw.wikibase.renderSnak(snak) end local function printError(key) return '<span class="error">' .. i18n.errors[key] .. '</span>' end local function getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId, parameters) -- a "snak" is Wikidata terminology for a typed key/value pair -- a claim consists of a main snak holding the main information of this claim, -- as well as a list of attribute snaks and a list of references snaks if qualifierId then -- search the attribute snak with the given qualifier as key if claim.qualifiers then local qualifier = claim.qualifiers[qualifierId] if qualifier then if qualifier[1].datatype == "monolingualtext" then -- iterate over monolingualtext qualifiers to get local language for idx in pairs(qualifier) do if getSnak(qualifier[idx], {"datavalue", "value", "language"}) == parameters.lang[1] then return qualifier[idx] end end elseif parameters.list then return qualifier else return qualifier[1] end end end return nil, printError("qualifier-not-found") else -- otherwise return the main snak return claim.mainsnak end end local function getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameters) local snak, error = getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId, parameters) if not snak then return nil, nil, error elseif snak[1] then -- a multi qualifier local result, sortkey = {}, {} local maxvals = tonumber(parameters.listmax) for idx in pairs(snak) do result[#result + 1], sortkey[#sortkey + 1] = getSnakValue(snak[idx], parameters) if maxvals and maxvals == #result then break end end return mw.text.listToText(result, parameters.qseparator, parameters.qconjunction), sortkey[1] else -- a property or a qualifier return getSnakValue(snak, parameters) end end local function getValueOfParentClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameters) local qids = mw.text.split(qualifierId, '/', true) local value, sortkey, valueraw = {}, {}, {} local parent_raw, value_text if qids[1] == parameters.property then parent_raw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang}) else parent_raw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, qids[1], {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang, ["list"]=true, ["qseparator"]='/', ["qconjunction"]='/'}) end if string.sub(parent_raw or '', 1, 1) == "Q" then -- protection for 'no value' local parent_qids = mw.text.split(parent_raw, '/', true) for idx, p_qid in ipairs(parent_qids) do local parent_claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(p_qid, qids[2]) if parent_claims[1] then value[idx], sortkey[idx], _ = getValueOfClaim(parent_claims[1], nil, parameters) -- raw parent value needed for while/black lists, lang for avoiding an error on types other than entity valueraw[idx], _, _ = getValueOfClaim(parent_claims[1], nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang}) end end end if value[1] then value_text = mw.text.listToText(value, parameters.qseparator, parameters.qconjunction) end return value_text, sortkey[1], valueraw[1] end -- see d:Help:Sources local function getReferences(claim, parameters) if not (parameters.references or parameters.onlysourced) then return '', false end local lang = parameters.lang local maxrefs = tonumber(parameters.references) or 1 local notproperref = { ["P143"] = true, -- imported from ["P3452"] = true, -- inferred from ["P887"] = true, -- based on heuristic ["P4656"] = true -- Wikimedia import URL } local result = {} -- traverse through all references for ref in pairs(claim.references or {}) do local refparts local refs = {} local validref = true local ref_id -- traverse through all parts of the current reference for snakkey, snakval in pairs(claim.references[ref].snaks or {}) do for partkey, _ in pairs(claim.references[ref].snaks[snakkey] or {}) do if notproperref[snakkey] then -- not a proper reference validref = false break end end if validref then for snakidx = 1, #snakval do if snakidx > 1 then refparts = refparts .. ", " end if snakval[snakidx].datatype == 'external-id' then refparts = refparts or '' .. (getSnakValue(snakval[snakidx], {formatting='externalid', property=snakval[snakidx].property, lang=lang}) or '') else refparts = refparts or '' .. (getSnakValue(snakval[snakidx], {lang=lang}) or '') end end refs[snakkey] = refparts refparts = nil if snakkey == "P248" then -- stated in ref_id = getSnak(snakval, {1, "datavalue", "value", "id"}) end end end -- fill missing values with parent item if ref_id then local function refParent(qid, pid, formatting) local snak = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, pid), {1, "mainsnak"}) return snak and getSnakValue(snak, {formatting=formatting, lang=lang}) end refs['P50'] = refs['P50'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P50', 'label') -- author refs['P407'] = refs['P407'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P407', 'label') -- language of work refs['P123'] = refs['P123'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P123', 'label') -- publisher refs['P577'] = refs['P577'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P577') -- date refs['P1433'] = refs['P1433'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P1433', 'label') -- published in refs['P304'] = refs['P304'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P304') -- page(s) refs['P433'] = refs['P433'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P433') -- issue refs['P236'] = refs['P236'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P236') -- ISSN refs['P356'] = refs['P356'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P356') -- DOI end -- get title of local templates for citing references local template_web = mw.wikibase.getSitelink('Q5637226') or "" template_web = mw.text.split(template_web, ":")[2] -- split off namespace from front local template_journal = mw.wikibase.getSitelink('Q5624899') or "" template_journal = mw.text.split(template_journal, ":")[2] local citeParams = {} if refs['P854'] and (refs['P1476'] or refs['P248']) and template_web then -- if both "reference URL" and "title" (or "stated in") are present, then use cite web template citeParams[i18n['cite']['url']] = refs['P854'] if refs['P248'] and refs['P1476'] == nil then citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P248']:match("^%[%[.-|(.-)%]%]") else citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P1476'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['website']] = refs['P248'] end citeParams[i18n['cite']['author']] = refs['P50'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['language']] = refs['P407'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['publisher']] = refs['P123'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['date']] = refs['P577'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['pages']] = refs['P304'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['access-date']] = refs['P813'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['archive-url']] = refs['P1065'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['archive-date']] = refs['P2960'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['quote']] = refs['P1683'] refparts = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=template_web, args=citeParams} elseif refs['P1433'] and (refs['P1476'] or refs['P248']) and template_journal then -- if both "published in" and "title" (or "stated in") are present, then use cite journal template citeParams[i18n['cite']['work']] = refs['P1433'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P1476'] or refs['P248'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['author']] = refs['P50'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['date']] = refs['P577'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['issue']] = refs['P433'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['pages']] = refs['P304'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['language']] = refs['P407'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['issn']] = refs['P236'] citeParams[i18n['cite']['doi']] = refs['P356'] refparts = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=template_journal, args=citeParams} elseif validref then -- raw ouput local snaksorder = claim.references[ref]["snaks-order"] local function indexed(a) for _, b in ipairs(snaksorder) do if b == a then return true end end return false end for k, _ in pairs(refs or {}) do if not indexed(k) then table.insert(snaksorder, k) end end local italics = "''" for _, k in ipairs(snaksorder) do if refs[k] then refparts = refparts and refparts .. " " or "" refparts = refparts .. mw.ustring.gsub(getLabelByLangs(k, lang), "^%l", mw.ustring.upper) .. ": " refparts = refparts .. italics .. refs[k] .. italics .. "." italics = "" end end end if refparts then local ref_name = claim.references[ref].hash result[#result + 1] = mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", refparts, {name=ref_name}) if maxrefs and maxrefs == #result then break end end end if #result > 0 then if parameters.references then if isSet(i18n.categoryref) then result[#result + 1] = "[[" ..i18n.categoryref .. "]]" end return table.concat(result), true else return '', true end end return '', false end -- Set whitelist or blacklist values local function setWhiteOrBlackList(num_qual, args) local lists = {['whitelist']={}, ['blacklist']={}, ['ignorevalue']={}, ['selectvalue']={}} for i = 0, num_qual do for k, _ in pairs(lists) do if isSet(args[k .. i]) then lists[k][tostring(i)] = {} local pattern = 'Q%d+' if string.sub(args[k .. i], 1, 1) ~= 'Q' then pattern = '[^%p%s]+' end for q in string.gmatch(args[k .. i], pattern) do lists[k][tostring(i)][q] = true end end end end return lists['whitelist'], lists['blacklist'], lists['ignorevalue'], lists['selectvalue'] end local function tableParameters(args, parameters, column) local column_params = mw.clone(parameters) column_params.formatting = args["colformat"..column]; if column_params.formatting == "" then column_params.formatting = nil end column_params.convert = args["convert" .. column] if args["case" .. column] then column_params.case = args["case" .. column] end return column_params end local function getEntityId(args, pargs, unnamed) pargs = pargs or {} local id = args.item or args.from or (unnamed and mw.text.trim(args[1] or '') or nil) if not isSet(id) then id = pargs.item or pargs.from or (unnamed and mw.text.trim(pargs[1] or '') or nil) end if isSet(id) then if string.find(id, ":") then -- remove prefix as Property:Pid id = mw.text.split(id, ":")[2] end else id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() end return id end local function getArg(value, default, aliases) if type(value) == 'boolean' then return value elseif value == "false" or value == "no" then return false elseif value == "true" or value == "yes" then return true elseif value and aliases and aliases[value] then return aliases[value] elseif isSet(value) then return value elseif default then return default else return nil end end -- Main function claim --------------------------------------------- -- on debug console use: =p.claim{item="Q...", property="P...", ...} function p.claim(frame) local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} local is_sandbox = isSet(pargs.sandbox) if not required and is_sandbox then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).claim(frame) end --If a value is already set, use it if isSet(args.value) then if args.value == 'NONE' then return else return args.value end end -- arguments local parameters = {} parameters.id = getEntityId(args, pargs) if parameters.id == nil then return end parameters.property = string.upper(args.property or "") local qualifierId = {} qualifierId[1] = getArg(string.upper(args.qualifier or args.qualifier1 or "")) local i = 2 while isSet(args["qualifier" .. i]) do qualifierId[i] = string.upper(args["qualifier" .. i]) i = i + 1 end parameters.formatting = getArg(args.formatting) parameters.convert = getArg(args.convert) parameters.numformat = getArg(args.numformat) parameters.case = args.case parameters.list = getArg(args.list, true, {firstrank='bestrank'}) parameters.listmax = args.listmax parameters.listrank = getArg(args.listrank) if type(parameters.list) == "number" then -- backwards compatibility parameters.listmax = parameters.listmax or parameters.list parameters.list = true elseif parameters.list == "bestrank" then parameters.listrank = parameters.listrank or "bestrank" parameters.list = true end parameters.shownovalue = getArg(args.shownovalue, true) parameters.separator = getArg(args.separator) parameters.conjunction = getArg(args.conjunction, parameters.separator) parameters.qseparator = getArg(args.qseparator, parameters.separator) parameters.qconjunction = getArg(args.qconjunction, parameters.conjunction) local sorting_col = args.tablesort local sorting_up = (args.sorting or "") ~= "-1" local rowformat = args.rowformat parameters.references = getArg(args.references, false) parameters.onlysourced = getArg(args.onlysourced, false) local showerrors = args.showerrors local default = args.default if default then showerrors = nil end parameters.lang = findLang(args.lang) if parameters.formatting == "raw" then parameters.editicon, parameters.labelicon = false, false else parameters.editicon, parameters.labelicon = setIcons(args.editicon, pargs.editicon) -- needs loadI18n by findLand end -- fetch property local claims = {} local bestrank = parameters.listrank == 'bestrank' and parameters.list ~= 'lang' for p in string.gmatch(parameters.property, 'P%d+') do claims = getStatements(parameters.id, p, bestrank) if #claims > 0 then parameters.property = p break end end if #claims == 0 then local ret = showerrors and printError("property-not-found") or default return ret, args.query == 'num' and 0 or '' end -- defaults for table local preformat, postformat = "", "" local whitelisted = false local whitelist, blacklist, ignorevalue, selectvalue = {}, {}, {}, {} if parameters.formatting == "table" then parameters.separator = parameters.separator or "<br />" parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction or "<br />" parameters.qseparator = getArg(args.qseparator, mw.message.new('Comma-separator'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain()) parameters.qconjunction = getArg(args.qconjunction, parameters.qseparator) if not rowformat then rowformat = "$0 ($1" i = 2 while qualifierId[i] do rowformat = rowformat .. ", $" .. i i = i + 1 end rowformat = rowformat .. ")" elseif mw.ustring.find(rowformat, "^[*#]") then parameters.separator = "</li><li>" parameters.conjunction = "</li><li>" if mw.ustring.match(rowformat, "^[*#]") == "*" then preformat = "<ul><li>" postformat = "</li></ul>" else preformat = "<ol><li>" postformat = "</li></ol>" end rowformat = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformat, "^[*#] ?", "") end -- set whitelist and blacklist values whitelist, blacklist, ignorevalue, selectvalue = setWhiteOrBlackList(#qualifierId, args) local next = next if next(whitelist) ~= nil then whitelisted = true end end -- set feminine case if gender is requested local itemgender = args.itemgender local idgender if itemgender then if string.match(itemgender, "^P%d+$") then local snak_id = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(parameters.id, itemgender), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value", "id"}) if snak_id then idgender = snak_id end elseif string.match(itemgender, "^Q%d+$") then idgender = itemgender end end local gender_requested = false if parameters.case == "gender" or idgender then gender_requested = true elseif parameters.formatting == "table" then for i=0, #qualifierId do if args["case" .. i] and args["case" .. i] == "gender" then gender_requested = true break end end end if gender_requested then if feminineGender(idgender or parameters.id) then parameters.gender = "feminineform" end end -- get initial sort indices local sortindices = {} for idx in pairs(claims) do sortindices[#sortindices + 1] = idx end -- sort by claim rank local comparator = function(a, b) local rankmap = { deprecated = 2, normal = 1, preferred = 0 } local ranka = rankmap[claims[a].rank or "normal"] .. string.format("%08d", a) local rankb = rankmap[claims[b].rank or "normal"] .. string.format("%08d", b) return ranka < rankb end table.sort(sortindices, comparator) local result, result2, result_query local error if parameters.list or parameters.formatting == "table" then -- convert LF to line feed, <br /> may not work on some cases parameters.separator = parameters.separator == "LF" and "\010" or parameters.separator parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction == "LF" and "\010" or parameters.conjunction -- i18n separators parameters.separator = parameters.separator or mw.message.new('Comma-separator'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction or (mw.message.new('And'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() .. mw.message.new('Word-separator'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain()) -- iterate over all elements and return their value (if existing) local value, valueq local sortkey, sortkeyq local values = {} local sortkeys = {} local refs = {} local rowlist = {} -- rows to list with whitelist or blacklist for idx in pairs(claims) do local claim = claims[sortindices[idx]] local reference = {} if not whitelisted then rowlist[idx] = true end if parameters.formatting == "table" then local params = tableParameters(args, parameters, "0") value, sortkey, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, params) if value then values[#values + 1] = {} sortkeys[#sortkeys + 1] = {} refs[#refs + 1] = {} if whitelist["0"] or blacklist["0"] then local valueraw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=params.lang}) if whitelist["0"] and whitelist["0"][valueraw or ""] then rowlist[#values] = true elseif blacklist["0"] and blacklist["0"][valueraw or ""] then rowlist[#values] = false end end for i, qual in ipairs(qualifierId) do local j = tostring(i) params = tableParameters(args, parameters, j) local valueq, sortkeyq, valueraw if qual == parameters.property then -- hack for getting the property with another formatting, i.e. colformat1=raw valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, params) else for q in mw.text.gsplit(qual, '%s*OR%s*') do if string.find(q, ".+/.+") then valueq, sortkeyq, valueraw = getValueOfParentClaim(claim, q, params) elseif string.find(q, "^/.+") then local claim2 = getStatements(parameters.id, string.sub(q, 2), bestrank) if #claim2 > 0 then -- only first value of a property as alternative to a qualifier -- multiple values may not be related to a given raw of the table valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim2[1], nil, params) end else valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, q, params) end if valueq then qual = q break end end end values[#values]["col" .. j] = valueq sortkeys[#sortkeys]["col" .. j] = sortkeyq or valueq if whitelist[j] or blacklist[j] or ignorevalue[j] or selectvalue[j] then valueq = valueraw or getValueOfClaim(claim, qual, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=params.lang}) if whitelist[j] and whitelist[j][valueq or ""] then rowlist[#values] = true elseif blacklist[j] and blacklist[j][valueq or ""] then rowlist[#values] = false elseif ignorevalue[j] and ignorevalue[j][valueq or ""] then values[#values]["col" .. j] = nil elseif selectvalue[j] and not selectvalue[j][valueq or ""] then values[#values]["col" .. j] = nil end end end end else value, sortkey, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId[1], parameters) values[#values + 1] = {} sortkeys[#sortkeys + 1] = {} refs[#refs + 1] = {} end if not value and showerrors then value = error end if value then if (parameters.references or parameters.onlysourced) and claim.references then reference = claim.references end refs[#refs]["col0"] = reference values[#values]["col0"] = value sortkeys[#sortkeys]["col0"] = sortkey or value end end -- sort and format results sortindices = {} for idx in pairs(values) do sortindices[#sortindices + 1] = idx end if sorting_col then local sorting_table = mw.text.split(sorting_col, '%D+') local comparator = function(a, b) local valuea, valueb local i = 1 while valuea == valueb and i <= #sorting_table do valuea = sortkeys[a]["col" .. sorting_table[i]] or '' valueb = sortkeys[b]["col" .. sorting_table[i]] or '' i = i + 1 end if sorting_up then return valueb > valuea end return valueb < valuea end table.sort(sortindices, comparator) end local maxvals = tonumber(parameters.listmax) result = {} for idx in pairs(values) do local valuerow = values[sortindices[idx]] local reference, valid_ref = getReferences({["references"] = refs[sortindices[idx]]["col0"]}, parameters) value = valuerow["col0"] if parameters.formatting == "table" then if not rowlist[sortindices[idx]] then value = nil else local rowformatting = rowformat .. "$" -- fake end character added for easy gsub value = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformatting, "$0", {["$0"] = value}) value = mw.ustring.gsub(value, "$R0", reference) -- add reference for i, _ in ipairs(qualifierId) do local valueq = valuerow["col" .. i] if args["rowsubformat" .. i] and isSet(valueq) then -- add fake end character $ -- gsub $i not followed by a number so $1 doesn't match $10, $11... -- remove fake end character valueq = captureEscapes(valueq) valueq = mw.ustring.gsub(args["rowsubformat" .. i] .. "$", "$" .. i .. "(%D)", valueq .. "%1") valueq = string.sub(valueq, 1, -2) rowformatting = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformatting, "$" .. i .. "(%D)", args["rowsubformat" .. i] .. "%1") end valueq = valueq and captureEscapes(valueq) or '' value = mw.ustring.gsub(value, "$" .. i .. "(%D)", valueq .. "%1") end value = string.sub(value, 1, -2) -- remove fake end character value = expandBraces(value, rowformatting) end elseif value then value = expandBraces(value, parameters.formatting) value = value .. reference end if isSet(value) and (not parameters.onlysourced or (parameters.onlysourced and valid_ref)) then result[#result + 1] = value if not parameters.list or (maxvals and maxvals == #result) then break end end end if args.query == 'num' then result_query = #result end if #result > 0 then if parameters.formatting == 'table' then result = addEditIconTable(result, parameters) -- in a table, add edit icon on last element end -- Use Manx prose-list punctuation for ordinary lists. -- Explicit separators/conjunctions and table output retain -- the original mw.text.listToText behaviour. local useManxList = parameters.lang[1] == 'gv' and parameters.formatting ~= 'table' and not isSet(args.separator) and not isSet(args.conjunction) if useManxList then result = preformat .. manxListToText(result) .. postformat else result = preformat .. mw.text.listToText(result, parameters.separator, parameters.conjunction) .. postformat end else result = '' end else -- return first element local claim = claims[sortindices[1]] result, result2, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId[1], parameters) if result then local ref, valid_ref = getReferences(claim, parameters) if parameters.onlysourced and valid_ref == false then result = nil else result = result .. ref end end if args.query == 'num' then result_query = result and 1 or 0 end end if isSet(result) then if not (parameters.formatting == 'table' or (result2 and result2 == 'no-icon')) then -- add edit icon, except table added previously and except explicit no-icon internal flag result = result .. addEditIcon(parameters) end else if showerrors then result = error else result = default end end if args.query == 'untranslated' and required and not is_sandbox then result_query = untranslated end return result, result_query or '' end -- Local functions for getParentValues ----------------------- local function uc_first(word) if word == nil then return end return mw.ustring.upper(mw.ustring.sub(word, 1, 1)) .. mw.ustring.sub(word, 2) end local function getPropertyValue(id, property, parameter, langs, labelicon, case) local snaks = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, property) local mysnak = getSnak(snaks, {1, "mainsnak"}) if mysnak == nil then return end local entity_id local result = '-' -- default for 'no value' if mysnak.datavalue then entity_id = "Q" .. tostring(mysnak.datavalue.value['numeric-id']) result, _ = getSnakValue(mysnak, {formatting=parameter, lang=langs, labelicon=labelicon, case=case}) end return entity_id, result end local function getParentObjects(id, prop_format, label_format, languages, propertySupString, propertyLabel, propertyLink, label_show, labelicon0, labelicon1, upto_number, upto_label, upto_value, last_only, grammatical_case, include_self) local propertySups = mw.text.split(propertySupString, '[^P%d]') local maxloop = 10 if upto_number then maxloop = tonumber(upto_number) elseif next(upto_label) or next(upto_value) then maxloop = 50 end local labels_filter = next(label_show) local result = {} local id_value = id for iter = 1, maxloop do local link, label, labelwicon, linktext, id_label for _, propertySup in pairs(propertySups) do local _id_value, _link = getPropertyValue(id_value, propertySup, prop_format, languages, labelicon1, grammatical_case) if _id_value and _link then id_value = _id_value; link = _link break end end if not id_value or not link then break end if propertyLink then _, linktext = getPropertyValue(id_value, propertyLink, "label", languages) if linktext then link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, "%[%[(.*)%|.+%]%]", "[[%1|" .. linktext .. "]]") end end id_label, label = getPropertyValue(id_value, propertyLabel, label_format, languages, false, "infoboxlabel") if labelicon0 then _, labelwicon = getPropertyValue(id_value, propertyLabel, label_format, languages, labelicon0, "infoboxlabel") else labelwicon = label end if labels_filter == nil or (label_show[id_label] or label_show[label]) then result[#result + 1] = {labelwicon, link} label_show[id_label or 'none'], label_show[label or 'none'] = nil, nil -- only first label found end if upto_label[id_label] or upto_label[label] or upto_value[id_value] then break end end if last_only then result = {result[#result]} end if include_self then local label_self, link_self _, label_self = getPropertyValue(id, propertyLabel, label_format, languages, labelicon0, "infoboxlabel") link_self, _ = getLabelByLangs(id, languages) table.insert(result, 1, {label_self, link_self}) end return result end local function parentObjectsToString(result, rowformat, cascade, sorting) local ret = {} local first = 1 local last = #result local iter = 1 if sorting == "-1" then first = #result; last = 1; iter = -1 end for i = first, last, iter do local rowtext = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformat, "$[01]", {["$0"] = result[i][1], ["$1"] = result[i][2]}) ret[#ret + 1] = expandBraces(rowtext, rowformat) end if cascade then local direction = mw.language.new(wiki.langcode):isRTL() and "right" or "left" local suffix = "" for i = 1, #ret do ret[i] = '<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-' .. direction .. ':0.45em; padding-' .. direction .. ':0;"><li>' .. ret[i] suffix = suffix .. '</li></ul>' end ret[#ret] = ret[#ret] .. suffix end return ret end -- Returns pairs of parent label and property value fetching a recursive tree function p.getParentValues(frame) local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} if not required and isSet(pargs.sandbox) then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).getParentValues(frame) end local id = getEntityId(args, pargs) if id == nil then return end local languages = findLang(args.lang) local propertySup = getArg(args.property, "P131") --administrative entity local propertyLabel = getArg(args.label, "P31") --instance local propertyLink = getArg(args.valuetext) local property_format = getArg(args.formatting) local label_format = getArg(args.labelformat, "label") local upto_number = getArg(args.upto) local last_only = getArg(args.last_only, false) local editicon, labelicon = setIcons(args.editicon, pargs.editicon) local include_self = getArg(args.include_self, false) local case = getArg(args.case) local upto_label = {} for q in string.gmatch(args.uptolabelid or '', 'Q%d+') do upto_label[q] = true end if type(upto_number) == 'string' then upto_label[uc_first(upto_number)] = true upto_number = nil require(wiki.module_title .. '/debug').track('upto') -- replace upto by uptolabelid end local upto_value = {} for q in string.gmatch(args.uptovalueid or args.uptolinkid or '', 'Q%d+') do upto_value[q] = true end local label_show = {} for q in string.gmatch(args.showlabelid or '', 'Q%d+') do label_show[q] = true end for _, v in ipairs(mw.text.split(args.labelshow or '', "/")) do if v ~= '' then label_show[uc_first(v)] = true require(wiki.module_title .. '/debug').track('labelshow') -- replace labelshow by showlabelid end end local rowformat = args.rowformat; if not isSet(rowformat) then rowformat = "$0 = $1" end local labelicon0, labelicon1 = labelicon, labelicon if string.find(label_format, '{{.*$0.*}}') or (string.find(rowformat, '{{.*$0.*}}') and label_format ~= 'raw') then labelicon0 = false end local result = getParentObjects(id, property_format, label_format, languages, propertySup, propertyLabel, propertyLink, label_show, labelicon0, labelicon1, upto_number, upto_label, upto_value, last_only, case, include_self) if #result == 0 then return end local separator = args.separator; if not isSet(separator) then separator = "<br />" end local sorting = args.sorting; if sorting == "" then sorting = nil end local cascade = (args.cascade == "true" or args.cascade == "yes") local ret = parentObjectsToString(result, rowformat, cascade, sorting) ret = addEditIconTable(ret, {property=propertySup, editicon=editicon, id=id, lang=languages}) return mw.text.listToText(ret, separator, separator) end -- Link with a parent label -------------------- function p.linkWithParentLabel(frame) local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} if not required and isSet(pargs.sandbox) then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).linkWithParentLabel(frame) end local args = {} if frame.args then for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do -- metatable args[k] = v end else args = frame -- via require end if isSet(args.value) then return args.value end -- get id value of property/qualifier local largs = mw.clone(args) largs.list = tonumber(args.list) and args.list or true largs.formatting = "raw" largs.separator = "/·/" largs.editicon = false local items_list, _ = p.claim(largs) if not isSet(items_list) then return end local items_table = mw.text.split(items_list, "/·/", true) -- get internal link of property/qualifier largs.formatting = "internallink" local link_list, _ = p.claim(largs) local link_table = mw.text.split(link_list, "/·/", true) -- get label of parent property local parent_claim = getSnak(getStatements(items_table[1], args.parent, true), {1, "mainsnak", "datatype"}) if parent_claim == 'monolingualtext' then largs.formatting = nil largs.list = 'lang' else largs.formatting = "label" largs.list = false end largs.property = args.parent largs.qualifier = nil for i, v in ipairs(items_table) do largs.item = v local link_label, _ = p.claim(largs) if isSet(link_label) then link_table[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(link_table[i] or '', "%[%[(.*)%|.+%]%]", "[[%1|" .. link_label .. "]]") end end args.editicon, _ = setIcons(args.editicon, pargs.editicon) args.id = getEntityId(args, pargs) args.lang = findLang(args.lang) return mw.text.listToText(link_table) .. addEditIcon(args) end -- Calculate number of years old ---------------------------- function p.yearsOld(frame) if not required and frame.args and isSet(frame:getParent().args.sandbox) then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).yearsOld(frame) end local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} local id = getEntityId(args, pargs) if id == nil then return end local lang = mw.language.new('en') local function getBestValue(id, prop) return getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, prop), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value"}) end local birth = getBestValue(id, 'P569') if type(birth) ~= 'table' or birth.time == nil or birth.precision == nil or birth.precision < 8 then return end local death = getBestValue(id, 'P570') if type(death) ~= 'table' or death.time == nil or death.precision == nil then death = {['time'] = lang:formatDate('c'), ['precision'] = 11} -- current date elseif death.precision < 8 then return end local dates = {} dates[1] = {['min'] = {}, ['max'] = {}, ['precision'] = birth.precision} dates[1].min.year = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "^[+-]?%d+")) dates[1].min.month = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "-(%d%d)-")) dates[1].min.day = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "-(%d%d)T")) dates[1].max = mw.clone(dates[1].min) dates[2] = {['min'] = {}, ['max'] = {}, ['precision'] = death.precision} dates[2].min.year = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "^[+-]?%d+")) dates[2].min.month = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "-(%d%d)-")) dates[2].min.day = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "-(%d%d)T")) dates[2].max = mw.clone(dates[2].min) for i, d in ipairs(dates) do if d.precision == 10 then -- month d.min.day = 1 local timestamp = string.format("%04d", tostring(math.abs(d.max.year))) .. string.format("%02d", tostring(d.max.month)) .. "01" d.max.day = tonumber(lang:formatDate("j", timestamp .. " + 1 month - 1 day")) elseif d.precision < 10 then -- year or decade d.min.day = 1 d.min.month = 1 d.max.day = 31 d.max.month = 12 if d.precision == 8 then -- decade d.max.year = d.max.year + 9 end end end local function age(d1, d2) local years = d2.year - d1.year if d2.month < d1.month or (d2.month == d1.month and d2.day < d1.day) then years = years - 1 end if d2.year > 0 and d1.year < 0 then years = years - 1 -- no year 0 end return years end local old_min = age(dates[1].max, dates[2].min) local old_max = age(dates[1].min, dates[2].max) local old, old_expr if old_min == 0 and old_max == 0 then old = "< 1" old_max = 1 -- expression in singular elseif old_min == old_max then old = old_min else old = old_min .. "/" .. old_max end if args.formatting == 'unit' then local langs = findLang(args.lang) local yo local yo_pl = {} if langs[1] == wiki.langcode then yo_pl = i18n["years-old"] end if not isSet(yo_pl[2]) then local yo_label, _ = getLabelByLangs('Q24564698', langs) yo_pl = {yo_label, yo_label} end yo = mw.language.new(langs[1]):plural(old_max, yo_pl) if mw.ustring.find(yo, '$1', 1, true) then old_expr = mw.ustring.gsub(yo, "$1", old) else old_expr = old .. '&nbsp;' .. yo end elseif args.formatting then old_expr = expandBraces(mw.ustring.gsub(args.formatting, '$1', old), args.formatting) else old_expr = old end return old_expr end -- Gets a label in a given language (content language by default) or its fallbacks, optionnally linked. function p.getLabel(frame) local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} if not required and isSet(pargs.sandbox) then return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).getLabel(frame) end local id = getEntityId(args, pargs, 1) if id == nil then return end local languages = findLang(args.lang) local labelicon = false if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then _, labelicon = setIcons(args.editicon, pargs.editicon) end local label_icon = '' local label, lang if args.label then label = args.label else -- exceptions or labels fixed local exist, labels = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/labels" .. (languages[1] == wiki.langcode and '' or '/' .. languages[1])) if exist and labels.infoboxLabelsFromId and next(labels.infoboxLabelsFromId) ~= nil then label = labels.infoboxLabelsFromId[id] end if label == nil then label, lang = getLabelByLangs(id, languages) if label then if isSet(args.itemgender) and feminineGender(args.itemgender) then label = feminineForm(id, lang) or label end label = mw.language.new(lang):ucfirst(mw.text.nowiki(label)) -- sanitize if args.case then label = case(args.case, label, lang) end end label_icon = addLabelIcon(id, lang, languages[1], labelicon) end end local linked = args.linked local ret2 = required and untranslated or '' if isSet(linked) and linked ~= "no" then local article = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) or ("d:Special:EntityPage/" .. id) return "[[" .. article .. "|" .. (label or id) .. "]]" .. label_icon, ret2 else return (label or id) .. label_icon, ret2 end end -- Utilities ----------------------------- -- See also module ../debug. -- Copied from Module:Wikibase function p.getSiteLink(frame) local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} local id = getEntityId(args, pargs, 1) if id == nil then return end return mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id, mw.text.trim(args[2] or '')) end -- Helper function for the default language code used function p.lang(frame) local lang = frame and frame.args[1] -- nil via require return findLang(lang)[1] end -- Number of statements function p.numStatements(frame) local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} local id = getEntityId(args, pargs) if id == nil then return 0 end local prop = mw.text.trim(args[1] or '') local num = {} if not isSet(prop) then local largs = {} for k, v in pairs(pargs) do largs[k] = v end for k, v in pairs(args) do largs[k] = v end largs.query = 'num' _, num = p.claim(largs) return num elseif args[2] then -- qualifier local qual = mw.text.trim(args[2]) local values = p.claim{item=id, property=prop, qualifier=qual, formatting='raw', separator='/·/'} if values then num = mw.text.split(values, '/·/') end else num = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, prop) end return #num end -- Returns true if property datavalue is found excluding novalue/somevalue function p.validProperty(frame) local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} local item = getEntityId(args, pargs) if item == nil then return end local property = mw.text.trim(args[1]) local prop_data = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(item, property), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue"}) return prop_data and true or nil end function p.editAtWikidata(frame) local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {} local value = isSet(args[1]) if value then return end local param = {} param.id = getEntityId(args, pargs) param.property = args.property param.lang = findLang(args.lang) param.editicon, _ = setIcons(args.editicon) return addEditIcon(param) end function p.formatNum(frame) local num = tonumber(mw.text.trim(frame.args[1])) local lang = findLang(mw.text.trim(frame.args[2])) return mw.language.new(lang[1]):formatNum(num) end return p fe71aonlb7mns19h7j64ulm9kr1hklk 828 23760 389407 374856 2026-08-14T01:10:31Z MacTire02 219 mestey yn daa voddyl 389407 Scribunto text/plain -- Translate and set up for your language -- Please contact [[:ca:Module talk:Wikidades]] if you need any help local i18n = { ["errors"] = { ["property-not-found"] = "Tro gyn cronney.", ["qualifier-not-found"] = "Qualleeaghteyr gyn cronney.", }, ["datetime"] = { -- $1 is a placeholder for the actual number, or use the format of #time parser function ["beforenow"] = "$1 RC", -- how to format negative numbers for precisions 0 to 5 ["afternow"] = "$1 BNJ", -- how to format positive numbers for precisions 0 to 5 ["bc"] = '$1 "RC"', -- how print negative years ["ad"] = "$1", -- how print 1st century AD dates [0] = "$1 billoon dy vleeantyn", -- precision: billion years [1] = "$100 millioon dy vleeantyn", -- precision: hundred million years [2] = "$10 millioon dy vleeantyn", -- precision: ten million years [3] = "$1 millioon dy vleeantyn", -- precision: million years [4] = "$100000 bleeaney", -- precision: hundred thousand years; thousand separators added afterwards [5] = "$10000 bleeaney", -- precision: ten thousand years; thousand separators added afterwards [6] = "$1 milley bleeaney", -- precision: millennium [7] = "$1 eash", -- precision: century [8] = "$1yn", -- precision: decade [9] = "Y", -- precision: year, [10] = "F Y", -- precision: month [11] = "j F Y", -- precision: day ["hms"] = {["oor"] = "h", ["minnid"] = "m", ["tootçhey"] = "s"}, -- duration: xh xm xs }, ["years-old"] = { ["singular"] = "vlein d'eash", -- year old, as in {{PLURAL:$1|singular|plural}} ["plural"] = "bleeaney d'eash", -- years old ["paucal"] = "", -- for languages with 3 plural forms as in {{PLURAL:$1|singular|paucal|plural}} }, ["cite"] = { -- cite parameters of local templates ["title"] = "enmys", ["author"] = "ughtar", ["date"] = "date", ["pages"] = "duillagyn", ["language"] = "çhengey", -- cite web parameters ["url"] = "url", ["website"] = "ynnyd-eggey", ["access-date"] = "access-date", ["archive-url"] = "archive-url", ["archive-date"] = "archive-date", ["publisher"] = "soilsheyder", ["quote"] = "aaraa", -- cite journal parameters ["work"] = "obbyr", ["issue"] = "cur magh", ["issn"] = "issn", ["doi"] = "doi" }, -- local wiki settings ["addpencil"] = true, -- adds a pencil icon linked to Wikidata statement, planned to overwrite by Wikidata Bridge ["categorylabels"] = "", -- Category:Pages with Wikidata labels not translated (void for no local category) ["categoryprop"] = "", -- Category:Pages using Wikidata property $1 (void for no local category) ["addfallback"] = {} -- additional fallback language codes, i.e. {'sv', 'de'} } -- Functions for local grammatical cases (as ordinal) and local fixes (if used) local cases = { -- local fixes ["infoboxlabel"] = function(word) return require("Module:Wikidata/labels").fixInfoboxLabel(word) end, ["infoboxdata"] = function(word) return require("Module:Wikidata/labels").infoboxdata[word] or word end, -- other local cases } return { i18n = i18n, cases = cases } fbs1s6a66f2vo0jv9gu5tnbm98h2pwl 0 23817 389308 374037 2026-08-13T19:36:40Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Coadan:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png|right|thumb|[[SARS-CoV-2]], oltey yn fo-chynney ''[[Coronavirinae]]'']] Ta '''veerys''' çheet er [[jantagh gowaltagh]] fo-vynreayrtagh ta [[coipal veeryssagh|jannoo coipyn jehsyn hene]] çheusthie jeh [[killag (bea-oaylleeaght)|killag]] vio [[bioag]] ennagh.<ref name="NG-20200415">{{cite news | vauthors = Wu KJ |title=There are more viruses than stars in the universe. Why do only some infect us? – More than a quadrillion quadrillion individual viruses exist on Earth, but most are not poised to hop into humans. Can we find the ones that are? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/factors-allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus/ |date=15 Averil 2020 |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |accessdate=18 Boaldyn 2020 }}</ref> Ta veeryssyn doghaney dagh sorçh jeh'n vea, voish beiyn as lossreeyn dys [[mynorgaanagh|mynorgaanee]], goaill stiagh [[bacteyr]]yn as [[archaea]].<ref name="pmid16984643">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koonin EV, Senkevich TG, Dolja VV | title = The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells | journal = Biology Direct | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 29 | date = Mean Fouyir 2006 | pmid = 16984643 | pmc = 1594570 | doi = 10.1186/1745-6150-1-29 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210226">{{cite news | vauthors = Zimmer C |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=The Secret Life of a Coronavirus - An oily, 100-nanometer-wide bubble of genes has killed more than two million people and reshaped the world. Scientists don't quite know what to make of it. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/26/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-alive-dead.html |archivedate=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited |date=26 Toshiaght Arree 2021 |accessdate=28 Toshiaght Arree 2021 }}</ref> Voish yn art ayns 1892 liorish [[Dmitri Ivanovsky]] ta cur sheese er [[pataghien]] va doghaney lossreeyn tombagey as feddyn magh y [[veerys mosaic tombagey]] liorish [[Martinus Beijerinck]] ayns 1898, ta coontyssyn cruinn er ve jeant er ny smoo na 9,000 dooieyn veeryssagh mastey ny millioonyn sorçhyn dy veerys t'er mayrn 'sy theihll.<ref name="Breitbart M, Rohwer F 2005 278–84">{{cite journal | vauthors = Breitbart M, Rohwer F | title = Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-06_13_6/page/278 | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 278–84 | date = Mean Souree 2005 | pmid = 15936660 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003 | author-link1 = Mya Breitbart }}</ref> Ta veeryssyn ry-gheddyn ayns begnagh dagh [[eggo-chorys]] er y Dowan as she adsyn y nhee bea-oaylleeagh smoo lheeadagh t'ayn.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Edwards RA, Rohwer F | s2cid = 8059643 | title = Viral metagenomics | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 504–10 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15886693 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1163 }}</ref> She [[veerys-oaylleeaght]], fo-vagher y [[myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght|vyn-vioagh-oaylleeaght]], yn ennym ta currit er studeyryssyn bentyn rish veeryssyn. ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commonscategory|Virus}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Veerys-oaylleeaght| ]] [[Ronney:Veeryssyn| ]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght 'sy vlein 1898]] [[Ronney:Prowaltyssyn lheeys]] [[Ronney:Çhingys-oaylleeaght]] [[Ronney:Slaynt y theihll]] [[Ronney:Doghanyn gowaltagh]] [[Ronney:Pandemee]] [[Ronney:Baagh-noishyn]] mr6n7pob1olbzdltf2duiknajf9tpv5 0 26203 389337 359574 2026-08-13T21:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | fo-heidyl = Co-chaslys lurg baase jeh Columbus liorish [[Sebastiano del Piombo]], 1519. Cha nel co-chaslyssyn firrinagh jeh Columbus ayn.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lester |first1=Paul M. |title=Looks are deceiving: The portraits of Christopher Columbus |url=https://archive.org/details/visual-anthropology_1993_5_3-4/page/211 |journal=Visual Anthropology |date=Jerrey Geuree 1993 |volume=5 |issue=3–4 |pages=211–227 |doi=10.1080/08949468.1993.9966590 }}</ref> | ennym_ruggyr = Cristoforo Corombo | boayl_ruggyr = [[Genova]], [[Pobblaght Genova]] | date_ruggyr = 1451 | date_baaish = 20 Boaldyn 1506 | boayl_baaish = [[Valladolid]], [[Crooin y Chashteel|y Chashteel]] }} '''Christopher Columbus''' (ruggit eddyr 25 Luanistyn as 31 Jerrey Fouyir 1451, hooar baase 20 Boaldyn 1506), she ronseyder as shiaulteyr Iddaalagh ren [[Marrinyssyn Christopher Columbus|kiare marrinyssyn harrish y Cheayn Sheear]] fo gialdynys [[Monarkyn Catoleagh y Spaainey]], foshley yn bollagh da [[Eash y Ronsaghey Magh|ronsaghey]] as [[Coloinaghey America|coloinaghey Oarpagh America]]. Ta ny marrinyssyn echey coontit myr y chied cheayrt ren ny h-Oarpee cur fys er y Charib, America Veanagh, as America Yiass. Ta'n ennym ''Christopher Columbus'' çheet ass {{lang|la|Christophorus Columbus}} y Ladjyn. Ta scoillaryn coardail dy row Columbus ruggit ayns [[Pobblaght Genova]] as dy loayr eh abbyt y [[Ligoorish]] myr çhengey ny mayrey echey. Hie eh magh er y vooir tra v'eh foast aeg as ren eh jurnaaghey dy lheeadagh, cha foddey twoaie as [[ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh]] as cha foddey jiass as thalloo t'er enney jiu myr [[Yn Ghaney|y Ghaney]]. Phoose eh rish y ven ooasle Phortiugagh [[Filipa Moniz Perestrelo]], rug y mac echey Diego, as v'eh bunnit ayns Lisbon feie shiartanse dy vleeantyn. Ny s'anmey, ghow eh lhiannan Cashteelagh, [[Beatriz Enríquez de Arana]], rug y mac echey, Fernando (er n'enmyssey Hernando chammah).<ref name="Fernández-Armesto2010">{{cite book |last1=Fernández-Armesto |first1=Felipe |title=Columbus on Himself |year=2010 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1-60384-317-1 |page=270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZmOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270 }}</ref><ref name="Taviani201624">{{cite book |last1=Taviani |first1=Paolo Emilio |editor1-last=Bedini |editor1-first=Silvio A. |title=The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-12573-9 |pages=24–25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |chapter=Beatriz de Arana}}</ref> Son y chooid smoo, va Columbus hene-ynsit, as s'lheeadagh ren Columbus lhaih y çheer-oaylleeaght, y rollageydys, as y shennaghys. Lhiassee eh cummey bollagh marrey sheear y gheddyn da [[ny h-Injyn Shiar]], geearree vondeish y gheddyn voish [[traght ny spisyn|traght vondeishagh ny spisyn]]. Lurg [[Caggey Granada]], as erreish da ren Columbus cur shilley er ram reeriaghtyn, ren ny Monarkyn Catoleagh [[Ysbal I y Chashteel|Benrein Ysbal I]] as [[Fernando II Aragón|Ree Fernando II]] coardail cummal seose marrinys sheear. Daag Columbus y Chashteel ayns Luanistyn 1492 as tree lhong echey as ren eh roshtyn mooar-rheynn America er 12 Jerrey Fouyir, cur jerrey rish eash chummaltys deiney v'ayn t'er enney jiu myr [[yn eash roie-Cholombagh]]. She ellan ayns [[ny Bahamaghyn]] va'n boayl tarlheimagh echey, v'er enney ec ny dooghyssee myr [[Guanahani]]. Lurg shen, ren eh keayrt er ny h-ellanyn t'er enney jiu myr [[Yn Choobey|y Choobey]] as [[Hispaniola]], raad chur eh [[La Navidad|coloin]] er bun ayns boayl ta coontit jiu myr ayrn jeh Haiti. Haink Columbus er ash dys y Chashteel ayns 1493, gymmyrkey kuse dy gheiney dooghyssagh goit lesh. Er y gherrid, hie [[Lettyr Columbus er y chied varrinys|naight y varrinys echey]] er ny skeayley feie'n Oarpey. Ren Columbus tree marrinys elley dys America, ronsaghey [[ny h-Antillaghyn Beggey]] ayns 1493, [[Yn Trinaid (ellan)|y Trinaid]] as coose hwoaie America Yiass ayns 1498, as coose hiar America Veanagh ayns 1502. Hug eh enmyn da ram cummaghyn thalloin, ellanyn er lheh, as t'ad foast ayn jiu. Hug eh yn ennym ''indios'' ("Injinee") dys [[Sleih dooghyssagh mooar-rheynn America|sleih dooghyssagh]] chur eh fys er. Cha nel eh baghtal my row eh credjal dy nee mooar-rheynn er lheh va America. Myr kiannoort coloinagh, ren co-emshiree echey cassid er Columbus er y veishtallys trome-cheeallagh as v'eh goit ass yn oik. Myr eiyrtys er y vooinjerys sheeynt rish [[Crooin y Chashteel]] as ny kiannoortyn pointit ayns America, va Columbus goit as arrit ass Hispaniola ayns 1500. Ren marrinyssyn Columbus cur eash ronsee, varriaght, as choloinee er bun hie er mayrn feie keeadyn dy vleeantyn, tayrn America stiagh ayns cruinney cummaght yn Oarpey. Ta livrey-ys earraghtyn, eieyn, as deiney eddyr y [[Yn Shenn Theihll|y Çhenn Theihll]] as [[Yn Seihll Noa|y Seihll Noa]] lurg e chied varrinys goll er enney myr [[Yn coonrey Colombagh|y coonrey Colombagh]]. Va Columbus kelloorit dy lheeadagh lurg e vaaish, agh ta'n barel theayagh er ny vrishey car y 21d eash er-yn-oyr dy vel scoillaryn cur fys er h-asseeyn va jeant fo'n chiannoortys echey, goaill stiagh jee-chummaltys ny deiney dooghyssagh [[Taíno]] as y [[sleabaght|cleabaght]] oc ayns Hispaniola. Ta ram buill foast gymmyrkey yn ennym echey, goaill stiagh [[Yn Cholombey|y Cholombey]], [[Slyst y Cholombey]], as [[Yn Cholombey Ghoaldagh|y Cholombey Ghoaldagh]]. ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons|Christophorus Columbus|Christopher Columbus}} {{Wikiquote}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Columbus, Christopher}} [[Ronney:Christopher Columbus| ]] [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1451]] [[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 1506]] [[Ronney:Yn Choobey ayns ny 1490yn]] [[Ronney:Yn Charib ayns ny 1490yn]] [[Ronney:America Hwoaie 'sy vlein 1492]] [[Ronney:Ronsaghey magh Spaainagh car yn Eash Chronnee]] [[Ronney:Kiannoortyn coloinagh Santo Domingo]] [[Ronney:Mooinjer Columbus]] [[Ronney:Ronseyderyn er America Veanagh]] [[Ronney:Shennaghys Hispaniola]] [[Ronney:Shennaghys y Charib]] [[Ronney:Ronseyderyn Iddaalagh]] tndr1n3nuerb9oteid5bwofb5p9nmr0 0 26525 389440 346868 2026-08-14T04:39:37Z MacTire02 219 389440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney |ennym_ruggyr = Katharina Nahlik |boayl_ruggyr = [[Veen]], yn Austeyr |ashoonaght = [[Austeyree|Austeyragh]] |yrjid = 1.77 m (5' 10")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.awa-models.com/talent/katharina-nahlik/|title=Katharina Nahlik|publisher=AWA models|access-date=2022-11-19|archive-date=2022-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119185625/https://www.awa-models.com/talent/katharina-nahlik/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |trimmid = 62 kg (137 lb) |towshan = 36C-24-36 }} She craishteyder Austeyragh ee '''Katharina Mazepa''' (ruggit myr '''Katharina Nahlik''' er 19 Luanistyn 1995). She eear-hellooder Miss Vienna (2014) t'ee. == Bea == Va Mazepa troggit 'sy clyst [[Mariahilf]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vienna.at/katharina-und-nicole-wollen-miss-vienna-2014-werden/3880188|title=Katharina und Nicole wollen Miss Vienna 2014 werden|website=vienna.at|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> ayns [[Veen]] raad hie ee dys Scoill Ghaa-hengagh Veen,<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.genios.de/document/ANEW__0780690870830952014032716%2033040048/hitlist/40?all=| title=Miss mit Mission: Stoppt den Magerwahn!| website=www.genios.de| accessdate=2019-08-14| archive-date=2019-08-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824085659/https://www.genios.de/document/ANEW__0780690870830952014032716%2033040048/hitlist/40?all=| url-status=dead}}</ref> as cheau ee un vlein harrish mooir 'sy [[Yn Valaysia|Valaysia]] tra v'ee 15 bleeney d'eash.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vienna.at/katharaina-und-jacquelina-treten-zur-miss-vienna-wahl-an/3517205 |title=Katharina und Jacqueline treten zur Miss Vienna Wahl an| website=vienna.at|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> Ren ee studeyryssyn er y jeshaghteyrys çhymmyltaghtoil ec [[Ollooscoill Chooid Najooragh as Oaylleeaghtyn Bea, Veen|Ollooscoill BOKU]] ayns Veen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meinbezirk.at/neubau/c-leute/pizza-fuer-unsere-miss-vienna_a1056994|title=Pizza für unsere Miss Vienna|website=meinbezirk.at|language=de|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> Ayns 2019, phoose ee rish y diploamagh Americaanagh Shilo Mazepa ayns [[Spoleto]], yn Iddaal.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/Morgen-heiratet-Ex-Miss-Vienna/384471588| title=Morgen heiratet Ex-Miss-Vienna|date=2019-06-14|website=www.oe24.at|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> Darree yn piyr jeu dys [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]] ny s'anmey 'sy vlein shen. Ayns 2021, ren Katharina cur stiagh aghin son scarrey poosee as ta'n piyr jeu nish scarrit voish y cheilley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/Austro-Beautys-zeigen-ihre-sexy-Urlaubsbilder/389784208|title=Austro-Beautys zeigen ihre sexy Urlaubsbilder|date=2019-07-22|website=www.oe24.at|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> She [[Amina Dagi]], co-streeuder son [[Miss Universe]], ny ben vanshey eck.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vol.at/mit-selbstbewusstsein-auf-den-grossen-laufsteg/4557019|title=Mit Selbstbewusstsein auf den großen Laufsteg|website=vol.at|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> == Coorse bea == Va Mazepa crooinit myr Miss Vienna ayns 2014<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.vienna.at/katharina-nahlik-ist-die-miss-vienna-2014-das-ist-die-schoenste-frau-wiens/3901429|title=Katharina Nahlik ist die Miss Vienna 2014: Das ist die schönste Frau Wiens|website=vienna.at|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> as t'ee er n'obbraghey myr craishteyder eddyr-ashoonagh voish shen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oe24.at/leute/oesterreich/Miss-Vienna-Modeln-ist-fuer-mich-Nebenjob/139750749|title=Miss Vienna: "Modeln ist für mich Nebenjob"|date=2014-04-15|website=www.oe24.at|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> == Imraaghyn == {{rolleyimraaghyn}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mazepa, Katharina}} [[Ronney:Cosneyderyn tostyl aalid Austeyragh]] [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1995]] [[Ronney:Feallee vio]] [[Ronney:Craishteyderyn bwoirrin Austeyragh]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Veen]] ghps49uxki63cpzeho5i3yifa20o2lz 828 26975 389413 385520 2026-08-14T01:50:11Z MacTire02 219 +enmyn ny chengaghyn 389413 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- make a language object for the local language; used here for languages and dates --[[--------------------------< S E T T I N G S >-------------------------------------------------------------- boolean settings used to control various things. these setting located here to make them easy to find ]] -- these settings local to this module only local local_digits_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local_digits'] from MediaWiki; manual fill required else; always false at en.wiki local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short'] from MediaWiki; -- manual translation required else; ; always false at en.wiki -- these settings exported to other modules local use_identifier_redirects = true; -- when true use redirect name for identifier label links; always true at en.wiki local local_lang_cat_enable = false; -- when true categorizes pages where |language=<local wiki's language>; always false at en.wiki local date_name_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates English month-names to the local-wiki's language month names; always false at en.wiki local date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates Western date digit to the local-wiki's language digits (date_names['local_digits']); always false at en.wiki local enable_sort_keys = true; -- when true module adds namespace sort keys to error and maintenance category links local suppress_archive_today_urls = true; -- when true module suppresses all parameters with an archive.today url and any deprendent parameters --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces identifiers for namespaces that will not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default. For wikis that have a current version of Module:cs1 documentation support, this #invoke will return an unordered list of namespace names and their associated identifiers: {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|uncategorized_namespace_lister|all=<anything>}} ]] local uncategorized_namespaces_t = {[2]=true}; -- init with user namespace id for k, _ in pairs (mw.site.talkNamespaces) do -- add all talk namespace ids uncategorized_namespaces_t[k] = true; end local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Ss]andbox', '/[Tt]estcases', '/[^/]*[Ll]og', '/[Aa]rchive'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize --[[ at en.wiki Greek characters are used as sort keys for certain items in a category so that those items are placed at the end of a category page. See Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort_keys. That works well for en.wiki because English is written using the Latn script. This may not work well for other languages. At en.wiki it is desireable to place content from certain namespaces at the end of a category listing so the module adds sort keys to error and maintenance category links when rendering a cs1|2 template on a page in that namespace. i18n: if this does not work well for your language, set <enable_sort_keys> to false. ]] local name_space_sort_keys = { -- sort keys to be used with these namespaces: [4] = 'ω', -- wikipedia; omega [10] = 'τ', -- template; tau [118] = 'Δ', -- draft; delta ['other'] = 'ο', -- all other non-talk namespaces except main (article); omicron } --[[--------------------------< M E S S A G E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] local messages = { ['agency'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is agency ['archived-dead'] = 'Er ny hashtey veih $1 er $2', ['archived-live'] = '$1 veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er $2', ['archived-unfit'] = 'Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er $1', ['archived'] = 'Tashtit', ['by'] = 'Lesh', -- contributions to authored works: introduction, foreword, afterword ['cartography'] = 'Cartography by $1', ['editor'] = 'ln.', ['editors'] = 'ln.', ['edition'] = '($1&nbsp;ln.)', ['episode'] = 'Episode $1', ['et al'] = 'et&nbsp;al.', ['in'] = 'Ayns', -- edited works ['inactive'] = ' (inactive $1)', -- $1 is date which the doi was found to be broken in ['inset'] = '$1 inset', ['interview'] = 'Interviewed by $1', invisible_1 = '$1 $2', -- $1 stripmarker name; $2 is text from <invisible_chars[1]> invisible_2 = '$1 character', -- $1 character name from <invisible_chars[1]> ['mismatch'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> mismatch', -- $1 is year param name; $2 is date param name ['newsgroup'] = '[[Usenet newsgroup|Newsgroup]]:&nbsp;$1', ['notitle'] = 'Enmys erbee', -- for |title=(()) and (in the future) |title=none ['original'] = 'y lhieggan bunneydagh', ['origdate'] = ' [$1]', ['published'] = ' (published $1)', ['retrieved'] = 'Feddynit er $1', ['season'] = 'Season $1', ['section'] = '§&nbsp;$1', ['sections'] = '§§&nbsp;$1', ['series'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is series ['seriesnum'] = 'Series $1', ['translated'] = 'Er ny hyndaa lesh $1', ['type'] = ' ($1)', -- for titletype wikidata = 'Wikidata', -- these used for interwikilinked author/editor/... names wikipedia = 'Wikipedia', wikisource = 'Wikisource', ['written'] = 'Screeuit ec $1', ['vol'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; bold journal style volume is in presentation{} ['vol-no'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, no.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, issue (alternatively insert $1 after $2, but then we'd also have to change capitalization) ['issue'] = '$1 No.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['art'] = '$1 Art.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; for {{cite conference}} only ['vol-art'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, art.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, article-number; for {{cite conference}} only ['j-vol'] = '$1 $2', -- sepc, volume; bold journal volume is in presentation{} ['j-issue'] = ' ($1)', ['j-article-num'] = ' $1', -- TODO: any punctuation here? static text? ['nopp'] = '$1 $2'; -- page(s) without prefix; $1 is sepc ['p-prefix'] = "$1 dg.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['pp-prefix'] = "$1 dgn.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['j-page(s)'] = ': $1', -- same for page and pages ['sheet'] = '$1 Sheet&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['sheets'] = '$1 Sheets&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-sheet'] = ': Sheet&nbsp;$1', ['j-sheets'] = ': Sheets&nbsp;$1', ['language'] = '(ayns $1)', ['via'] = " &ndash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Event occurs at', ['minutes'] = ' $1 minutes in', -- $1 is the number of minutes -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Help:CS1 errors', ['help page label'] = 'help', -- categories ['cat wikilink'] = '[[Category:$1]]', -- $1 is the category name ['cat wikilink sk'] = '[[Category:$1|$2]]', -- $1 is the category name; $2 is namespace sort key [':cat wikilink'] = '[[:Category:$1|link]]', -- category name as maintenance message wikilink; $1 is the category name -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Called with an undefined error condition', ['unknown_ID_key'] = 'Unrecognized ID key: ', -- an ID key in id_handlers not found in ~/Identifiers func_map{} ['unknown_ID_access'] = 'Unrecognized ID access keyword: ', -- an ID access keyword in id_handlers not found in keywords_lists['id-access']{} ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Argument map not defined for this variable', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'Bare URL found but origin indicator is nil or empty', ['warning_msg_e'] = '<span style="color:#d33"><code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code>: this [[#$2|reference]] has errors</span>; messages may be hidden ([[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display|help]]).'; -- $1 is template link; $2 is anchor ID ['warning_msg_m'] = '<span style="color:#085"><code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code>: this [[#$2|reference]] has maintenance messages</span>; messages may be hidden ([[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display|help]]).'; -- $1 is template link; $2 is anchor ID } --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N _ C L A S S _ M A P >------------------------------------------ this table maps the value assigned to |CitationClass= in the cs1|2 templates to the canonical template name when the value assigned to |CitationClass= is different from the canonical template name. |CitationClass= values are used as class attributes in the <cite> tag that encloses the citation so these names may not contain spaces while the canonical template name may. These names are used in warning_msg_e and warning_msg_m to create links to the template's documentation when an article is displayed in preview mode. ]] local citation_class_map_t = { -- TODO: in Module:Cite/config write a function to use this table arxiv = 'cite arXiv', -- as the source for known_templates_t and citation_classes_t ['audio-visual'] = 'cite AV media', ['AV-media-notes'] = 'cite AV media notes', biorxiv = 'cite bioRxiv', book = 'cite book', citation = 'citation', citeseerx = 'cite CiteSeerX', conference = 'cite conference', document = 'cite document', encyclopaedia = 'cite encyclopedia', episode = 'cite episode', interview = 'cite interview', journal = 'cite journal', magazine = 'cite magazine', mailinglist = 'cite mailing list', map = 'cite map', medrxiv = 'cite medRxiv', news = 'cite news', newsgroup = 'cite newsgroup', podcast = 'cite podcast', pressrelease = 'cite press release', report = 'cite report', serial = 'cite serial', sign = 'cite sign', speech = 'cite speech', ssrn = 'cite SSRN', techreport = 'cite tech report', thesis = 'cite thesis', web = 'cite web', } --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in name text (author, editor, etc.). The main module uses these to identify and emit the 'etal' message. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. "%[%[ *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%]%]", -- a wikilinked form "%(%( *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%)%)", -- a double-bracketed form (to counter partial removal of ((...)) syntax) "[%(%[] *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *[%)%]]", -- a bracketed form } --[[--------------------------< P R E S E N T A T I O N >------------------------ Fixed presentation markup. Originally part of citation_config.messages it has been moved into its own, more semantically correct place. ]] local presentation = { -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['hidden-maint'] = '<span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">$1</span>', ['accessdate'] = '<span class="reference-accessdate">$1$2</span>', -- to allow editors to hide accessdate using personal CSS ['bdi'] = '<bdi$1>$2</bdi>', -- bidirectional isolation used with |script-title= and the like ['cite'] = '<cite class="$1">$2</cite>'; -- for use when citation does not have a namelist and |ref= not set so no id="..." attribute ['cite-id'] = '<cite id="$1" class="$2">$3</cite>'; -- for use when when |ref= is set or when citation has a namelist ['format'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">($1)</span>', -- for |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. ['interwiki'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[in $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-language-linked author, editor, etc ['interproj'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[at $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-project-linked author, editor, etc (:d: and :s: supported; :w: ignored) -- various access levels, for |access=, |doi-access=, |arxiv=, ... -- narrow no-break space &#8239; may work better than nowrap CSS. Or not? Browser support? ['ext-link-access-signal'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', -- external link with appropriate lock icon ['free'] = {class='id-lock-free', title='Freely accessible'}, -- classes defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {class='id-lock-registration', title='Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {class='id-lock-limited', title='Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {class='id-lock-subscription', title='Paid subscription required'}, ['interwiki-icon'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', ['class-wikisource'] = 'cs1-ws-icon', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['kern-left'] = '<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>$1', -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark ['kern-right'] = '$1<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>', -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark ['nowrap1'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span>', -- for nowrapping an item: <span ...>yyyy-mm-dd</span> ['nowrap2'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span> $2', -- for nowrapping portions of an item: <span ...>dd mmmm</span> yyyy (note white space) ['ocins'] = '<span title="$1" class="Z3988"></span>', ['parameter'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', ['ps_cs1'] = '.'; -- CS1 style postscript (terminal) character ['ps_cs2'] = ''; -- CS2 style postscript (terminal) character (empty string) ['quoted-text'] = '<q>$1</q>', -- for wrapping |quote= content ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['sep_cs1'] = '.', -- CS1 element separator ['sep_cs2'] = ',', -- CS2 separator ['sep_nl'] = ';', -- CS1|2 style name-list separator between names is a semicolon ['sep_nl_and'] = ' and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 2 items ['sep_nl_end'] = '; and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 3+ names ['sep_name'] = ', ', -- CS1|2 style last/first separator is <comma><space> ['sep_nl_vanc'] = ',', -- Vancouver style name-list separator between authors is a comma ['sep_name_vanc'] = ' ', -- Vancouver style last/first separator is a space ['sep_list'] = ', ', -- used for |language= when list has 3+ items except for last sep which uses sep_list_end ['sep_list_pair'] = ' and ', -- used for |language= when list has 2 items ['sep_list_end'] = ', and ', -- used as last list sep for |language= when list has 3+ items ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", -- for |trans-title= and |trans-quote= ['vol-bold'] = '$1 <b>$2</b>', -- sepc, volume; for bold journal cites; for other cites ['vol'] in messages{} } --[[--------------------------< A L I A S E S >--------------------------------- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters. Parameter names on the right side in the assignments in this table must have been defined in the Whitelist before they will be recognized as valid parameter names ]] local aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArchiveFormat'] = 'archive-format', ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArticleNumber'] = 'article-number', ['ASINTLD'] = 'asin-tld', ['At'] = 'at', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Authors'] = {'people', 'credits', 'ughtaryn'}, ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section'}, ['ChapterFormat'] = {'chapter-format', 'contribution-format', 'entry-format', 'article-format', 'section-format'}; ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'contribution-url', 'entry-url', 'article-url', 'section-url'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ChapterUrlAccess'] = {'chapter-url-access', 'contribution-url-access', 'entry-url-access', 'article-url-access', 'section-url-access'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Class'] = 'class', -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifier ['Collaboration'] = 'collaboration', ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceFormat'] = 'conference-format', ['ConferenceURL'] = 'conference-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Date'] = {'date', 'air-date', 'airdate'}, -- air-date and airdate for cite episode and cite serial only ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DF'] = 'df', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'display-subjects'}, ['DisplayContributors'] = 'display-contributors', ['DisplayEditors'] = 'display-editors', ['DisplayInterviewers'] = 'display-interviewers', ['DisplayTranslators'] = 'display-translators', ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = 'doi-broken-date', ['Edition'] = {'edition', 'lhieggan'}, ['Embargo'] = 'pmc-embargo-date', ['Encyclopedia'] = {'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary', 'kicklipaid', 'fockleyr'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['Episode'] = 'episode', -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number', 'cur magh'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'lang', 'çhengey'}, ['MailingList'] = {'mailing-list', 'mailinglist'}, -- cite mailing list only ['Map'] = 'map', -- cite map only ['MapFormat'] = 'map-format', -- cite map only ['MapURL'] = {'map-url', 'mapurl'}, -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['MapUrlAccess'] = 'map-url-access', -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Mode'] = 'mode', ['NameListStyle'] = 'name-list-style', ['Network'] = 'network', ['Newsgroup'] = 'newsgroup', -- cite newsgroup only ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'no-tracking', 'template-doc-demo'}, ['Number'] = 'number', -- this case only for cite techreport ['OrigDate'] = {'orig-date', 'orig-year', 'origyear'}, ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'page', 'p', 'duillag', 'dg', 'dg.'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Pages'] = {'pages', 'pp', 'duillagyn', 'dgn', 'dgn.'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'website', 'work', 'earishlioar', 'jurnyl', 'pabyr-naight', 'pabyr naight', 'ynnyd-eggey', 'obbyr'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publication-date', 'publicationdate'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'institution'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['QuotePage'] = 'quote-page', ['QuotePages'] = 'quote-pages', ['Ref'] = 'ref', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['ScriptChapter'] = {'script-chapter', 'script-contribution', 'script-entry', 'script-article', 'script-section'}, ['ScriptEncyclopedia'] = {'script-encyclopedia', 'script-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['ScriptMap'] = 'script-map', ['ScriptPeriodical'] = {'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-website', 'script-work'}, ['ScriptQuote'] = 'script-quote', ['ScriptTitle'] = 'script-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Season'] = 'season', ['Sections'] = 'sections', -- cite map only ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no'}, ['Sheet'] = 'sheet', -- cite map only ['Sheets'] = 'sheets', -- cite map only ['Station'] = 'station', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'time-caption', ['Title'] = {'title', 'enmys'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'episodelink'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleNote'] = {'title-note', 'department'}, ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-article', 'trans-chapter', 'trans-contribution', 'trans-entry', 'trans-section'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptFormat'] = 'transcript-format', ['TranscriptURL'] = 'transcript-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TransEncyclopedia'] = {'trans-encyclopedia', 'trans-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['TransMap'] = 'trans-map', -- cite map only ['TransPeriodical'] = {'trans-journal', 'trans-magazine', 'trans-newspaper', 'trans-periodical', 'trans-website', 'trans-work'}, ['TransQuote'] = 'trans-quote', ['TransTitle'] = 'trans-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlAccess'] = 'url-access', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlStatus'] = 'url-status', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Vauthors'] = 'vauthors', ['Veditors'] = 'veditors', ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"first#", "author-first#", "author#-first", "author-given#", "author#-given", "subject-first#", "subject#-first", "subject-given#", "subject#-given", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"last#", "author-last#", "author#-last", "author-surname#", "author#-surname", "subject-last#", "subject#-last", "subject-surname#", "subject#-surname", "author#", 'host#', "subject#", "surname#", 'ughtar#'}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author-link#", "author#-link", "subject-link#", "subject#-link", "authorlink#", "author#link"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author-mask#", "author#-mask", "subject-mask#", "subject#-mask"}, ['ContributorList-First'] = {'contributor-first#', 'contributor#-first', 'contributor-given#', 'contributor#-given'}, ['ContributorList-Last'] = {'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last', 'contributor-surname#', 'contributor#-surname', 'contributor#'}, ['ContributorList-Link'] = {'contributor-link#', 'contributor#-link'}, ['ContributorList-Mask'] = {'contributor-mask#', 'contributor#-mask'}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor-first#", "editor#-first", "editor-given#", "editor#-given"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor-last#", "editor#-last", "editor-surname#", "editor#-surname", "editor#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor-link#", "editor#-link"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor-mask#", "editor#-mask"}, ['InterviewerList-First'] = {'interviewer-first#', 'interviewer#-first', 'interviewer-given#', 'interviewer#-given'}, ['InterviewerList-Last'] = {'interviewer-last#', 'interviewer#-last', 'interviewer-surname#', 'interviewer#-surname', 'interviewer#'}, ['InterviewerList-Link'] = {'interviewer-link#', 'interviewer#-link'}, ['InterviewerList-Mask'] = {'interviewer-mask#', 'interviewer#-mask'}, ['TranslatorList-First'] = {'translator-first#', 'translator#-first', 'translator-given#', 'translator#-given'}, ['TranslatorList-Last'] = {'translator-last#', 'translator#-last', 'translator-surname#', 'translator#-surname', 'translator#'}, ['TranslatorList-Link'] = {'translator-link#', 'translator#-link'}, ['TranslatorList-Mask'] = {'translator-mask#', 'translator#-mask'}, } --[[--------------------------< D E P E N D E N C I E S _ T >-------------------------------------------------- a table of url-holding parameters upon which other parameters are dependent. this table is used by has_archive_today_url() to suppress parameters that are dependant upon a url-holding parameter that has as a value an archive.today (or alternate tld) url. archive.today is deprecated at en.wiki; see Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Archive.is_RFC_5 ]] local url_dependency_map_t = { -- table of url-holding parameters and the meta-parameters that are dependent on them ['url'] = {'AccessDate', 'ArchiveURL', 'Format', 'UrlAccess'}, ['archive-url'] = {'ArchiveDate', 'ArchiveFormat', 'UrlStatus'}, ['archiveurl'] = {'ArchiveDate', 'ArchiveFormat', 'UrlStatus'}, ['article-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['chapter-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['conference-url'] = {'ConferenceFormat'}, ['contribution-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['entry-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['map-url'] = {'MapFormat', 'MapUrlAccess'}, ['section-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['transcript-url'] = {'TranscriptFormat'}, }; local dependencies_t = {}; -- the table of url-holding parameters and their dependent parameters for url_param, meta_parameters_t in pairs (url_dependency_map_t) do -- sequence of meta-parameters (indexes) into <aliases> table local dependant_params_t = {}; -- collection of parameters that are dependent on this <url_param> for _, meta_parameter in ipairs (meta_parameters_t) do -- for each <aliases> meta-parameter (index) if 'string' == type (aliases[meta_parameter]) then -- for single parameter names (no aliases), <aliases[meta_parameter]> will be a string table.insert (dependant_params_t, aliases[meta_parameter]); -- add to this <url_param>'s dependency sequence else for _, alias in ipairs (aliases[meta_parameter]) do -- for each alias in aliases[meta_parameter] (aliases['AccessDate'] for example) table.insert (dependant_params_t, alias); -- add to this <url_param>'s dependency sequence end end end dependencies_t[url_param] = dependant_params_t; -- add the <url_param> and its dependent parameters end --[[--------------------------< P U N C T _ S K I P >--------------------------- builds a table of parameter names that the extraneous terminal punctuation check should not check. ]] local punct_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'BookTitle', 'Chapter', 'ScriptChapter', 'ScriptTitle', 'Title', 'TransChapter', 'Transcript', 'TransMap', 'TransTitle', -- title-holding parameters 'AuthorList-Mask', 'ContributorList-Mask', 'EditorList-Mask', 'InterviewerList-Mask', 'TranslatorList-Mask', -- name-list mask may have name separators 'PostScript', 'Quote', 'ScriptQuote', 'TransQuote', 'Ref', -- miscellaneous 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- URL-holding parameters } local url_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'ID', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- parameters allowed to hold urls 'Page', 'Pages', 'At', 'QuotePage', 'QuotePages', -- insource locators allowed to hold urls } local function build_skip_table (skip_t, meta_params) for _, meta_param in ipairs (meta_params) do -- for each meta parameter key local params = aliases[meta_param]; -- get the parameter or the table of parameters associated with the meta parameter name if 'string' == type (params) then skip_t[params] = 1; -- just a single parameter else for _, param in ipairs (params) do -- get the parameter name skip_t[param] = 1; -- add the parameter name to the skip table local count; param, count = param:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove enumerator marker from enumerated parameters if 0 ~= count then -- if removed skip_t[param] = 1; -- add param name without enumerator marker end end end end return skip_t; end local punct_skip = {}; local url_skip = {}; --[[--------------------------< U R L _ A C C E S S _ M A P >-------------------------------------------------- this table used by the wikipedia library url test, has_twl_url(), which automatically sets a url-access parameter to 'subscription' when it discovers a wikipedia library url in any of the url-holding paramters used as keys in this table. translators: if your wiki uses parameter names for these url-holding parameters and their matching -access parameters, add your wiki's parameters to this list. Leave the English parameters in place. TODO: is there a better way to do this? ]] local url_access_map_t = { ['chapter-url'] = 'chapter-url-access', ['contribution-url'] = 'contribution-url-access', ['entry-url'] = 'entry-url-access', ['article-url'] = 'article-url-access', ['section-url'] = 'section-url-access', ['map-url'] = 'map-url-access', ['mapurl'] = 'map-url-access', ['url'] = 'url-access', ['URL'] = 'url-access' } --[[--------------------------< S I N G L E - L E T T E R S E C O N D - L E V E L D O M A I N S >---------- this is a list of tlds that are known to have single-letter second-level domain names. This list does not include ccTLDs which are accepted in is_domain_name(). ]] local single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = {'cash', 'company', 'foundation', 'media', 'org', 'today'}; --[[-----------< S P E C I A L C A S E T R A N S L A T I O N S >------------ This table is primarily here to support internationalization. Translations in this table are used, for example, when an error message, category name, etc., is extracted from the English alias key. There may be other cases where this translation table may be useful. ]] local is_Latn = 'A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191'; local special_case_translation = { author = {'author', 'ughtar'}, editor = 'editor', name_list_params = '$1-name-list parameters', -- $1 is 'author' or 'editor'; used with err_redundant_parameters ['AuthorList'] = 'authors list', -- used to assemble maintenance category names ['ContributorList'] = 'contributors list', -- translation of these names plus translation of the base maintenance category names in maint_cats{} table below ['EditorList'] = 'editors list', -- must match the names of the actual categories ['InterviewerList'] = 'interviewers list', -- this group or translations used by name_has_ed_markup() and name_has_mult_names() ['TranslatorList'] = 'translators list', -- Lua patterns to match pseudo-titles used by InternetArchiveBot and others as placeholder for unknown |title= value ['archived_copy'] = { -- used with CS1 maint: Archive[d] copy as title ['en'] = '^archived?%s+copy$', -- for English; translators: keep this because templates imported from en.wiki ['local'] = nil, -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language }, -- Lua patterns to match generic titles; usually created by bots or reference filling tools -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language -- generic titles and patterns in this table should be lowercase only -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic title in your language -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches; 'false' for pattern searches ['generic_titles'] = { ['accept'] = { }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'^wayback%s+machine$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'are you a robot', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'hugedomains', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?no +title[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'page not found', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'subscribe to read', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?unknown[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'website is for sale', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'error[ %-]404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'internet archive wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'log into facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'login • instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'redirecting...', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'usurped title', true}, ['local'] = nil}, -- added by a GreenC bot {['en'] = {'wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'webcite query result', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'wikiwix\'s cache', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'bot verification', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } }, -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches, search string must be lowercase only -- boolean 'false' for pattern searches -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic name in your language ['generic_names'] = { ['accept'] = { {['en'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(author%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'about us', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]dvisor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'allmusic', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]uthor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Bb]ureau$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'business', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'cnn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'collaborator', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Cc]ompany$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'contributor', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'contact us', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'correspondent', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Dd]esk$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'directory', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%(%[][%(%[]%s*eds?%.?%s*[%)%]]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[,%.%s]%f[e]eds?%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^eds?[%.,;]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[]%s*[Ee][Dd][Ss]?%.?%s*[%)%]]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]dited%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]ditors?%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]mail%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'google', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Gg]roup$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'home page', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Ii]nc%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'interviewer', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Ll]imited$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'linkedIn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Nn]ews$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[Nn]ews[ %-]?[Rr]oom', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'pinterest', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'policy', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'privacy', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'reuters', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'translator', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'tumblr', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'twitter', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'site name', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'statement', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'submitted', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'super.?user', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Uu]ser%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'updated', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'verfasser', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } } } --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E S >---------------------------------------------------------- This table of tables lists local language date names and fallback English date names. The code in Date_validation will look first in the local table for valid date names. If date names are not found in the local table, the code will look in the English table. Because citations can be copied to the local wiki from en.wiki, the English is required when the date-name translation function date_name_xlate() is used. In these tables, season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) Specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. CS1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but CS1|2 has no way to make that distinction. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) The standard does not address 'named' dates so, for the purposes of CS1|2, Easter and Christmas are defined here as 98 and 99, which should be out of the ISO 8601 (EDTF) range of uses for a while. local_date_names_from_mediawiki is a boolean. When set to: true – module will fetch local month names from MediaWiki for both date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; this will unconditionally overwrite manual translations false – module will *not* fetch local month names from MediaWiki Caveat lector: There is no guarantee that MediaWiki will provide short month names. At your wiki you can test the results of the MediaWiki fetch in the debug console with this command (the result is alpha sorted): =mw.dumpObject (p.date_names['local']) While the module can fetch month names from MediaWiki, it cannot fetch the quarter, season, and named date names from MediaWiki. Those must be translated manually. ]] local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = true; -- when false, manual translation required for date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; overwrites manual translations -- when true, module fetches long and short month names from MediaWiki local date_names = { ['en'] = { -- English ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, -- when local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false ['local'] = { -- replace these English date names with the local language equivalents ['long'] = {['Jerrey Geuree'] = 1, ['Toshiaght Arree'] = 2, ['Mayrnt'] = 3, ['Averil'] = 4, ['Boaldyn'] = 5, ['Mean Souree'] = 6, ['Jerrey Souree'] = 7, ['Luanistyn'] = 8, ['Mean Fouyir'] = 9, ['Jerrey Fouyir'] = 10, ['Mee Houney'] = 11, ['Mee ny Nollick'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['J Geu'] = 1, ['T Arr'] = 2, ['Mayr'] = 3, ['Ave'] = 4, ['Boal'] = 5, ['M Sou'] = 6, ['J Sou'] = 7, ['Luan'] = 8, ['M Fou'] = 9, ['J Fou'] = 10, ['M Hou'] = 11, ['Nol'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['Y Chied Cherroo'] = 33, ['Y Nah Cherroo'] = 34, ['Y Trass Kerroo'] = 35, ['Y Kiarroo Kerroo'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Geurey'] = 24, ['Arragh'] = 21, ['Sourey'] = 22, ['Fouyr'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Caisht'] = 98, ['Nollick'] = 99}, }, ['inv_local_long'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].long where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_short'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].short where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_quarter'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].quarter where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_season'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].season where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_named'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].named where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['local_digits'] = {['0'] = '0', ['1'] = '1', ['2'] = '2', ['3'] = '3', ['4'] = '4', ['5'] = '5', ['6'] = '6', ['7'] = '7', ['8'] = '8', ['9'] = '9'}, -- used to convert local language digits to Western 0-9 ['xlate_digits'] = {}, } if local_date_names_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local month names from MediaWiki is enabled local long_t = {}; local short_t = {}; for i=1, 12 do -- loop 12x and local name = lang_obj:formatDate('F', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get long month name for each i long_t[name] = i; -- save it name = lang_obj:formatDate('M', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get short month name for each i short_t[name] = i; -- save it end date_names['local']['long'] = long_t; -- write the long table – overwrites manual translation date_names['local']['short'] = short_t; -- write the short table – overwrites manual translation end -- create inverted date-name tables for reformatting and/or translation for _, invert_t in pairs {{'long', 'inv_local_long'}, {'short', 'inv_local_short'}, {'quarter', 'inv_local_quarter'}, {'season', 'inv_local_season'}, {'named', 'inv_local_named'}} do for name, i in pairs (date_names['local'][invert_t[1]]) do -- this table is ['name'] = i date_names[invert_t[2]][i] = name; -- invert to get [i] = 'name' for conversions from ymd end end if local_digits_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local digits from MediaWiki is enabled local digits_t = {}; for i=0, 9 do -- loop 10x and digits_t [lang_obj:formatNum (i)] = tostring (i); -- format the loop indexer as local lang table index and assign loop indexer (a string) as the value end date_names['local_digits'] = digits_t; end for ld, ed in pairs (date_names.local_digits) do -- make a digit translation table for simple date translation from en to local language using local_digits table date_names.xlate_digits [ed] = ld; -- en digit becomes index with local digit as the value end local df_template_patterns = { -- table of redirects to {{Use dmy dates}} and {{Use mdy dates}} '{{ *[Uu]se +(dmy) +dates *[|}]', -- 1159k -- sorted by approximate transclusion count '{{ *[Uu]se +(mdy) +dates *[|}]', -- 212k '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) +dates *[|}]', -- 788 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) +dates *[|}]', -- 343 '{{ *([Mm]dy) *[|}]', -- 176 '{{ *[Uu]se *(dmy) *[|}]', -- 156 + 18 '{{ *[Uu]se *(mdy) *[|}]', -- 149 + 11 '{{ *([Dd]my) *[|}]', -- 56 '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) *[|}]', -- 5 '{{ *([Dd]MY) *[|}]', -- 3 '{{ *[Uu]se(mdy)dates *[|}]', -- 1 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) *[|}]', -- 0 '{{ *([Mm]DY) *[|}]', -- 0 } local title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); local content; -- done this way so that unused templates appear in unused-template-reports; self-transcluded makes them look like they are used if 10 ~= title_object.namespace then -- all namespaces except Template content = title_object:getContent() or ''; -- get the content of the article or ''; new pages edited w/ve do not have 'content' until saved; ve does not preview; phab:T221625 end local function get_date_format () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end for _, pattern in ipairs (df_template_patterns) do -- loop through the patterns looking for {{Use dmy dates}} or {{Use mdy dates}} or any of their redirects local start, _, match = content:find(pattern); -- match is the three letters indicating desired date format if match then local use_dates_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *[lsy][sy]?') then -- look for |cs1-dates=publication date length access-/archive-date length return match:lower() .. '-' .. use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *([lsy][sy]?)'); else return match:lower() .. '-all'; -- no |cs1-dates= k/v pair; return value appropriate for use in |df= end end end end local global_df; -- TODO: add this to <global_cs1_config_t>? --[[-----------------< V O L U M E , I S S U E , P A G E S >------------------ These tables hold cite class values (from the template invocation) and identify those templates that support |volume=, |issue=, and |page(s)= parameters. Cite conference and cite map require further qualification which is handled in the main module. ]] local templates_using_volume = {'citation', 'audio-visual', 'book', 'conference', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'report', 'techreport', 'thesis'} local templates_using_issue = {'citation', 'conference', 'episode', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'podcast'} local templates_not_using_page = {'audio-visual', 'episode', 'mailinglist', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech'} --[[ These tables control when it is appropriate for {{citation}} to render |volume= and/or |issue=. The parameter names in the tables constrain {{citation}} so that its renderings match the renderings of the equivalent cs1 templates. For example, {{cite web}} does not support |volume= so the equivalent {{citation |website=...}} must not support |volume=. ]] local citation_no_volume_t = { -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used 'website', 'mailinglist', 'script-website', } local citation_issue_t = { -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used 'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'work', 'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-work', } --[[ Patterns for finding extra text in |volume=, |issue=, |page=, |pages= ]] local vol_iss_pg_patterns = { good_ppattern = '^P[^%.PpGg]', -- OK to begin with uppercase P: P7 (page 7 of section P), but not p123 (page 123); TODO: this allows 'Pages' which it should not bad_ppatterns = { -- patterns for |page= and |pages= '^[Pp][PpGg]?%.?[ %d]', '^[Pp][Pp]?%.&nbsp;', -- from {{p.}} and {{pp.}} templates '^[Pp]ages?', '^[Pp]gs.?', }, vi_patterns_t = { -- combined to catch volume-like text in |issue= and issue-like text in |volume= '^volumes?', -- volume-like text '^vols?[%.:=]?', '^issues?', --issue-like text '^iss[%.:=]?', '^numbers?', '^nos?%A', -- don't match 'november' or 'nostradamus' '^nr[%.:=]?', '^n[%.:= ]', -- might be a valid issue without separator (space char is sep char here) '^n°', -- 'n' with degree sign (U+00B0) '^№', -- precomposed unicode numero character (U+2116) }, } --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S >------------------------------- These tables hold keywords for those parameters that have defined sets of acceptable keywords. ]] --[[-------------------< K E Y W O R D S T A B L E >-------------------------- this is a list of keywords; each key in the list is associated with a table of synonymous keywords possibly from different languages. for I18N: add local-language keywords to value table; do not change the key. For example, adding the German keyword 'ja': ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y', 'ja'}, Because CS1|2 templates from en.wiki articles are often copied to other local wikis, it is recommended that the English keywords remain in these tables. ]] local keywords = { ['amp'] = {'&', 'amp', 'ampersand'}, -- |name-list-style= ['and'] = {'and', 'serial'}, -- |name-list-style= ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- |no-tracking=, |no-pp= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['afterword'] = {'afterword'}, -- |contribution= ['bot: unknown'] = {'bot: unknown'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['cs1'] = {'cs1'}, -- |mode= ['cs2'] = {'cs2'}, -- |mode= ['dead'] = {'dead', 'deviated'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['dmy'] = {'dmy'}, -- |df= ['dmy-all'] = {'dmy-all'}, -- |df= ['foreword'] = {'foreword'}, -- |contribution= ['free'] = {'free'}, -- |<id>-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['harv'] = {'harv'}, -- |ref=; this no longer supported; is_valid_parameter_value() called with <invert> = true ['introduction'] = {'introduction'}, -- |contribution= ['limited'] = {'limited'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['live'] = {'live'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['mdy'] = {'mdy'}, -- |df= ['mdy-all'] = {'mdy-all'}, -- |df= ['none'] = {'none'}, -- |postscript=, |ref=, |title=, |type= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['off'] = {'off'}, -- |title= (potentially also: |title-link=, |postscript=, |ref=, |type=) ['preface'] = {'preface'}, -- |contribution= ['registration'] = {'registration'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['subscription'] = {'subscription'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['unfit'] = {'unfit'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['usurped'] = {'usurped'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['vanc'] = {'vanc'}, -- |name-list-style= ['ymd'] = {'ymd'}, -- |df= ['ymd-all'] = {'ymd-all'}, -- |df= -- ['yMd'] = {'yMd'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd-all'] = {'yMd-all'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki } --[[------------------------< X L A T E _ K E Y W O R D S >--------------------- this function builds a list, keywords_xlate{}, of the keywords found in keywords{} where the values from keywords{} become the keys in keywords_xlate{} and the keys from keywords{} become the values in keywords_xlate{}: ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- in keywords{} becomes ['yes'] = 'affirmative', -- in keywords_xlate{} ['true'] = 'affirmative', ['y'] = 'affirmative', the purpose of this function is to act as a translator between a non-English keyword and its English equivalent that may be used in other modules of this suite ]] local function xlate_keywords () local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for k, keywords_t in pairs (keywords) do -- spin through the keywords table for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_t) do -- for each keyword out_table[keyword] = k; -- create an entry in the output table where keyword is the key end end return out_table; end local keywords_xlate = xlate_keywords (); -- the list of translated keywords --[[----------------< M A K E _ K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T >--------------------- this function assembles, for parameter-value validation, the list of keywords appropriate to that parameter. keywords_lists{}, is a table of tables from keywords{} ]] local function make_keywords_list (keywords_lists) local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for _, keyword_list in ipairs (keywords_lists) do -- spin through keywords_lists{} and get a table of keywords for _, keyword in ipairs (keyword_list) do -- spin through keyword_list{} and add each keyword, ... table.insert (out_table, keyword); -- ... as plain text, to the output list end end return out_table; end --[[----------------< K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T S >----------------------------- this is a list of lists of valid keywords for the various parameters in [key]. Generally the keys in this table are the canonical en.wiki parameter names though some are contrived because of use in multiple differently named parameters: ['yes_true_y'], ['id-access']. The function make_keywords_list() extracts the individual keywords from the appropriate list in keywords{}. The lists in this table are used to validate the keyword assignment for the parameters named in this table's keys. ]] local keywords_lists = { ['yes_true_y'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.affirmative}), ['contribution'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.afterword, keywords.foreword, keywords.introduction, keywords.preface}), ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all']}), -- ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all'], keywords.yMd, keywords['yMd-all']}), -- not supported at en.wiki ['mode'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.cs1, keywords.cs2}), ['name-list-style'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.amp, keywords['and'], keywords.vanc}), ['ref'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.harv}), -- inverted check; |ref=harv no longer supported ['url-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.subscription, keywords.limited, keywords.registration}), ['url-status'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dead, keywords.live, keywords.unfit, keywords.usurped, keywords['bot: unknown']}), ['id-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.free}), } --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ C O N F I G _ G E T >-------------------------------------------------- fetch and validate values from {{cs1 config}} template to fill <global_cs1_config_t> no error messages; when errors are detected, the parameter value from {{cs1 config}} is blanked. Supports all parameters and aliases associated with the metaparameters: DisplayAuthors, DisplayContributors, DisplayEditors, DisplayInterviewers, DisplayTranslators, NameListStyle, and Mode. The DisplayWhatever metaparameters accept numeric values only (|display-authors=etal and the like is not supported). ]] local global_cs1_config_t = {}; -- TODO: add value returned from get_date_format() to this table? local function get_cs1_config () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end local start = content:find('{{ *[Cc][Ss]1 config *[|}]'); -- <start> is offset into <content> when {{cs1 config}} found; nil else if start then local cs1_config_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if not cs1_config_template then return nil; end local params_t = mw.text.split (cs1_config_template:gsub ('^{{%s*', ''):gsub ('%s*}}$', ''), '%s*|%s*'); -- remove '{{' and '}}'; make a sequence of parameter/value pairs (split on the pipe) table.remove (params_t, 1); -- remove the template name because it isn't a parameter/value pair local config_meta_params_t = {'DisplayAuthors', 'DisplayContributors', 'DisplayEditors', 'DisplayInterviewers', 'DisplayTranslators', 'NameListStyle', 'Mode'}; local meta_param_map_t = {}; -- list of accepted parameter names usable in {{cs1 config}} goes here for _, meta_param in ipairs (config_meta_params_t) do -- for i18n using <config_meta_params_t>, map template parameter names to their metaparameter equivalents if 'table' == type (aliases[meta_param]) then -- if <meta_param> is a sequence, for _, param in ipairs (aliases[meta_param]) do -- extract its contents meta_param_map_t[param] = meta_param; -- and add to <meta_param_map_t> end else meta_param_map_t[aliases[meta_param]] = meta_param; -- not a sequence so just add the parameter to <meta_param_map_t> end end local keywords_t = {}; -- map valid keywords to their associate metaparameter; reverse form of <keyword_lists[key] for these metaparameters for _, metaparam_t in ipairs ({{'NameListStyle', 'name-list-style'}, {'Mode', 'mode'}}) do -- only these metaparameter / keywords_lists key pairs for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_lists[metaparam_t[2]]) do -- spin through the list of keywords keywords_t[keyword] = metaparam_t[1]; -- add [keyword] = metaparameter to the map end end for _, param in ipairs (params_t) do -- spin through the {{cs1 config}} parameters and fill <global_cs1_config_t> local k, v = param:match ('([^=]-)%s*=%s*(.+)'); -- <k> is the parameter name; <v> is parameter's assigned value if k then if k:find ('^display') then -- if <k> is one of the |display-<namelist>= parameters if v:match ('%d+') then -- the assigned value must be digits; doesn't accept 'etal' global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the display param and its value to globals table end else if keywords_t[v] == meta_param_map_t[k] then -- keywords_t[v] returns nil or the metaparam name; these must be the same global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the parameter and its value to globals table end end end end end end get_cs1_config (); -- fill <global_cs1_config_t> --[[---------------------< S T R I P M A R K E R S >---------------------------- Common pattern definition location for stripmarkers so that we don't have to go hunting for them if (when) MediaWiki changes their form. ]] local stripmarkers = { ['any'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- capture returns name of stripmarker ['math'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-math%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127' -- math stripmarkers used in coins_cleanup() and coins_replace_math_stripmarker() } --[[------------< I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R A C T E R S >--------------------- This table holds non-printing or invisible characters indexed either by name or by Unicode group. Values are decimal representations of UTF-8 codes. The table is organized as a table of tables because the Lua pairs keyword returns table data in an arbitrary order. Here, we want to process the table from top to bottom because the entries at the top of the table are also found in the ranges specified by the entries at the bottom of the table. Also here is a pattern that recognizes stripmarkers that begin and end with the delete characters. The nowiki stripmarker is not an error but some others are because the parameter values that include them become part of the template's metadata before stripmarker replacement. ]] local invisible_defs = { del = '\127', -- used to distinguish between stripmarker and del char zwj = '\226\128\141', -- used with capture because zwj may be allowed } local invisible_chars = { {'replacement', '\239\191\189'}, -- U+FFFD, EF BF BD {'zero width joiner', '('.. invisible_defs.zwj .. ')'}, -- U+200D, E2 80 8D; capture because zwj may be allowed {'zero width space', '\226\128\139'}, -- U+200B, E2 80 8B {'hair space', '\226\128\138'}, -- U+200A, E2 80 8A {'soft hyphen', '\194\173'}, -- U+00AD, C2 AD {'horizontal tab', '\009'}, -- U+0009 (HT), 09 {'line feed', '\010'}, -- U+000A (LF), 0A {'no-break space', '\194\160'}, -- U+00A0 (NBSP), C2 A0 {'carriage return', '\013'}, -- U+000D (CR), 0D {'stripmarker', stripmarkers.any}, -- stripmarker; may or may not be an error; capture returns the stripmaker type {'delete', '('.. invisible_defs.del .. ')'}, -- U+007F (DEL), 7F; must be done after stripmarker test; capture to distinguish isolated del chars not part of stripmarker {'C0 control', '[\000-\008\011\012\014-\031]'}, -- U+0000–U+001F (NULL–US), 00–1F (except HT, LF, CR (09, 0A, 0D)) {'C1 control', '[\194\128-\194\159]'}, -- U+0080–U+009F (XXX–APC), C2 80 – C2 9F -- {'Specials', '[\239\191\185-\239\191\191]'}, -- U+FFF9-U+FFFF, EF BF B9 – EF BF BF -- {'Private use area', '[\238\128\128-\239\163\191]'}, -- U+E000–U+F8FF, EE 80 80 – EF A3 BF -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-A', '[\243\176\128\128-\243\191\191\189]'}, -- U+F0000–U+FFFFD, F3 B0 80 80 – F3 BF BF BD -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-B', '[\244\128\128\128-\244\143\191\189]'}, -- U+100000–U+10FFFD, F4 80 80 80 – F4 8F BF BD } --[[ Indic script makes use of zero width joiner as a character modifier so zwj characters must be left in. This pattern covers all of the unicode characters for these languages: Devanagari 0900–097F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari extended A8E0–A8FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf Bengali 0980–09FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf Gurmukhi 0A00–0A7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf Gujarati 0A80–0AFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A80.pdf Oriya 0B00–0B7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf Tamil 0B80–0BFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Telugu 0C00–0C7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf Kannada 0C80–0CFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C80.pdf Malayalam 0D00–0D7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf plus the not-necessarily Indic scripts for Sinhala and Burmese: Sinhala 0D80-0DFF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Myanmar 1000-109F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf Myanmar extended A AA60-AA7F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA60.pdf Myanmar extended B A9E0-A9FF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA9E0.pdf the pattern is used by has_invisible_chars() and coins_cleanup() ]] local indic_script = '[\224\164\128-\224\181\191\224\163\160-\224\183\191\225\128\128-\225\130\159\234\167\160-\234\167\191\234\169\160-\234\169\191]'; -- list of emoji that use a zwj character (U+200D) to combine with another emoji -- from: https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/17.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt; version: 17.0; 2025-01-08 -- table created by: [[:en:Module:Make emoji zwj table]] local emoji_t = { -- indexes are decimal forms of the hex values in U+xxxx [8596] = true, -- U+2194 ↔ left right arrow [8597] = true, -- U+2195 ↕ up down arrow [9760] = true, -- U+2620 ☠ skull and crossbones [9792] = true, -- U+2640 ♀ female sign [9794] = true, -- U+2642 ♂ male sign [9877] = true, -- U+2695 ⚕ staff of aesculapius [9878] = true, -- U+2696 ⚖ scales [9895] = true, -- U+26A7 ⚧ male with stroke and male and female sign [9992] = true, -- U+2708 ✈ airplane [10052] = true, -- U+2744 ❄ snowflake [10084] = true, -- U+2764 ❤ heavy black heart [10145] = true, -- U+27A1 ➡ black rightwards arrow [11035] = true, -- U+2B1B ⬛ black large square [127752] = true, -- U+1F308 🌈 rainbow [127787] = true, -- U+1F32B 🌫 fog [127806] = true, -- U+1F33E 🌾 ear of rice [127859] = true, -- U+1F373 🍳 cooking [127868] = true, -- U+1F37C 🍼 baby bottle [127876] = true, -- U+1F384 🎄 christmas tree [127891] = true, -- U+1F393 🎓 graduation cap [127908] = true, -- U+1F3A4 🎤 microphone [127912] = true, -- U+1F3A8 🎨 artist palette [127979] = true, -- U+1F3EB 🏫 school [127981] = true, -- U+1F3ED 🏭 factory [128048] = true, -- U+1F430 🐰 rabbit face [128102] = true, -- U+1F466 👦 boy [128103] = true, -- U+1F467 👧 girl [128104] = true, -- U+1F468 👨 man [128105] = true, -- U+1F469 👩 woman [128139] = true, -- U+1F48B 💋 kiss mark [128165] = true, -- U+1F4A5 💥 collision symbol [128168] = true, -- U+1F4A8 💨 dash symbol [128171] = true, -- U+1F4AB 💫 dizzy symbol [128187] = true, -- U+1F4BB 💻 personal computer [128188] = true, -- U+1F4BC 💼 brief case [128293] = true, -- U+1F525 🔥 fire [128295] = true, -- U+1F527 🔧 wrench [128300] = true, -- U+1F52C 🔬 microscope [128488] = true, -- U+1F5E8 🗨 left speech bubble [128640] = true, -- U+1F680 🚀 rocket [128658] = true, -- U+1F692 🚒 fire engine [129001] = true, -- U+1F7E9 🟩 large green square [129003] = true, -- U+1F7EB 🟫 large brown square [129309] = true, -- U+1F91D 🤝 handshake [129455] = true, -- U+1F9AF 🦯 probing cane [129456] = true, -- U+1F9B0 🦰 emoji component red hair [129457] = true, -- U+1F9B1 🦱 emoji component curly hair [129458] = true, -- U+1F9B2 🦲 emoji component bald [129459] = true, -- U+1F9B3 🦳 emoji component white hair [129466] = true, -- U+1F9BA 🦺 safety vest [129468] = true, -- U+1F9BC 🦼 motorized wheelchair [129469] = true, -- U+1F9BD 🦽 manual wheelchair [129489] = true, -- U+1F9D1 🧑 adult [129490] = true, -- U+1F9D2 🧒 child [129648] = true, -- U+1FA70 🩰 ballet shoes [129657] = true, -- U+1FA79 🩹 adhesive bandage [129775] = true, -- U+1FAEF 🫯 fight cloud [129778] = true, -- U+1FAF2 🫲 leftwards hand } --[[----------------------< L A N G U A G E S U P P O R T >------------------- These tables and constants support various language-specific functionality. ]] --local this_wiki_code = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code local this_wiki_code = lang_obj:getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code if string.match (mw.site.server, 'wikidata') then this_wiki_code = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('int', {'lang'}); -- on Wikidata so use interface language setting instead end local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_code, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to Wikimedia; used for interwiki tests local mw_languages_by_name_t = {}; for k, v in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- build a 'reversed' table name/tag language pairs know to MediaWiki; used for |language= v = mw.ustring.lower (v); -- lowercase for tag fetch; get name's proper case from mw_languages_by_tag_t[<tag>] if mw_languages_by_name_t[v] then -- when name already in the table if 2 == #k or 3 == #k then -- if tag does not have subtags mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- prefer the shortest tag for this name end else -- here when name not in the table mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- so add name and matching tag end end local inter_wiki_map = {}; -- map of interwiki prefixes that are language-code prefixes for k, v in pairs (mw.site.interwikiMap ('local')) do -- spin through the base interwiki map (limited to local) if mw_languages_by_tag_t[v["prefix"]] then -- if the prefix matches a known language tag inter_wiki_map[v["prefix"]] = true; -- add it to our local map end end --[[--------------------< S C R I P T _ L A N G _ C O D E S >------------------- This table is used to hold ISO 639-1 two-character and ISO 639-3 three-character language codes that apply only to |script-title= and |script-chapter= ]] local script_lang_codes = { 'ab', 'am', 'ar', 'as', 'az', 'be', 'bg', 'bn', 'bo', 'bs', 'ce', 'chr', 'cu', 'dv', 'dz', 'el', 'fa', 'grc', 'gu', 'he', 'hi', 'hy', 'ja', 'ka', 'kaa', 'kk', 'km', 'kn', 'ko', 'ku', 'ky', 'lo', 'mk', 'ml', 'mn', 'mni', 'mr', 'my', 'ne', 'or', 'ota', 'pa', 'ps', 'ru', 'sd', 'si', 'sr', 'syc', 'ta', 'te', 'tg', 'th', 'ti', 'tkr', 'tt', 'ug', 'uk', 'ur', 'uz', 'yi', 'yue', 'zh', 'zgh' }; --[[---------------< L A N G U A G E R E M A P P I N G >---------------------- These tables hold language information that is different (correct) from MediaWiki's definitions For each ['<tag>'] = 'language name' in lang_code_remap{} there must be a matching ['language name'] = {'language name', '<tag>'} in lang_name_remap{} lang_tag_remap{}: key is always lowercase ISO 639-1, -2, -3 language tag or a valid lowercase IETF language tag value is properly spelled and capitalized language name associated with <tag> only one language name per <tag>; key/value pair must have matching entry in lang_name_remap{} lang_name_remap{}: key is always lowercase language name value is a table the holds correctly spelled and capitalized language name [1] and associated tag [2] (tag must match a tag key in lang_tag_remap{}) may have multiple keys referring to a common preferred name and tag; For example: ['kolsch'] and ['kölsch'] both refer to 'Kölsch' and 'ksh' ]] local lang_tag_remap = { -- used for |language= and |script-title= / |script-chapter= ['als'] = 'Tosk Albanian', -- MediaWiki returns Alemannisch ['bh'] = 'Bihari', -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bla'] = 'Blackfoot', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['bn'] = 'Bengali', -- MediaWiki returns Bangla ['ca-valencia'] = 'Valencian', -- IETF variant of Catalan ['fkv'] = 'Kven', -- MediaWiki returns Kvensk ['gsw'] = 'Swiss German', ['ilo'] = 'Ilocano', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['ksh'] = 'Kölsch', -- MediaWiki: Colognian; use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['ksh-x-colog'] = 'Colognian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Colognian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['mis-x-ripuar'] = 'Ripuarian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Ripuarian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['nan-tw'] = 'Taiwanese Hokkien', -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese and support en.wiki preferred name ['sr-ec'] = 'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', -- MediaWiki returns српски (ћирилица) ['sr-el'] = 'Serbian (Latin script)', -- MediaWiki returns srpski (latinica) -- gv.wiki: Manx-language names for |language=, replacing MediaWiki's English default ['en'] = 'Baarle', ['en-us'] = 'Baarle Americaanagh', ['en-gb'] = 'Baarle Ghoaldagh', ['en-in'] = 'Baarle Injinagh', ['hy'] = 'Armeainish', ['hr'] = 'Croitish', ['cs'] = 'Sheckish', ['da'] = 'Danvargish', ['nl'] = 'Ollanish', ['fo'] = 'Faaroish', ['fi'] = 'Finnlynnish', ['fr'] = 'Frangish', ['de'] = 'Germaanish', ['el'] = 'Greagish', ['he'] = 'Ewnish', ['hu'] = 'Ungaarish', ['is'] = 'Eeslynnish', ['ga'] = 'Yernish', ['it'] = 'Idaalish', ['ko'] = 'Koreeish', ['la'] = 'Ladjyn', ['no'] = 'Norlynnish', ['pl'] = 'Polynnish', ['pt'] = 'Portiugish', ['ro'] = 'Romaanish', ['ru'] = 'Rooshish', ['sk'] = 'Slovackish', ['es'] = 'Spaainish', ['sv'] = 'Soolynnish', ['ta'] = 'Tamilish', ['tn'] = 'Tswaanish', ['tr'] = 'Turkish', ['uk'] = 'Ookraanish', ['ca'] = 'Catalaanish', ['et'] = 'Estaanish', ['lt'] = 'Litaanish', ['lv'] = 'Latvish', ['be'] = 'Belarooshish', ['bg'] = 'Bulgeyrish', ['zh'] = 'Sheenish', ['ja'] = 'Shapaanish', ['ar'] = 'Arabish', ['gd'] = 'Gaelg ny h-Albey', ['cy'] = 'Bretnish', ['kw'] = 'Cornish', ['br'] = 'Britaanish', ['gv'] = 'Gaelg', ['kl'] = 'Greenlynnish', ['hi'] = 'Hindish', ['ur'] = 'Oordooish', ['yi'] = 'Ewdish', ['mt'] = 'Maltish', ['gl'] = 'Galeeshish', ['eu'] = 'Bascish', ['lb'] = 'Lucsemburgish', ['sl'] = 'Sloveanish', ['sr'] = 'Serbish', ['sq'] = 'Albaanish', ['mk'] = 'Massadoanish', ['ku'] = 'Kurdish', ['az'] = 'Asserbajaanish', ['kk'] = 'Kassaghish', ['mn'] = 'Mongoilish', } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Serbian (Latin script)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Taiwanese Hokkien', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Tosk Albanian', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valencian', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian -- gv.wiki: Manx-language names for |language= ['baarle'] = {'Baarle', 'en'}, ['baarle americaanagh'] = {'Baarle Americaanagh', 'en-us'}, ['baarle ghoaldagh'] = {'Baarle Ghoaldagh', 'en-gb'}, ['baarle injinagh'] = {'Baarle Injinagh', 'en-in'}, ['armeainish'] = {'Armeainish', 'hy'}, ['croitish'] = {'Croitish', 'hr'}, ['sheckish'] = {'Sheckish', 'cs'}, ['danvargish'] = {'Danvargish', 'da'}, ['ollanish'] = {'Ollanish', 'nl'}, ['faaroish'] = {'Faaroish', 'fo'}, ['finnlynnish'] = {'Finnlynnish', 'fi'}, ['frangish'] = {'Frangish', 'fr'}, ['germaanish'] = {'Germaanish', 'de'}, ['greagish'] = {'Greagish', 'el'}, ['ewnish'] = {'Ewnish', 'he'}, ['ungaarish'] = {'Ungaarish', 'hu'}, ['eeslynnish'] = {'Eeslynnish', 'is'}, ['yernish'] = {'Yernish', 'ga'}, ['idaalish'] = {'Idaalish', 'it'}, ['koreeish'] = {'Koreeish', 'ko'}, ['ladjyn'] = {'Ladjyn', 'la'}, ['norlynnish'] = {'Norlynnish', 'no'}, ['polynnish'] = {'Polynnish', 'pl'}, ['portiugish'] = {'Portiugish', 'pt'}, ['romaanish'] = {'Romaanish', 'ro'}, ['rooshish'] = {'Rooshish', 'ru'}, ['slovackish'] = {'Slovackish', 'sk'}, ['spaainish'] = {'Spaainish', 'es'}, ['soolynnish'] = {'Soolynnish', 'sv'}, ['tamilish'] = {'Tamilish', 'ta'}, ['tswaanish'] = {'Tswaanish', 'tn'}, ['turkish'] = {'Turkish', 'tr'}, ['ookraanish'] = {'Ookraanish', 'uk'}, ['catalaanish'] = {'Catalaanish', 'ca'}, ['estaanish'] = {'Estaanish', 'et'}, ['litaanish'] = {'Litaanish', 'lt'}, ['latvish'] = {'Latvish', 'lv'}, ['belarooshish'] = {'Belarooshish', 'be'}, ['bulgeyrish'] = {'Bulgeyrish', 'bg'}, ['sheenish'] = {'Sheenish', 'zh'}, ['shapaanish'] = {'Shapaanish', 'ja'}, ['arabish'] = {'Arabish', 'ar'}, ['gaelg ny h-albey'] = {'Gaelg ny h-Albey', 'gd'}, ['bretnish'] = {'Bretnish', 'cy'}, ['cornish'] = {'Cornish', 'kw'}, ['britaanish'] = {'Britaanish', 'br'}, ['gaelg'] = {'Gaelg', 'gv'}, ['greenlynnish'] = {'Greenlynnish', 'kl'}, ['hindish'] = {'Hindish', 'hi'}, ['oordooish'] = {'Oordooish', 'ur'}, ['ewdish'] = {'Ewdish', 'yi'}, ['maltish'] = {'Maltish', 'mt'}, ['galeeshish'] = {'Galeeshish', 'gl'}, ['bascish'] = {'Bascish', 'eu'}, ['lucsemburgish'] = {'Lucsemburgish', 'lb'}, ['sloveanish'] = {'Sloveanish', 'sl'}, ['serbish'] = {'Serbish', 'sr'}, ['albaanish'] = {'Albaanish', 'sq'}, ['massadoanish'] = {'Massadoanish', 'mk'}, ['kurdish'] = {'Kurdish', 'ku'}, ['asserbajaanish'] = {'Asserbajaanish', 'az'}, ['kassaghish'] = {'Kassaghish', 'kk'}, ['mongoilish'] = {'Mongoilish', 'mn'}, } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Serbian (Latin script)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Taiwanese Hokkien', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Tosk Albanian', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valencian', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian -- gv.wiki: Manx-language names for |language= ['baarle'] = {'Baarle', 'en'}, ['baarle americaanagh'] = {'Baarle Americaanagh', 'en-us'}, ['baarle ghoaldagh'] = {'Baarle Ghoaldagh', 'en-gb'}, ['baarle injinagh'] = {'Baarle Injinagh', 'en-in'}, ['armeainish'] = {'Armeainish', 'hy'}, ['croitish'] = {'Croitish', 'hr'}, ['sheckish'] = {'Sheckish', 'cs'}, ['danvargish'] = {'Danvargish', 'da'}, ['ollanish'] = {'Ollanish', 'nl'}, ['faaroish'] = {'Faaroish', 'fo'}, ['finnlynnish'] = {'Finnlynnish', 'fi'}, ['frangish'] = {'Frangish', 'fr'}, ['germaanish'] = {'Germaanish', 'de'}, ['greagish'] = {'Greagish', 'el'}, ['ewnish'] = {'Ewnish', 'he'}, ['ungaarish'] = {'Ungaarish', 'hu'}, ['eeslynnish'] = {'Eeslynnish', 'is'}, ['yernish'] = {'Yernish', 'ga'}, ['idaalish'] = {'Idaalish', 'it'}, ['koreeish'] = {'Koreeish', 'ko'}, ['ladjyn'] = {'Ladjyn', 'la'}, ['norlynnish'] = {'Norlynnish', 'no'}, ['polynnish'] = {'Polynnish', 'pl'}, ['portiugish'] = {'Portiugish', 'pt'}, ['romaanish'] = {'Romaanish', 'ro'}, ['rooshish'] = {'Rooshish', 'ru'}, ['slovackish'] = {'Slovackish', 'sk'}, ['spaainish'] = {'Spaainish', 'es'}, ['soolynnish'] = {'Soolynnish', 'sv'}, ['tamilish'] = {'Tamilish', 'ta'}, ['tswaanish'] = {'Tswaanish', 'tn'}, ['turkish'] = {'Turkish', 'tr'}, ['ookraanish'] = {'Ookraanish', 'uk'}, ['catalaanish'] = {'Catalaanish', 'ca'}, ['estaanish'] = {'Estaanish', 'et'}, ['litaanish'] = {'Litaanish', 'lt'}, ['latvish'] = {'Latvish', 'lv'}, ['belarooshish'] = {'Belarooshish', 'be'}, ['bulgeyrish'] = {'Bulgeyrish', 'bg'}, ['sheenish'] = {'Sheenish', 'zh'}, ['shapaanish'] = {'Shapaanish', 'ja'}, ['arabish'] = {'Arabish', 'ar'}, ['gaelg ny h-albey'] = {'Gaelg ny h-Albey', 'gd'}, ['bretnish'] = {'Bretnish', 'cy'}, ['cornish'] = {'Cornish', 'kw'}, ['britaanish'] = {'Britaanish', 'br'}, ['gaelg'] = {'Gaelg', 'gv'}, ['greenlynnish'] = {'Greenlynnish', 'kl'}, ['hindish'] = {'Hindish', 'hi'}, ['oordooish'] = {'Oordooish', 'ur'}, ['ewdish'] = {'Ewdish', 'yi'}, ['maltish'] = {'Maltish', 'mt'}, ['galeeshish'] = {'Galeeshish', 'gl'}, ['bascish'] = {'Bascish', 'eu'}, ['lucsemburgish'] = {'Lucsemburgish', 'lb'}, ['sloveanish'] = {'Sloveanish', 'sl'}, ['serbish'] = {'Serbish', 'sr'}, ['albaanish'] = {'Albaanish', 'sq'}, ['massadoanish'] = {'Massadoanish', 'mk'}, ['kurdish'] = {'Kurdish', 'ku'}, ['asserbajaanish'] = {'Asserbajaanish', 'az'}, ['kassaghish'] = {'Kassaghish', 'kk'}, ['mongoilish'] = {'Mongoilish', 'mn'}, } --[[---------------< P R O P E R T I E S _ C A T E G O R I E S >---------------- Properties categories. These are used for investigating qualities of citations. ]] local prop_cats = { ['foreign-lang-source'] = 'CS1 $1-language sources ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is foreign-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code ['foreign-lang-source-2'] = 'CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)|$1', -- |language= category; a cat for ISO639-2 languages; $1 is the ISO 639-2 code used as a sort key ['interproj-linked-name'] = 'CS1 interproject-linked names|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interproject link; $1 is interproject tag used as a sort key ['interwiki-linked-name'] = 'CS1 interwiki-linked names|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interwiki link; $1 is interwiki tag used as a sort key; yeilds to interproject ['local-lang-source'] = 'CS1 $1-language sources ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is local-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code; not emitted when local_lang_cat_enable is false ['location-test'] = 'CS1 location test', ['long-vol'] = 'CS1: long volume value', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |volume= values longer than 4 characters ['script'] = 'CS1 uses $1-language script ($2)', -- |script-title=xx: has matching category; $1 is language name, $2 is language tag ['tracked-param'] = 'CS1 tracked parameter: $1', -- $1 is base (enumerators removed) parameter name ['unfit'] = 'CS1: unfit URL', -- |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped; used to be a maint cat ['vanc-accept'] = 'CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup', -- for |vauthors=/|veditors= with accept-as-written markup ['year-range-abbreviated'] = 'CS1: abbreviated year range', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |date=, |year= values using YYYY–YY form } --[[-------------------< T I T L E _ T Y P E S >-------------------------------- Here we map a template's CitationClass to TitleType (default values for |type= parameter) ]] local title_types = { ['AV-media-notes'] = 'Media notes', ['document'] = 'Document', ['interview'] = 'Interview', ['mailinglist'] = 'Mailing list', ['map'] = 'Map', ['podcast'] = 'Podcast', ['pressrelease'] = 'Press release', ['report'] = 'Report', ['speech'] = 'Speech', ['techreport'] = 'Technical report', ['thesis'] = 'Thesis', } --[[--------------------------< B U I L D _ K N O W N _ F R E E _ D O I _ R E G I S T R A N T S _ T A B L E >-- build a table of doi registrants known to be free-to-read In a doi, the registrant ID is the series of digits between the '10.' and the first '/': in doi 10.1100/sommat, 1100 is the registrant ID see §3.2.2 DOI prefix of the Doi Handbook p. 43 https://www.doi.org/doi-handbook/DOI_Handbook_Final.pdf#page=43 ]] local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() local registrants_t = {}; for _, v in ipairs ({ '1045', '1074', '1096', '1100', '1155', '1186', '1194', '1371', '1613', '1629', '1989', '1999', '2147', '2196', '3285', '3389', '3390', '3906', '3748', '3814', '3847', '3897', '4061', '4089', '4103', '4172', '4175', '4230', '4236', '4239', '4240', '4249', '4251', '4252', '4253', '4254', '4291', '4292', '4329', '4330', '4331', '5086', '5194', '5210', '5306', '5312', '5313', '5314', '5315', '5316', '5317', '5318', '5319', '5320', '5321', '5334', '5402', '5409', '5410', '5411', '5412', '5492', '5493', '5494', '5495', '5496', '5497', '5498', '5499', '5500', '5501', '5527', '5528', '5662', '6064', '6219', '7167', '7217', '7287', '7482', '7490', '7554', '7717', '7759', '7766', '9778', '11131', '11569', '11647', '11648', '12688', '12703', '12715', '12942', '12998', '13105', '14256', '14293', '14303', '15215', '15347', '15412', '15560', '16995', '17645', '18637', '19080', '19173', '20944', '21037', '21105', '21468', '21767', '21425', '22261', '22323', '22459', '24105', '24196', '24966', '26775', '30845', '32545', '35711', '35712', '35713', '35995', '36648', '37126', '37532', '37871', '47128', '47622', '47959', '52437', '52975', '53288', '53347', '54081', '54947', '55667', '55914', '57009', '58647', '59081', }) do registrants_t[v] = true; -- build a k/v table of known free-to-read doi registrants end return registrants_t; end -- known free registrants identifiable by the doi suffix incipit local extended_registrants_t = { -- doi suffix incipits are evaluated as lua patterns ['1002'] = {'aelm', 'leap', 'loe2%.', 'lol2%.'}, -- Advanced Electronic Materials, Learned Publishing, L&O e-Lectures, L&O Letters ['1016'] = {'j%.aace', 'j%.aed', 'j%.aiopen', 'j%.animal', 'j%.apsb', 'j%.addicn', -- AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes, AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes, AI Open, Animal, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Addiction Neuroscience 'j%.abrep', 'j%.gpb', 'j%.heliyon', 'j%.nlp', 'j%.patter', 'j%.proche', -- Addictive Behaviors Reports, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics after 2015, Heliyon, Natural Language Processing, Patterns, Procedia Chemistry 'j%.vgie', 'S1672-0229'}, -- VideoGIE, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics before 2015 ['1017'] = {'apj%.', 'nlp', 'mdh', 'S15574660'}, -- Natural Language Processing Journal, Medical History, Asia Pacific Journal ['1046'] = {'j%.1365-8711', 'j%.1365-246x'}, -- MNRAS, GJI ['1021'] = {'acscentsci', 'acsomega'}, -- ACS Central Science, ACS Omega ['1093'] = {'mnras', 'mnrasl', 'gji', 'pnasnexus', 'rasti'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI, PNAS Nexus, RASTI ['1098'] = {'rsbm', 'rsob', 'rsos'}, -- Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Open Biology, Royal Society Open Science ['1099'] = {'acmi', 'mic', '00221287', 'mgen'}, -- Access Microbiology, Microbiology, Journal of General Microbiology, Microbial Genomics ['1107'] = {'S20569890', 'S20522525', 'S16005775', 'S24143146'}, -- Acta Crystallographica E, IUCrJ, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, IUCrData ['1109'] = {'oa', 'oj'}, -- IEEE Open Access..., IEEE Open Journal... ['1111'] = {'aogs', 'j%.1365-2966', 'j%.1745-3933', 'j%.1365-246X'}, -- Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI ['1128'] = {'asmcr', 'jmbe', 'mbio', 'mra', 'spectrum', 'msphere', 'msystems'}, --ASM Case Reports, Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, mBio, Microbiology Resource Announcements, Microbiology Spectrum, mSphere, mSystems ['1136'] = {'bmjopen'}, -- BMJ Open ['1140'] = {'epjc'}, -- European Physical Journal C ['1192'] = {'bjo'}, -- BJPsych Open ['1210'] = {'jendso','jcemcr'}, -- Journal of the Endocrine Society, JCEM Case Reports ['1215'] = {'21573689', '21573698'}, -- L&O Fluids ['1590'] = {'0102-3306'}, -- Acta Botanica Brasilica ['4171'] = {'dm','mag'}, -- Documenta Mathematica, EMS Magazine ['4319'] = {'lo%.', 'lol%.', 'lom%.'}, -- L&O, L&O e-Lectures, L&O Methods ['5852'] = {'ejt'}, -- European Journal of Taxonomy ['7155'] = {'jgaa'}, -- Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications ['11158'] = {'saasp'}, -- Systematic and Applied Acarology Special Publications ['11646'] = {'megataxa', 'mesozoic'}, -- Megataxa, Mesozoic ['14231'] = {'ag'}, -- Algebraic Geometry ['15446'] = {'abc'}, -- Acta Biológica Colombiana ['17239'] = {'jowr'}, -- Journal of Writing Research ['22073'] = {'pja'}, -- Persian Journal of Acarology ['24310'] = {'abm'}, -- Acta Botanica Malacitana ['24425'] = {'agp'}, -- Acta Geologica Polonica ['35249'] = {'rche'}, -- Revista Chilena de Entomología ['37520'] = {'fi'}, -- Fossil Imprint ['53562'] = {'ajcb'} -- Asian Journal of Conservation Biology } --[[===================<< E R R O R M E S S A G I N G >>====================== ]] --[[----------< E R R O R M E S S A G E S U P P L E M E N T S >------------- I18N for those messages that are supplemented with additional specific text that describes the reason for the error TODO: merge this with special_case_translations{}? ]] local err_msg_supl = { ['char'] = 'invalid character', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['check'] = 'checksum', -- |isbn=, |sbn= empty_str = '(empty string)', -- empty unknown parameter check when cite has |= ['flag'] = 'flag', -- |archive-url= ['form'] = 'invalid form', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['group'] = 'invalid group id', -- |isbn= ['initials'] = 'initials', -- Vancouver ['invalid language code'] = 'invalid language code', -- |script-<param>= ['journal'] = 'journal', -- |bibcode= ['length'] = 'length', -- |isbn=, |bibcode=, |sbn= ['liveweb'] = 'liveweb', -- |archive-url= ['missing comma'] = 'missing comma', -- Vancouver ['missing prefix'] = 'missing prefix', -- |script-<param>= ['missing title part'] = 'missing title part', -- |script-<param>= ['name'] = 'name', -- Vancouver ['non-Latin char'] = 'non-Latin character', -- Vancouver ['path'] = 'path', -- |archive-url= ['prefix'] = 'invalid prefix', -- |isbn= ['punctuation'] = 'punctuation', -- Vancouver ['save'] = 'save command', -- |archive-url= ['suffix'] = 'suffix', -- Vancouver ['timestamp'] = 'timestamp', -- |archive-url= ['unknown language code'] = 'unknown language code', -- |script-<param>= ['value'] = 'value', -- |bibcode= ['year'] = 'year', -- |bibcode= } --[[--------------< E R R O R _ C O N D I T I O N S >--------------------------- Error condition table. This table has two sections: errors at the top, maintenance at the bottom. Maint 'messaging' does not have a 'message' (message=nil) The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors TODO: rename error_conditions{} to something more generic; create separate error and maint tables inside that? ]] local error_conditions = { err_accessdate_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: access-date without URL', hidden = false }, err_apostrophe_markup = { message = 'Italic or bold markup not allowed in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'apostrophe_markup', category = 'CS1 errors: markup', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_date_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch; $1 suggested', anchor = 'archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_date = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> is malformed: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'archive_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_arxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;arxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'arxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, err_asintld_missing_asin = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'asintld_missing_asin', category = 'CS1 errors: ASIN TLD', hidden = false }, err_bad_arxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;arxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: arXiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_asin', category ='CS1 errors: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin_tld = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin-tld=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_asin_tld', category ='CS1 errors: ASIN TLD', hidden = false }, err_bad_bibcode = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;bibcode=</code> $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_bibcode', category = 'CS1 errors: bibcode', hidden = false }, err_bad_biorxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;biorxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_biorxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: bioRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_citeseerx = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;citeseerx=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_citeseerx', category = 'CS1 errors: citeseerx', hidden = false }, err_bad_date = { message = 'Check date values in: $1', -- $1 is a parameter name list anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'CS1 errors: dates', hidden = false }, err_bad_doi = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;doi=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'CS1 errors: DOI', hidden = false }, err_bad_hdl = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;hdl=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_hdl', category = 'CS1 errors: HDL', hidden = false }, err_bad_isbn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;isbn=</code> value: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ismn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ismn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ismn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISMN', hidden = false }, err_bad_issn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1issn=</code> value', -- $1 is 'e' or '' for eissn or issn anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISSN', hidden = false }, err_bad_jfm = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;jfm=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_jfm', category = 'CS1 errors: JFM', hidden = false }, err_bad_jstor = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;jstor=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_jstor', category = 'CS1 errors: JSTOR', hidden = false }, err_bad_lccn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;lccn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'CS1 errors: LCCN', hidden = false }, err_bad_medrxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;medrxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_medrxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: medRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_mr = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;mr=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_mr', category = 'CS1 errors: MR', hidden = false }, err_bad_oclc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;oclc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_oclc', category = 'CS1 errors: OCLC', hidden = false }, err_bad_ol = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ol=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'CS1 errors: OL', hidden = false }, err_bad_osti = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;osti=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_osti', category = 'CS1 errors: OSTI', hidden = false }, err_bad_paramlink = { -- for |title-link=, |author/editor/translator-link=, |series-link=, |episode-link= message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> value', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_paramlink', category = 'CS1 errors: parameter link', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'CS1 errors: PMC', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmid = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmid=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'CS1 errors: PMID', hidden = false }, err_bad_rfc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;rfc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_rfc', category = 'CS1 errors: RFC', hidden = false }, err_bad_s2cid = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;s2cid=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_s2cid', category = 'CS1 errors: S2CID', hidden = false }, err_bad_sbn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;sbn=</code> value: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_sbn', category = 'CS1 errors: SBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ssrn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ssrn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ssrn', category = 'CS1 errors: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_bad_url = { message = 'Check $1 value', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL', hidden = false }, err_bad_usenet_id = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;message-id=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_message_id', category = 'CS1 errors: message-id', hidden = false }, err_bad_zbl = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;zbl=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_zbl', category = 'CS1 errors: Zbl', hidden = false }, err_bare_url_missing_title = { message = '$1 missing title', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: bare URL', hidden = false }, err_biorxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;biorxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'biorxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: bioRxiv', -- same as bad bioRxiv hidden = false }, err_chapter_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'chapter_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: chapter ignored', hidden = false }, err_citation_missing_title = { message = 'Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: missing title', hidden = false }, err_citeseerx_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;citeseerx=</code> required', anchor = 'citeseerx_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: citeseerx', -- same as bad citeseerx hidden = false }, err_cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = 'Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'CS1 errors: requires URL', hidden = false }, err_class_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;class=</code> ignored', anchor = 'class_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: class', hidden = false }, err_contributor_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;contributor=</code> ignored', anchor = 'contributor_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: contributor', hidden = false }, err_contributor_missing_required_param = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;contributor=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'contributor_missing_required_param', category = 'CS1 errors: contributor', hidden = false }, err_deprecated_params = { message = 'Cite uses deprecated parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'CS1 errors: deprecated parameters', hidden = false }, err_disp_name = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=$2</code>', -- $1 is parameter name; $2 is the assigned value anchor = 'disp_name', category = 'CS1 errors: display-names', hidden = false, }, err_doibroken_missing_doi = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;doi=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'doibroken_missing_doi', category = 'CS1 errors: DOI', hidden = false }, err_embargo_missing_pmc = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmc=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'embargo_missing_pmc', category = 'CS1 errors: PMC embargo', hidden = false }, err_empty_citation = { message = 'Empty citation', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'CS1 errors: empty citation', hidden = false }, err_etal = { message = 'Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'explicit_et_al', category = 'CS1 errors: explicit use of et al.', hidden = false }, err_extra_text_edition = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;edition=</code> has extra text', anchor = 'extra_text_edition', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: edition', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_issue = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_issue', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: issue', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_pages = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_pages', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: pages', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_volume = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_volume', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: volume', hidden = false, }, err_first_missing_last = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is first alias, $2 is matching last alias anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'CS1 errors: missing name', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_format_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is format parameter $2 is url parameter anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: format without URL', hidden = false }, err_generic_name = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has generic name', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'generic_name', category = 'CS1 errors: generic name', hidden = false, }, err_generic_title = { message = 'Cite uses generic title', anchor = 'generic_title', category = 'CS1 errors: generic title', hidden = false, }, err_invalid_isbn_date = { message = 'ISBN / Date incompatibility', anchor = 'invalid_isbn_date', category = 'CS1 errors: ISBN date', hidden = true }, err_invalid_param_val = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=$2</code>', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is parameter value anchor = 'invalid_param_val', category = 'CS1 errors: invalid parameter value', hidden = false }, err_invisible_char = { message = '$1 in $2 at position $3', -- $1 is invisible char $2 is parameter name $3 is position number anchor = 'invisible_char', category = 'CS1 errors: invisible characters', hidden = false }, err_medrxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;medrxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'medrxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: medRxiv', -- same as bad medRxiv hidden = false }, err_missing_name = { message = 'Missing <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1$2=</code>', -- $1 is modified NameList; $2 is enumerator anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'CS1 errors: missing name', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_missing_periodical = { message = 'Cite $1 requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical periodical parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_periodical', category = 'CS1 errors: missing periodical', hidden = false }, err_missing_pipe = { message = 'Missing pipe in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'missing_pipe', category = 'CS1 errors: missing pipe', hidden = false }, err_missing_publisher = { message = 'Cite $1 requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical publisher parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_publisher', category = 'CS1 errors: missing publisher', hidden = false }, err_numeric_names = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has numeric name', -- $1 is parameter name', anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'CS1 errors: numeric name', hidden = false, }, err_param_access_requires_param = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1-access=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_access_requires_param', category = 'CS1 errors: param-access', hidden = false }, err_param_has_ext_link = { message = 'External link in <code class="cs1-code">$1</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_ext_link', category = 'CS1 errors: external links', hidden = false }, err_param_has_twl_url = { message = 'Wikipedia Library link in <code class="cs1-code">$1</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_twl_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: unsupported parameter', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> suggested)', -- $1 is unknown parameter $2 is suggested parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'CS1 errors: unsupported parameter', hidden = false }, err_periodical_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'periodical_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: periodical ignored', hidden = false }, err_redundant_parameters = { message = 'More than one of $1 specified', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'CS1 errors: redundant parameter', hidden = false }, err_script_parameter = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>: $2', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is script language code or error detail anchor = 'script_parameter', category = 'CS1 errors: script parameters', hidden = false }, err_ssrn_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;ssrn=</code> required', anchor = 'ssrn_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_text_ignored = { message = 'Text "$1" ignored', -- $1 is ignored text anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: unrecognized parameter', hidden = false }, err_trans_missing_title = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;trans-$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> or <code class="cs1-code">&#124;script-$1=</code>', -- $1 is base parameter name anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: translated title', hidden = false }, err_param_unknown_empty = { message = 'Cite has empty unknown parameter$1: $2', -- $1 is 's' or empty space; $2 is emty unknown param list anchor = 'param_unknown_empty', category = 'CS1 errors: empty unknown parameters', hidden = false }, err_vancouver = { message = 'Vancouver style error: $1 in name $2', -- $1 is error detail, $2 is the nth name anchor = 'vancouver', category = 'CS1 errors: Vancouver style', hidden = false }, err_wikilink_in_url = { message = 'URL–wikilink conflict', -- uses ndash anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL–wikilink conflict', -- uses ndash hidden = false }, --[[--------------------------< M A I N T >------------------------------------- maint messages do not have a message (message = nil); otherwise the structure is the same as error messages ]] maint_archive_origin = { message = nil, anchor = 'archive_origin', category = 'CS1 maint: archive origin', hidden = true, }, maint_archived_copy = { message = nil, anchor = 'archived_copy', category = 'CS1 maint: archived copy as title', hidden = true, }, maint_bibcode = { message = nil, anchor = 'bibcode', category = 'CS1 maint: bibcode', hidden = true, }, maint_location_no_publisher = { -- cite book, conference, encyclopedia; citation as book cite or encyclopedia cite message = nil, anchor = 'location_no_publisher', category = 'CS1 maint: location missing publisher', hidden = true, }, maint_bot_unknown = { message = nil, anchor = 'bot:_unknown', category = 'CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown', hidden = true, }, maint_date_auto_xlated = { -- date auto-translation not supported by en.wiki message = nil, anchor = 'date_auto_xlated', category = 'CS1 maint: date auto-translated', hidden = true, }, maint_date_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_format', category = 'CS1 maint: date format', hidden = true, }, maint_date_year = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_year', category = 'CS1 maint: date and year', hidden = true, }, maint_deprecated_archive = { message = nil, anchor = 'deprecated_archive', category = 'CS1 maint: deprecated archival service', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_ignore', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive', category = 'CS1 maint: DOI neuvioyr', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive_dated = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = 'CS1 maint: DOI neuvioyr ec $2$3$1', -- $1 is year, $2 is month-name or empty string, $3 is space or empty string hidden = true, }, maint_doi_unflagged_free = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_unflagged_free', category = 'CS1 maint: DOI seyr neu-chowrit', hidden = true, }, maint_extra_punct = { message = nil, anchor = 'extra_punct', category = 'CS1 maint: extra punctuation', hidden = true, }, maint_id_limit_load_fail = { -- applies to all cs1|2 templates on a page; message = nil, -- maint message (category link) never emitted anchor = 'id_limit_load_fail', category = 'CS1 maint: ID limit load fail', hidden = true, }, maint_isbn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_isbn_err', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors', hidden = true, }, maint_issn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_issn', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored ISSN errors', hidden = true, }, maint_jfm_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'jfm_format', category = 'CS1 maint: JFM format', hidden = true, }, maint_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'location', category = 'CS1 maint: location', hidden = true, }, maint_missing_class = { message = nil, anchor = 'missing_class', category = 'CS1 maint: missing class', hidden = true, }, maint_mr_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'mr_format', category = 'CS1 maint: MR format', hidden = true, }, maint_mult_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'mult_names', category = 'CS1 maint: multiple names: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_numeric_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'CS1 maint: numeric names: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_others = { message = nil, anchor = 'others', category = 'CS1 maint: others', hidden = true, }, maint_others_avm = { message = nil, anchor = 'others_avm', category = 'CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)', hidden = true, }, maint_overridden_setting = { message = nil, anchor = 'overridden', category = 'CS1 maint: overridden setting', hidden = true, }, maint_page_art_num = { message = nil, anchor = 'page_art_num', category = 'CS1 maint: article number as page number', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_embargo = { message = nil, anchor = 'embargo', category = 'CS1 maint: PMC embargo expired', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'pmc_format', category = 'CS1 maint: PMC format', hidden = true, }, maint_postscript = { message = nil, anchor = 'postscript', category = 'CS1 maint: postscript', hidden = true, }, maint_publisher_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'publisher_location', category = 'CS1 maint: publisher location', hidden = true, }, maint_ref_duplicates_default = { message = nil, anchor = 'ref_default', category = 'CS1 maint: ref duplicates default', hidden = true, }, maint_shortened_archive_url = { message = nil, anchor = 'shortened_archive_url', category = 'CS1 maint: shortened archive url', hidden = true, }, maint_unknown_lang = { message = nil, anchor = 'unknown_lang', category = 'CS1 maint: çhengey gyn enney', hidden = true, }, maint_untitled = { message = nil, anchor = 'untitled', category = 'CS1 maint: untitled periodical', hidden = true, }, maint_url_status = { message = nil, anchor = 'url_status', category = 'CS1 maint: url-status', hidden = true, }, maint_work_isbn = { message = nil, anchor = 'work_isbn', category = 'CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN', hidden = true, }, maint_year= { message = nil, anchor = 'year', category = 'CS1 maint: year', hidden = true, }, maint_zbl = { message = nil, anchor = 'zbl', category = 'CS1 maint: Zbl', hidden = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< I D _ L I M I T S _ D A T A _ T >---------------------------------------------- fetch id limits for certain identifiers from c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab. This source is a json tabular data file maintained at wikipedia commons. Convert the json format to a table of k/v pairs. The values from <id_limits_data_t> are used to set handle.id_limit. From 2025-02-21, MediaWiki is broken. Use this link to edit the tablular data file: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab&action=edit See Phab:T389105 ]] local id_limits_data_t = {}; local use_commons_data = true; -- set to false if your wiki does not have access to mediawiki commons; then, if false == use_commons_data then -- update this table from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab; last update: 2025-02-21 id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = 10450000000, ['OSTI'] = 23010000, ['PMC'] = 11900000, ['PMID'] = 40400000, ['RFC'] = 9300, ['SSRN'] = 5200000, ['S2CID'] = 276000000}; -- this table must be maintained locally else -- here for wikis that do have access to mediawiki commons local load_fail_limit = 99999999999; -- very high number to avoid error messages on load failure id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = load_fail_limit, ['OSTI'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMC'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMID'] = load_fail_limit, ['RFC'] = load_fail_limit, ['SSRN'] = load_fail_limit, ['S2CID'] = load_fail_limit}; local id_limits_data_load_fail = false; -- flag; assume that we will be successful when loading json id limit tabular data if mw.ext.data == nil then id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- safeguard against Lua errors if mw.ext.data is not available for some reason else local tab_data_t = mw.ext.data.get ('CS1/Identifier limits.tab'); -- attempt to load the tabular data from commons into <tab_data_t> if false == tab_data_t then -- undocumented 'feature': mw.ext.data.get() sometimes returns false id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- set the flag so that Module:Citation/CS1 can create an unannotated maint category else for _, limit_t in ipairs (tab_data_t.data) do -- overwrite default <load_fail_limit> values from the data table in the tabular data id_limits_data_t[limit_t[1]] = limit_t[2]; -- <limit[1]> is identifier; <limit[2]> is upper limit for that identifier end end end end --[[--------------------------< I D _ H A N D L E R S >-------------------------------------------------------- The following contains a list of values for various defined identifiers. For each identifier we specify a variety of information necessary to properly render the identifier in the citation. parameters: a list of parameter aliases for this identifier; first in the list is the canonical form link: Wikipedia article name redirect: a local redirect to a local Wikipedia article name; at en.wiki, 'ISBN (identifier)' is a redirect to 'International Standard Book Number' q: Wikidata q number for the identifier label: the label preceding the identifier; label is linked to a Wikipedia article (in this order): redirect from id_handlers['<id>'].redirect when use_identifier_redirects is true Wikidata-supplied article name for the local wiki from id_handlers['<id>'].q local article name from id_handlers['<id>'].link prefix: the first part of a URL that will be concatenated with a second part which usually contains the identifier suffix: optional third part to be added after the identifier encode: true if URI should be percent-encoded; otherwise false COinS: identifier link or keyword for use in COinS: for identifiers registered at info-uri.info use: info:.... where '...' is the appropriate identifier label for identifiers that have COinS keywords, use the keyword: rft.isbn, rft.issn, rft.eissn for |asin= and |ol=, which require assembly, use the keyword: url for others make a URL using the value in prefix/suffix and #label, use the keyword: pre (not checked; any text other than 'info', 'rft', or 'url' works here) set to nil to leave the identifier out of the COinS separator: character or text between label and the identifier in the rendered citation id_limit: for those identifiers with established limits, this property holds the upper limit access: use this parameter to set the access level for all instances of this identifier. the value must be a valid access level for an identifier (see ['id-access'] in this file). custom_access: to enable custom access level for an identifier, set this parameter to the parameter that should control it (normally 'id-access') ]] local id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'eprint'}, link = 'arXiv', redirect = 'arXiv (identifier)', q = 'Q118398', label = 'arXiv', prefix = 'https://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Amazon Standard Identification Number', redirect = 'ASIN (identifier)', q = 'Q1753278', label = 'ASIN', prefix = 'https://www.amazon.', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode'}, link = 'Bibcode', redirect = 'Bibcode (identifier)', q = 'Q25754', label = 'Bibcode', prefix = 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', custom_access = 'bibcode-access', }, ['BIORXIV'] = { parameters = {'biorxiv'}, link = 'bioRxiv', redirect = 'bioRxiv (identifier)', q = 'Q19835482', label = 'bioRxiv', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['CITESEERX'] = { parameters = {'citeseerx'}, link = 'CiteSeerX', redirect = 'CiteSeerX (identifier)', q = 'Q2715061', label = 'CiteSeerX', prefix = 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['DOI'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI'}, link = 'Digital object identifier', redirect = 'doi (identifier)', q = 'Q25670', label = 'doi', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'doi-access', }, ['EISSN'] = { parameters = {'eissn', 'EISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number#Electronic ISSN', redirect = 'eISSN (identifier)', q = 'Q46339674', label = 'eISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.eissn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['HDL'] = { parameters = { 'hdl', 'HDL' }, link = 'Handle System', redirect = 'hdl (identifier)', q = 'Q3126718', label = 'hdl', prefix = 'https://hdl.handle.net/', COinS = 'info:hdl', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'hdl-access', }, ['ISBN'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN'}, link = 'International Standard Book Number', redirect = 'ISBN (identifier)', q = 'Q33057', label = 'ISBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISMN'] = { parameters = {'ismn', 'ISMN'}, link = 'International Standard Music Number', redirect = 'ISMN (identifier)', q = 'Q1666938', label = 'ISMN', prefix = '', -- not currently used; COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number', redirect = 'ISSN (identifier)', q = 'Q131276', label = 'ISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', redirect = 'JFM (identifier)', q = '', label = 'JFM', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', redirect = 'JSTOR (identifier)', q = 'Q1420342', label = 'JSTOR', prefix = 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', custom_access = 'jstor-access', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'lccn', 'LCCN'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', redirect = 'LCCN (identifier)', q = 'Q620946', label = 'LCCN', prefix = 'https://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'info:lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MEDRXIV'] = { parameters = {'medrxiv'}, link = 'medRxiv', redirect = 'medRxiv (identifier)', q = 'Q58465838', label = 'medRxiv', prefix = 'https://www.medrxiv.org/content/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'mr', 'MR'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', redirect = 'MR (identifier)', q = 'Q211172', label = 'MR', prefix = 'https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'oclc', 'OCLC'}, link = 'OCLC', redirect = 'OCLC (identifier)', q = 'Q190593', label = 'OCLC', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OCLC or 0, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', redirect = 'OL (identifier)', q = 'Q1201876', label = 'OL', prefix = 'https://openlibrary.org/', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = true, custom_access = 'ol-access', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'osti', 'OSTI'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', redirect = 'OSTI (identifier)', q = 'Q2015776', label = 'OSTI', prefix = 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OSTI or 0, custom_access = 'osti-access', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'pmc', 'PMC'}, link = 'PubMed Central', redirect = 'PMC (identifier)', q = 'Q229883', label = 'PMC', prefix = 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = '', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'pmid', 'PMID'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', redirect = 'PMID (identifier)', q = 'Q2082879', label = 'PMID', prefix = 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMID or 0, }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'rfc', 'RFC'}, link = 'Request for Comments', redirect = 'RFC (identifier)', q = 'Q212971', label = 'RFC', prefix = 'https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.RFC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['SBN'] = { parameters = {'sbn', 'SBN'}, link = 'Standard Book Number', -- redirect to International_Standard_Book_Number#History redirect = 'SBN (identifier)', label = 'SBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/0-', -- prefix has leading zero necessary to make 9-digit sbn a 10-digit isbn COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'ssrn', 'SSRN'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', redirect = 'SSRN (identifier)', q = 'Q7550801', label = 'SSRN', prefix = 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.SSRN or 0, custom_access = 'ssrn-access', }, ['S2CID'] = { parameters = {'s2cid', 'S2CID'}, link = 'Semantic Scholar', redirect = 'S2CID (identifier)', q = 'Q22908627', label = 'S2CID', prefix = 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.S2CID or 0, custom_access = 's2cid-access', }, ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'message-id'}, link = 'Usenet', redirect = 'Usenet (identifier)', q = 'Q193162', label = 'Usenet:', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'zbl', 'ZBL' }, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', redirect = 'Zbl (identifier)', q = 'Q190269', label = 'Zbl', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >--------------------------------- ]] return { use_identifier_redirects = use_identifier_redirects, -- booleans defined in the settings at the top of this module local_lang_cat_enable = local_lang_cat_enable, date_name_auto_xlate_enable = date_name_auto_xlate_enable, date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = date_digit_auto_xlate_enable, enable_sort_keys = enable_sort_keys, suppress_archive_today_urls = suppress_archive_today_urls, -- tables and variables created when this module is loaded dependencies_t = dependencies_t, -- used to suppress parameters dependent on url-holding parameters holding archive.today urls enum_needs_xlation = '1' ~= date_names.xlate_digits['1'], -- to avoid unnecessary enumerator translation global_df = get_date_format (), -- this line can be replaced with "global_df = 'dmy-all'," to have all dates auto translated to dmy format. global_cs1_config_t = global_cs1_config_t, -- global settings from {{cs1 config}} id_limits_data_load_fail = id_limits_data_load_fail, -- true when commons tabular identifier-limit data fails to load known_free_doi_registrants_t = build_free_doi_registrants_table(), punct_skip = build_skip_table (punct_skip, punct_meta_params), url_skip = build_skip_table (url_skip, url_meta_params), archive_today_tlds_t = {['today'] = true, ['ph'] = true, ['is'] = true, ['md'] = true, ['li'] = true, ['fo'] = true, ['vn'] = true}; -- used by is_archive_today_url() name_space_sort_keys = name_space_sort_keys, aliases = aliases, special_case_translation = special_case_translation, date_names = date_names, err_msg_supl = err_msg_supl, error_conditions = error_conditions, editor_markup_patterns = editor_markup_patterns, et_al_patterns = et_al_patterns, extended_registrants_t = extended_registrants_t, id_handlers = id_handlers, keywords_lists = keywords_lists, keywords_xlate = keywords_xlate, stripmarkers = stripmarkers, invisible_chars = invisible_chars, invisible_defs = invisible_defs, indic_script = indic_script, emoji_t = emoji_t, maint_cats = maint_cats, messages = messages, presentation = presentation, prop_cats = prop_cats, script_lang_codes = script_lang_codes, lang_tag_remap = lang_tag_remap, lang_name_remap = lang_name_remap, this_wiki_code = this_wiki_code, title_types = title_types, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces_t, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, templates_using_volume = templates_using_volume, templates_using_issue = templates_using_issue, templates_not_using_page = templates_not_using_page, vol_iss_pg_patterns = vol_iss_pg_patterns, single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t, url_access_map_t = url_access_map_t, inter_wiki_map = inter_wiki_map, mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw_languages_by_tag_t, mw_languages_by_name_t = mw_languages_by_name_t, citation_class_map_t = citation_class_map_t, citation_issue_t = citation_issue_t, citation_no_volume_t = citation_no_volume_t, } f31gzz2cm5t53spca375a3rse4jdu99 389447 389413 2026-08-14T11:54:24Z MacTire02 219 +parameadar 'sy Ghaelg 389447 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- make a language object for the local language; used here for languages and dates --[[--------------------------< S E T T I N G S >-------------------------------------------------------------- boolean settings used to control various things. these setting located here to make them easy to find ]] -- these settings local to this module only local local_digits_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local_digits'] from MediaWiki; manual fill required else; always false at en.wiki local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short'] from MediaWiki; -- manual translation required else; ; always false at en.wiki -- these settings exported to other modules local use_identifier_redirects = true; -- when true use redirect name for identifier label links; always true at en.wiki local local_lang_cat_enable = false; -- when true categorizes pages where |language=<local wiki's language>; always false at en.wiki local date_name_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates English month-names to the local-wiki's language month names; always false at en.wiki local date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates Western date digit to the local-wiki's language digits (date_names['local_digits']); always false at en.wiki local enable_sort_keys = true; -- when true module adds namespace sort keys to error and maintenance category links local suppress_archive_today_urls = true; -- when true module suppresses all parameters with an archive.today url and any deprendent parameters --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces identifiers for namespaces that will not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default. For wikis that have a current version of Module:cs1 documentation support, this #invoke will return an unordered list of namespace names and their associated identifiers: {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|uncategorized_namespace_lister|all=<anything>}} ]] local uncategorized_namespaces_t = {[2]=true}; -- init with user namespace id for k, _ in pairs (mw.site.talkNamespaces) do -- add all talk namespace ids uncategorized_namespaces_t[k] = true; end local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Ss]andbox', '/[Tt]estcases', '/[^/]*[Ll]og', '/[Aa]rchive'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize --[[ at en.wiki Greek characters are used as sort keys for certain items in a category so that those items are placed at the end of a category page. See Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort_keys. That works well for en.wiki because English is written using the Latn script. This may not work well for other languages. At en.wiki it is desireable to place content from certain namespaces at the end of a category listing so the module adds sort keys to error and maintenance category links when rendering a cs1|2 template on a page in that namespace. i18n: if this does not work well for your language, set <enable_sort_keys> to false. ]] local name_space_sort_keys = { -- sort keys to be used with these namespaces: [4] = 'ω', -- wikipedia; omega [10] = 'τ', -- template; tau [118] = 'Δ', -- draft; delta ['other'] = 'ο', -- all other non-talk namespaces except main (article); omicron } --[[--------------------------< M E S S A G E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] local messages = { ['agency'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is agency ['archived-dead'] = 'Er ny hashtey veih $1 er $2', ['archived-live'] = '$1 veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er $2', ['archived-unfit'] = 'Er ny hashtey veih’n lhieggan bunneydagh er $1', ['archived'] = 'Tashtit', ['by'] = 'Lesh', -- contributions to authored works: introduction, foreword, afterword ['cartography'] = 'Cartography by $1', ['editor'] = 'ln.', ['editors'] = 'ln.', ['edition'] = '($1&nbsp;ln.)', ['episode'] = 'Episode $1', ['et al'] = 'et&nbsp;al.', ['in'] = 'Ayns', -- edited works ['inactive'] = ' (inactive $1)', -- $1 is date which the doi was found to be broken in ['inset'] = '$1 inset', ['interview'] = 'Interviewed by $1', invisible_1 = '$1 $2', -- $1 stripmarker name; $2 is text from <invisible_chars[1]> invisible_2 = '$1 character', -- $1 character name from <invisible_chars[1]> ['mismatch'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> mismatch', -- $1 is year param name; $2 is date param name ['newsgroup'] = '[[Usenet newsgroup|Newsgroup]]:&nbsp;$1', ['notitle'] = 'Enmys erbee', -- for |title=(()) and (in the future) |title=none ['original'] = 'y lhieggan bunneydagh', ['origdate'] = ' [$1]', ['published'] = ' (published $1)', ['retrieved'] = 'Feddynit er $1', ['season'] = 'Season $1', ['section'] = '§&nbsp;$1', ['sections'] = '§§&nbsp;$1', ['series'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is series ['seriesnum'] = 'Series $1', ['translated'] = 'Er ny hyndaa lesh $1', ['type'] = ' ($1)', -- for titletype wikidata = 'Wikidata', -- these used for interwikilinked author/editor/... names wikipedia = 'Wikipedia', wikisource = 'Wikisource', ['written'] = 'Screeuit ec $1', ['vol'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; bold journal style volume is in presentation{} ['vol-no'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, no.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, issue (alternatively insert $1 after $2, but then we'd also have to change capitalization) ['issue'] = '$1 No.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['art'] = '$1 Art.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; for {{cite conference}} only ['vol-art'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, art.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, article-number; for {{cite conference}} only ['j-vol'] = '$1 $2', -- sepc, volume; bold journal volume is in presentation{} ['j-issue'] = ' ($1)', ['j-article-num'] = ' $1', -- TODO: any punctuation here? static text? ['nopp'] = '$1 $2'; -- page(s) without prefix; $1 is sepc ['p-prefix'] = "$1 dg.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['pp-prefix'] = "$1 dgn.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['j-page(s)'] = ': $1', -- same for page and pages ['sheet'] = '$1 Sheet&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['sheets'] = '$1 Sheets&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-sheet'] = ': Sheet&nbsp;$1', ['j-sheets'] = ': Sheets&nbsp;$1', ['language'] = '(ayns $1)', ['via'] = " &ndash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Event occurs at', ['minutes'] = ' $1 minutes in', -- $1 is the number of minutes -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Help:CS1 errors', ['help page label'] = 'help', -- categories ['cat wikilink'] = '[[Category:$1]]', -- $1 is the category name ['cat wikilink sk'] = '[[Category:$1|$2]]', -- $1 is the category name; $2 is namespace sort key [':cat wikilink'] = '[[:Category:$1|link]]', -- category name as maintenance message wikilink; $1 is the category name -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Called with an undefined error condition', ['unknown_ID_key'] = 'Unrecognized ID key: ', -- an ID key in id_handlers not found in ~/Identifiers func_map{} ['unknown_ID_access'] = 'Unrecognized ID access keyword: ', -- an ID access keyword in id_handlers not found in keywords_lists['id-access']{} ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Argument map not defined for this variable', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'Bare URL found but origin indicator is nil or empty', ['warning_msg_e'] = '<span style="color:#d33"><code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code>: this [[#$2|reference]] has errors</span>; messages may be hidden ([[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display|help]]).'; -- $1 is template link; $2 is anchor ID ['warning_msg_m'] = '<span style="color:#085"><code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code>: this [[#$2|reference]] has maintenance messages</span>; messages may be hidden ([[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display|help]]).'; -- $1 is template link; $2 is anchor ID } --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N _ C L A S S _ M A P >------------------------------------------ this table maps the value assigned to |CitationClass= in the cs1|2 templates to the canonical template name when the value assigned to |CitationClass= is different from the canonical template name. |CitationClass= values are used as class attributes in the <cite> tag that encloses the citation so these names may not contain spaces while the canonical template name may. These names are used in warning_msg_e and warning_msg_m to create links to the template's documentation when an article is displayed in preview mode. ]] local citation_class_map_t = { -- TODO: in Module:Cite/config write a function to use this table arxiv = 'cite arXiv', -- as the source for known_templates_t and citation_classes_t ['audio-visual'] = 'cite AV media', ['AV-media-notes'] = 'cite AV media notes', biorxiv = 'cite bioRxiv', book = 'cite book', citation = 'citation', citeseerx = 'cite CiteSeerX', conference = 'cite conference', document = 'cite document', encyclopaedia = 'cite encyclopedia', episode = 'cite episode', interview = 'cite interview', journal = 'cite journal', magazine = 'cite magazine', mailinglist = 'cite mailing list', map = 'cite map', medrxiv = 'cite medRxiv', news = 'cite news', newsgroup = 'cite newsgroup', podcast = 'cite podcast', pressrelease = 'cite press release', report = 'cite report', serial = 'cite serial', sign = 'cite sign', speech = 'cite speech', ssrn = 'cite SSRN', techreport = 'cite tech report', thesis = 'cite thesis', web = 'cite web', } --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in name text (author, editor, etc.). The main module uses these to identify and emit the 'etal' message. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. "%[%[ *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%]%]", -- a wikilinked form "%(%( *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%)%)", -- a double-bracketed form (to counter partial removal of ((...)) syntax) "[%(%[] *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *[%)%]]", -- a bracketed form } --[[--------------------------< P R E S E N T A T I O N >------------------------ Fixed presentation markup. Originally part of citation_config.messages it has been moved into its own, more semantically correct place. ]] local presentation = { -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['hidden-maint'] = '<span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">$1</span>', ['accessdate'] = '<span class="reference-accessdate">$1$2</span>', -- to allow editors to hide accessdate using personal CSS ['bdi'] = '<bdi$1>$2</bdi>', -- bidirectional isolation used with |script-title= and the like ['cite'] = '<cite class="$1">$2</cite>'; -- for use when citation does not have a namelist and |ref= not set so no id="..." attribute ['cite-id'] = '<cite id="$1" class="$2">$3</cite>'; -- for use when when |ref= is set or when citation has a namelist ['format'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">($1)</span>', -- for |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. ['interwiki'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[in $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-language-linked author, editor, etc ['interproj'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[at $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-project-linked author, editor, etc (:d: and :s: supported; :w: ignored) -- various access levels, for |access=, |doi-access=, |arxiv=, ... -- narrow no-break space &#8239; may work better than nowrap CSS. Or not? Browser support? ['ext-link-access-signal'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', -- external link with appropriate lock icon ['free'] = {class='id-lock-free', title='Freely accessible'}, -- classes defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {class='id-lock-registration', title='Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {class='id-lock-limited', title='Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {class='id-lock-subscription', title='Paid subscription required'}, ['interwiki-icon'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', ['class-wikisource'] = 'cs1-ws-icon', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['kern-left'] = '<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>$1', -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark ['kern-right'] = '$1<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>', -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark ['nowrap1'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span>', -- for nowrapping an item: <span ...>yyyy-mm-dd</span> ['nowrap2'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span> $2', -- for nowrapping portions of an item: <span ...>dd mmmm</span> yyyy (note white space) ['ocins'] = '<span title="$1" class="Z3988"></span>', ['parameter'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', ['ps_cs1'] = '.'; -- CS1 style postscript (terminal) character ['ps_cs2'] = ''; -- CS2 style postscript (terminal) character (empty string) ['quoted-text'] = '<q>$1</q>', -- for wrapping |quote= content ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['sep_cs1'] = '.', -- CS1 element separator ['sep_cs2'] = ',', -- CS2 separator ['sep_nl'] = ';', -- CS1|2 style name-list separator between names is a semicolon ['sep_nl_and'] = ' and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 2 items ['sep_nl_end'] = '; and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 3+ names ['sep_name'] = ', ', -- CS1|2 style last/first separator is <comma><space> ['sep_nl_vanc'] = ',', -- Vancouver style name-list separator between authors is a comma ['sep_name_vanc'] = ' ', -- Vancouver style last/first separator is a space ['sep_list'] = ', ', -- used for |language= when list has 3+ items except for last sep which uses sep_list_end ['sep_list_pair'] = ' and ', -- used for |language= when list has 2 items ['sep_list_end'] = ', and ', -- used as last list sep for |language= when list has 3+ items ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", -- for |trans-title= and |trans-quote= ['vol-bold'] = '$1 <b>$2</b>', -- sepc, volume; for bold journal cites; for other cites ['vol'] in messages{} } --[[--------------------------< A L I A S E S >--------------------------------- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters. Parameter names on the right side in the assignments in this table must have been defined in the Whitelist before they will be recognized as valid parameter names ]] local aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArchiveFormat'] = 'archive-format', ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArticleNumber'] = 'article-number', ['ASINTLD'] = 'asin-tld', ['At'] = 'at', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Authors'] = {'people', 'credits', 'ughtaryn'}, ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section'}, ['ChapterFormat'] = {'chapter-format', 'contribution-format', 'entry-format', 'article-format', 'section-format'}; ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'contribution-url', 'entry-url', 'article-url', 'section-url'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ChapterUrlAccess'] = {'chapter-url-access', 'contribution-url-access', 'entry-url-access', 'article-url-access', 'section-url-access'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Class'] = 'class', -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifier ['Collaboration'] = 'collaboration', ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceFormat'] = 'conference-format', ['ConferenceURL'] = 'conference-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Date'] = {'date', 'air-date', 'airdate'}, -- air-date and airdate for cite episode and cite serial only ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DF'] = 'df', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'display-subjects'}, ['DisplayContributors'] = 'display-contributors', ['DisplayEditors'] = 'display-editors', ['DisplayInterviewers'] = 'display-interviewers', ['DisplayTranslators'] = 'display-translators', ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = 'doi-broken-date', ['Edition'] = {'edition', 'lhieggan'}, ['Embargo'] = 'pmc-embargo-date', ['Encyclopedia'] = {'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary', 'kicklipaid', 'fockleyr'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['Episode'] = 'episode', -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number', 'cur magh'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'lang', 'çhengey'}, ['MailingList'] = {'mailing-list', 'mailinglist'}, -- cite mailing list only ['Map'] = 'map', -- cite map only ['MapFormat'] = 'map-format', -- cite map only ['MapURL'] = {'map-url', 'mapurl'}, -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['MapUrlAccess'] = 'map-url-access', -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Mode'] = 'mode', ['NameListStyle'] = 'name-list-style', ['Network'] = 'network', ['Newsgroup'] = 'newsgroup', -- cite newsgroup only ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'no-tracking', 'template-doc-demo'}, ['Number'] = 'number', -- this case only for cite techreport ['OrigDate'] = {'orig-date', 'orig-year', 'origyear'}, ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'page', 'p', 'duillag', 'dg', 'dg.'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Pages'] = {'pages', 'pp', 'duillagyn', 'dgn', 'dgn.'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'website', 'work', 'earishlioar', 'jurnyl', 'pabyr-naight', 'pabyr naight', 'ynnyd-eggey', 'obbyr'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publication-date', 'publicationdate'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'institution', 'soilsheyder'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['QuotePage'] = 'quote-page', ['QuotePages'] = 'quote-pages', ['Ref'] = 'ref', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['ScriptChapter'] = {'script-chapter', 'script-contribution', 'script-entry', 'script-article', 'script-section'}, ['ScriptEncyclopedia'] = {'script-encyclopedia', 'script-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['ScriptMap'] = 'script-map', ['ScriptPeriodical'] = {'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-website', 'script-work'}, ['ScriptQuote'] = 'script-quote', ['ScriptTitle'] = 'script-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Season'] = 'season', ['Sections'] = 'sections', -- cite map only ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no'}, ['Sheet'] = 'sheet', -- cite map only ['Sheets'] = 'sheets', -- cite map only ['Station'] = 'station', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'time-caption', ['Title'] = {'title', 'enmys'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'episodelink'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleNote'] = {'title-note', 'department'}, ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-article', 'trans-chapter', 'trans-contribution', 'trans-entry', 'trans-section'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptFormat'] = 'transcript-format', ['TranscriptURL'] = 'transcript-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TransEncyclopedia'] = {'trans-encyclopedia', 'trans-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['TransMap'] = 'trans-map', -- cite map only ['TransPeriodical'] = {'trans-journal', 'trans-magazine', 'trans-newspaper', 'trans-periodical', 'trans-website', 'trans-work'}, ['TransQuote'] = 'trans-quote', ['TransTitle'] = 'trans-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlAccess'] = 'url-access', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlStatus'] = 'url-status', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Vauthors'] = 'vauthors', ['Veditors'] = 'veditors', ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"first#", "author-first#", "author#-first", "author-given#", "author#-given", "subject-first#", "subject#-first", "subject-given#", "subject#-given", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"last#", "author-last#", "author#-last", "author-surname#", "author#-surname", "subject-last#", "subject#-last", "subject-surname#", "subject#-surname", "author#", 'host#', "subject#", "surname#", 'ughtar#'}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author-link#", "author#-link", "subject-link#", "subject#-link", "authorlink#", "author#link"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author-mask#", "author#-mask", "subject-mask#", "subject#-mask"}, ['ContributorList-First'] = {'contributor-first#', 'contributor#-first', 'contributor-given#', 'contributor#-given'}, ['ContributorList-Last'] = {'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last', 'contributor-surname#', 'contributor#-surname', 'contributor#'}, ['ContributorList-Link'] = {'contributor-link#', 'contributor#-link'}, ['ContributorList-Mask'] = {'contributor-mask#', 'contributor#-mask'}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor-first#", "editor#-first", "editor-given#", "editor#-given"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor-last#", "editor#-last", "editor-surname#", "editor#-surname", "editor#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor-link#", "editor#-link"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor-mask#", "editor#-mask"}, ['InterviewerList-First'] = {'interviewer-first#', 'interviewer#-first', 'interviewer-given#', 'interviewer#-given'}, ['InterviewerList-Last'] = {'interviewer-last#', 'interviewer#-last', 'interviewer-surname#', 'interviewer#-surname', 'interviewer#'}, ['InterviewerList-Link'] = {'interviewer-link#', 'interviewer#-link'}, ['InterviewerList-Mask'] = {'interviewer-mask#', 'interviewer#-mask'}, ['TranslatorList-First'] = {'translator-first#', 'translator#-first', 'translator-given#', 'translator#-given'}, ['TranslatorList-Last'] = {'translator-last#', 'translator#-last', 'translator-surname#', 'translator#-surname', 'translator#'}, ['TranslatorList-Link'] = {'translator-link#', 'translator#-link'}, ['TranslatorList-Mask'] = {'translator-mask#', 'translator#-mask'}, } --[[--------------------------< D E P E N D E N C I E S _ T >-------------------------------------------------- a table of url-holding parameters upon which other parameters are dependent. this table is used by has_archive_today_url() to suppress parameters that are dependant upon a url-holding parameter that has as a value an archive.today (or alternate tld) url. archive.today is deprecated at en.wiki; see Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Archive.is_RFC_5 ]] local url_dependency_map_t = { -- table of url-holding parameters and the meta-parameters that are dependent on them ['url'] = {'AccessDate', 'ArchiveURL', 'Format', 'UrlAccess'}, ['archive-url'] = {'ArchiveDate', 'ArchiveFormat', 'UrlStatus'}, ['archiveurl'] = {'ArchiveDate', 'ArchiveFormat', 'UrlStatus'}, ['article-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['chapter-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['conference-url'] = {'ConferenceFormat'}, ['contribution-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['entry-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['map-url'] = {'MapFormat', 'MapUrlAccess'}, ['section-url'] = {'ChapterFormat', 'ChapterUrlAccess'}, ['transcript-url'] = {'TranscriptFormat'}, }; local dependencies_t = {}; -- the table of url-holding parameters and their dependent parameters for url_param, meta_parameters_t in pairs (url_dependency_map_t) do -- sequence of meta-parameters (indexes) into <aliases> table local dependant_params_t = {}; -- collection of parameters that are dependent on this <url_param> for _, meta_parameter in ipairs (meta_parameters_t) do -- for each <aliases> meta-parameter (index) if 'string' == type (aliases[meta_parameter]) then -- for single parameter names (no aliases), <aliases[meta_parameter]> will be a string table.insert (dependant_params_t, aliases[meta_parameter]); -- add to this <url_param>'s dependency sequence else for _, alias in ipairs (aliases[meta_parameter]) do -- for each alias in aliases[meta_parameter] (aliases['AccessDate'] for example) table.insert (dependant_params_t, alias); -- add to this <url_param>'s dependency sequence end end end dependencies_t[url_param] = dependant_params_t; -- add the <url_param> and its dependent parameters end --[[--------------------------< P U N C T _ S K I P >--------------------------- builds a table of parameter names that the extraneous terminal punctuation check should not check. ]] local punct_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'BookTitle', 'Chapter', 'ScriptChapter', 'ScriptTitle', 'Title', 'TransChapter', 'Transcript', 'TransMap', 'TransTitle', -- title-holding parameters 'AuthorList-Mask', 'ContributorList-Mask', 'EditorList-Mask', 'InterviewerList-Mask', 'TranslatorList-Mask', -- name-list mask may have name separators 'PostScript', 'Quote', 'ScriptQuote', 'TransQuote', 'Ref', -- miscellaneous 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- URL-holding parameters } local url_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'ID', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- parameters allowed to hold urls 'Page', 'Pages', 'At', 'QuotePage', 'QuotePages', -- insource locators allowed to hold urls } local function build_skip_table (skip_t, meta_params) for _, meta_param in ipairs (meta_params) do -- for each meta parameter key local params = aliases[meta_param]; -- get the parameter or the table of parameters associated with the meta parameter name if 'string' == type (params) then skip_t[params] = 1; -- just a single parameter else for _, param in ipairs (params) do -- get the parameter name skip_t[param] = 1; -- add the parameter name to the skip table local count; param, count = param:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove enumerator marker from enumerated parameters if 0 ~= count then -- if removed skip_t[param] = 1; -- add param name without enumerator marker end end end end return skip_t; end local punct_skip = {}; local url_skip = {}; --[[--------------------------< U R L _ A C C E S S _ M A P >-------------------------------------------------- this table used by the wikipedia library url test, has_twl_url(), which automatically sets a url-access parameter to 'subscription' when it discovers a wikipedia library url in any of the url-holding paramters used as keys in this table. translators: if your wiki uses parameter names for these url-holding parameters and their matching -access parameters, add your wiki's parameters to this list. Leave the English parameters in place. TODO: is there a better way to do this? ]] local url_access_map_t = { ['chapter-url'] = 'chapter-url-access', ['contribution-url'] = 'contribution-url-access', ['entry-url'] = 'entry-url-access', ['article-url'] = 'article-url-access', ['section-url'] = 'section-url-access', ['map-url'] = 'map-url-access', ['mapurl'] = 'map-url-access', ['url'] = 'url-access', ['URL'] = 'url-access' } --[[--------------------------< S I N G L E - L E T T E R S E C O N D - L E V E L D O M A I N S >---------- this is a list of tlds that are known to have single-letter second-level domain names. This list does not include ccTLDs which are accepted in is_domain_name(). ]] local single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = {'cash', 'company', 'foundation', 'media', 'org', 'today'}; --[[-----------< S P E C I A L C A S E T R A N S L A T I O N S >------------ This table is primarily here to support internationalization. Translations in this table are used, for example, when an error message, category name, etc., is extracted from the English alias key. There may be other cases where this translation table may be useful. ]] local is_Latn = 'A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191'; local special_case_translation = { author = {'author', 'ughtar'}, editor = 'editor', name_list_params = '$1-name-list parameters', -- $1 is 'author' or 'editor'; used with err_redundant_parameters ['AuthorList'] = 'authors list', -- used to assemble maintenance category names ['ContributorList'] = 'contributors list', -- translation of these names plus translation of the base maintenance category names in maint_cats{} table below ['EditorList'] = 'editors list', -- must match the names of the actual categories ['InterviewerList'] = 'interviewers list', -- this group or translations used by name_has_ed_markup() and name_has_mult_names() ['TranslatorList'] = 'translators list', -- Lua patterns to match pseudo-titles used by InternetArchiveBot and others as placeholder for unknown |title= value ['archived_copy'] = { -- used with CS1 maint: Archive[d] copy as title ['en'] = '^archived?%s+copy$', -- for English; translators: keep this because templates imported from en.wiki ['local'] = nil, -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language }, -- Lua patterns to match generic titles; usually created by bots or reference filling tools -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language -- generic titles and patterns in this table should be lowercase only -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic title in your language -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches; 'false' for pattern searches ['generic_titles'] = { ['accept'] = { }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'^wayback%s+machine$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'are you a robot', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'hugedomains', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?no +title[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'page not found', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'subscribe to read', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?unknown[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'website is for sale', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'error[ %-]404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'internet archive wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'log into facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'login • instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'redirecting...', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'usurped title', true}, ['local'] = nil}, -- added by a GreenC bot {['en'] = {'wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'webcite query result', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'wikiwix\'s cache', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'bot verification', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } }, -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches, search string must be lowercase only -- boolean 'false' for pattern searches -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic name in your language ['generic_names'] = { ['accept'] = { {['en'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(author%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'about us', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]dvisor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'allmusic', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]uthor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Bb]ureau$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'business', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'cnn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'collaborator', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Cc]ompany$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'contributor', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'contact us', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'correspondent', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Dd]esk$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'directory', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%(%[][%(%[]%s*eds?%.?%s*[%)%]]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[,%.%s]%f[e]eds?%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^eds?[%.,;]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[]%s*[Ee][Dd][Ss]?%.?%s*[%)%]]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]dited%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]ditors?%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]mail%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'google', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Gg]roup$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'home page', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Ii]nc%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'interviewer', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Ll]imited$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'linkedIn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Nn]ews$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[Nn]ews[ %-]?[Rr]oom', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'pinterest', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'policy', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'privacy', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'reuters', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'translator', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'tumblr', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'twitter', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'site name', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'statement', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'submitted', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'super.?user', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Uu]ser%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'updated', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'verfasser', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } } } --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E S >---------------------------------------------------------- This table of tables lists local language date names and fallback English date names. The code in Date_validation will look first in the local table for valid date names. If date names are not found in the local table, the code will look in the English table. Because citations can be copied to the local wiki from en.wiki, the English is required when the date-name translation function date_name_xlate() is used. In these tables, season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) Specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. CS1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but CS1|2 has no way to make that distinction. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) The standard does not address 'named' dates so, for the purposes of CS1|2, Easter and Christmas are defined here as 98 and 99, which should be out of the ISO 8601 (EDTF) range of uses for a while. local_date_names_from_mediawiki is a boolean. When set to: true – module will fetch local month names from MediaWiki for both date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; this will unconditionally overwrite manual translations false – module will *not* fetch local month names from MediaWiki Caveat lector: There is no guarantee that MediaWiki will provide short month names. At your wiki you can test the results of the MediaWiki fetch in the debug console with this command (the result is alpha sorted): =mw.dumpObject (p.date_names['local']) While the module can fetch month names from MediaWiki, it cannot fetch the quarter, season, and named date names from MediaWiki. Those must be translated manually. ]] local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = true; -- when false, manual translation required for date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; overwrites manual translations -- when true, module fetches long and short month names from MediaWiki local date_names = { ['en'] = { -- English ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, -- when local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false ['local'] = { -- replace these English date names with the local language equivalents ['long'] = {['Jerrey Geuree'] = 1, ['Toshiaght Arree'] = 2, ['Mayrnt'] = 3, ['Averil'] = 4, ['Boaldyn'] = 5, ['Mean Souree'] = 6, ['Jerrey Souree'] = 7, ['Luanistyn'] = 8, ['Mean Fouyir'] = 9, ['Jerrey Fouyir'] = 10, ['Mee Houney'] = 11, ['Mee ny Nollick'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['J Geu'] = 1, ['T Arr'] = 2, ['Mayr'] = 3, ['Ave'] = 4, ['Boal'] = 5, ['M Sou'] = 6, ['J Sou'] = 7, ['Luan'] = 8, ['M Fou'] = 9, ['J Fou'] = 10, ['M Hou'] = 11, ['Nol'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['Y Chied Cherroo'] = 33, ['Y Nah Cherroo'] = 34, ['Y Trass Kerroo'] = 35, ['Y Kiarroo Kerroo'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Geurey'] = 24, ['Arragh'] = 21, ['Sourey'] = 22, ['Fouyr'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Caisht'] = 98, ['Nollick'] = 99}, }, ['inv_local_long'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].long where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_short'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].short where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_quarter'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].quarter where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_season'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].season where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_named'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].named where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['local_digits'] = {['0'] = '0', ['1'] = '1', ['2'] = '2', ['3'] = '3', ['4'] = '4', ['5'] = '5', ['6'] = '6', ['7'] = '7', ['8'] = '8', ['9'] = '9'}, -- used to convert local language digits to Western 0-9 ['xlate_digits'] = {}, } if local_date_names_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local month names from MediaWiki is enabled local long_t = {}; local short_t = {}; for i=1, 12 do -- loop 12x and local name = lang_obj:formatDate('F', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get long month name for each i long_t[name] = i; -- save it name = lang_obj:formatDate('M', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get short month name for each i short_t[name] = i; -- save it end date_names['local']['long'] = long_t; -- write the long table – overwrites manual translation date_names['local']['short'] = short_t; -- write the short table – overwrites manual translation end -- create inverted date-name tables for reformatting and/or translation for _, invert_t in pairs {{'long', 'inv_local_long'}, {'short', 'inv_local_short'}, {'quarter', 'inv_local_quarter'}, {'season', 'inv_local_season'}, {'named', 'inv_local_named'}} do for name, i in pairs (date_names['local'][invert_t[1]]) do -- this table is ['name'] = i date_names[invert_t[2]][i] = name; -- invert to get [i] = 'name' for conversions from ymd end end if local_digits_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local digits from MediaWiki is enabled local digits_t = {}; for i=0, 9 do -- loop 10x and digits_t [lang_obj:formatNum (i)] = tostring (i); -- format the loop indexer as local lang table index and assign loop indexer (a string) as the value end date_names['local_digits'] = digits_t; end for ld, ed in pairs (date_names.local_digits) do -- make a digit translation table for simple date translation from en to local language using local_digits table date_names.xlate_digits [ed] = ld; -- en digit becomes index with local digit as the value end local df_template_patterns = { -- table of redirects to {{Use dmy dates}} and {{Use mdy dates}} '{{ *[Uu]se +(dmy) +dates *[|}]', -- 1159k -- sorted by approximate transclusion count '{{ *[Uu]se +(mdy) +dates *[|}]', -- 212k '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) +dates *[|}]', -- 788 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) +dates *[|}]', -- 343 '{{ *([Mm]dy) *[|}]', -- 176 '{{ *[Uu]se *(dmy) *[|}]', -- 156 + 18 '{{ *[Uu]se *(mdy) *[|}]', -- 149 + 11 '{{ *([Dd]my) *[|}]', -- 56 '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) *[|}]', -- 5 '{{ *([Dd]MY) *[|}]', -- 3 '{{ *[Uu]se(mdy)dates *[|}]', -- 1 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) *[|}]', -- 0 '{{ *([Mm]DY) *[|}]', -- 0 } local title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); local content; -- done this way so that unused templates appear in unused-template-reports; self-transcluded makes them look like they are used if 10 ~= title_object.namespace then -- all namespaces except Template content = title_object:getContent() or ''; -- get the content of the article or ''; new pages edited w/ve do not have 'content' until saved; ve does not preview; phab:T221625 end local function get_date_format () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end for _, pattern in ipairs (df_template_patterns) do -- loop through the patterns looking for {{Use dmy dates}} or {{Use mdy dates}} or any of their redirects local start, _, match = content:find(pattern); -- match is the three letters indicating desired date format if match then local use_dates_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *[lsy][sy]?') then -- look for |cs1-dates=publication date length access-/archive-date length return match:lower() .. '-' .. use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *([lsy][sy]?)'); else return match:lower() .. '-all'; -- no |cs1-dates= k/v pair; return value appropriate for use in |df= end end end end local global_df; -- TODO: add this to <global_cs1_config_t>? --[[-----------------< V O L U M E , I S S U E , P A G E S >------------------ These tables hold cite class values (from the template invocation) and identify those templates that support |volume=, |issue=, and |page(s)= parameters. Cite conference and cite map require further qualification which is handled in the main module. ]] local templates_using_volume = {'citation', 'audio-visual', 'book', 'conference', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'report', 'techreport', 'thesis'} local templates_using_issue = {'citation', 'conference', 'episode', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'podcast'} local templates_not_using_page = {'audio-visual', 'episode', 'mailinglist', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech'} --[[ These tables control when it is appropriate for {{citation}} to render |volume= and/or |issue=. The parameter names in the tables constrain {{citation}} so that its renderings match the renderings of the equivalent cs1 templates. For example, {{cite web}} does not support |volume= so the equivalent {{citation |website=...}} must not support |volume=. ]] local citation_no_volume_t = { -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used 'website', 'mailinglist', 'script-website', } local citation_issue_t = { -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used 'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'work', 'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-work', } --[[ Patterns for finding extra text in |volume=, |issue=, |page=, |pages= ]] local vol_iss_pg_patterns = { good_ppattern = '^P[^%.PpGg]', -- OK to begin with uppercase P: P7 (page 7 of section P), but not p123 (page 123); TODO: this allows 'Pages' which it should not bad_ppatterns = { -- patterns for |page= and |pages= '^[Pp][PpGg]?%.?[ %d]', '^[Pp][Pp]?%.&nbsp;', -- from {{p.}} and {{pp.}} templates '^[Pp]ages?', '^[Pp]gs.?', }, vi_patterns_t = { -- combined to catch volume-like text in |issue= and issue-like text in |volume= '^volumes?', -- volume-like text '^vols?[%.:=]?', '^issues?', --issue-like text '^iss[%.:=]?', '^numbers?', '^nos?%A', -- don't match 'november' or 'nostradamus' '^nr[%.:=]?', '^n[%.:= ]', -- might be a valid issue without separator (space char is sep char here) '^n°', -- 'n' with degree sign (U+00B0) '^№', -- precomposed unicode numero character (U+2116) }, } --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S >------------------------------- These tables hold keywords for those parameters that have defined sets of acceptable keywords. ]] --[[-------------------< K E Y W O R D S T A B L E >-------------------------- this is a list of keywords; each key in the list is associated with a table of synonymous keywords possibly from different languages. for I18N: add local-language keywords to value table; do not change the key. For example, adding the German keyword 'ja': ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y', 'ja'}, Because CS1|2 templates from en.wiki articles are often copied to other local wikis, it is recommended that the English keywords remain in these tables. ]] local keywords = { ['amp'] = {'&', 'amp', 'ampersand'}, -- |name-list-style= ['and'] = {'and', 'serial'}, -- |name-list-style= ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- |no-tracking=, |no-pp= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['afterword'] = {'afterword'}, -- |contribution= ['bot: unknown'] = {'bot: unknown'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['cs1'] = {'cs1'}, -- |mode= ['cs2'] = {'cs2'}, -- |mode= ['dead'] = {'dead', 'deviated'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['dmy'] = {'dmy'}, -- |df= ['dmy-all'] = {'dmy-all'}, -- |df= ['foreword'] = {'foreword'}, -- |contribution= ['free'] = {'free'}, -- |<id>-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['harv'] = {'harv'}, -- |ref=; this no longer supported; is_valid_parameter_value() called with <invert> = true ['introduction'] = {'introduction'}, -- |contribution= ['limited'] = {'limited'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['live'] = {'live'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['mdy'] = {'mdy'}, -- |df= ['mdy-all'] = {'mdy-all'}, -- |df= ['none'] = {'none'}, -- |postscript=, |ref=, |title=, |type= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['off'] = {'off'}, -- |title= (potentially also: |title-link=, |postscript=, |ref=, |type=) ['preface'] = {'preface'}, -- |contribution= ['registration'] = {'registration'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['subscription'] = {'subscription'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['unfit'] = {'unfit'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['usurped'] = {'usurped'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['vanc'] = {'vanc'}, -- |name-list-style= ['ymd'] = {'ymd'}, -- |df= ['ymd-all'] = {'ymd-all'}, -- |df= -- ['yMd'] = {'yMd'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd-all'] = {'yMd-all'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki } --[[------------------------< X L A T E _ K E Y W O R D S >--------------------- this function builds a list, keywords_xlate{}, of the keywords found in keywords{} where the values from keywords{} become the keys in keywords_xlate{} and the keys from keywords{} become the values in keywords_xlate{}: ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- in keywords{} becomes ['yes'] = 'affirmative', -- in keywords_xlate{} ['true'] = 'affirmative', ['y'] = 'affirmative', the purpose of this function is to act as a translator between a non-English keyword and its English equivalent that may be used in other modules of this suite ]] local function xlate_keywords () local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for k, keywords_t in pairs (keywords) do -- spin through the keywords table for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_t) do -- for each keyword out_table[keyword] = k; -- create an entry in the output table where keyword is the key end end return out_table; end local keywords_xlate = xlate_keywords (); -- the list of translated keywords --[[----------------< M A K E _ K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T >--------------------- this function assembles, for parameter-value validation, the list of keywords appropriate to that parameter. keywords_lists{}, is a table of tables from keywords{} ]] local function make_keywords_list (keywords_lists) local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for _, keyword_list in ipairs (keywords_lists) do -- spin through keywords_lists{} and get a table of keywords for _, keyword in ipairs (keyword_list) do -- spin through keyword_list{} and add each keyword, ... table.insert (out_table, keyword); -- ... as plain text, to the output list end end return out_table; end --[[----------------< K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T S >----------------------------- this is a list of lists of valid keywords for the various parameters in [key]. Generally the keys in this table are the canonical en.wiki parameter names though some are contrived because of use in multiple differently named parameters: ['yes_true_y'], ['id-access']. The function make_keywords_list() extracts the individual keywords from the appropriate list in keywords{}. The lists in this table are used to validate the keyword assignment for the parameters named in this table's keys. ]] local keywords_lists = { ['yes_true_y'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.affirmative}), ['contribution'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.afterword, keywords.foreword, keywords.introduction, keywords.preface}), ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all']}), -- ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all'], keywords.yMd, keywords['yMd-all']}), -- not supported at en.wiki ['mode'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.cs1, keywords.cs2}), ['name-list-style'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.amp, keywords['and'], keywords.vanc}), ['ref'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.harv}), -- inverted check; |ref=harv no longer supported ['url-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.subscription, keywords.limited, keywords.registration}), ['url-status'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dead, keywords.live, keywords.unfit, keywords.usurped, keywords['bot: unknown']}), ['id-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.free}), } --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ C O N F I G _ G E T >-------------------------------------------------- fetch and validate values from {{cs1 config}} template to fill <global_cs1_config_t> no error messages; when errors are detected, the parameter value from {{cs1 config}} is blanked. Supports all parameters and aliases associated with the metaparameters: DisplayAuthors, DisplayContributors, DisplayEditors, DisplayInterviewers, DisplayTranslators, NameListStyle, and Mode. The DisplayWhatever metaparameters accept numeric values only (|display-authors=etal and the like is not supported). ]] local global_cs1_config_t = {}; -- TODO: add value returned from get_date_format() to this table? local function get_cs1_config () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end local start = content:find('{{ *[Cc][Ss]1 config *[|}]'); -- <start> is offset into <content> when {{cs1 config}} found; nil else if start then local cs1_config_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if not cs1_config_template then return nil; end local params_t = mw.text.split (cs1_config_template:gsub ('^{{%s*', ''):gsub ('%s*}}$', ''), '%s*|%s*'); -- remove '{{' and '}}'; make a sequence of parameter/value pairs (split on the pipe) table.remove (params_t, 1); -- remove the template name because it isn't a parameter/value pair local config_meta_params_t = {'DisplayAuthors', 'DisplayContributors', 'DisplayEditors', 'DisplayInterviewers', 'DisplayTranslators', 'NameListStyle', 'Mode'}; local meta_param_map_t = {}; -- list of accepted parameter names usable in {{cs1 config}} goes here for _, meta_param in ipairs (config_meta_params_t) do -- for i18n using <config_meta_params_t>, map template parameter names to their metaparameter equivalents if 'table' == type (aliases[meta_param]) then -- if <meta_param> is a sequence, for _, param in ipairs (aliases[meta_param]) do -- extract its contents meta_param_map_t[param] = meta_param; -- and add to <meta_param_map_t> end else meta_param_map_t[aliases[meta_param]] = meta_param; -- not a sequence so just add the parameter to <meta_param_map_t> end end local keywords_t = {}; -- map valid keywords to their associate metaparameter; reverse form of <keyword_lists[key] for these metaparameters for _, metaparam_t in ipairs ({{'NameListStyle', 'name-list-style'}, {'Mode', 'mode'}}) do -- only these metaparameter / keywords_lists key pairs for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_lists[metaparam_t[2]]) do -- spin through the list of keywords keywords_t[keyword] = metaparam_t[1]; -- add [keyword] = metaparameter to the map end end for _, param in ipairs (params_t) do -- spin through the {{cs1 config}} parameters and fill <global_cs1_config_t> local k, v = param:match ('([^=]-)%s*=%s*(.+)'); -- <k> is the parameter name; <v> is parameter's assigned value if k then if k:find ('^display') then -- if <k> is one of the |display-<namelist>= parameters if v:match ('%d+') then -- the assigned value must be digits; doesn't accept 'etal' global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the display param and its value to globals table end else if keywords_t[v] == meta_param_map_t[k] then -- keywords_t[v] returns nil or the metaparam name; these must be the same global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the parameter and its value to globals table end end end end end end get_cs1_config (); -- fill <global_cs1_config_t> --[[---------------------< S T R I P M A R K E R S >---------------------------- Common pattern definition location for stripmarkers so that we don't have to go hunting for them if (when) MediaWiki changes their form. ]] local stripmarkers = { ['any'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- capture returns name of stripmarker ['math'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-math%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127' -- math stripmarkers used in coins_cleanup() and coins_replace_math_stripmarker() } --[[------------< I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R A C T E R S >--------------------- This table holds non-printing or invisible characters indexed either by name or by Unicode group. Values are decimal representations of UTF-8 codes. The table is organized as a table of tables because the Lua pairs keyword returns table data in an arbitrary order. Here, we want to process the table from top to bottom because the entries at the top of the table are also found in the ranges specified by the entries at the bottom of the table. Also here is a pattern that recognizes stripmarkers that begin and end with the delete characters. The nowiki stripmarker is not an error but some others are because the parameter values that include them become part of the template's metadata before stripmarker replacement. ]] local invisible_defs = { del = '\127', -- used to distinguish between stripmarker and del char zwj = '\226\128\141', -- used with capture because zwj may be allowed } local invisible_chars = { {'replacement', '\239\191\189'}, -- U+FFFD, EF BF BD {'zero width joiner', '('.. invisible_defs.zwj .. ')'}, -- U+200D, E2 80 8D; capture because zwj may be allowed {'zero width space', '\226\128\139'}, -- U+200B, E2 80 8B {'hair space', '\226\128\138'}, -- U+200A, E2 80 8A {'soft hyphen', '\194\173'}, -- U+00AD, C2 AD {'horizontal tab', '\009'}, -- U+0009 (HT), 09 {'line feed', '\010'}, -- U+000A (LF), 0A {'no-break space', '\194\160'}, -- U+00A0 (NBSP), C2 A0 {'carriage return', '\013'}, -- U+000D (CR), 0D {'stripmarker', stripmarkers.any}, -- stripmarker; may or may not be an error; capture returns the stripmaker type {'delete', '('.. invisible_defs.del .. ')'}, -- U+007F (DEL), 7F; must be done after stripmarker test; capture to distinguish isolated del chars not part of stripmarker {'C0 control', '[\000-\008\011\012\014-\031]'}, -- U+0000–U+001F (NULL–US), 00–1F (except HT, LF, CR (09, 0A, 0D)) {'C1 control', '[\194\128-\194\159]'}, -- U+0080–U+009F (XXX–APC), C2 80 – C2 9F -- {'Specials', '[\239\191\185-\239\191\191]'}, -- U+FFF9-U+FFFF, EF BF B9 – EF BF BF -- {'Private use area', '[\238\128\128-\239\163\191]'}, -- U+E000–U+F8FF, EE 80 80 – EF A3 BF -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-A', '[\243\176\128\128-\243\191\191\189]'}, -- U+F0000–U+FFFFD, F3 B0 80 80 – F3 BF BF BD -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-B', '[\244\128\128\128-\244\143\191\189]'}, -- U+100000–U+10FFFD, F4 80 80 80 – F4 8F BF BD } --[[ Indic script makes use of zero width joiner as a character modifier so zwj characters must be left in. This pattern covers all of the unicode characters for these languages: Devanagari 0900–097F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari extended A8E0–A8FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf Bengali 0980–09FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf Gurmukhi 0A00–0A7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf Gujarati 0A80–0AFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A80.pdf Oriya 0B00–0B7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf Tamil 0B80–0BFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Telugu 0C00–0C7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf Kannada 0C80–0CFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C80.pdf Malayalam 0D00–0D7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf plus the not-necessarily Indic scripts for Sinhala and Burmese: Sinhala 0D80-0DFF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Myanmar 1000-109F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf Myanmar extended A AA60-AA7F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA60.pdf Myanmar extended B A9E0-A9FF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA9E0.pdf the pattern is used by has_invisible_chars() and coins_cleanup() ]] local indic_script = '[\224\164\128-\224\181\191\224\163\160-\224\183\191\225\128\128-\225\130\159\234\167\160-\234\167\191\234\169\160-\234\169\191]'; -- list of emoji that use a zwj character (U+200D) to combine with another emoji -- from: https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/17.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt; version: 17.0; 2025-01-08 -- table created by: [[:en:Module:Make emoji zwj table]] local emoji_t = { -- indexes are decimal forms of the hex values in U+xxxx [8596] = true, -- U+2194 ↔ left right arrow [8597] = true, -- U+2195 ↕ up down arrow [9760] = true, -- U+2620 ☠ skull and crossbones [9792] = true, -- U+2640 ♀ female sign [9794] = true, -- U+2642 ♂ male sign [9877] = true, -- U+2695 ⚕ staff of aesculapius [9878] = true, -- U+2696 ⚖ scales [9895] = true, -- U+26A7 ⚧ male with stroke and male and female sign [9992] = true, -- U+2708 ✈ airplane [10052] = true, -- U+2744 ❄ snowflake [10084] = true, -- U+2764 ❤ heavy black heart [10145] = true, -- U+27A1 ➡ black rightwards arrow [11035] = true, -- U+2B1B ⬛ black large square [127752] = true, -- U+1F308 🌈 rainbow [127787] = true, -- U+1F32B 🌫 fog [127806] = true, -- U+1F33E 🌾 ear of rice [127859] = true, -- U+1F373 🍳 cooking [127868] = true, -- U+1F37C 🍼 baby bottle [127876] = true, -- U+1F384 🎄 christmas tree [127891] = true, -- U+1F393 🎓 graduation cap [127908] = true, -- U+1F3A4 🎤 microphone [127912] = true, -- U+1F3A8 🎨 artist palette [127979] = true, -- U+1F3EB 🏫 school [127981] = true, -- U+1F3ED 🏭 factory [128048] = true, -- U+1F430 🐰 rabbit face [128102] = true, -- U+1F466 👦 boy [128103] = true, -- U+1F467 👧 girl [128104] = true, -- U+1F468 👨 man [128105] = true, -- U+1F469 👩 woman [128139] = true, -- U+1F48B 💋 kiss mark [128165] = true, -- U+1F4A5 💥 collision symbol [128168] = true, -- U+1F4A8 💨 dash symbol [128171] = true, -- U+1F4AB 💫 dizzy symbol [128187] = true, -- U+1F4BB 💻 personal computer [128188] = true, -- U+1F4BC 💼 brief case [128293] = true, -- U+1F525 🔥 fire [128295] = true, -- U+1F527 🔧 wrench [128300] = true, -- U+1F52C 🔬 microscope [128488] = true, -- U+1F5E8 🗨 left speech bubble [128640] = true, -- U+1F680 🚀 rocket [128658] = true, -- U+1F692 🚒 fire engine [129001] = true, -- U+1F7E9 🟩 large green square [129003] = true, -- U+1F7EB 🟫 large brown square [129309] = true, -- U+1F91D 🤝 handshake [129455] = true, -- U+1F9AF 🦯 probing cane [129456] = true, -- U+1F9B0 🦰 emoji component red hair [129457] = true, -- U+1F9B1 🦱 emoji component curly hair [129458] = true, -- U+1F9B2 🦲 emoji component bald [129459] = true, -- U+1F9B3 🦳 emoji component white hair [129466] = true, -- U+1F9BA 🦺 safety vest [129468] = true, -- U+1F9BC 🦼 motorized wheelchair [129469] = true, -- U+1F9BD 🦽 manual wheelchair [129489] = true, -- U+1F9D1 🧑 adult [129490] = true, -- U+1F9D2 🧒 child [129648] = true, -- U+1FA70 🩰 ballet shoes [129657] = true, -- U+1FA79 🩹 adhesive bandage [129775] = true, -- U+1FAEF 🫯 fight cloud [129778] = true, -- U+1FAF2 🫲 leftwards hand } --[[----------------------< L A N G U A G E S U P P O R T >------------------- These tables and constants support various language-specific functionality. ]] --local this_wiki_code = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code local this_wiki_code = lang_obj:getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code if string.match (mw.site.server, 'wikidata') then this_wiki_code = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('int', {'lang'}); -- on Wikidata so use interface language setting instead end local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_code, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to Wikimedia; used for interwiki tests local mw_languages_by_name_t = {}; for k, v in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- build a 'reversed' table name/tag language pairs know to MediaWiki; used for |language= v = mw.ustring.lower (v); -- lowercase for tag fetch; get name's proper case from mw_languages_by_tag_t[<tag>] if mw_languages_by_name_t[v] then -- when name already in the table if 2 == #k or 3 == #k then -- if tag does not have subtags mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- prefer the shortest tag for this name end else -- here when name not in the table mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- so add name and matching tag end end local inter_wiki_map = {}; -- map of interwiki prefixes that are language-code prefixes for k, v in pairs (mw.site.interwikiMap ('local')) do -- spin through the base interwiki map (limited to local) if mw_languages_by_tag_t[v["prefix"]] then -- if the prefix matches a known language tag inter_wiki_map[v["prefix"]] = true; -- add it to our local map end end --[[--------------------< S C R I P T _ L A N G _ C O D E S >------------------- This table is used to hold ISO 639-1 two-character and ISO 639-3 three-character language codes that apply only to |script-title= and |script-chapter= ]] local script_lang_codes = { 'ab', 'am', 'ar', 'as', 'az', 'be', 'bg', 'bn', 'bo', 'bs', 'ce', 'chr', 'cu', 'dv', 'dz', 'el', 'fa', 'grc', 'gu', 'he', 'hi', 'hy', 'ja', 'ka', 'kaa', 'kk', 'km', 'kn', 'ko', 'ku', 'ky', 'lo', 'mk', 'ml', 'mn', 'mni', 'mr', 'my', 'ne', 'or', 'ota', 'pa', 'ps', 'ru', 'sd', 'si', 'sr', 'syc', 'ta', 'te', 'tg', 'th', 'ti', 'tkr', 'tt', 'ug', 'uk', 'ur', 'uz', 'yi', 'yue', 'zh', 'zgh' }; --[[---------------< L A N G U A G E R E M A P P I N G >---------------------- These tables hold language information that is different (correct) from MediaWiki's definitions For each ['<tag>'] = 'language name' in lang_code_remap{} there must be a matching ['language name'] = {'language name', '<tag>'} in lang_name_remap{} lang_tag_remap{}: key is always lowercase ISO 639-1, -2, -3 language tag or a valid lowercase IETF language tag value is properly spelled and capitalized language name associated with <tag> only one language name per <tag>; key/value pair must have matching entry in lang_name_remap{} lang_name_remap{}: key is always lowercase language name value is a table the holds correctly spelled and capitalized language name [1] and associated tag [2] (tag must match a tag key in lang_tag_remap{}) may have multiple keys referring to a common preferred name and tag; For example: ['kolsch'] and ['kölsch'] both refer to 'Kölsch' and 'ksh' ]] local lang_tag_remap = { -- used for |language= and |script-title= / |script-chapter= ['als'] = 'Tosk Albanian', -- MediaWiki returns Alemannisch ['bh'] = 'Bihari', -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bla'] = 'Blackfoot', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['bn'] = 'Bengali', -- MediaWiki returns Bangla ['ca-valencia'] = 'Valencian', -- IETF variant of Catalan ['fkv'] = 'Kven', -- MediaWiki returns Kvensk ['gsw'] = 'Swiss German', ['ilo'] = 'Ilocano', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['ksh'] = 'Kölsch', -- MediaWiki: Colognian; use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['ksh-x-colog'] = 'Colognian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Colognian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['mis-x-ripuar'] = 'Ripuarian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Ripuarian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['nan-tw'] = 'Taiwanese Hokkien', -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese and support en.wiki preferred name ['sr-ec'] = 'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', -- MediaWiki returns српски (ћирилица) ['sr-el'] = 'Serbian (Latin script)', -- MediaWiki returns srpski (latinica) -- gv.wiki: Manx-language names for |language=, replacing MediaWiki's English default ['en'] = 'Baarle', ['en-us'] = 'Baarle Americaanagh', ['en-gb'] = 'Baarle Ghoaldagh', ['en-in'] = 'Baarle Injinagh', ['hy'] = 'Armeainish', ['hr'] = 'Croitish', ['cs'] = 'Sheckish', ['da'] = 'Danvargish', ['nl'] = 'Ollanish', ['fo'] = 'Faaroish', ['fi'] = 'Finnlynnish', ['fr'] = 'Frangish', ['de'] = 'Germaanish', ['el'] = 'Greagish', ['he'] = 'Ewnish', ['hu'] = 'Ungaarish', ['is'] = 'Eeslynnish', ['ga'] = 'Yernish', ['it'] = 'Idaalish', ['ko'] = 'Koreeish', ['la'] = 'Ladjyn', ['no'] = 'Norlynnish', ['pl'] = 'Polynnish', ['pt'] = 'Portiugish', ['ro'] = 'Romaanish', ['ru'] = 'Rooshish', ['sk'] = 'Slovackish', ['es'] = 'Spaainish', ['sv'] = 'Soolynnish', ['ta'] = 'Tamilish', ['tn'] = 'Tswaanish', ['tr'] = 'Turkish', ['uk'] = 'Ookraanish', ['ca'] = 'Catalaanish', ['et'] = 'Estaanish', ['lt'] = 'Litaanish', ['lv'] = 'Latvish', ['be'] = 'Belarooshish', ['bg'] = 'Bulgeyrish', ['zh'] = 'Sheenish', ['ja'] = 'Shapaanish', ['ar'] = 'Arabish', ['gd'] = 'Gaelg ny h-Albey', ['cy'] = 'Bretnish', ['kw'] = 'Cornish', ['br'] = 'Britaanish', ['gv'] = 'Gaelg', ['kl'] = 'Greenlynnish', ['hi'] = 'Hindish', ['ur'] = 'Oordooish', ['yi'] = 'Ewdish', ['mt'] = 'Maltish', ['gl'] = 'Galeeshish', ['eu'] = 'Bascish', ['lb'] = 'Lucsemburgish', ['sl'] = 'Sloveanish', ['sr'] = 'Serbish', ['sq'] = 'Albaanish', ['mk'] = 'Massadoanish', ['ku'] = 'Kurdish', ['az'] = 'Asserbajaanish', ['kk'] = 'Kassaghish', ['mn'] = 'Mongoilish', } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Serbian (Latin script)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Taiwanese Hokkien', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Tosk Albanian', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valencian', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian -- gv.wiki: Manx-language names for |language= ['baarle'] = {'Baarle', 'en'}, ['baarle americaanagh'] = {'Baarle Americaanagh', 'en-us'}, ['baarle ghoaldagh'] = {'Baarle Ghoaldagh', 'en-gb'}, ['baarle injinagh'] = {'Baarle Injinagh', 'en-in'}, ['armeainish'] = {'Armeainish', 'hy'}, ['croitish'] = {'Croitish', 'hr'}, ['sheckish'] = {'Sheckish', 'cs'}, ['danvargish'] = {'Danvargish', 'da'}, ['ollanish'] = {'Ollanish', 'nl'}, ['faaroish'] = {'Faaroish', 'fo'}, ['finnlynnish'] = {'Finnlynnish', 'fi'}, ['frangish'] = {'Frangish', 'fr'}, ['germaanish'] = {'Germaanish', 'de'}, ['greagish'] = {'Greagish', 'el'}, ['ewnish'] = {'Ewnish', 'he'}, ['ungaarish'] = {'Ungaarish', 'hu'}, ['eeslynnish'] = {'Eeslynnish', 'is'}, ['yernish'] = {'Yernish', 'ga'}, ['idaalish'] = {'Idaalish', 'it'}, ['koreeish'] = {'Koreeish', 'ko'}, ['ladjyn'] = {'Ladjyn', 'la'}, ['norlynnish'] = {'Norlynnish', 'no'}, ['polynnish'] = {'Polynnish', 'pl'}, ['portiugish'] = {'Portiugish', 'pt'}, ['romaanish'] = {'Romaanish', 'ro'}, ['rooshish'] = {'Rooshish', 'ru'}, ['slovackish'] = {'Slovackish', 'sk'}, ['spaainish'] = {'Spaainish', 'es'}, ['soolynnish'] = {'Soolynnish', 'sv'}, ['tamilish'] = {'Tamilish', 'ta'}, ['tswaanish'] = {'Tswaanish', 'tn'}, ['turkish'] = {'Turkish', 'tr'}, ['ookraanish'] = {'Ookraanish', 'uk'}, ['catalaanish'] = {'Catalaanish', 'ca'}, ['estaanish'] = {'Estaanish', 'et'}, ['litaanish'] = {'Litaanish', 'lt'}, ['latvish'] = {'Latvish', 'lv'}, ['belarooshish'] = {'Belarooshish', 'be'}, ['bulgeyrish'] = {'Bulgeyrish', 'bg'}, ['sheenish'] = {'Sheenish', 'zh'}, ['shapaanish'] = {'Shapaanish', 'ja'}, ['arabish'] = {'Arabish', 'ar'}, ['gaelg ny h-albey'] = {'Gaelg ny h-Albey', 'gd'}, ['bretnish'] = {'Bretnish', 'cy'}, ['cornish'] = {'Cornish', 'kw'}, ['britaanish'] = {'Britaanish', 'br'}, ['gaelg'] = {'Gaelg', 'gv'}, ['greenlynnish'] = {'Greenlynnish', 'kl'}, ['hindish'] = {'Hindish', 'hi'}, ['oordooish'] = {'Oordooish', 'ur'}, ['ewdish'] = {'Ewdish', 'yi'}, ['maltish'] = {'Maltish', 'mt'}, ['galeeshish'] = {'Galeeshish', 'gl'}, ['bascish'] = {'Bascish', 'eu'}, ['lucsemburgish'] = {'Lucsemburgish', 'lb'}, ['sloveanish'] = {'Sloveanish', 'sl'}, ['serbish'] = {'Serbish', 'sr'}, ['albaanish'] = {'Albaanish', 'sq'}, ['massadoanish'] = {'Massadoanish', 'mk'}, ['kurdish'] = {'Kurdish', 'ku'}, ['asserbajaanish'] = {'Asserbajaanish', 'az'}, ['kassaghish'] = {'Kassaghish', 'kk'}, ['mongoilish'] = {'Mongoilish', 'mn'}, } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Serbian (Latin script)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Taiwanese Hokkien', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Tosk Albanian', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valencian', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian -- gv.wiki: Manx-language names for |language= ['baarle'] = {'Baarle', 'en'}, ['baarle americaanagh'] = {'Baarle Americaanagh', 'en-us'}, ['baarle ghoaldagh'] = {'Baarle Ghoaldagh', 'en-gb'}, ['baarle injinagh'] = {'Baarle Injinagh', 'en-in'}, ['armeainish'] = {'Armeainish', 'hy'}, ['croitish'] = {'Croitish', 'hr'}, ['sheckish'] = {'Sheckish', 'cs'}, ['danvargish'] = {'Danvargish', 'da'}, ['ollanish'] = {'Ollanish', 'nl'}, ['faaroish'] = {'Faaroish', 'fo'}, ['finnlynnish'] = {'Finnlynnish', 'fi'}, ['frangish'] = {'Frangish', 'fr'}, ['germaanish'] = {'Germaanish', 'de'}, ['greagish'] = {'Greagish', 'el'}, ['ewnish'] = {'Ewnish', 'he'}, ['ungaarish'] = {'Ungaarish', 'hu'}, ['eeslynnish'] = {'Eeslynnish', 'is'}, ['yernish'] = {'Yernish', 'ga'}, ['idaalish'] = {'Idaalish', 'it'}, ['koreeish'] = {'Koreeish', 'ko'}, ['ladjyn'] = {'Ladjyn', 'la'}, ['norlynnish'] = {'Norlynnish', 'no'}, ['polynnish'] = {'Polynnish', 'pl'}, ['portiugish'] = {'Portiugish', 'pt'}, ['romaanish'] = {'Romaanish', 'ro'}, ['rooshish'] = {'Rooshish', 'ru'}, ['slovackish'] = {'Slovackish', 'sk'}, ['spaainish'] = {'Spaainish', 'es'}, ['soolynnish'] = {'Soolynnish', 'sv'}, ['tamilish'] = {'Tamilish', 'ta'}, ['tswaanish'] = {'Tswaanish', 'tn'}, ['turkish'] = {'Turkish', 'tr'}, ['ookraanish'] = {'Ookraanish', 'uk'}, ['catalaanish'] = {'Catalaanish', 'ca'}, ['estaanish'] = {'Estaanish', 'et'}, ['litaanish'] = {'Litaanish', 'lt'}, ['latvish'] = {'Latvish', 'lv'}, ['belarooshish'] = {'Belarooshish', 'be'}, ['bulgeyrish'] = {'Bulgeyrish', 'bg'}, ['sheenish'] = {'Sheenish', 'zh'}, ['shapaanish'] = {'Shapaanish', 'ja'}, ['arabish'] = {'Arabish', 'ar'}, ['gaelg ny h-albey'] = {'Gaelg ny h-Albey', 'gd'}, ['bretnish'] = {'Bretnish', 'cy'}, ['cornish'] = {'Cornish', 'kw'}, ['britaanish'] = {'Britaanish', 'br'}, ['gaelg'] = {'Gaelg', 'gv'}, ['greenlynnish'] = {'Greenlynnish', 'kl'}, ['hindish'] = {'Hindish', 'hi'}, ['oordooish'] = {'Oordooish', 'ur'}, ['ewdish'] = {'Ewdish', 'yi'}, ['maltish'] = {'Maltish', 'mt'}, ['galeeshish'] = {'Galeeshish', 'gl'}, ['bascish'] = {'Bascish', 'eu'}, ['lucsemburgish'] = {'Lucsemburgish', 'lb'}, ['sloveanish'] = {'Sloveanish', 'sl'}, ['serbish'] = {'Serbish', 'sr'}, ['albaanish'] = {'Albaanish', 'sq'}, ['massadoanish'] = {'Massadoanish', 'mk'}, ['kurdish'] = {'Kurdish', 'ku'}, ['asserbajaanish'] = {'Asserbajaanish', 'az'}, ['kassaghish'] = {'Kassaghish', 'kk'}, ['mongoilish'] = {'Mongoilish', 'mn'}, } --[[---------------< P R O P E R T I E S _ C A T E G O R I E S >---------------- Properties categories. These are used for investigating qualities of citations. ]] local prop_cats = { ['foreign-lang-source'] = 'CS1 $1-language sources ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is foreign-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code ['foreign-lang-source-2'] = 'CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)|$1', -- |language= category; a cat for ISO639-2 languages; $1 is the ISO 639-2 code used as a sort key ['interproj-linked-name'] = 'CS1 interproject-linked names|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interproject link; $1 is interproject tag used as a sort key ['interwiki-linked-name'] = 'CS1 interwiki-linked names|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interwiki link; $1 is interwiki tag used as a sort key; yeilds to interproject ['local-lang-source'] = 'CS1 $1-language sources ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is local-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code; not emitted when local_lang_cat_enable is false ['location-test'] = 'CS1 location test', ['long-vol'] = 'CS1: long volume value', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |volume= values longer than 4 characters ['script'] = 'CS1 uses $1-language script ($2)', -- |script-title=xx: has matching category; $1 is language name, $2 is language tag ['tracked-param'] = 'CS1 tracked parameter: $1', -- $1 is base (enumerators removed) parameter name ['unfit'] = 'CS1: unfit URL', -- |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped; used to be a maint cat ['vanc-accept'] = 'CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup', -- for |vauthors=/|veditors= with accept-as-written markup ['year-range-abbreviated'] = 'CS1: abbreviated year range', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |date=, |year= values using YYYY–YY form } --[[-------------------< T I T L E _ T Y P E S >-------------------------------- Here we map a template's CitationClass to TitleType (default values for |type= parameter) ]] local title_types = { ['AV-media-notes'] = 'Media notes', ['document'] = 'Document', ['interview'] = 'Interview', ['mailinglist'] = 'Mailing list', ['map'] = 'Map', ['podcast'] = 'Podcast', ['pressrelease'] = 'Press release', ['report'] = 'Report', ['speech'] = 'Speech', ['techreport'] = 'Technical report', ['thesis'] = 'Thesis', } --[[--------------------------< B U I L D _ K N O W N _ F R E E _ D O I _ R E G I S T R A N T S _ T A B L E >-- build a table of doi registrants known to be free-to-read In a doi, the registrant ID is the series of digits between the '10.' and the first '/': in doi 10.1100/sommat, 1100 is the registrant ID see §3.2.2 DOI prefix of the Doi Handbook p. 43 https://www.doi.org/doi-handbook/DOI_Handbook_Final.pdf#page=43 ]] local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() local registrants_t = {}; for _, v in ipairs ({ '1045', '1074', '1096', '1100', '1155', '1186', '1194', '1371', '1613', '1629', '1989', '1999', '2147', '2196', '3285', '3389', '3390', '3906', '3748', '3814', '3847', '3897', '4061', '4089', '4103', '4172', '4175', '4230', '4236', '4239', '4240', '4249', '4251', '4252', '4253', '4254', '4291', '4292', '4329', '4330', '4331', '5086', '5194', '5210', '5306', '5312', '5313', '5314', '5315', '5316', '5317', '5318', '5319', '5320', '5321', '5334', '5402', '5409', '5410', '5411', '5412', '5492', '5493', '5494', '5495', '5496', '5497', '5498', '5499', '5500', '5501', '5527', '5528', '5662', '6064', '6219', '7167', '7217', '7287', '7482', '7490', '7554', '7717', '7759', '7766', '9778', '11131', '11569', '11647', '11648', '12688', '12703', '12715', '12942', '12998', '13105', '14256', '14293', '14303', '15215', '15347', '15412', '15560', '16995', '17645', '18637', '19080', '19173', '20944', '21037', '21105', '21468', '21767', '21425', '22261', '22323', '22459', '24105', '24196', '24966', '26775', '30845', '32545', '35711', '35712', '35713', '35995', '36648', '37126', '37532', '37871', '47128', '47622', '47959', '52437', '52975', '53288', '53347', '54081', '54947', '55667', '55914', '57009', '58647', '59081', }) do registrants_t[v] = true; -- build a k/v table of known free-to-read doi registrants end return registrants_t; end -- known free registrants identifiable by the doi suffix incipit local extended_registrants_t = { -- doi suffix incipits are evaluated as lua patterns ['1002'] = {'aelm', 'leap', 'loe2%.', 'lol2%.'}, -- Advanced Electronic Materials, Learned Publishing, L&O e-Lectures, L&O Letters ['1016'] = {'j%.aace', 'j%.aed', 'j%.aiopen', 'j%.animal', 'j%.apsb', 'j%.addicn', -- AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes, AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes, AI Open, Animal, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Addiction Neuroscience 'j%.abrep', 'j%.gpb', 'j%.heliyon', 'j%.nlp', 'j%.patter', 'j%.proche', -- Addictive Behaviors Reports, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics after 2015, Heliyon, Natural Language Processing, Patterns, Procedia Chemistry 'j%.vgie', 'S1672-0229'}, -- VideoGIE, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics before 2015 ['1017'] = {'apj%.', 'nlp', 'mdh', 'S15574660'}, -- Natural Language Processing Journal, Medical History, Asia Pacific Journal ['1046'] = {'j%.1365-8711', 'j%.1365-246x'}, -- MNRAS, GJI ['1021'] = {'acscentsci', 'acsomega'}, -- ACS Central Science, ACS Omega ['1093'] = {'mnras', 'mnrasl', 'gji', 'pnasnexus', 'rasti'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI, PNAS Nexus, RASTI ['1098'] = {'rsbm', 'rsob', 'rsos'}, -- Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Open Biology, Royal Society Open Science ['1099'] = {'acmi', 'mic', '00221287', 'mgen'}, -- Access Microbiology, Microbiology, Journal of General Microbiology, Microbial Genomics ['1107'] = {'S20569890', 'S20522525', 'S16005775', 'S24143146'}, -- Acta Crystallographica E, IUCrJ, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, IUCrData ['1109'] = {'oa', 'oj'}, -- IEEE Open Access..., IEEE Open Journal... ['1111'] = {'aogs', 'j%.1365-2966', 'j%.1745-3933', 'j%.1365-246X'}, -- Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI ['1128'] = {'asmcr', 'jmbe', 'mbio', 'mra', 'spectrum', 'msphere', 'msystems'}, --ASM Case Reports, Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, mBio, Microbiology Resource Announcements, Microbiology Spectrum, mSphere, mSystems ['1136'] = {'bmjopen'}, -- BMJ Open ['1140'] = {'epjc'}, -- European Physical Journal C ['1192'] = {'bjo'}, -- BJPsych Open ['1210'] = {'jendso','jcemcr'}, -- Journal of the Endocrine Society, JCEM Case Reports ['1215'] = {'21573689', '21573698'}, -- L&O Fluids ['1590'] = {'0102-3306'}, -- Acta Botanica Brasilica ['4171'] = {'dm','mag'}, -- Documenta Mathematica, EMS Magazine ['4319'] = {'lo%.', 'lol%.', 'lom%.'}, -- L&O, L&O e-Lectures, L&O Methods ['5852'] = {'ejt'}, -- European Journal of Taxonomy ['7155'] = {'jgaa'}, -- Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications ['11158'] = {'saasp'}, -- Systematic and Applied Acarology Special Publications ['11646'] = {'megataxa', 'mesozoic'}, -- Megataxa, Mesozoic ['14231'] = {'ag'}, -- Algebraic Geometry ['15446'] = {'abc'}, -- Acta Biológica Colombiana ['17239'] = {'jowr'}, -- Journal of Writing Research ['22073'] = {'pja'}, -- Persian Journal of Acarology ['24310'] = {'abm'}, -- Acta Botanica Malacitana ['24425'] = {'agp'}, -- Acta Geologica Polonica ['35249'] = {'rche'}, -- Revista Chilena de Entomología ['37520'] = {'fi'}, -- Fossil Imprint ['53562'] = {'ajcb'} -- Asian Journal of Conservation Biology } --[[===================<< E R R O R M E S S A G I N G >>====================== ]] --[[----------< E R R O R M E S S A G E S U P P L E M E N T S >------------- I18N for those messages that are supplemented with additional specific text that describes the reason for the error TODO: merge this with special_case_translations{}? ]] local err_msg_supl = { ['char'] = 'invalid character', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['check'] = 'checksum', -- |isbn=, |sbn= empty_str = '(empty string)', -- empty unknown parameter check when cite has |= ['flag'] = 'flag', -- |archive-url= ['form'] = 'invalid form', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['group'] = 'invalid group id', -- |isbn= ['initials'] = 'initials', -- Vancouver ['invalid language code'] = 'invalid language code', -- |script-<param>= ['journal'] = 'journal', -- |bibcode= ['length'] = 'length', -- |isbn=, |bibcode=, |sbn= ['liveweb'] = 'liveweb', -- |archive-url= ['missing comma'] = 'missing comma', -- Vancouver ['missing prefix'] = 'missing prefix', -- |script-<param>= ['missing title part'] = 'missing title part', -- |script-<param>= ['name'] = 'name', -- Vancouver ['non-Latin char'] = 'non-Latin character', -- Vancouver ['path'] = 'path', -- |archive-url= ['prefix'] = 'invalid prefix', -- |isbn= ['punctuation'] = 'punctuation', -- Vancouver ['save'] = 'save command', -- |archive-url= ['suffix'] = 'suffix', -- Vancouver ['timestamp'] = 'timestamp', -- |archive-url= ['unknown language code'] = 'unknown language code', -- |script-<param>= ['value'] = 'value', -- |bibcode= ['year'] = 'year', -- |bibcode= } --[[--------------< E R R O R _ C O N D I T I O N S >--------------------------- Error condition table. This table has two sections: errors at the top, maintenance at the bottom. Maint 'messaging' does not have a 'message' (message=nil) The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors TODO: rename error_conditions{} to something more generic; create separate error and maint tables inside that? ]] local error_conditions = { err_accessdate_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: access-date without URL', hidden = false }, err_apostrophe_markup = { message = 'Italic or bold markup not allowed in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'apostrophe_markup', category = 'CS1 errors: markup', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_date_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch; $1 suggested', anchor = 'archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_date = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> is malformed: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'archive_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_arxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;arxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'arxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, err_asintld_missing_asin = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'asintld_missing_asin', category = 'CS1 errors: ASIN TLD', hidden = false }, err_bad_arxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;arxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: arXiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_asin', category ='CS1 errors: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin_tld = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin-tld=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_asin_tld', category ='CS1 errors: ASIN TLD', hidden = false }, err_bad_bibcode = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;bibcode=</code> $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_bibcode', category = 'CS1 errors: bibcode', hidden = false }, err_bad_biorxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;biorxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_biorxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: bioRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_citeseerx = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;citeseerx=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_citeseerx', category = 'CS1 errors: citeseerx', hidden = false }, err_bad_date = { message = 'Check date values in: $1', -- $1 is a parameter name list anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'CS1 errors: dates', hidden = false }, err_bad_doi = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;doi=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'CS1 errors: DOI', hidden = false }, err_bad_hdl = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;hdl=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_hdl', category = 'CS1 errors: HDL', hidden = false }, err_bad_isbn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;isbn=</code> value: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ismn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ismn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ismn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISMN', hidden = false }, err_bad_issn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1issn=</code> value', -- $1 is 'e' or '' for eissn or issn anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISSN', hidden = false }, err_bad_jfm = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;jfm=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_jfm', category = 'CS1 errors: JFM', hidden = false }, err_bad_jstor = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;jstor=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_jstor', category = 'CS1 errors: JSTOR', hidden = false }, err_bad_lccn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;lccn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'CS1 errors: LCCN', hidden = false }, err_bad_medrxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;medrxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_medrxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: medRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_mr = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;mr=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_mr', category = 'CS1 errors: MR', hidden = false }, err_bad_oclc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;oclc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_oclc', category = 'CS1 errors: OCLC', hidden = false }, err_bad_ol = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ol=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'CS1 errors: OL', hidden = false }, err_bad_osti = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;osti=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_osti', category = 'CS1 errors: OSTI', hidden = false }, err_bad_paramlink = { -- for |title-link=, |author/editor/translator-link=, |series-link=, |episode-link= message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> value', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_paramlink', category = 'CS1 errors: parameter link', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'CS1 errors: PMC', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmid = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmid=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'CS1 errors: PMID', hidden = false }, err_bad_rfc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;rfc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_rfc', category = 'CS1 errors: RFC', hidden = false }, err_bad_s2cid = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;s2cid=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_s2cid', category = 'CS1 errors: S2CID', hidden = false }, err_bad_sbn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;sbn=</code> value: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_sbn', category = 'CS1 errors: SBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ssrn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ssrn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ssrn', category = 'CS1 errors: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_bad_url = { message = 'Check $1 value', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL', hidden = false }, err_bad_usenet_id = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;message-id=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_message_id', category = 'CS1 errors: message-id', hidden = false }, err_bad_zbl = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;zbl=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_zbl', category = 'CS1 errors: Zbl', hidden = false }, err_bare_url_missing_title = { message = '$1 missing title', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: bare URL', hidden = false }, err_biorxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;biorxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'biorxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: bioRxiv', -- same as bad bioRxiv hidden = false }, err_chapter_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'chapter_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: chapter ignored', hidden = false }, err_citation_missing_title = { message = 'Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: missing title', hidden = false }, err_citeseerx_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;citeseerx=</code> required', anchor = 'citeseerx_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: citeseerx', -- same as bad citeseerx hidden = false }, err_cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = 'Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'CS1 errors: requires URL', hidden = false }, err_class_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;class=</code> ignored', anchor = 'class_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: class', hidden = false }, err_contributor_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;contributor=</code> ignored', anchor = 'contributor_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: contributor', hidden = false }, err_contributor_missing_required_param = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;contributor=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'contributor_missing_required_param', category = 'CS1 errors: contributor', hidden = false }, err_deprecated_params = { message = 'Cite uses deprecated parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'CS1 errors: deprecated parameters', hidden = false }, err_disp_name = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=$2</code>', -- $1 is parameter name; $2 is the assigned value anchor = 'disp_name', category = 'CS1 errors: display-names', hidden = false, }, err_doibroken_missing_doi = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;doi=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'doibroken_missing_doi', category = 'CS1 errors: DOI', hidden = false }, err_embargo_missing_pmc = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmc=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'embargo_missing_pmc', category = 'CS1 errors: PMC embargo', hidden = false }, err_empty_citation = { message = 'Empty citation', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'CS1 errors: empty citation', hidden = false }, err_etal = { message = 'Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'explicit_et_al', category = 'CS1 errors: explicit use of et al.', hidden = false }, err_extra_text_edition = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;edition=</code> has extra text', anchor = 'extra_text_edition', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: edition', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_issue = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_issue', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: issue', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_pages = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_pages', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: pages', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_volume = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_volume', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: volume', hidden = false, }, err_first_missing_last = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is first alias, $2 is matching last alias anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'CS1 errors: missing name', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_format_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is format parameter $2 is url parameter anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: format without URL', hidden = false }, err_generic_name = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has generic name', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'generic_name', category = 'CS1 errors: generic name', hidden = false, }, err_generic_title = { message = 'Cite uses generic title', anchor = 'generic_title', category = 'CS1 errors: generic title', hidden = false, }, err_invalid_isbn_date = { message = 'ISBN / Date incompatibility', anchor = 'invalid_isbn_date', category = 'CS1 errors: ISBN date', hidden = true }, err_invalid_param_val = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=$2</code>', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is parameter value anchor = 'invalid_param_val', category = 'CS1 errors: invalid parameter value', hidden = false }, err_invisible_char = { message = '$1 in $2 at position $3', -- $1 is invisible char $2 is parameter name $3 is position number anchor = 'invisible_char', category = 'CS1 errors: invisible characters', hidden = false }, err_medrxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;medrxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'medrxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: medRxiv', -- same as bad medRxiv hidden = false }, err_missing_name = { message = 'Missing <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1$2=</code>', -- $1 is modified NameList; $2 is enumerator anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'CS1 errors: missing name', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_missing_periodical = { message = 'Cite $1 requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical periodical parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_periodical', category = 'CS1 errors: missing periodical', hidden = false }, err_missing_pipe = { message = 'Missing pipe in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'missing_pipe', category = 'CS1 errors: missing pipe', hidden = false }, err_missing_publisher = { message = 'Cite $1 requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical publisher parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_publisher', category = 'CS1 errors: missing publisher', hidden = false }, err_numeric_names = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has numeric name', -- $1 is parameter name', anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'CS1 errors: numeric name', hidden = false, }, err_param_access_requires_param = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1-access=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_access_requires_param', category = 'CS1 errors: param-access', hidden = false }, err_param_has_ext_link = { message = 'External link in <code class="cs1-code">$1</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_ext_link', category = 'CS1 errors: external links', hidden = false }, err_param_has_twl_url = { message = 'Wikipedia Library link in <code class="cs1-code">$1</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_twl_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: unsupported parameter', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> suggested)', -- $1 is unknown parameter $2 is suggested parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'CS1 errors: unsupported parameter', hidden = false }, err_periodical_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'periodical_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: periodical ignored', hidden = false }, err_redundant_parameters = { message = 'More than one of $1 specified', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'CS1 errors: redundant parameter', hidden = false }, err_script_parameter = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>: $2', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is script language code or error detail anchor = 'script_parameter', category = 'CS1 errors: script parameters', hidden = false }, err_ssrn_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;ssrn=</code> required', anchor = 'ssrn_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_text_ignored = { message = 'Text "$1" ignored', -- $1 is ignored text anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: unrecognized parameter', hidden = false }, err_trans_missing_title = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;trans-$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> or <code class="cs1-code">&#124;script-$1=</code>', -- $1 is base parameter name anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: translated title', hidden = false }, err_param_unknown_empty = { message = 'Cite has empty unknown parameter$1: $2', -- $1 is 's' or empty space; $2 is emty unknown param list anchor = 'param_unknown_empty', category = 'CS1 errors: empty unknown parameters', hidden = false }, err_vancouver = { message = 'Vancouver style error: $1 in name $2', -- $1 is error detail, $2 is the nth name anchor = 'vancouver', category = 'CS1 errors: Vancouver style', hidden = false }, err_wikilink_in_url = { message = 'URL–wikilink conflict', -- uses ndash anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL–wikilink conflict', -- uses ndash hidden = false }, --[[--------------------------< M A I N T >------------------------------------- maint messages do not have a message (message = nil); otherwise the structure is the same as error messages ]] maint_archive_origin = { message = nil, anchor = 'archive_origin', category = 'CS1 maint: archive origin', hidden = true, }, maint_archived_copy = { message = nil, anchor = 'archived_copy', category = 'CS1 maint: archived copy as title', hidden = true, }, maint_bibcode = { message = nil, anchor = 'bibcode', category = 'CS1 maint: bibcode', hidden = true, }, maint_location_no_publisher = { -- cite book, conference, encyclopedia; citation as book cite or encyclopedia cite message = nil, anchor = 'location_no_publisher', category = 'CS1 maint: location missing publisher', hidden = true, }, maint_bot_unknown = { message = nil, anchor = 'bot:_unknown', category = 'CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown', hidden = true, }, maint_date_auto_xlated = { -- date auto-translation not supported by en.wiki message = nil, anchor = 'date_auto_xlated', category = 'CS1 maint: date auto-translated', hidden = true, }, maint_date_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_format', category = 'CS1 maint: date format', hidden = true, }, maint_date_year = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_year', category = 'CS1 maint: date and year', hidden = true, }, maint_deprecated_archive = { message = nil, anchor = 'deprecated_archive', category = 'CS1 maint: deprecated archival service', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_ignore', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive', category = 'CS1 maint: DOI neuvioyr', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive_dated = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = 'CS1 maint: DOI neuvioyr ec $2$3$1', -- $1 is year, $2 is month-name or empty string, $3 is space or empty string hidden = true, }, maint_doi_unflagged_free = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_unflagged_free', category = 'CS1 maint: DOI seyr neu-chowrit', hidden = true, }, maint_extra_punct = { message = nil, anchor = 'extra_punct', category = 'CS1 maint: extra punctuation', hidden = true, }, maint_id_limit_load_fail = { -- applies to all cs1|2 templates on a page; message = nil, -- maint message (category link) never emitted anchor = 'id_limit_load_fail', category = 'CS1 maint: ID limit load fail', hidden = true, }, maint_isbn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_isbn_err', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors', hidden = true, }, maint_issn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_issn', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored ISSN errors', hidden = true, }, maint_jfm_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'jfm_format', category = 'CS1 maint: JFM format', hidden = true, }, maint_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'location', category = 'CS1 maint: location', hidden = true, }, maint_missing_class = { message = nil, anchor = 'missing_class', category = 'CS1 maint: missing class', hidden = true, }, maint_mr_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'mr_format', category = 'CS1 maint: MR format', hidden = true, }, maint_mult_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'mult_names', category = 'CS1 maint: multiple names: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_numeric_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'CS1 maint: numeric names: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_others = { message = nil, anchor = 'others', category = 'CS1 maint: others', hidden = true, }, maint_others_avm = { message = nil, anchor = 'others_avm', category = 'CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)', hidden = true, }, maint_overridden_setting = { message = nil, anchor = 'overridden', category = 'CS1 maint: overridden setting', hidden = true, }, maint_page_art_num = { message = nil, anchor = 'page_art_num', category = 'CS1 maint: article number as page number', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_embargo = { message = nil, anchor = 'embargo', category = 'CS1 maint: PMC embargo expired', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'pmc_format', category = 'CS1 maint: PMC format', hidden = true, }, maint_postscript = { message = nil, anchor = 'postscript', category = 'CS1 maint: postscript', hidden = true, }, maint_publisher_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'publisher_location', category = 'CS1 maint: publisher location', hidden = true, }, maint_ref_duplicates_default = { message = nil, anchor = 'ref_default', category = 'CS1 maint: ref duplicates default', hidden = true, }, maint_shortened_archive_url = { message = nil, anchor = 'shortened_archive_url', category = 'CS1 maint: shortened archive url', hidden = true, }, maint_unknown_lang = { message = nil, anchor = 'unknown_lang', category = 'CS1 maint: çhengey gyn enney', hidden = true, }, maint_untitled = { message = nil, anchor = 'untitled', category = 'CS1 maint: untitled periodical', hidden = true, }, maint_url_status = { message = nil, anchor = 'url_status', category = 'CS1 maint: url-status', hidden = true, }, maint_work_isbn = { message = nil, anchor = 'work_isbn', category = 'CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN', hidden = true, }, maint_year= { message = nil, anchor = 'year', category = 'CS1 maint: year', hidden = true, }, maint_zbl = { message = nil, anchor = 'zbl', category = 'CS1 maint: Zbl', hidden = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< I D _ L I M I T S _ D A T A _ T >---------------------------------------------- fetch id limits for certain identifiers from c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab. This source is a json tabular data file maintained at wikipedia commons. Convert the json format to a table of k/v pairs. The values from <id_limits_data_t> are used to set handle.id_limit. From 2025-02-21, MediaWiki is broken. Use this link to edit the tablular data file: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab&action=edit See Phab:T389105 ]] local id_limits_data_t = {}; local use_commons_data = true; -- set to false if your wiki does not have access to mediawiki commons; then, if false == use_commons_data then -- update this table from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab; last update: 2025-02-21 id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = 10450000000, ['OSTI'] = 23010000, ['PMC'] = 11900000, ['PMID'] = 40400000, ['RFC'] = 9300, ['SSRN'] = 5200000, ['S2CID'] = 276000000}; -- this table must be maintained locally else -- here for wikis that do have access to mediawiki commons local load_fail_limit = 99999999999; -- very high number to avoid error messages on load failure id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = load_fail_limit, ['OSTI'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMC'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMID'] = load_fail_limit, ['RFC'] = load_fail_limit, ['SSRN'] = load_fail_limit, ['S2CID'] = load_fail_limit}; local id_limits_data_load_fail = false; -- flag; assume that we will be successful when loading json id limit tabular data if mw.ext.data == nil then id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- safeguard against Lua errors if mw.ext.data is not available for some reason else local tab_data_t = mw.ext.data.get ('CS1/Identifier limits.tab'); -- attempt to load the tabular data from commons into <tab_data_t> if false == tab_data_t then -- undocumented 'feature': mw.ext.data.get() sometimes returns false id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- set the flag so that Module:Citation/CS1 can create an unannotated maint category else for _, limit_t in ipairs (tab_data_t.data) do -- overwrite default <load_fail_limit> values from the data table in the tabular data id_limits_data_t[limit_t[1]] = limit_t[2]; -- <limit[1]> is identifier; <limit[2]> is upper limit for that identifier end end end end --[[--------------------------< I D _ H A N D L E R S >-------------------------------------------------------- The following contains a list of values for various defined identifiers. For each identifier we specify a variety of information necessary to properly render the identifier in the citation. parameters: a list of parameter aliases for this identifier; first in the list is the canonical form link: Wikipedia article name redirect: a local redirect to a local Wikipedia article name; at en.wiki, 'ISBN (identifier)' is a redirect to 'International Standard Book Number' q: Wikidata q number for the identifier label: the label preceding the identifier; label is linked to a Wikipedia article (in this order): redirect from id_handlers['<id>'].redirect when use_identifier_redirects is true Wikidata-supplied article name for the local wiki from id_handlers['<id>'].q local article name from id_handlers['<id>'].link prefix: the first part of a URL that will be concatenated with a second part which usually contains the identifier suffix: optional third part to be added after the identifier encode: true if URI should be percent-encoded; otherwise false COinS: identifier link or keyword for use in COinS: for identifiers registered at info-uri.info use: info:.... where '...' is the appropriate identifier label for identifiers that have COinS keywords, use the keyword: rft.isbn, rft.issn, rft.eissn for |asin= and |ol=, which require assembly, use the keyword: url for others make a URL using the value in prefix/suffix and #label, use the keyword: pre (not checked; any text other than 'info', 'rft', or 'url' works here) set to nil to leave the identifier out of the COinS separator: character or text between label and the identifier in the rendered citation id_limit: for those identifiers with established limits, this property holds the upper limit access: use this parameter to set the access level for all instances of this identifier. the value must be a valid access level for an identifier (see ['id-access'] in this file). custom_access: to enable custom access level for an identifier, set this parameter to the parameter that should control it (normally 'id-access') ]] local id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'eprint'}, link = 'arXiv', redirect = 'arXiv (identifier)', q = 'Q118398', label = 'arXiv', prefix = 'https://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Amazon Standard Identification Number', redirect = 'ASIN (identifier)', q = 'Q1753278', label = 'ASIN', prefix = 'https://www.amazon.', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode'}, link = 'Bibcode', redirect = 'Bibcode (identifier)', q = 'Q25754', label = 'Bibcode', prefix = 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', custom_access = 'bibcode-access', }, ['BIORXIV'] = { parameters = {'biorxiv'}, link = 'bioRxiv', redirect = 'bioRxiv (identifier)', q = 'Q19835482', label = 'bioRxiv', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['CITESEERX'] = { parameters = {'citeseerx'}, link = 'CiteSeerX', redirect = 'CiteSeerX (identifier)', q = 'Q2715061', label = 'CiteSeerX', prefix = 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['DOI'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI'}, link = 'Digital object identifier', redirect = 'doi (identifier)', q = 'Q25670', label = 'doi', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'doi-access', }, ['EISSN'] = { parameters = {'eissn', 'EISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number#Electronic ISSN', redirect = 'eISSN (identifier)', q = 'Q46339674', label = 'eISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.eissn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['HDL'] = { parameters = { 'hdl', 'HDL' }, link = 'Handle System', redirect = 'hdl (identifier)', q = 'Q3126718', label = 'hdl', prefix = 'https://hdl.handle.net/', COinS = 'info:hdl', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'hdl-access', }, ['ISBN'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN'}, link = 'International Standard Book Number', redirect = 'ISBN (identifier)', q = 'Q33057', label = 'ISBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISMN'] = { parameters = {'ismn', 'ISMN'}, link = 'International Standard Music Number', redirect = 'ISMN (identifier)', q = 'Q1666938', label = 'ISMN', prefix = '', -- not currently used; COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number', redirect = 'ISSN (identifier)', q = 'Q131276', label = 'ISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', redirect = 'JFM (identifier)', q = '', label = 'JFM', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', redirect = 'JSTOR (identifier)', q = 'Q1420342', label = 'JSTOR', prefix = 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', custom_access = 'jstor-access', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'lccn', 'LCCN'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', redirect = 'LCCN (identifier)', q = 'Q620946', label = 'LCCN', prefix = 'https://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'info:lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MEDRXIV'] = { parameters = {'medrxiv'}, link = 'medRxiv', redirect = 'medRxiv (identifier)', q = 'Q58465838', label = 'medRxiv', prefix = 'https://www.medrxiv.org/content/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'mr', 'MR'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', redirect = 'MR (identifier)', q = 'Q211172', label = 'MR', prefix = 'https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'oclc', 'OCLC'}, link = 'OCLC', redirect = 'OCLC (identifier)', q = 'Q190593', label = 'OCLC', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OCLC or 0, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', redirect = 'OL (identifier)', q = 'Q1201876', label = 'OL', prefix = 'https://openlibrary.org/', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = true, custom_access = 'ol-access', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'osti', 'OSTI'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', redirect = 'OSTI (identifier)', q = 'Q2015776', label = 'OSTI', prefix = 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OSTI or 0, custom_access = 'osti-access', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'pmc', 'PMC'}, link = 'PubMed Central', redirect = 'PMC (identifier)', q = 'Q229883', label = 'PMC', prefix = 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = '', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'pmid', 'PMID'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', redirect = 'PMID (identifier)', q = 'Q2082879', label = 'PMID', prefix = 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMID or 0, }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'rfc', 'RFC'}, link = 'Request for Comments', redirect = 'RFC (identifier)', q = 'Q212971', label = 'RFC', prefix = 'https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.RFC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['SBN'] = { parameters = {'sbn', 'SBN'}, link = 'Standard Book Number', -- redirect to International_Standard_Book_Number#History redirect = 'SBN (identifier)', label = 'SBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/0-', -- prefix has leading zero necessary to make 9-digit sbn a 10-digit isbn COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'ssrn', 'SSRN'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', redirect = 'SSRN (identifier)', q = 'Q7550801', label = 'SSRN', prefix = 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.SSRN or 0, custom_access = 'ssrn-access', }, ['S2CID'] = { parameters = {'s2cid', 'S2CID'}, link = 'Semantic Scholar', redirect = 'S2CID (identifier)', q = 'Q22908627', label = 'S2CID', prefix = 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.S2CID or 0, custom_access = 's2cid-access', }, ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'message-id'}, link = 'Usenet', redirect = 'Usenet (identifier)', q = 'Q193162', label = 'Usenet:', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'zbl', 'ZBL' }, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', redirect = 'Zbl (identifier)', q = 'Q190269', label = 'Zbl', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >--------------------------------- ]] return { use_identifier_redirects = use_identifier_redirects, -- booleans defined in the settings at the top of this module local_lang_cat_enable = local_lang_cat_enable, date_name_auto_xlate_enable = date_name_auto_xlate_enable, date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = date_digit_auto_xlate_enable, enable_sort_keys = enable_sort_keys, suppress_archive_today_urls = suppress_archive_today_urls, -- tables and variables created when this module is loaded dependencies_t = dependencies_t, -- used to suppress parameters dependent on url-holding parameters holding archive.today urls enum_needs_xlation = '1' ~= date_names.xlate_digits['1'], -- to avoid unnecessary enumerator translation global_df = get_date_format (), -- this line can be replaced with "global_df = 'dmy-all'," to have all dates auto translated to dmy format. global_cs1_config_t = global_cs1_config_t, -- global settings from {{cs1 config}} id_limits_data_load_fail = id_limits_data_load_fail, -- true when commons tabular identifier-limit data fails to load known_free_doi_registrants_t = build_free_doi_registrants_table(), punct_skip = build_skip_table (punct_skip, punct_meta_params), url_skip = build_skip_table (url_skip, url_meta_params), archive_today_tlds_t = {['today'] = true, ['ph'] = true, ['is'] = true, ['md'] = true, ['li'] = true, ['fo'] = true, ['vn'] = true}; -- used by is_archive_today_url() name_space_sort_keys = name_space_sort_keys, aliases = aliases, special_case_translation = special_case_translation, date_names = date_names, err_msg_supl = err_msg_supl, error_conditions = error_conditions, editor_markup_patterns = editor_markup_patterns, et_al_patterns = et_al_patterns, extended_registrants_t = extended_registrants_t, id_handlers = id_handlers, keywords_lists = keywords_lists, keywords_xlate = keywords_xlate, stripmarkers = stripmarkers, invisible_chars = invisible_chars, invisible_defs = invisible_defs, indic_script = indic_script, emoji_t = emoji_t, maint_cats = maint_cats, messages = messages, presentation = presentation, prop_cats = prop_cats, script_lang_codes = script_lang_codes, lang_tag_remap = lang_tag_remap, lang_name_remap = lang_name_remap, this_wiki_code = this_wiki_code, title_types = title_types, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces_t, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, templates_using_volume = templates_using_volume, templates_using_issue = templates_using_issue, templates_not_using_page = templates_not_using_page, vol_iss_pg_patterns = vol_iss_pg_patterns, single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t, url_access_map_t = url_access_map_t, inter_wiki_map = inter_wiki_map, mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw_languages_by_tag_t, mw_languages_by_name_t = mw_languages_by_name_t, citation_class_map_t = citation_class_map_t, citation_issue_t = citation_issue_t, citation_no_volume_t = citation_no_volume_t, } m1vzb5pgreomkfwrtl67v5uvllo02gs 828 26976 389448 385507 2026-08-14T11:57:29Z MacTire02 219 Gaelg 389448 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< S U P P O R T E D P A R A M E T E R S >-------------------------------------- Because a steady-state signal conveys no useful information, whitelist.basic_arguments[] list items can have three values: true - these parameters are valid and supported parameters false - these parameters are deprecated but still supported tracked - these parameters are valid and supported parameters tracked in an eponymous properties category nil - these parameters are no longer supported. remove entirely ]] local basic_arguments_t = { ['ughtar'] = true, -- Author ['ughtaryn'] = true, -- People, authors ['enmys'] = true, -- Title ['obbyr'] = true, -- Periodical ['earishlioar'] = true, -- Periodical ['jurnyl'] = true, -- Periodical ['pabyr-naight'] = true, -- Periodical ['pabyr naight'] = true, -- Periodical ['ynnyd-eggey'] = true, -- Periodical ['duillag'] = true, -- Page ['dg'] = true, -- Page ['dg.'] = true, -- Page ['duillagyn'] = true, -- Pages ['dgn'] = true, -- Pages ['dgn.'] = true, -- Pages ['lhieggan'] = true, -- Edition ['kicklipaid'] = true, -- Encyclopedia ['fockleyr'] = true, -- Encyclopedia ['çhengey'] = true, -- Language ['cur magh'] = true, -- Issue ['accessdate'] = true, ['access-date'] = true, ['agency'] = true, ['archivedate'] = true, ['archive-date'] = true, ['archive-format'] = true, ['archiveurl'] = true, ['archive-url'] = true, ['article'] = true, ['article-format'] = true, ['article-number'] = true, -- {{cite journal}}, {{cite conference}}; {{citation}} when |journal= has a value ['article-url'] = true, ['article-url-access'] = true, ['arxiv'] = true, -- cite arxiv; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['asin'] = true, ['ASIN'] = true, ['asin-tld'] = true, ['at'] = true, ['author'] = true, ['author-first'] = true, ['author-given'] = true, ['author-last'] = true, ['author-surname'] = true, ['authorlink'] = true, ['author-link'] = true, ['author-mask'] = true, ['bibcode'] = true, ['bibcode-access'] = true, ['biorxiv'] = true, -- cite biorxiv; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['chapter'] = true, ['chapter-format'] = true, ['chapter-url'] = true, ['chapter-url-access'] = true, ['citeseerx'] = true, -- cite citeseerx; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['collaboration'] = true, ['contribution'] = true, ['contribution-format'] = true, ['contribution-url'] = true, ['contribution-url-access'] = true, ['contributor'] = true, ['contributor-first'] = true, ['contributor-given'] = true, ['contributor-last'] = true, ['contributor-surname'] = true, ['contributor-link'] = true, ['contributor-mask'] = true, ['date'] = true, ['department'] = true, ['df'] = true, ['dictionary'] = true, ['display-authors'] = true, ['display-contributors'] = true, ['display-editors'] = true, ['display-interviewers'] = true, ['display-subjects'] = true, ['display-translators'] = true, ['doi'] = true, ['DOI'] = true, ['doi-access'] = true, ['doi-broken-date'] = true, ['edition'] = true, ['editor'] = true, ['editor-first'] = true, ['editor-given'] = true, ['editor-last'] = true, ['editor-surname'] = true, ['editor-link'] = true, ['editor-mask'] = true, ['eissn'] = true, ['EISSN'] = true, ['encyclopaedia'] = true, ['encyclopedia'] = true, ['entry'] = true, ['entry-format'] = true, ['entry-url'] = true, ['entry-url-access'] = true, ['eprint'] = true, -- cite arxiv; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['first'] = true, ['format'] = true, ['given'] = true, ['hdl'] = true, ['HDL'] = true, ['hdl-access'] = true, ['host'] = true, -- unique to certain templates? ['id'] = true, ['ID'] = true, ['institution'] = true, -- constrain to cite thesis? ['interviewer'] = true, ['interviewer-first'] = true, ['interviewer-given'] = true, ['interviewer-last'] = true, ['interviewer-surname'] = true, ['interviewer-link'] = true, ['interviewer-mask'] = true, ['isbn'] = true, ['ISBN'] = true, ['ismn'] = true, ['ISMN'] = true, ['issn'] = true, ['ISSN'] = true, ['issue'] = true, ['jfm'] = true, ['JFM'] = true, ['journal'] = true, ['jstor'] = true, ['JSTOR'] = true, ['jstor-access'] = true, ['lang'] = true, ['language'] = true, ['last'] = true, ['lccn'] = true, ['LCCN'] = true, ['location'] = true, ['magazine'] = true, ['medium'] = true, ['medrxiv'] = true, -- cite medrxiv; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['minutes'] = true, -- constrain to cite AV media and podcast? ['mode'] = true, ['mr'] = true, ['MR'] = true, ['name-list-style'] = true, ['newspaper'] = true, ['no-pp'] = true, ['no-tracking'] = true, ['number'] = true, ['oclc'] = true, ['OCLC'] = true, ['ol'] = true, ['OL'] = true, ['ol-access'] = true, ['orig-date'] = true, ['origyear'] = true, ['orig-year'] = true, ['osti'] = true, ['OSTI'] = true, ['osti-access'] = true, ['others'] = true, ['p'] = true, ['page'] = true, ['pages'] = true, ['periodical'] = true, ['place'] = true, ['pmc'] = true, ['PMC'] = true, ['pmc-embargo-date'] = true, ['pmid'] = true, ['PMID'] = true, ['postscript'] = true, ['pp'] = true, ['publication-date'] = true, ['publication-place'] = true, ['publisher'] = true, ['soilsheyder'] = true, ['quotation'] = true, ['quote'] = true, ['quote-page'] = true, ['quote-pages'] = true, ['ref'] = true, ['rfc'] = true, ['RFC'] = true, ['sbn'] = true, ['SBN'] = true, ['scale'] = true, ['script-article'] = true, ['script-chapter'] = true, ['script-contribution'] = true, ['script-encyclopaedia'] = true, ['script-encyclopedia'] = true, ['script-entry'] = true, ['script-journal'] = true, ['script-magazine'] = true, ['script-newspaper'] = true, ['script-periodical'] = true, ['script-quote'] = true, ['script-section'] = true, ['script-title'] = true, ['script-website'] = true, ['script-work'] = true, ['section'] = true, ['section-format'] = true, ['section-url'] = true, ['section-url-access'] = true, ['series'] = true, ['ssrn'] = true, -- cite ssrn; these three here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['SSRN'] = true, ['ssrn-access'] = true, ['subject'] = true, ['subject-first'] = true, ['subject-given'] = true, ['subject-last'] = true, ['subject-link'] = true, ['subject-mask'] = true, ['subject-surname'] = true, ['surname'] = true, ['s2cid'] = true, ['S2CID'] = true, ['s2cid-access'] = true, ['template-doc-demo'] = true, ['time'] = true, -- constrain to cite av media and podcast? ['time-caption'] = true, -- constrain to cite av media and podcast? ['title'] = true, ['title-link'] = true, ['title-note'] = true, ['translator'] = true, ['translator-first'] = true, ['translator-given'] = true, ['translator-last'] = true, ['translator-surname'] = true, ['translator-link'] = true, ['translator-mask'] = true, ['trans-article'] = true, ['trans-chapter'] = true, ['trans-contribution'] = true, ['trans-encyclopaedia'] = true, ['trans-encyclopedia'] = true, ['trans-entry'] = true, ['trans-journal'] = true, ['trans-magazine'] = true, ['trans-newspaper'] = true, ['trans-periodical'] = true, ['trans-quote'] = true, ['trans-section'] = true, ['trans-title'] = true, ['trans-website'] = true, ['trans-work'] = true, ['type'] = true, ['url'] = true, ['URL'] = true, ['url-access'] = true, ['url-status'] = true, ['vauthors'] = true, ['veditors'] = true, ['version'] = true, ['via'] = true, ['volume'] = true, ['website'] = true, ['work'] = true, ['year'] = true, ['zbl'] = true, ['ZBL'] = true, } local numbered_arguments_t = { ['ughtar#'] = true, -- AuthorList-Last ['author#'] = true, ['author-first#'] = true, ['author#-first'] = true, ['author-given#'] = true, ['author#-given'] = true, ['author-last#'] = true, ['author#-last'] = true, ['author-surname#'] = true, ['author#-surname'] = true, ['author-link#'] = true, ['author#-link'] = true, ['authorlink#'] = true, ['author#link'] = true, ['author-mask#'] = true, ['author#-mask'] = true, ['contributor#'] = true, ['contributor-first#'] = true, ['contributor#-first'] = true, ['contributor-given#'] = true, ['contributor#-given'] = true, ['contributor-last#'] = true, ['contributor#-last'] = true, ['contributor-surname#'] = true, ['contributor#-surname'] = true, ['contributor-link#'] = true, ['contributor#-link'] = true, ['contributor-mask#'] = true, ['contributor#-mask'] = true, ['editor#'] = true, ['editor-first#'] = true, ['editor#-first'] = true, ['editor-given#'] = true, ['editor#-given'] = true, ['editor-last#'] = true, ['editor#-last'] = true, ['editor-surname#'] = true, ['editor#-surname'] = true, ['editor-link#'] = true, ['editor#-link'] = true, ['editor-mask#'] = true, ['editor#-mask'] = true, ['first#'] = true, ['given#'] = true, ['host#'] = true, ['interviewer#'] = true, ['interviewer-first#'] = true, ['interviewer#-first'] = true, ['interviewer-given#'] = true, ['interviewer#-given'] = true, ['interviewer-last#'] = true, ['interviewer#-last'] = true, ['interviewer-surname#'] = true, ['interviewer#-surname'] = true, ['interviewer-link#'] = true, ['interviewer#-link'] = true, ['interviewer-mask#'] = true, ['interviewer#-mask'] = true, ['last#'] = true, ['subject#'] = true, ['subject-first#'] = true, ['subject#-first'] = true, ['subject-given#'] = true, ['subject#-given'] = true, ['subject-last#'] = true, ['subject#-last'] = true, ['subject-link#'] = true, ['subject#-link'] = true, ['subject-mask#'] = true, ['subject#-mask'] = true, ['subject-surname#'] = true, ['subject#-surname'] = true, ['surname#'] = true, ['translator#'] = true, ['translator-first#'] = true, ['translator#-first'] = true, ['translator-given#'] = true, ['translator#-given'] = true, ['translator-last#'] = true, ['translator#-last'] = true, ['translator-surname#'] = true, ['translator#-surname'] = true, ['translator-link#'] = true, ['translator#-link'] = true, ['translator-mask#'] = true, ['translator#-mask'] = true, } --[[--------------------------< P R E P R I N T S U P P O R T E D P A R A M E T E R S >-------------------- Cite arXiv, cite biorxiv, cite citeseerx, cite medrxiv, and cite ssrn are preprint templates that use the limited set of parameters defined in the limited_basic_arguments and limited_numbered_arguments tables. Those lists are supplemented with a template-specific list of parameters that are required by the particular template and may be exclusive to one of the preprint templates. Some of these parameters may also be available to the general cs1|2 templates. Same conventions for true/false/tracked/nil as above. ]] local preprint_arguments_t = { arxiv = { ['arxiv'] = true, -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifiers ['class'] = true, ['eprint'] = true, -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifiers }, biorxiv = { ['biorxiv'] = true, }, citeseerx = { ['citeseerx'] = true, }, medrxiv = { ['medrxiv'] = true, }, ssrn = { ['ssrn'] = true, ['SSRN'] = true, ['ssrn-access'] = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< L I M I T E D S U P P O R T E D P A R A M E T E R S >---------------------- cite arxiv, cite biorxiv, cite citeseerx, cite medrxiv, and cite ssrn templates are preprint templates so are allowed only a limited subset of parameters allowed to all other cs1|2 templates. The limited subset is defined here. This list of parameters also used by {{cite document}} Same conventions for true/false/tracked/nil as above. ]] local limited_basic_arguments_t = { ['at'] = true, ['author'] = true, ['author-first'] = true, ['author-given'] = true, ['author-last'] = true, ['author-surname'] = true, ['author-link'] = true, ['authorlink'] = true, ['author-mask'] = true, ['collaboration'] = true, ['date'] = true, ['df'] = true, ['display-authors'] = true, ['first'] = true, ['given'] = true, ['language'] = true, ['last'] = true, ['mode'] = true, ['name-list-style'] = true, ['no-tracking'] = true, ['p'] = true, ['page'] = true, ['pages'] = true, ['postscript'] = true, ['pp'] = true, ['quotation'] = true, ['quote'] = true, ['ref'] = true, ['surname'] = true, ['template-doc-demo'] = true, ['title'] = true, ['trans-title'] = true, ['vauthors'] = true, ['year'] = true, } local limited_numbered_arguments_t = { ['author#'] = true, ['author-first#'] = true, ['author#-first'] = true, ['author-given#'] = true, ['author#-given'] = true, ['author-last#'] = true, ['author#-last'] = true, ['author-surname#'] = true, ['author#-surname'] = true, ['author-link#'] = true, ['author#-link'] = true, ['authorlink#'] = true, ['author#link'] = true, ['author-mask#'] = true, ['author#-mask'] = true, ['first#'] = true, ['given#'] = true, ['last#'] = true, ['surname#'] = true, } --[[--------------------------< U N I Q U E _ A R G U M E N T S >---------------------------------------------- Some templates have unique parameters. Those templates and their unique parameters are listed here. Keys in this table are the template's CitationClass parameter value Same conventions for true/false/tracked/nil as above. ]] local unique_arguments_t = { ['audio-visual'] = { ['people'] = true, ['transcript'] = true, ['transcript-format'] = true, ['transcript-url'] = true, }, conference = { ['book-title'] = true, ['conference'] = true, ['conference-format'] = true, ['conference-url'] = true, ['event'] = true, }, episode = { ['airdate'] = true, ['air-date'] = true, ['credits'] = true, ['episode-link'] = true, -- alias of |title-link= ['network'] = true, ['people'] = true, ['season'] = true, ['series-link'] = true, ['series-no'] = true, ['series-number'] = true, ['station'] = true, ['transcript'] = true, ['transcript-format'] = true, ['transcript-url'] = true, }, mailinglist = { ['mailing-list'] = true, }, map = { ['cartography'] = true, ['inset'] = true, ['map'] = true, ['map-format'] = true, ['map-url'] = true, ['map-url-access'] = true, ['script-map'] = true, ['sections'] = true, ['sheet'] = true, ['sheets'] = true, ['trans-map'] = true, }, newsgroup = { ['message-id'] = true, ['newsgroup'] = true, }, report = { ['docket'] = true, }, serial = { ['airdate'] = true, ['air-date'] = true, ['credits'] = true, ['episode'] = true, -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['episode-link'] = true, -- alias of |title-link= ['network'] = true, ['people'] = true, ['series-link'] = true, ['station'] = true, }, speech = { ['conference'] = true, ['conference-format'] = true, ['conference-url'] = true, ['event'] = true, }, thesis = { ['degree'] = true, ['docket'] = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< C I T E _ D O C U M E N T >---------------------------------------------------- Special case for cite document. This template takes the limited basic and limited enumerated parameters plus others that are apply only to standalone published sources that cannot be cited any other way; no url, book, periodical, etc parameters; limited support for name lists and named identifiers. when validating parameters in {{cite document}} templates, the basic and ]] local document_arguments_t = { ['bibcode'] = true, ['bibcode-access'] = true, ['doi'] = true, ['DOI'] = true, ['doi-access'] = true, ['doi-broken-date'] = true, ['hdl'] = true, ['HDL'] = true, ['hdl-access'] = true, ['id'] = true, ['ID'] = true, ['jfm'] = true, ['JFM'] = true, ['lang'] = true, ['location'] = true, ['mr'] = true, ['MR'] = true, ['no-pp'] = true, ['orig-date'] = true, ['origyear'] = true, ['orig-year'] = true, ['osti'] = true, ['OSTI'] = true, ['osti-access'] = true, ['place'] = true, ['publisher'] = true, ['soilsheyder'] = true, ['quote-page'] = true, ['quote-pages'] = true, ['script-quote'] = true, ['script-title'] = true, ['title-link'] = true, ['translator'] = true, ['translator-first'] = true, ['translator-given'] = true, ['translator-last'] = true, ['translator-surname'] = true, ['translator-link'] = true, ['translator-mask'] = true, ['trans-quote'] = true, ['type'] = true, ['zbl'] = true, ['ZBL'] = true, } local document_numbered_arguments_t = { ['translator#'] = true, ['translator-first#'] = true, ['translator#-first'] = true, ['translator-given#'] = true, ['translator#-given'] = true, ['translator-last#'] = true, ['translator#-last'] = true, ['translator-surname#'] = true, ['translator#-surname'] = true, ['translator-link#'] = true, ['translator#-link'] = true, ['translator-mask#'] = true, ['translator#-mask'] = true, } --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ C O M B I N E >------------------------------------------------------ makes one table from a list of tables. <lists_t> is a sequence of tables to be combined ]] local function list_combine (lists_t) local out_t = {}; for _, list_t in ipairs (lists_t) do -- for each list in <lists_t> for k, v in pairs (list_t) do -- extract each k/v pair out_t[k] = v; -- add to <out_t> end end return out_t; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E _ L I S T _ G E T >-------------------------------------------- gets a list of the templates from table t ]] local function template_list_get (t) local out_t = {}; -- a table for output for k, _ in pairs (t) do -- spin through the table and collect the keys table.insert (out_t, k) -- add each key to the output table end return out_t; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D T A B L E S >------------------------------------------------ ]] return { preprint_arguments_t = preprint_arguments_t, preprint_template_list_t = template_list_get (preprint_arguments_t), -- make a template list from preprint_arguments{} table unique_arguments_t = unique_arguments_t, unique_param_template_list_t = template_list_get (unique_arguments_t), -- make a template list from unique_arguments{} table document_parameters_t = list_combine ({limited_basic_arguments_t, limited_numbered_arguments_t, document_arguments_t, document_numbered_arguments_t}); common_parameters_t = list_combine ({basic_arguments_t, numbered_arguments_t}); limited_parameters_t = list_combine ({limited_basic_arguments_t, limited_numbered_arguments_t}); }; b6rvxbemob9aqfoj3y0ufo90g8st2ga 828 27440 389406 389209 2026-08-14T01:02:08Z MacTire02 219 aastiurey 389406 Scribunto text/plain return require('Module:Wikidata') k0s1sjc7fpo3iepg9e39rds897gohp1 828 27450 389411 318257 2026-08-14T01:14:00Z MacTire02 219 MacTire02 moved page [[Module:Wikidades/Units]] to [[Module:Wikidata/Units]] 318257 Scribunto text/plain local wikidata_units = { Q11573 = { label = 'meadar', ucode = 'm', }, Q5151 = { label = 'mee', plural = 'meeghyn', }, Q174728 = { label = 'kentimeadar', plural = 'kentimeadaryn', ucode = 'cm', }, Q828224 = { label = 'kilomeadar', plural = 'kilomeadaryn', ucode = 'km', }, Q253276 = { label = 'meeiley', plural = 'meeilaghyn', ucode = 'mi', }, Q93318 = { label = 'mooir-veeiley', plural = 'mooir-veeilaghyn', ucode = 'nm', }, Q128822 = { label = 'mooir-veiley ’syn oor', plural = 'mooir-veeilaghyn ’syn oor', ucode = 'kn', }, Q3710 = { label = 'trie', plural = 'trieghyn', ucode = 'tr', }, Q25343 = { label = 'meadar kernit', plural = 'meadaryn kernit', ucode = 'm²', }, Q712226 = { label = 'kilomeadar kernit', plural = 'kilomeadaryn kernit', ucode = 'km²', }, Q232291 = { label = 'meeiley chernit', plural = 'meeilaghyn kernit', ucode = 'mi²', }, Q35852 = { label = 'hectimeadar', plural = 'hectimeadaryn', ucode = 'hm', }, Q5195628 = { label = 'hectimeadar kioobagh', plural = 'hectimeadaryn kioobagh', ucode = 'hm³', }, Q2029519 = { label = 'hectileetyr', plural = 'hectileetyryn', ucode = 'hL', }, Q160857 = { label = 'eagh-chummaght', plural = 'each-chummaghtyn', ucode = 'HP', }, Q3320608 = { label = 'kilowatt', plural = 'kilowattyn', ucode = 'kw', }, Q11570 = { label = 'kilogram', plural = 'kilogramyn', ucode = 'kg', }, Q100995 = { label = 'punt', plural = 'puint', ucode = 'lb', }, Q11229 = { label = 'mooad ’sy cheead', plural = 'mooadyn ’sy cheead', ucode = '%', }, Q4917 = { label = 'dollar ny Steatyn Unnaneysit', plural = 'dollaryn ny Steatyn Unnaneysit', ucode = '$', }, Q25224 = { label = 'punt Sostynagh', plural = 'puint Hostynagh', ucode = '£', }, Q4916 = { label = 'euro', plural = 'euro', ucode = '€', }, Q1811 = { label = 'unnid rollageydagh', plural = 'unnidyn rollageydagh', ucode = 'AU', }, Q28390 = { label = 'keim', plural = 'keimyn', ucode = '°', }, Q573 = { label = 'laa', plural = 'laaghyn', ucode = 'laaghyn', }, Q25517 = { label = 'meadar kioobagh', plural = 'meadaryn kioobagh', ucode = 'm³', }, Q794261 = { label = 'meadar kioobagh ’sy tootçhey', plural = 'meadaryn kioobagh ’sy tootçhey', ucode = 'm³/s', }, Q7727 = { label = 'minnid', plural = 'minnidyn', ucode = 'min', }, Q11574 = { label = 'tootçhey', plural = 'tootçhaghyn', ucode = 's', }, Q41803 = { label = 'gram', plural = 'gramyn', ucode = 'g', }, Q218593 = { label = 'oarlagh', plural = 'oarleeyn', ucode = '″', }, Q1063786 = { label = 'oarlagh kernit', plural = 'oarleeyn kernit', }, Q3710 = { label = 'trie', plural = 'trieghyn', }, Q209426 = { label = 'minnid', plural = 'minnidyn', ucode = '′', }, Q829073 = { label = 'tootçhey', plural = 'tootçhaghyn', ucode = '″', }, Q11229 = { label = 'mooad ’sy cheead', plural = 'mooadyn ’sy cheead', ucode = '%', }, Q25267 = { label = 'keim Chelshyssagh', plural = 'keimyn Chelshyssagh', ucode = '°C', }, Q13147228 = { label = 'gram ’sy chentimeadar kioobagh', plural = 'gramyn ’sy chentimeadar kioobagh', ucode = 'g/cm³', }, Q2719498 = { label = 'arqueig brut', ucode = 'GT', }, Q1781855 = { label = 'arqueig net', ucode = 'NT', }, Q550207 = { label = 'dollar Geary-Khamis', plural = 'dollaryn Geary-Khamis', ucode = '$', }, Q79738 = { label = 'gigabyte', plural = 'gigabyteyn', ucode = 'GB', }, Q483261 = { label = 'unnid dy ghlout breneenagh', plural = 'unnidyn dy ghlout breneenagh', ucode = 'uma', }, Q42289 = { label = 'keim Fahrenheit', plural = 'keimyn Fahrenheit', ucode = '°F', }, Q6859652 = { label = 'millimeadar dy vercur', plural = 'millimeadaryn dy vercur', ucode = 'mm Hg', }, Q21077820 = { label = 'milligram ’sy veadar kioobagh', plural = 'milligramyn ’sy veadar kioobagh', ucode = 'mg/m³', }, Q752197 = { label = 'kilojoule ’sy vol', plural = 'kilojouleyn ’sy vol', ucode = 'KJ/mol', }, Q83327 = { label = 'lectro-volt', plural = 'lectro-voltyn', ucode = 'eV', }, Q191118 = { label = 'thunney', plural = 'thunnaghyn', ucode = 't', }, Q182429 = { label = 'meadar ’sy tootçhey', plural = 'meadaryn ’sy tootçhey', ucode = 'm/s', }, Q177974 = { label = 'aeraght', plural = 'aeraghtyn', ucode = 'atm', }, Q2080811 = { label = 'mooad ’sy thummid', plural = 'mooadyn ’sy thummid', ucode = '%', }, Q21127659 = { label = 'gram per 100 grams de dissolvent', plural = 'grams per 100 grams de dissolvent', ucode = 'g/100 g dissolvent', }, Q20966455 = { label = 'joule ’sy vol-kelvin', plural = 'joules ’sy vol-kelvin', ucode = 'J/mol·K', }, Q3085309 = { label = 'joule ’sy chilogram-kelvin', plural = 'jouleyn ’sy chilogram-kelvin', ucode = 'J/Kg·K', }, Q21061369 = { label = 'gram ’sy chilogram', plural = 'gramyn ’sy chilogram', ucode = 'g/Kg', }, Q174789 = { label = 'millimeadar', plural = 'millimeadaryn', ucode = 'mm', }, Q25235 = { label = 'oor', plural = 'ooryn', ucode = 'h', }, Q21091747 = { label = 'milligram ’sy chilogram', plural = 'milligramyn ’sy chilogram', ucode = 'mg/Kg', }, Q21006887 = { label = 'ayrn ’sy villioon', plural = 'ayrnyn ’sy villioon', ucode = 'ppm', }, Q26162545 = { label = 'centímetre quadrat per segon', plural = 'centímetres quadrats per segon', ucode = 'cm²/s', }, Q21604951 = { label = 'gram ’sy veadar kioobagh', plural = 'gramyn ’sy veadar kioobagh', ucode = 'g/m³', }, Q26156132 = { label = 'millinewton ’sy veadar', plural = 'millinewtonyn ’sy veadar', ucode = 'mN/m', }, Q21064807 = { label = 'kilopascal', plural = 'kilopascalyn', ucode = 'kPa', }, Q751310 = { label = 'poiseuille', plural = 'poiseuilles', ucode = 'PI', }, Q44395 = { label = 'pascal', plural = 'pascalyn', ucode = 'Pa', }, Q1463969 = { label = 'watt per metre-kelvin', plural = 'watts per metre-kelvin', ucode = 'W/(m·K)', }, Q40603 = { label = 'debye', plural = 'debyes', ucode = 'D', }, Q20966435 = { label = 'ampere ’sy volt-meadar', plural = 'ampereyn ’sy volt-meadar', ucode = 'A/Vm', }, Q319604 = { label = 'passatger', plural = 'passatgers', }, Q155009 = { label = 'Reichsmark', ucode = 'ℛℳ', }, Q1332978 = { label = 'tonatge de pes mort', ucode = 'DWT', }, Q6998519 = { label = 'arqueig de registre net', ucode = 'NRT', }, Q752079 = { label = 'arqueig de registre brut', ucode = 'GRT', }, Q1394540 = { label = "Builder's Old Measurement", ucode = 'BOM', }, Q26158194 = { label = "mil·lipascal-segon", ucode = 'mPa·s', }, Q28739766 = { label = "coulomb-metre", ucode = 'C·m', }, Q743895 = { label = "builley ’sy vinnid", plural = 'buillaghyn ’sy vinnid', ucode = 'ppm', }, Q531 = { label = "any llum", plural = 'anys llum', ucode = 'a.l.', }, Q4220561 = { label = "kilomeadar ’sy tootçhey", plural = 'kilomeadaryn ’sy tootçhey', ucode = 'Km/s', }, Q11579 = { label = "Kelvin", plural = 'Kelvinyn', ucode = 'K', }, Q55627 = { label = "anys de vida ajustats per discapacitat", plural = 'anys de vida ajustats per discapacitat', ucode = 'AVAD', }, Q79735 = { label = 'megabyte', ucode = 'MB', }, Q3858002 = { label = "milliampere", ucode = 'mAh', }, } local function getUnit(amount, label, unitID, code) if label == nil or label == '' then return unitID end local id_data = wikidata_units[unitID] or {} local unit_text = '' if code then unit_text = id_data.ucode or id_data.label or label elseif amount == "1" then unit_text = id_data.label or label else unit_text = id_data.plural or id_data.label or label end return unit_text end local convert_default = { Q218593 = "Q174789", -- in > mm Q3710 = "Q174728", -- ft > cm Q482798 = "Q11573", -- yd > m Q253276 = "Q828224", -- mi > km Q232291 = "Q712226", -- mi² > km² Q128822 = "Q180154", -- nus > km/h } return { getUnit = getUnit, convert_default = convert_default } c32u09mp8tw79ntla6wzpq81jvhbpsx 828 27451 389408 318258 2026-08-14T01:11:18Z MacTire02 219 aastiurey 389408 Scribunto text/plain return require('Module:Wikidata/i18n') 2y25igda7tkib0vt630gtief5pmtuix 828 27651 389410 334663 2026-08-14T01:13:01Z MacTire02 219 mestey yn daa voddyl 389410 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Module:Wikidata/labels]] dturnlc8y9ru596jjodc2pjt3pob3lu 0 28147 389335 362503 2026-08-13T21:07:57Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Red Rollageydagh |feddyn_magh = 7 Jerrey Geuree 1610 |cowrey=Callisto symbol (bold).svg | aeraght = ≈ 4×108 co-vreneenyn/cm³ [[daa-ocseed charboan]];<br>heose dys 2×1010 co-vreneenyn/cm³ [[ocsygien co-vreneenagh]] (O₂) }} She '''Callisto''', ny '''Jupiter IV''', y nah [[eaystyn Jupiter|eayst]] smoo jeh [[Jupiter]], lurg [[Ganymede (eayst)|Ganymede]]. She Callisto y [[Rolley eaystyn#Rolley|trass eayst smoo]] ayns [[Corys ny Greiney]] lurg Ganymede as [[Titan (eayst)|Titan]], eayst smoo [[Sarn (planaid)|Harn]]. Va Callisto feddynit magh ayns 1610 liorish [[Galileo Galilei]]. Lesh crantessen er 4,821 km, ta Callisto 99% cha mooar as y planaid [[Crean]], ga nagh vel agh trass jeh'n ghlout echey. T'eh ny chiarroo [[ny h-eaystyn Galileagh|eayst Ghalileagh]] rere foddeeaght voish Jupiter as craue raadeeoil cruinlagh er mysh 1,883,000 km echey. Neughollrish ny h-eaystyn Galileagh elley—[[Io (eayst)|Io]], [[Europa (eayst)|Europa]], as [[Ganymede (eayst)|Ganymede]]—cha nel eh ayns [[aavuilley cruinlagh]] as, rere shen, cha nel [[çhiow tidee]] er lheh ry-akin. Ta çhyndaa Callisto [[kianglaghey tidee|kianglt dy tidee]] rish y chruinlagh echey mygeayrt Jupiter as, rere shen, ta'n lieh-chruinney cheddin jeeaghyn dy beayn rish Jupiter. Rere shen, ta boal er eaghtyr Callisto raad Jupiter ry-akin jeeragh erskyn kione y vaghteyr. Cha nel [[magnaidosfeyr]] Jupiter cha breeoil er Callisto ny myr t'eh er ny fo-phlanaidyn sthie elley, kyndagh rish y chruinlagh ny s'odjey beggan çheumooie jeh ard-chryss goulraght t'ec Jupiter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Jupiter/CallistoInfo.html|title= Exploring Jupiter – JIMO – Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter – the moon Callisto|publisher=Space Today Online}}</ref> Er y chooid smoo, ta Callisto jeant ass [[creg]] as [[so-ghaalee|rioghyn]] ayns mooadyn corrym, lesh glooid er mysh 1.83 g/cm³, y ghlooid as yn ym-hayrn eaghtyragh s'inshley mastey eaystyn mooarey Jupiter. Ta co-vunstooghyn t'er ny ve cronnit dy [[spectroscoipaght|spectroscoipagh]] er yn eaghtyr goaill stiagh [[rio|rio ushtey]],<ref name="NYT-20150315">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html |date=12 Mayrnt 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=12 Mayrnt 2015 }}</ref> [[daa-ocseed charboan]], [[silicait]]yn, as [[co-vunstoo orgaanagh|co-vunstooghyn orgaanagh]]. Ren scrutaght liorish y taagh spoar ''[[Galileo (saagh spoar)|Galileo]]'' anchoodaghey dy oddagh [[cree planaidagh|cree]] silicait beg ve ec Callisto chammah as [[keayn fo-eaghtyragh]] jeh [[ushtey]] foddee eh ve 100 km fo eaghtyr yn eayst.<ref name="Showman1999">{{cite journal|last1= Showman|first1=A. P.|last2= Malhotra|first2= R.|s2cid=9492520|title=The Galilean Satellites|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1999-10-01_286_5437/page/77|journal= Science|volume= 286|issue= 5437|date= 1 Jerrey Fouyir 1999|pages =77–84|doi= 10.1126/science.286.5437.77|pmid=10506564}}</ref> She eaghtyr Callisto yn eaghtyr shinney as smoo [[towl buillee|towlit]] ayns Corys ny Greiney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Callisto|title=Callisto – Overview – Planets – NASA Solar System Exploration|website=NASA Solar System Exploration|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328070532/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Callisto |archivedate=28 Mayrnt 2014}}</ref> Ta'n eaghtyr echey slane coodit liorish tuill vuillee.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records 2014|last=Glenday|first=Craig|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/187 187] |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/187}}</ref> Cha nel feanish ny cowraghyn ayn bentyn rish obbraghyn [[endoghienagh|fo-eaghtyragh]] lheid as [[tectoanys plaityn]] ny [[volcaan|vulcaanaghys]], as, feeu, cha nel cowrey er bee ayn bentyn rish gastey creg-oaylleeagh as s'liklee cha daghyr eh; t'eh er credjal dy dirree yn eaghtyr magh myr t'eh fo cleayn buillaghyn. Ta ny h-ard-troyn eaghtyragh goaill stiagh [[strughtooryn yl-fainnagh]], tuill vuillee jeh cummaghyn eigsoylagh, as driaghtyn as straihyn tuill vuillee (''catenae'') ta kianglt rish [[lhiargagh|lhiargeeyn]], dreeyminyn, as fooillee. Er scaailey beg, ta'n eaghtyr jeant seose jeh [[fooillagh (creg-oaylleeaght)|fooillee]] rioeeagh veggey er birr vuill ardey as ad cruinnit liorish coodagh dy stoo dorraghey injil. T'eh er credjal dy daink eh shen ass [[neealaghey (kemmig)|neealaghey]] ny cummaghyn thallooin beggey as ta'n eie shen geddyn feanish voish assaar tuill vuillee veggey as faare moylyn beggey ta coontit myr remladyn. Cha nel fys ain er eashyn ny cummaghyn thallooin, ansherbee. Ta aeraght ghoan ec Callisto as t'ee jeant ass [[daa-ocseed charboan]] as, s'liklee, [[ocsygien co-vreneenagh]], as ta [[eeanasfeyr]] trome echey chammah. T'eh er credjal dy row Callisto crooit trooid [[aase ry-cheilley (fishig rollageagh)|aase ry-cheilley]] voish jysk y ghas as y joan va cruinlaghey Jupiter ec eash e chrooaght. Ren y [[co-ymmyrkey]] çheusthie jeh Callisto, ghow toshiaght tammylt beg lurg e chrooaght, cur rish ughtaghey neuchorrymagh as, foddee, rish crooaght keayin fo-eaghtyragh as cree creggagh. ==Imraaghyn== {{Rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons|Callisto}} * [http://www.nineplanets.org/callisto.html Fysseree bentyn rish Callisto] ec ''The Nine Planets'' * [https://www.google.com/maps/space/callisto/@13.1830935,-94.1384306,6879202m/data=!3m1!1e3 Google Callisto 3D], caslys-çheerey eddyr-obbragh jeh Callisto {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Callisto (eayst)}} [[Ronney:Reddyn rollageydagh feddynit magh 'sy vlein 1610|16100107]] [[Ronney:Callisto (eayst)| ]] [[Ronney:Feddynyssyn lesh Galileo Galilei]] [[Ronney:Eaystyn Jupiter]] [[Ronney:Eaystyn as cruinlee far-ghraadagh oc]] sn6gu1c3mddo5ihj95jvsyc45v6umjn 0 28585 389306 367418 2026-08-13T19:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | boayl_ruggyr = [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]], SUA | ashoonaght = [[Americaanee|Americaanagh]] | ennit = Feddynyssyn [[Eris (planaid crivassanagh)|Eris]] as [[red tessen-Neptioonagh|reddyn tessen-Neptioonagh]]<br/>''[[How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming]]'' | ynnyd-eggey = {{URL|http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/}} }} She rollageyder Americaanagh eh '''Michael E. Brown''' (ruggit er 5 Mean Souree 1965). She olloo er y [[rollageydys planaidagh]] ayns [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech) voish y vlein 2003.<ref name="cv">{{cite web| last = Brown |first = Michael| title = Curriculum vitae| url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/cv.html| accessdate = 25 Luanistyn 2006 }}</ref> Shimmey [[corpane tessen-Neptioonagh]], goaill stiagh y [[planaid crivassanagh]] [[Eris (planaid crivassanagh)|Eris]] v'er credjal dy row eh ny smoo na [[Pluto]], goaill toshiaght rish yn arganeys bentyn rish keeayllaght yn 'ockle [[planaid]].<ref name="Brown Schaller 2007">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1139415| last1 = Brown| first1 = Michael E.| author-link = Michael E. Brown| last2 = Schaller| first2 = Emily L.| date = 15 Mean Souree 2007| title = The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2007-06-15_316_5831/page/1585| journal = Science| volume = 316| issue = 5831| page = 1585| pmid = 17569855| bibcode = 2007Sci...316.1585B| s2cid = 21468196}}</ref> T'eh er ny ve enmyssit liorish hene as sleih elley myr y dooinney "varr Pluto",<ref>{{cite book |title=How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming |last=Brown |first=Mike |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-385-53108-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/howikilledplutow00mike }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120320100748/http://www.slc.edu/news-events/archived/2008-2009/2009-04-13.html Astronomer Who ‘Killed’ Pluto to Present Annual Science Lecture]. ''[[Sarah Lawrence College]]'' – News and Events. 13 Averil 2009, feddynit magh er 11 Jerrey Geuree 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2500010/meet-mike-brown-pluto-killer-and-the-man-who-brought-us-planet-9/|title=Meet Mike Brown: Pluto killer and the man who brought us Planet 9 {{!}} Globalnews.ca|date=9 Toshiaght Arree 2016|website=globalnews.ca|language=en|accessdate=2 Jerrey Geuree 2019}}</ref> er-yn-oyr dy chur eh rish injillaghey Pluto myr planaid crivassanagh lurg feddynys Eris as kuse dy phlanaidyn crivassanagh tessen-Neptioonagh. She ughtar y lioar ''[[How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming]]'' t'eh, lioar hie er ny hoilshaghey magh ayns 2010. Va [[Aundyr Kavli]] bronnit er (as eh rheynnit magh eddyr eh hene as [[Jane Luu]] as [[David C. Jewitt]]) ayns 2012 "er son feddynys as soilshaghey [[Cryss Kuiper]] as nyn olteynyn smoo, obbyr y chur rish yrdjaghey as çheet my laue ayns toiggaltys shennaghys y chorys planaidagh ain." ==Bea phersoonagh== Phoose Brown rish Diane Binney er 1 Mayrnt 2003.<ref>{{cite web| last = Brown| first = Michael| title = Mike and Diane's Fabulous Wedding Web Page| url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/mdfw/| accessdate = 25 Luanistyn 2006 }}</ref> Ta un 'neen ec y phiyr.<ref>{{cite web| last = Brown| first = Michael| title = Lilah Binney Brown |url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/lilah/| accessdate = 25 Luanistyn, 2006 }}</ref> ==Jeeagh er neesht== * [[Konstantin Batygin]] * [[Yn nuyoo planaid]] ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} == Kianglaghyn magh == {{Wikiquote}} * [http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/ Ynnyd-eggey thie Brown] * {{IMDb name|3610426}} * {{Twitter}} * [http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/ Mike Brown's planets] * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/24/the-tenth-planet The Tenth Planet], liorish [[Alec Wilkinson]], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 24 Jerrey Souree 2006 {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Michael E.}} [[Ronney:Michael E. Brown| ]] [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1965]] [[Ronney:Feallee vio]] [[Ronney:Rollageyderyn firryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:California Institute of Technology]] [[Ronney:Fowderyn roltagee]] [[Ronney:Fowderyn reddyn tessen-Neptioonagh]] [[Ronney:Eris (planaid crivassanagh)]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Huntsville, Alabama]] [[Ronney:Oaylleeyn planaidagh Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Pluto]] 6a0omoiwbdybujga50nq4ctzz47mzlh 0 28749 389353 362393 2026-08-13T21:24:56Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Red Rollageydagh | epennym = [[Enceladus (foawr)|Ἐγκέλαδος]] ''Egkelados'' | cowrey=enceladus symbol (bold).svg | co-heiy_aeraght={{Rolley yn-filley | title = Co-heiy<ref name="Waite">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1121290 |title=Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer: Enceladus Plume Composition and Structure |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-03-10_311_5766/page/1419 |date=2006 |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=1419–22 |pmid=16527970 |issue=5766 |bibcode=2006Sci...311.1419W | last1=Waite | first1=Jack Hunter Jr. |last2=Combi|first2=M. R. |s2cid=3032849 |display-authors=etal }}</ref> | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; | title_style = | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; | 1 = 91% gaal [[ushtey]] | 2 = 4% [[neetragien]] | 3 = 3.2% [[daa-ocseed charboan]] | 4 = 1.7% [[meetane]] }} }} She '''Enceladus''' y sheyoo [[Eaystyn Harn|eayst smoo 'sy chorys Sarnagh]] (y 19oo smoo ayns [[Corys ny Greiney]]). T'eh mysh 500 km (310 meeilaghyn) er crantessen,<ref name="Facts">{{cite web|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Enceladus&Display=Facts|work=Solar System Exploration|title=Enceladus: Facts & Figures|publisher=NASA|date=12 Luanistyn 2013|accessdate=26 Averil 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016093801/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Enceladus&Display=Facts|archivedate=16 Jerrey Fouyir 2013}}</ref> ny mysh un jeihoo [[Titan (eayst)|Titan]], eayst [[Sarn (planaid)|Harn]] smoo. Ta Enceladus coodit liorish rio glen oor, as kyndagh rish shen she eshyn nane jeh ny corpaneyn smoo aahoilshagh ayns Corys ny Greiney. Rere shen, cha nel çhiassid yn eayst ec munlaa roshtyn agh −198 °C (75.1 K; −324.4 °F); shen çhiassid ta foddey ny s'feayrey na corpane sollys-hooagh. Dyn bwooise da'n mooadys beg echey, shimmey troyn fishigagh eaghtyragh t'er Enceladus, voish shenn ardjyn lane jeh [[slogh cruinn|sloghyn cruinn]] dys thallooyn aachummit [[tectoanaght|tectoanagh]]. Va Enceladus feddynit magh er 28 Luanistyn 1789 liorish [[William Herschel]],<ref name="Discovery">{{cite web|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html|title=Planetary Body Names and Discoverers|work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature|publisher=[[Astrogeology Research Program|USGS Astrogeology Science Center]]|accessdate=12 Jerrey Geuree 2015|archivedate=25 Luanistyn 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825153846/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Herschel_1790">{{cite journal|last=Herschel|first=W.|title=Account of the Discovery of a Sixth and Seventh Satellite of the Planet Saturn; With Remarks on the Construction of Its Ring, Its Atmosphere, Its Rotation on an Axis, and Its Spheroidal Figure|url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/80.toc|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=80|date=1 Jerrey Geuree 1790|doi=10.1098/rstl.1790.0004|pages=1–20|accessdate=27 Averil 2014|archivedate=27 Averil 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140427153244/http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/80.toc|url-status=live}}</ref> agh s'goan y fys v'ayn er derrey hiauill y daa haagh spoar [[Claare Voyager|Voyager]], ''[[Voyager&nbsp;1]]'' as ''[[Voyager&nbsp;2]]'', shaghey Sarn ayns 1980 as 1981.<ref name="Lovett_cosmos"/> Ayns 2005, ren y saagh spoar ''[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]'' shiaulley shaghey faggys da Enceladus, anchoodaghey eaghtyr as çhymmyltaght yn eayst as taishbyney ny smoo sonreeaghtyn. Ren ''Cassini'' feddyn magh [[dossan (dynamickyn ushlaght)|dossanyn]] va lhiggey magh voish [[ard poullagh]] y jiass.<ref name="NYT-20150315">{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|title=Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html|date=12 Mayrnt 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 Mayrnt 2015|archivedate=9 Boaldyn 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509080640/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ta [[volcaan feayr|volcaanyn feayrey]] faggys da ard y jiass lhiggey magh skiootyn dy [[gaal ushtey|ghaal ushtey]], [[hiddragien co-vreneenagh]], so-ghaalee elley, as stoo creoi, goaill stiagh [[cloreed hodjum]] as floagyn rioee magh 'sy spoar, gollrish [[geeser]], er 200 kilogramyn (440 puint) 'sy tootçhey.<ref name="Lovett_cosmos">{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/secret-life-saturns-moon-enceladus/|title=Secret life of Saturn's moon: Enceladus|work=Cosmos Magazine|last=Lovett|first=Richard A.|date=4 Mean Fouyir 2012|accessdate=29 Luanistyn 2013|archivedate=15 Luanistyn 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815095512/http://cosmosmagazine.com/features/secret-life-saturns-moon-enceladus/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Spencer2013a">{{Cite journal|last1=Spencer |first1=John R. |last2=Nimmo |first2=F. |s2cid=140646028 |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124025 |title=Enceladus: An Active Ice World in the Saturn System |journal=[[Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences]] |volume=41 |pages=693–717 |date=Boaldyn 2013 |bibcode=2013AREPS..41..693S}}</ref> Ta ny smoo na 100 geeseryn er ny ve feddynit magh.<ref name="NASA-20140728">{{cite web |display-authors=etal |last1=Dyches |first1=Preston |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=Cassini Spacecraft Reveals 101 Geysers and More on Icy Saturn Moon |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-246&2 |date=28 Jerrey Souree 2014 |work=NASA/JPL |accessdate=29 Jerrey Souree 2014 |archivedate=14 Jerrey Souree 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714031155/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-246&2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ta cooid jeh'n ghaal ushtey shen tuittym sheese myr "sniaghtey"; ta'n chooid elley scapail as cur rish y stoo ta jannoo yn chooid smoo jeh [[Fainaghyn Harn#Fainey E|fainey&nbsp;E]] Harn.<ref name="E ring">{{cite news|url=http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/cassini/icy-tendrils-reaching-into-saturn-ring-traced-to-their-source/|title=Icy Tendrils Reaching into Saturn Ring Traced to Their Source|work=NASA News|date=14 Averil 2015|accessdate=15 Averil 2015|archivedate=16 Averil 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416034254/http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/cassini/icy-tendrils-reaching-into-saturn-ring-traced-to-their-source/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="E ring 2006">{{cite web|url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA08321|title=Ghostly Fingers of Enceladus|work=NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute |date=19 Mean Fouyir 2006|accessdate=26 Averil 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010559/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/photos/imagedetails/index.cfm?imageId=2276|archivedate=27 Averil 2014}}</ref> Er lesh sheanseyryn [[NASA]], s'cosoylagh co-heiy ny dossanyn as co-heiy [[comaid]]yn.<ref name="NS-20080326">{{cite web|last=Battersby|first=Stephen|title=Saturn's moon Enceladus surprisingly comet-like|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13541-saturns-moon-enceladus-surprisingly-cometlike.html|date=26 Mayrnt 2008|work=[[New Scientist]]|accessdate=16 Averil 2015|archivedate=30 Mean Souree 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630011601/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13541-saturns-moon-enceladus-surprisingly-cometlike.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ayns 2014, ren NASA fogrey magh dy dooar ''Cassini'' feanish bentyn rish [[keayn fo-hallooinagh]] d'ushtey fliugh ec ard y jiass as eh mysh 10 km (6 mi) er çheeid. Voish y fogrey magh shen, ta sheanseyryn er ny yannoo clowanyn maddaghtoil as coipyn jeh'n cheayn.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tjoa|first1=J. N. K. Y.|last2=Mueller|first2=M.|last3=Tak|first3=F. F. S. van der|date=2020-04-01|title=The subsurface habitability of small, icy exomoons|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/04/aa37035-19/aa37035-19.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=636|pages=A50|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201937035|arxiv=2003.09231|bibcode=2020A&A...636A..50T|s2cid=214605690|issn=0004-6361}}</ref> Ta baghtyn ny geeseryn shen, chammah as feddynys [[çhiassid sthie]] ta scapail as tiarkaght tuill wuillee ayns ard poullagh y jiass, taishbyney dy nee corpane bio dy creg-oaylleeagh eh Enceladus. Gollrish ram eaystyn elley ayns coryssyn lheeadagh ny [[foawr gas|foawir ghas]], ta Enceladus goit ayns [[aavuilley cruinlagh]]. Ta'n aavuilley echey rish [[Dione (eayst)|Dione]] cur bree rish e [[corrid chruinlagh|chorrid chruinlagh]]. Ta'n chorrid shen [[corrillagh mooghee|mooghit]] liorish [[forse tidee|forsaghyn tidee]], [[çhiow tidee|çhiow]] yn çheusthie echey dy tidee as greesaghey yn gastey creg-oaylleeagh.<ref name="Efroimsky_2018a">{{cite journal|last=Efroimsky|first=M.|title=Tidal viscosity of Enceladus|journal=Icarus|volume=300|date=1 Jerrey Geuree 2018|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2017.09.013|pages=223–226|arxiv=1706.09000|bibcode=2018Icar..300..223E|s2cid=119462312}}</ref> <!--''Cassini'' performed chemical analysis of Enceladus's plumes, finding evidence for [[hydrothermal]] activity,<ref name="Waite et al. 2018">{{cite journal |pmid=28408597 |year=2017 | last1=Waite | first1=Jack Hunter Jr. |title=Cassini finds molecular hydrogen in the Enceladus plume: Evidence for hydrothermal processes |journal=Science |volume=356 |issue=6334 |pages=155–159 |last2=Glein |first2=C. R. |last3=Perryman |first3=R. S. |last4=Teolis |first4=Ben D. |last5=Magee |first5=B. A. |last6=Miller |first6=G. |last7=Grimes |first7=J. |last8=Perry |first8=M. E. |last9=Miller |first9=K. E. |last10=Bouquet |first10=A. |last11=Lunine |first11=Jonathan I. |last12=Brockwell |first12=T. |last13=Bolton |first13=S. J. |doi=10.1126/science.aai8703 |bibcode=2017Sci...356..155W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Hsu et al. 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hsu|first1=Hsiang-Wen|last2=Postberg|first2=Frank|display-authors=etal|title=Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_nature_2015-03-12_519_7542/page/n88|journal=Nature|date=March 11, 2015|volume=519|issue=7542|pages=207–10|doi=10.1038/nature14262|bibcode=2015Natur.519..207H|pmid=25762281|s2cid=4466621}}</ref> possibly driving complex chemistry.<ref name="Postberg et al. 2018">{{cite journal |author=Postberg, Frank |display-authors=etal |title=Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus |date=June 27, 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=558 |issue=7711 |pages=564–568 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0246-4 |pmid=29950623 |pmc=6027964 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..564P }}</ref> Ongoing research on ''Cassini'' data suggests that Enceladus's hydrothermal environment could be habitable to some of Earth's [[hydrothermal vent]]'s [[microorganisms]], and that plume-found methane could be produced by such organisms.<ref name="Taubner et al. 2018">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/s41467-018-02876-y| issn = 2041-1723| volume = 9| issue = 1| pages = 748| last1 = Taubner| first1 = Ruth-Sophie| last2 = Pappenreiter| first2 = Patricia| last3 = Zwicker| first3 = Jennifer| last4 = Smrzka| first4 = Daniel| last5 = Pruckner| first5 = Christian| last6 = Kolar| first6 = Philipp| last7 = Bernacchi| first7 = Sébastien| last8 = Seifert| first8 = Arne H.| last9 = Krajete| first9 = Alexander| last10 = Bach| first10 = Wolfgang| last11 = Peckmann| first11 = Jörn| last12 = Paulik| first12 = Christian| last13 = Firneis| first13 = Maria G.| last14 = Schleper| first14 = Christa| last15 = Rittmann| first15 = Simon K.-M. R.| title = Biological methane production under putative Enceladus-like conditions| journal = Nature Communications| date = 2018-02-27| pmid = 29487311| pmc = 5829080| bibcode = 2018NatCo...9..748T}}</ref><ref name="Affholder et al. 2021">{{cite journal |author=Affholder, Antonin |display-authors=et al. |title=Bayesian analysis of Enceladus's plume data to assess methanogenesis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01372-6 |date=7 June 2021 |journal=[[Nature Astronomy]] |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=805–814 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01372-6 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5..805A |s2cid=236220377 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707121118/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01372-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> --> ==Jeeagh er neesht== * [[Rolley volcaanyn neuhallooinagh]] ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{commonscat}} * [http://www.ciclops.org/view.php?id=6318 Atlas Enceladus (Boaldyn 2010) jeant ass jallooyn ''Cassini''] * [https://www.google.com/maps/space/enceladus/@-57.2040629,172.8918819,8043544m/data=!3m1!1e3 Google Enceladus 3D], atlas eddyr-obbragh yn eayst {{Fo-phlannadyn Harn}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Enceladus| ]] [[Ronney:Reddyn rollageydagh feddynit magh 'sy vlein 1789|17890828]] [[Ronney:Feddynyssyn lesh William Herschel]] [[Ronney:Eaystyn Harn]] [[Ronney:Eaystyn as cruinlee far-ghraadagh oc]] 1amp76gmabj86gamwbix2xx23y6r4z5 0 29085 389363 377158 2026-08-13T22:31:27Z MacTire02 219 +ronney 389363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | ennym_ruggyr = Jennifer Michelle Goodwin | boayl_ruggyr = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], ny Steatyn Unnaneysit | bleeantyngobbyr = 1996–jiu }} She ben-aghteyr Americaanagh ee '''Jennifer Michelle''' "'''Ginnifer'''" '''Goodwin'''<ref name=tvg>{{cite web | url = http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ginnifer-goodwin/189986 | title= Ginnifer Goodwin | work= [[TV Guide]] | accessdate= 13 Averil 2014| archivedate=5 Mean Fouyir 2015| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905191513/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ginnifer-goodwin/189986/ | url-status=live}}</ref> (ruggit er 22 Boaldyn 1978<ref name=tvg />). Chloie ee Margene Heffman'sy straih drama ''[[Big Love]]'' (2006–2011) liorish [[HBO]], Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard 'sy straih fansee ''[[Once Upon a Time (straih hellveeish)|Once Upon a Time]]'' (2011–2018) liorish [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], Judy Hopps ayns [[Zootropolis (straih fillym)|''Zootropolis'']] (2016) as Beth Ann Stanton ayns ''[[Why Women Kill]]'' (2019). Ta Goodwin er ny chloie ayns filmyn, goaill stiagh y drama ''[[Mona Lisa Smile]]'' (2003), y fillym beashnyssagh kiaullee ''[[Walk the Line]]'' (2005), yn aittys romansagh ''[[He's Just Not That Into You (fillym)|He's Just Not That Into You]]'' (2009), yn aittys lught thie ''[[Ramona and Beezus]]'' (2010), yn aittys romansagh ''[[Something Borrowed (s)cannane|Something Borrowed]]'' (2011), as y fillym beashnyssagh ''[[Killing Kennedy (fillym)|Killing Kennedy]]'' (2013). Chammah's shen, chur ee e goo rish y characteyr Fawn 'sy fillym fansee bioghit ''[[Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast]]'' (2014) as Judy Hopps 'sy fillym aittys bioghit ''Zootopia'' (2016) liorish [[Disney]]. ==Imraaghyn== {{Rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commonscat}} * {{IMDb name|0329481|Ginnifer Goodwin}} * {{Amg name|341797}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Goodwin, Ginnifer}} [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1978]] [[Ronney:Feallee vio]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn ardan bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn çhellveeish bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn fillym bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn goo bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn Ewagh Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn ass Tennessee]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Sostynagh]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Bretnagh]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Memphis, Tennessee]] [[Ronney:Anhrinaidee Americaanagh]] ailf8t5v2kyf0qqg3mrptx6ci75hyca 389364 389363 2026-08-13T22:32:30Z MacTire02 219 ronney elley 389364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | ennym_ruggyr = Jennifer Michelle Goodwin | boayl_ruggyr = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], ny Steatyn Unnaneysit | bleeantyngobbyr = 1996–jiu }} She ben-aghteyr Americaanagh ee '''Jennifer Michelle''' "'''Ginnifer'''" '''Goodwin'''<ref name=tvg>{{cite web | url = http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ginnifer-goodwin/189986 | title= Ginnifer Goodwin | work= [[TV Guide]] | accessdate= 13 Averil 2014| archivedate=5 Mean Fouyir 2015| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905191513/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/ginnifer-goodwin/189986/ | url-status=live}}</ref> (ruggit er 22 Boaldyn 1978<ref name=tvg />). Chloie ee Margene Heffman'sy straih drama ''[[Big Love]]'' (2006–2011) liorish [[HBO]], Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard 'sy straih fansee ''[[Once Upon a Time (straih hellveeish)|Once Upon a Time]]'' (2011–2018) liorish [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], Judy Hopps ayns [[Zootropolis (straih fillym)|''Zootropolis'']] (2016) as Beth Ann Stanton ayns ''[[Why Women Kill]]'' (2019). Ta Goodwin er ny chloie ayns filmyn, goaill stiagh y drama ''[[Mona Lisa Smile]]'' (2003), y fillym beashnyssagh kiaullee ''[[Walk the Line]]'' (2005), yn aittys romansagh ''[[He's Just Not That Into You (fillym)|He's Just Not That Into You]]'' (2009), yn aittys lught thie ''[[Ramona and Beezus]]'' (2010), yn aittys romansagh ''[[Something Borrowed (s)cannane|Something Borrowed]]'' (2011), as y fillym beashnyssagh ''[[Killing Kennedy (fillym)|Killing Kennedy]]'' (2013). Chammah's shen, chur ee e goo rish y characteyr Fawn 'sy fillym fansee bioghit ''[[Tinker Bell and the Legend of the Neverbeast]]'' (2014) as Judy Hopps 'sy fillym aittys bioghit ''Zootopia'' (2016) liorish [[Disney]]. ==Imraaghyn== {{Rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commonscat}} * {{IMDb name|0329481|Ginnifer Goodwin}} * {{Amg name|341797}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Goodwin, Ginnifer}} [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1978]] [[Ronney:Feallee vio]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn ardan bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn çhellveeish bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn fillym bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn goo bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn Americaanagh Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn ass Tennessee]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Sostynagh]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Bretnagh]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Memphis, Tennessee]] [[Ronney:Anhrinaidee Americaanagh]] s6m3v4xjdulon6rkv6yugrvsi47jtti 0 29092 389320 348212 2026-08-13T20:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | boayl_ruggyr = [[Jerez de los Caballeros]], [[Crooin y Chashteel]] | boayl_baaish = [[Acla]], y Phanamaa | date_baaish = Jerrey Geuree 1519 (c. 43–44 bleeaney d'eash) }} She ronseyder, kiannoort, as ''[[conquistador]]'' Spaainagh va '''Vasco Núñez de Balboa''' (c. 1475 &ndash; 12–21 Jerrey Geuree 1519). Ta enney share er er-yn-oyr dy jagh eh tessen [[Quing Hallooin y Phanamaa]] dys [[Yn Keayn Sheealtagh|y Cheayn Sheealtagh]] ayns 1513,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas Duve |date=2017 |title=El Tratado de Tordesillas ¿Una 'revolución espacial'? Cosmografía, prácticas jurídicas y la historia del derecho internacional público |journal=Revista de historia del derecho |issue=54 |pages=77–107 (93) |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6296386 |accessdate=2021-01-28 |language=Spaainish }}</ref> y chied Oarpagh turrys y stiurey son shilley y chur er, ny roshtyn dys, y Cheayn Sheealtagh 'sy [[Yn Seihll Noa|Theihll Noa]].<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite journal| last =Lidz| first =Franz| title =Tracking Balboa| url =https://archive.org/details/sim_smithsonian_2013-09_44_5/page/32| journal =Smithsonian| volume =44| issue =5| pages =32–36| publisher =[[Smithsonian Institution]]| location =Washington DC| date =September 2013}}</ref> Hie eh dys y Theihll Noa ayns 1500 as lurg ronsaghey beg, ren eh beaghey er yn ellan [[Hispaniola]]. Vunnee eh yn balley [[Santa María la Antigua del Darién]] 'sy [[Yn Cholombey|Cholombey]] noa-emshiragh ayns 1510, haink dy ve ny chied valley Oarpagh beayn er mooar-heer vooar-rheynn [[America (mooar-rheynn)|America]]. ==Noteyn== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502172753/http://www.bruce.ruiz.net/PanamaHistory/balboa.htm E heihll marish caslyssyn eigsoylagh] * ''[https://archive.org/details/balboaofdarien Balboa of Darién: Discoverer of the Pacific]'', beashnys Baarle liorish Kathleen Romoli ayns cummey [[PDF]] {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balboa, Vasco Nunez de}} [[Ronney:Ruggyryn ayns ny 1470yn]] [[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 1519]] [[Ronney:Conquistadoryn Spaainagh]] [[Ronney:Ronseyderyn Spaainagh er y Cheayn Sheealtagh]] [[Ronney:Ronseyderyn er America Veanagh]] [[Ronney:Kiannoortyn Reeoil y Phanamaa]] [[Ronney:Blein ruggyree gyn fys]] [[Ronney:America Hwoaie ayns 1510]] [[Ronney:America Hwoaie ayns 1513]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Sierra Suroeste]] [[Ronney:America Veanagh choloinagh]] [[Ronney:Yn Phanamaa choloinagh]] [[Ronney:Shennaghys y Phanamaa]] [[Ronney:Spaainee va currit gy baase]] [[Ronney:Coloinaghey Spaainagh ny h-Americkyn]] [[Ronney:Ronseyderyn Spaainagh er America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Ronseyderyn Spaainagh]] lnzfndlojgql972nmxa6s8b9v9yqu1b 0 29554 389332 323569 2026-08-13T21:04:29Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389332 wikitext text/x-wiki Ta'n '''sheiltynys Asoagh''' (ny '''sheiltynys Abyssus''') keayrtyn çheet er sheiltynys oaylleeagh currit noi va currit roish liorish [[Edward Forbes]] ayns 1843, raad dooyrt eh dy vel palçhys as caghlaa bea varrey leodaghey tra t'ou goll ny s'diuney as, rere co-earrooaghey rere e howshanyn hene, ren Forbes earrooaghey nagh vel eh jargal çheet er [[bea varrey]] ny s'diuney na 300 feiyn (1,800 tr; 550 m). ==Scrutaght er y çheiltynys== Va'n sheiltyns bunnit er feddynyssyn Forbes er boayrd y [[HMS Beacon (1832)|HMS ''Beacon'']], [[lhong howshanee]] raad v'eh pointit myr [[shennaghys najooragh|najooragh]] liorish anneyder y lhong, y Captan [[Thomas Graves (1802–1856)|Thomas Graves]]. As Forbes er boayrd, ren y HMS ''Beacon'' shiaulley mygeayrt [[Yn Vooir Aejeeanagh|y Vooir Aejeeanagh]] er 17 Averil 1841 voish [[Yn Valta|y Valta]]. Ec y voayl shen, hoshee Forbes goaill sampleyryn [[sleaydey|sleaydit]] voish diunidyn eigsoylagh jeh'n cheayn as hug eh my-ner nagh row caghlaays ny beiyn voish ny diunidyn s'diuney cha berçhal as ny beiyn voish ny diunidyn s'eddrymee, as dy row ad ny sloo chammah.<ref name=":0" /> Hoilshee Forbes e eddynyssyn voish y Vooir Aejeeanagh 'sy tuarastyl echey ayns 1848 dys [[Sheshaght Heanse Ghoaldagh|y Çheshaght Ghoaldagh]] va enmyssit ''Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Aegean Sea''. Va ny feddynyssyn shen doltit er y chooid smoo liorish y voodeeys oaylleeagh as chur ram oaylleeyn elley rish yn eie shen myrgeddin. Ren [[David Page (creg-oayllee)|David Page]] (1814–1879), [[creg-oayllee]] ammyssit, aa-hickyraghey yn sheiltyns tra dooyrt eh: {{quote|"according to experiment, water at the depth of 1000 feet is compressed 1⁄340^th of its own bulk; and at this rate of compression we know that at great depths animal and vegetable life as known to us cannot possibly exist – the extreme depressions of seas being thus, like the extreme elevations of the land, barren and lifeless solitudes."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advanced Text-Book of Geology|last=Page|first=David|publisher=William Blackwood|year=1867|isbn=1314059149|location=Edinburgh|pages=20|quote=‘According to experiment, water at the depth of 1000 feet is compressed 1/340th of its own bulk; and at this rate of compression we know that at great depths animal and vegetable life as known to us cannot possibly exist – the extreme depressions of seas being thus, like the extreme elevations of the land, barren and lifeless solitudes’|via=Physical Copy}}</ref>}} [[Coadan:Metacrinus rotundus by OpenCage.JPG|thumb|Ta crinoydyn er ve feddynit cha dowin as 4,900 feiyn (29,400 tr; 9,000 m), foddey ny s'diuney na'n diunid s'inshley v'ec sheiltynys Forbes]] Cha row yn sheiltynys shen prowit noi derrey ny 1860yn jeianagh<ref name="noc">{{cite web|title=UK Deep-Sea Image and Video Library|url=http://archive.noc.ac.uk/deepseascape/history.php|website=archive.noc.ac.uk|accessdate=16 Sauin 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116225734/http://archive.noc.ac.uk/deepseascape/history.php|archivedate=16 Sauin 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> tra ren y bea-oayllee [[Michael Sars]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Deserts on the sea floor: Edward Forbes and his azoic hypothesis for a lifeless deep ocean|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_endeavour_2006-12_30_4/page/131|journal=Endeavour|volume= 30| issue = 4|date= Nollick 2006|doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2006.10.003|pmid=17097733|pages=131–7 | last1 = Anderson | first1 = TR | last2 = Rice | first2 = T}}</ref> Olloo y Vaagh-oaylleeaght ec [[Ollooscoill Oslo|Ollooscoill Christiania]] (Oslo jiu), feddyn bea ec diunidyn ny s'diuney na 300 feiyn.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbuch zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik|last=Darmstaedter|first=Ludwig|publisher=Springer|year=1908|location=Berleen|pages=541|via=Open Edition}}</ref> Ren Sars listal 427 dooieyn dy veiyn va feddynit rish y choose Norlynnagh ny s'diuney na 450 feiyn, as chur eh sheese er y [[crinoyd|chrinoyd]] ''Rhizocrinus lofotensis'' va feddynit liorish e vac voish 300 feiyn ayns [[Lofoten]].<ref name="noc"/> Ayns 1869, ren [[Charles Wyville Thomson]] sleaydey bea varrey voish 2,345 feiyn (14,070 tr; 4,289 m), chur jerrey rish sheiltynys Asoagh Forbes.<ref name="noc"/> ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Asoagh, Sheiltynys}} [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght varrey]] [[Ronney:Shenn-heiltynyssyn oaylleeaght]] rzlbf26t42bumqz1xuzyani06gxl1zt 0 29966 389331 366853 2026-08-13T21:03:52Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389331 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Coadan:Hr8799 orbit hd.gif|thumb|Kiare planaidyn neughrianagh cruinlaghey noi'n chlag mygeayrt nyn rollage oasteyragh ([[HR 8799]]). Cur my ner nagh baght feer-hraa eh yn feeshan shoh, agh fer va jeant ass 7&ndash;10 jallooyn harrish jeihaght as currit ry-cheilley liorish co-earrooder dys ny gleashaghtyn y eddyr-hoiaghey]] Ta '''planaid neughrianagh''' çheet er [[planaid]] çheumooie jeh [[Corys ny Greiney]]. Va noteyn screeuit sheese er y chied 'eanish jeh planaid neughrianagh ayns 1917, agh cha row enney currit er ec y traa shen. Haghyr y chied chronneydys feerit ayns 1992. Va planaid elley, va cronnit ayns 1988, feerit ayns 2003. {{Earroo planaidyn neughrianagh|full}}<ref name="NASA-20220321">{{cite news |last=Brennan |first=Pat |title=Cosmic Milestone: NASA Confirms 5,000 Exoplanets |url=https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1702/cosmic-milestone-nasa-confirms-5000-exoplanets/ |date=21 Mayrnt 2022 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2 Averil 2022}}</ref> T'eh jerkit dy vow [[Fodreayrtan Spoar James Webb]] (JWST) magh ny smoo planaidyn neughrianagh, as tooilley fysseree bentyn rish planaidyn neughrianagh, goaill stiagh [[aeraght neuhallooinagh|cummey]], [[Çhymmyltaght najooragh|foaynooyn çhymmyltaghtoil]] as [[Bea neuhallooinagh|cummys y vea]].<ref name="SA-20230123">{{cite news |last=O'Callaghan |first=Jonthan |title=JWST Heralds a New Dawn for Exoplanet Science – The James Webb Space Telescope is opening an exciting new chapter in the study of exoplanets and the search for life beyond Earth |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/jwst-heralds-a-new-dawn-for-exoplanet-science/ |date=23 Jerrey Geuree 2023 |work=[[Scientific American]] |accessdate=23 Jerrey Geuree 2023 }}</ref> Shymmey [[aght cronnaghey planaidyn neughrianagh]] t'ayn. Va'n chooid smoo jeh planaidyn neughrianagh feddynit magh liorish [[tessenaght rollageydagh|fotomeadraght hessenagh]] as [[spectroscoipaght Doppler]], agh cha nel bai baght leayr oc ta foayraghey cronnaghey planaidyn faggys da'n rollage; myr shen, ta 85% jeh planaidyn neughrianagh t'er cronnaghey soit çheusthie jeh'n chryss [[kiangley tidee|chiangley tidee]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=F. J. Ballesteros|author2=A. Fernandez-Soto|author3=V. J. Martinez|title=Title: Diving into Exoplanets: Are Water Seas the Most Common?|date=2019|doi=10.1089/ast.2017.1720|pmid=30789285|journal=[[Astrobiology]]|volume=19|issue=5|pages=642–654|hdl=10261/213115|s2cid=73498809|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayns shiartanse dy chooishyn, va [[Rolley coryssyn yl-phlanaidagh|coryssyn yl-phlanaidagh]] feddynit magh mygeayrt rollage.<ref name="Nature-20120111">{{Cite journal | last1 = Cassan | first1 = A. | last2 = Kubas | first2 = D. | last3 = Beaulieu | first3 = J. -P. | last4 = Dominik | first4 = M. | last5 = Horne | first5 = K. | last6 = Greenhill | first6 = J. | last7 = Wambsganss | first7 = J. | last8 = Menzies | first8 = J. | last9 = Williams | first9 = A. | last10 = Jørgensen | doi = 10.1038/nature10684 | first10 = U. G. | last11 = Udalski | first11 = A. | last12 = Bennett | first12 = D. P. | last13 = Albrow | first13 = M. D. | last14 = Batista | first14 = V. | last15 = Brillant | first15 = S. | last16 = Caldwell | first16 = J. A. R. | last17 = Cole | first17 = A. | last18 = Coutures | first18 = C. | last19 = Cook | first19 = K. H. | last20 = Dieters | first20 = S. | last21 = Prester | first21 = D. D. | last22 = Donatowicz | first22 = J. | last23 = Fouqué | first23 = P. | last24 = Hill | first24 = K. | last25 = Kains | first25 = N. | last26 = Kane | first26 = S. | last27 = Marquette | first27 = J. -B. | last28 = Martin | first28 = R. | last29 = Pollard | first29 = K. R. | last30 = Sahu | first30 = K. C.| title = One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-01-12_481_7380/page/167 | journal = Nature | volume = 481 | issue = 7380 | pages = 167–169 | date=11 Jerrey Souree 2012| pmid = 22237108| bibcode=2012Natur.481..167C|arxiv = 1202.0903 | s2cid = 2614136 }}</ref> Ta mysh 1 as dagh 5 [[Cosoylaght ghreiney|rollage gollrish y Ghrian]]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="footnoteA">Ry-hoi'n staddyssaght 1 as 5 shoh, ta "gollrish y Ghrian" çheet er [[rollage jeh'n torçh G]]. Cha row fysseree da rollageyn gollrish y Ghrian ry-gheddyn as, kyndagh rish shen, ta'n staddyssaght shoh çheet ass fysseree bentyn rish [[rollage jeh'n torçh K|rollageyn jeh'n torçh K]].</ref> goaill stiagh planaidyn "jeh mooadys y [[Yn Dowan|Dowan]]"<ref group="lower-alpha" name="footnoteB">Ry-hoi'n staddyssaght 1 as 5 shoh, ta "mooadys y Dowan" çheet er 1&ndash;2 chraue raadeeoil y Dowan.</ref> 'sy [[cryss yn-vaghey|chryss yn-vaghey]].<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnoteC>Ry-hoi'n staddyssaght 1 as 5 shoh, ta "cryss yn-vaghey" çheet er yn ard as 0.25&ndash;4 keayrtyn flusk rollageagh y Dowan echey (co-reggyrt rish 0.5–2 AU da'n Ghrian).</ref><ref name="ucb1in5">{{cite web|last=Sanders|first=R.|date=4 Sauin 2013|title=Astronomers answer key question: How common are habitable planets?|url=http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/11/04/astronomers-answer-key-question-how-common-are-habitable-planets/|work=newscenter.berkeley.edu|access-date=2023-11-27|archive-date=2014-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107081158/http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/11/04/astronomers-answer-key-question-how-common-are-habitable-planets/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="earthsunhz">{{cite journal|last1=Petigura |first1=E. A.|last2=Howard |first2=A. W.|last3=Marcy |first3=G. W.|date=2013|title=Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|volume= 110|issue= 48|pages=19273–19278|arxiv= 1311.6806|bibcode= 2013PNAS..11019273P|doi=10.1073/pnas.1319909110|pmid=24191033|pmc=3845182|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gra dy vel 200 billoonyn dy rollageyn ayns Raad Mooar Gorree,<ref group="lower-alpha" name="footnoteD">Ta mysh 1/4 dy rollageyn nyn rollageyn GK gollrish y Ghrian. Cha nel fys shickyr ayn bentyn rish earroo ny rollageyn, agh my vel shin gra dy vel 200&nbsp;billoonyn dy rollageyn ayn, vees 50&nbsp;billoonyn dy rollageyn GK gollrish y Ghrian, as 1 as 5 jeh (22%) ny 11&nbsp;villoon jeu lesh planaidyn jeh mooadys y Dowan 'sy chryss yn-vaghey. Goaill stiagh crivassanyn jiarg, ta'n earroo shen mooadaghey dys 40&nbsp;billoonyn.</ref> t'eh oolit dy vel 11 villoon planaidyn jeh mooadys y Dowan ayns Raad Mooar Gorree as cummys y vea ayn, girree dys 40 billoonyn dy phlanaidyn my vel shin coontey planaidyn ta cruinlaghey [[crivassan jiarg|crivassanyn jiarg]] 'syn earroo.<ref name="LATimes-20131104">{{cite news|last=Khan |first=Amina |title=Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105,0,2673237.story |date=4 Sauin 2013 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=5 Sauin 2013}}</ref> She [[PSR B1257+12 A|Draugr]] (ta enmyssit PSR B1257+12 A ny PSR B1257+12 b chammah) y planaid neughrianagh sloo, ta daa cheayrt ny smoo na glout [[yn Eayst]]. She [[HR 2562 b]] y planaid smoo er y [[NASA Exoplanet Archive]],<ref name="CT-Exo-2018">{{cite web |title=HR 2562 b |url=https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=HR+2562+b&type=CONFIRMED_PLANET |work=[[Caltech]] |accessdate=15 Toshiaght Arree 2018 }}</ref><ref name="HR-2562">{{Cite journal |author=Konopacky, Quinn M. |author2=Rameau, Julien |author3=Duchêne, Gaspard |author4=Filippazzo, Joseph C. |author5=Giorla Godfrey, Paige A. |author6=Marois, Christian |author7=Nielsen, Eric L. |title=Discovery of a Substellar Companion to the Nearby Debris Disk Host HR 2562 |bibcode=2016ApJ...829L...4K |date=20 Mean Fouyir 2016 |arxiv=1608.06660 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/829/1/L4 |volume=829 |issue=1 |page=10|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/20763/1/20763.pdf |hdl=10150/621980 |s2cid=44216698 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maire |first1=A. |last2=Rodet |first2=L. |last3=Lazzoni |first3=C. |last4=Boccaletti |first4=A. |last5=Brandner |first5=W. |last6=Galicher |first6=R. |last7=Cantalloube |first7=F. |last8=Mesa |first8=D. |last9=Klahr |first9=H. |last10=Beust |first10=H. |last11=Chauvin |first11=G. |last12=Desidera |first12=S. |last13=Janson |first13=M. |last14=Keppler |first14=M. |last15=Olofsson |first15=J. |last16=Augereau |first16=J. |last17=Daemgen |first17=S. |last18=Henning |first18=T. |last19=Thébault |first19=P. |last20=Bonnefoy |first20=M. |last21=Feldt |first21=M. |last22=Gratton |first22=R. |last23=Lagrange |first23=A. |last24=Langlois |first24=M. |last25=Meyer |first25=M. R. |last26=Vigan |first26=A. |last27=D’Orazi |first27=V. |last28=Hagelberg |first28=J. |last29=Le Coroller |first29=H. |last30=Ligi |first30=R. |last31=Rouan |first31=D. |last32=Samland |first32=M. |last33=Schmidt |first33=T. |last34=Udry |first34=S. |last35=Zurlo |first35=A. |last36=Abe |first36=L. |last37=Carle |first37=M. |last38=Delboulbé |first38=A. |last39=Feautrier |first39=P. |last40=Magnard |first40=Y. |last41=Maurel |first41=D. |last42=Moulin |first42=T. |last43=Pavlov |first43=A. |last44=Perret |first44=D. |last45=Petit |first45=C. |last46=Ramos |first46=J. R. |last47=Rigal |first47=F. |last48=Roux |first48=A. |last49=Weber |first49=L. |date=2018 |title=VLT/SPHERE astrometric confirmation and orbital analysis of the brown dwarf companion HR 2562 B |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=615 |pages= A177| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201732476|arxiv=1804.04584 |bibcode=2018A&A...615A.177M | doi-access=free}}</ref> as eh 30 keayrtyn ny smoo na glout [[Jupiter]]. Ansherbee, rere keeayllaghtyn ennagh elley da planaid (bunnit er co-lheie çheshveanagh y [[deuterium]]), t'eh ro-vooar dy ve coontit myr planaid as foddee dy nee [[crivassan dhone]] t'eh. Ta fir jeh ny planaidyn cruinlaghey nyn rollage ny sloo na un oor, agh ta fir elley cruinlaghey feie thousaneyn dy vleeantyn. Ta fir jeh ny planaidyn neughrianagh cho foddey voish y rollage oasteyragh dy vel eh doillee gra dy vel ad kianglt r'ee. Ta begnagh dagh planaid neughrianagh er ny ve feddynit magh ayns Raad Mooar Gorree. Ansherbee, ta feanish ayn dy vel planaidyn neughrianagh ayn ayns co-rollageyssyn elley.<ref name="NG-20180205">{{cite web |last=Zachos |first=Elaine |title=More Than a Trillion Planets Could Exist Beyond Our Galaxy – A new study gives the first evidence that exoplanets exist beyond the Milky Way. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/exoplanets-discovery-milky-way-galaxy-spd|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428194238/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/exoplanets-discovery-milky-way-galaxy-spd|url-status=dead|archivedate=28 Averil 2021|date=5 Toshiaght Arree 2018 |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |accessdate=5 Toshiaght Arree 2018 }}</ref><ref name="GZM-20180205">{{cite web |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=Scientists Find Evidence of Thousands of Planets in Distant Galaxy |url=https://gizmodo.com/scientists-find-evidence-of-thousands-of-planets-in-dis-1822727151 |date=5 Toshiaght Arree 2018 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |accessdate=5 Toshiaght Arree 2018}}</ref> Ta [[Rolley ny planaidyn neughrianagh s'niessey|ny planaidyn neughrianagh s'niessey]] soit 4.2 [[sollys-vlein|sollys-vleeantyn]] (1.3 [[parsec]]yn) voish y Dowan as t'ad cruinlaghey [[Proxima Centauri]], y rollagey s'niessey da'n Ghrian.<ref name="proxima b discovery paper">{{cite journal| bibcode = 2016Natur.536..437A| title = A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri| journal = Nature| volume = 536| issue = 7617| pages = 437–440| last1 = Anglada-Escudé| first1 = Guillem| last2 = Amado| first2 = Pedro J.| last3 = Barnes| first3 = John| last4 = Berdiñas| first4 = Zaira M.| last5 = Butler| first5 = R. Paul| last6 = Coleman| first6 = Gavin A. L.| last7 = de la Cueva| first7 = Ignacio| last8 = Dreizler| first8 = Stefan| last9 = Endl| first9 = Michael| last10 = Giesers| first10 = Benjamin| last11 = Jeffers| first11 = Sandra V.| last12 = Jenkins| first12 = James S.| last13 = Jones| first13 = Hugh R. A.| last14 = Kiraga| first14 = Marcin| last15 = Kürster| first15 = Martin| last16 = López-González| first16 = María J.| last17 = Marvin| first17 = Christopher J.| last18 = Morales| first18 = Nicolás| last19 = Morin| first19 = Julien| last20 = Nelson| first20 = Richard P.| last21 = Ortiz| first21 = José L.| last22 = Ofir| first22 = Aviv| last23 = Paardekooper| first23 = Sijme-Jan| last24 = Reiners| first24 = Ansgar| last25 = Rodríguez| first25 = Eloy| last26 = Rodríguez-López| first26 = Cristina| last27 = Sarmiento| first27 = Luis F.| last28 = Strachan| first28 = John P.| last29 = Tsapras| first29 = Yiannis| last30 = Tuomi| first30 = Mikko| first31=Mathias|last31=Zechmeister| display-authors = 3| year = 2016| arxiv = 1609.03449| doi = 10.1038/nature19106| pmid = 27558064| s2cid = 4451513| url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19106}}</ref> Ta feddynys planaidyn neughrianagh er ny chur dy mooar rish yn anaase ayns ronsaghey magh y [[bea neuhallooinagh|vea neuhallooinagh]]. S'mooar yn anaase er lheh ayns planaidyn ta cruinlaghey 'sy [[cryss yn-vaghey|chryss yn-vaghey]] raad foddee shiu çheet er ushtey ushlagh er yn eaghtyr, roie-chonaant da'n [[bea|vea]] myr ta fys ain. Ansherbee, ta studeyrys yn [[yn-vaghey planaidagh]] coontey ram faghteyryn elley tra t'eh reaghey jeshid planaid da'n vea.<ref name="NYT-20150106-DB">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=As Ranks of Goldilocks Planets Grow, Astronomers Consider What's Next |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/07/science/space/as-ranks-of-goldilocks-planets-grow-astronomers-consider-whats-next.html |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/07/science/space/as-ranks-of-goldilocks-planets-grow-astronomers-consider-whats-next.html |archivedate=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |date=6 Jerrey Geuree 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Ta [[planaid rouailtagh|planaidyn rouailtagh]] çheet orroosyn nagh vel cruinlaghey rollage erbee. Ta lheid corpane shen coontit myr ronney elley jeh planaidyn, [[foawr gas|foawir ghas]] er lheh ta coontit myr [[crivassan fo-ghone|crivassanyn fo-ghoan]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=C. |last1=Beichman|first2=Christopher R. |last2=Gelino|first3=J. Davy|last3=Kirkpatrick|first4=Michael C. |last4=Cushing|first5=Sally |last5=Dodson-Robinson|first6=Mark S.|last6=Marley|first7=Caroline V. |last7=Morley|first8=E. L. |last8=Wright|year=2014|title=WISE Y Dwarfs As Probes of the Brown Dwarf-Exoplanet Connection|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=783 |issue=2 |page=68|arxiv=1401.1194 |bibcode=2014ApJ...783...68B|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/783/2/68|s2cid=119302072}}</ref> T'eh graït dy vel ny smoo na billoonyn dy phlanaidyn rouailtagh ayn.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-13|title=A Guide to Lonely Planets in the Galaxy|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/a-guide-to-lonely-planets-in-the-galaxy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518220530/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/a-guide-to-lonely-planets-in-the-galaxy|url-status=dead |archivedate=18 Boaldyn 2021|accessdate=2022-01-17|website=National Geographic | last = Drake | first = Nadia | author-link = Nadia Drake | language=Baarle}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Strigari |first1=L. E. |last2=Barnabè |first2=M.|last3=Marshall |first3=P. J.|last4=Blandford|first4=R. D.|title=Nomads of the Galaxy |date=2012 |volume=423 |issue=2 |pages=1856–1865 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |arxiv=1201.2687 |bibcode=2012MNRAS.423.1856S|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21009.x|s2cid=119185094}}</ref> ==Noteyn== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons category|Exoplanets|Planaidyn neughrianagh}} * [http://www.exoplanet.eu/ The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia] ([[Reayrtlann Phaarys]]) * [http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA Exoplanet Archive] {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Oaylleeaght phlanaidyn neughrianagh]] [[Ronney:Planaidyn neughrianagh| ]] [[Ronney:SETI]] [[Ronney:Sorçhyn dy phlanaidyn|Neughrianagh]] [[Ronney:Smooinaghtyn 'sy rollageydys]] pkvr20otn7nx5pm17ptqzt8vjqd4s28 0 30056 389341 367402 2026-08-13T21:14:02Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389341 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Coadan:InnerSolarSystem-en.png|300px|thumb|The asteroids of the inner Solar System and Jupiter: The belt is located between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars. {| style="width:100%;" |- | valign=top| {{ogher|#FFFF00|border=1px solid #B3B300|[[Yn Ghrian|Y Ghrian]]}}<br /> {{ogher|#6ad768|border=1px solid #2B9929|[[Troyagh Jupiter|Troyee Jupiter]]}}<br /> {{ogher|#007DD6|border=1px solid #00508A|[[Cruinlagh|Cruinlee]] ny [[planaid]]yn}} | valign=top| {{ogher|#e9e9e9|border=1px solid #999999|'''''Y chryss roltageagh'''''}}<br /> {{ogher|#d39300|border=1px solid #855D00|[[Lught Hilda|Roltagee Hilda]]}}<br /> {{ogher|#c90000|border=1px solid #940000|[[Red nies-Dowanagh|Reddyn nies-Dowanagh]] {{small|(reihys)}}}} |} ]] [[Coadan:Ceres-Vesta-Eros compared to Pluto-Charon.jpg|300px|thumb|She [[Keres (planaid crivassanagh)|Keres]] y corpane s'odjey mooar 'sy chryss roltageagh. Ta slane-ghlout y chryss roltageagh ny sloo na glout [[Pluto]], as mysh daa cheayrt ny smoo na eayst Pluto [[Charon (eayst)|Charon]].]] She ard ayns [[Corys ny Greiney]] jeh cummey [[torys]] lesh y [[Yn Ghrian|Ghrian]] 'sy çheshvean ee '''yn chryss roltageagh'''. Ta'n ard sheeyney magh 'sy reamys eddyr cruinlee ny planaidyn [[Jupiter]] as [[Mart (planaid)|Mart]]. T'eh goaill stiagh ram corpaneyn stooalt lesh cummaghyn meereiltagh ta enmyssit [[roltageagh|roltagee]] ny [[myn-phlanaid]]yn. Shymmey mooadys t'oc, agh t'ad foddey ny sloo na [[planaid]]yn as t'ad soit mysh millioon dy chilomeaderyn voish y cheilley (ny mysh shey thousaneyn keead dy veeilaghyn). She '''cryss vooar ny roltagee''' yn ennym elley ta currit er y chryss roltageagh er-yn-oyr dy vel pobbylyn elley dy roltagee ayns Corys ny Greiney.<ref name = Williams>{{cite news |url=http://www.universetoday.com/32856/asteroid-belt/ |title=What is the Asteroid Belt? | first=Matt | last=Williams |work=Universe Today |date=2015-08-23 |accessdate=2016-01-30}}</ref> Ta'n chryss roltageagh ny [[jysk keayrt-rollageagh]] sloo as s'odjey sthie ayns Corys ny Greiney. Ta rhenkyn jeh [[corpane beg Chorys ny Greiney|corpaneyn beggey Chorys ny Greiney]] ayns ardjyn elley goaill stiagh [[reddyn nies-Dowanagh]], ny [[Kentaur (myn-phlanaid)|kentauryn]], reddyn [[Cryss Kuiper|chryss Kuiper]], reddyn y [[Yn jysk skeaylt|jysk skeaylt]], ny [[sednoyd]]yn, as reddyn [[bodjal Oort|vodjal Oort]]. Ta mysh 60% jeh glout y chryss vooar roltageagh ry-gheddyn ayns ny kiare roltagee smoo: [[Keres (planaid crivassanagh)|Ceres]], [[4 Vesta|Vesta]], [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], as [[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]]. T'eh oolit dy vel glout y chryss roltageagh corrym rish 3% jeh glout [[yn Eayst]].<ref name="Pitjeva2018">{{cite journal|last=Pitjeva|first=E. V.|author-link=Elena V. Pitjeva|title=Masses of the Main Asteroid Belt and the Kuiper Belt from the Motions of Planets and Spacecraft|journal=Solar System Research|volume=44|issue=8–9|pages=554–566|year=2018|arxiv=1811.05191|doi=10.1134/S1063773718090050|bibcode=2018AstL...44..554P|s2cid=119404378}}</ref> Ta Keres, yn ynrican corpane 'sy chryss roltageagh ta cho mooar dy ve coontit myr [[planaid crivassanagh]], mysh 950&nbsp;km er crantessen, agh ta Vesta, Pallas, as Hygiea ny sloo na 600&nbsp;km er crantessen.<ref name="Krasinskyetal2002">{{cite journal |author-link = Georgij A. Krasinsky |first1=G. A. |last1= Krasinsky | last2=Pitjeva | first2=E. V. | last3=Vasilyev | first3=M. V. | last4=Yagudina | first4=E. I. |bibcode=2002Icar..158...98K |title=Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt |journal=Icarus |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=98–105 |date=Jerrey Souree 2002 |doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6837 |author2-link=Elena V. Pitjeva}}</ref><ref name="Pitjeva2005">{{cite journal |last=Pitjeva |first=E. V. |author-link=Elena V. Pitjeva |title=High-Precision Ephemerides of Planets—EPM and Determination of Some Astronomical Constants |journal=Solar System Research |year=2005 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=176–186 |url=http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/EPM2004.pdf |doi=10.1007/s11208-005-0033-2 |bibcode=2005SoSyR..39..176P |s2cid=120467483 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703074335/http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/EPM2004.pdf |archivedate=3 Jerrey Souree 2014 }}</ref><ref name="jplsbdb">{{cite web|first=Donald K. |last=Yeomans |date = 13 Jerrey Souree 2006 |url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi |title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser |publisher = NASA JPL |accessdate = 2010-09-27 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100929043420/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi| archivedate= 29 Mean Fouyir 2010 |url-status= live}}</ref> Ta ny corpaneyn elley foddey ny sloo, as cha beg as floag joan. Ta stoo yn chryss roltageagh skeaylt cho goan as dy ren ram siyn spoar goll tessen gyn drogh-haghyrt.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.universetoday.com/110276/why-the-asteroid-belt-doesnt-threaten-spacecraft/ |title=Why the Asteroid Belt Doesn't Threaten Spacecraft | first=Brian | last=Koberlein |work=Universe Today |date=2014-03-12 |accessdate=2016-01-30}}</ref> Ansherbee, foddee covuillaghyn eddyr roltagee vooarey taghyrtyn as t'ad gientyn [[lught roltageagh|lughtyn roltageagh]], as troyn as cummaghyn cheddin ec nyn olteynyn. Ta ny roltagee hene er lheh rang-oardit rere nyn [[spectrum]]yn, as ta'n chooid smoo rang-oardit ayns tree bun-phossanyn: [[carboan]]agh ([[roltageagh C-horçh|C-horçh]]), [[silicait]] ([[roltageagh S-horçh|S-horçh]]), as roltagee er mooarane meain ([[roltageagh M-horçh|M-horçh]]). Chroo yn chryss roltageagh yn [[neeal greiney]] bunneydagh myr possan dy [[myn-phlanaidagh|vyn-phlanaidee]],<ref name=CosmosUp>{{cite web |url=http://www.cosmosup.com/how-did-the-asteroid-belt-form/ |title=How Did The Asteroid Belt Form? Was There A Planet There? |publisher=CosmosUp |date=2016-01-17 |accessdate=2016-01-30 |archivedate=2018-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206114730/http://www.cosmosup.com/how-did-the-asteroid-belt-form/ }}</ref> roie-roiederyn beggey ny [[proto-phlanaid]]yn. Eddyr Mart as Jupiter, ansherbee, ren boiraghyn [ym-hayrn]]agh voish Jupiter boirey er nyn [[aase ry-cheilley (fishig rollageagh)|aaseyn ry-cheilley]] myr planaid,<ref name=CosmosUp/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/16105-asteroid-belt.html |title=Asteroid Belt: Facts & Information | first=Nola Taylor | last=Redd |work=Space.com |date=2012-06-11 |accessdate=2016-01-30}}</ref> cur rour bree gleashidagh ren smoashal ny myn-phlanaidee va covuilley as y chooid smoo jeh ny proto-phlanaidyn toshee. Myr eiyrtys, va 99.9% jeh glout bunneydagh y chryss roltageagh er coayl car y chied 100&nbsp;millioonyn dy vleeantyn ayns shennaghys Chorys ny Greiney.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kelly |last=Beatty |date=10 Mayrnt 2009 |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/sculpting-the-asteroid-belt/ |title=Sculpting the Asteroid Belt |newspaper=Sky & Telescope |accessdate=2014-04-30 }}</ref> Ren fir jeh ny smooirlee feddyn bollee stiagh dys y Chorys Greiney sthie, cur rish buillaghyn dreigaghyn rish ny planaidyn sthie. Tra ta amm çhyndaaee oc mygeayrt y Ghrian jannoo [[aavuilley cruinlagh]] lesh Jupiter, ta cruinlee ny roltagee foast [[boirey (rollageydys)|boirit]]. Ec ny foddeeaghtyn shoh ta [[baarney Kirkwood]] taghyrtyn choud's t'ad skeabit stiagh ayns cruinlee elley.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delgrande |first1=J. J. |last2=Soanes |first2=S. V. |title=Kirkwood's Gap in the Asteroid Orbits |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-royal-astronomical-society-of-canada_1943-05_37_5/page/187 |journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada |volume=37 | year=1943 |pages=187 |bibcode = 1943JRASC..37..187D}}</ref> ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons category|Main Belt asteroids|Roltagee yn Chryss Vooar}} * {{cite web | last = Arnett| first = William A. | date = 26 Toshiaght Arree 2006 | url = http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html | title = Asteroids| publisher = The Nine Planets | accessdate = 2007-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070418220152/http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html| archivedate= 18 Averil 2007 | url-status= live}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070524185042/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids Duillag ny Roltagee] ec [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov Solar System Exploration liorish NASA] * {{cite news| last=Cain | first=Fraser| url=http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-55-the-asteroid-belt/| work=Universe Today| title= The Asteroid Belt| accessdate=2008-04-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080307033324/http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-55-the-asteroid-belt/| archivedate= 7 Mayrnt 2008 | url-status= live}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.solstation.com/stars/asteroid.htm | title = Main Asteroid Belt| publisher = Sol Company | accessdate = 2007-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070515163455/http://www.solstation.com/stars/asteroid.htm| archivedate= 15 Boaldyn 2007 | url-status= live}} * {{cite web |last = Munsell |first = Kirk |date = 16 Mean Fouyir 2005 |url = http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids |title = Asteroids: Overview |publisher = NASA's Solar System Exploration |accessdate = 2007-05-26 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070524185042/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids |archivedate = 24 Boaldyn 2007 |url-status = dead }} * Plohtyn [https://web.archive.org/web/20111113212032/http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/media/asteroid_all_axisvecc.jpg corrid vs. essylys lieh-vooar] as [https://web.archive.org/web/20111113204941/http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/media/asteroid_all_axisvincl.jpg cleayney vs. essylys lieh-vooar] ec Asteroid Dynamic Site * {{cite web | author=Staff| date=31 Jerrey Fouyir 2006 | url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/asteroidpage.html | title = Asteroids| publisher = NASA | accessdate = 2007-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070411201013/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/asteroidpage.html| archivedate= 11 Averil 2007 | url-status= live}} * {{cite web | author=Staff| year = 2007 | url = http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/asteroids_and_comets/facts.html | title = Space Topics: Asteroids and Comets | publisher = The Planetary Society| accessdate = 2007-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070428143402/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/asteroids_and_comets/facts.html| archivedate= 28 Averil 2007 | url-status= live}} {{Corpaneyn beggey Chorys ny Greiney}} {{corys ny Greiney}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chryss roltageagh, yn}} [[Ronney:Roltagee yn chryss vooar| ]] [[Ronney:Roltagee|*]] [[Ronney:Possanyn as kynneeyn roltageagh]] [[Ronney:Corys ny Greiney]] 134l7i8qfm3zrs9ogp0o6oisr74kr7l 0 30547 389330 378402 2026-08-13T21:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney |jalloo = 1829 Melchior Gommar Tieleman, Ölgemälde Caroline Herschel Hannover.tif |fo-heidyl = Caroline Herschel ec 78 bleeaney d'eash, un vlein lurg chossyn ee Boyn Airhey yn Çheshaght Rollageydagh Reeoil ayns 1828 |ennym_ruggyr=Caroline Lucretia Herschel |date_ruggyr = {{date_ruggyr|1750|3|16|df=y}} |boayl_ruggyr = [[Hanover]], [[Reihderaght Hanover]], [[yn Impiraght Raueagh Vannee]] |ashoonaght = [[Germaanee|Germaanagh]] |date_baaish = {{date as eash marroo|1848|1|9|1750|3|16|df=y}} |boayl_baaish = Hanover, [[Reeriaght Hanover]], [[Cochiangle y Ghermaan]] }} She rollageyder Goaldagh<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caroline-Lucretia-Herschel | title=Caroline Herschel &#124; Biography, Discoveries, & Facts &#124; Britannica }}</ref> jeh bun Germaanagh va '''Caroline Lucretia Herschel'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-25 |title=Caroline Herschel - Biography, Facts and Pictures |url=https://www.famousscientists.org/caroline-herschel/ |accessdate=2023-09-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> (16&nbsp;Mayrnt 1750 – 9 Jerrey Geuree 1848). Ta enney share urree kyndagh rish e cohoyrtyssyn da'n rollageydys, goaill stiagh feddynyssyn ram comaidyn er lheh, lheid as y comaid [[35P/Herschel–Rigollet]], ta gymmyrkey e ennym.<ref name="Nysewander, Melissa 1998">Nysewander, Melissa. Caroline Herschel. Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Atlanta: Agnes Scott College, 1998.</ref> She Caroline va'n çhuyr s'aa lesh y rollageyder [[William Herschel]]; ren ee obbraghey lesh William feie e coorse. V'ee ny chied ven faill y gheddyn myr sheanseyr as ny chied ven dy ghoaill shelloo er staartey reiltys.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|last=Brock|first= Claire|title=Public Experiments|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-workshop-journal_autumn-2004_58/page/306|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume= 58|date= 2004|jstor=25472768|publisher=Oxford University Press|issue=58|pages= 306–312|doi= 10.1093/hwj/58.1.306|s2cid= 201783390}}</ref><ref name="Ogilvie">{{cite book | last = Ogilvie| first = Marilyn Bailey| author-link = Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie | title = Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari| url-access = registration| publisher = [[MIT Press]] | year = 1986 | pages =[https://archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari/page/97 97–98] | isbn = 978-0-262-65038-0}}</ref> Chammah's shen, v'ee ny chied ven feddynyssyn sheansagh y hoilshaghey magh ayns ''Philosophical Transactions'' lesh y Çheshaght Reeoil,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Schiebinger|first=Londa|title=The mind has no sex?: women in the origins of modern science|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1989|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=263}}</ref> ny chied ven ve bronnit lesh [[Boyn Airhey Heshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys]] (1828), as ny chied ven dy ve enmyssit myr Oltey onnoroil [[Sheshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys|Heshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys]] (1835, marish [[Mary Somerville]]). V'ee enmyssit myr oltey onnoroil jeh [[Academee Reeoil Nerin]] (1838). Ren [[Ferdorraghey Illiam IV y Phroosh|Ree yn Phroosh]] giootal Boyn Airhey da'n Çheanse er oyr e 96oo laa ruggyree (1846).<ref name=Memoir>{{cite book|last=Herschel |first=Caroline Lucretia|editor1-last=Herschel|editor1-first=Mrs. John|title=Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel |year=1876 |publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street |location=Lunnin |url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/herschel/memoir/memoir.html }}</ref> ==Imraaghyn== {{Reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=15581821}} {{commons category|Caroline Herschel}} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Herschel_Caroline}} * {{Librivox author |id=12512}} * [http://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/caroline-herschel Beashnys Caroline Lucretia Herschel] ec fembio.org * [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/Bios/cherschel.html Caroline Herschel Biography, SEDS] * [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/similar/cher.html Caroline Herschel's Deepsky Objects, SEDS] * [http://herschelmuseum.org.uk Bentyn rish Herschel Museum of Astronomy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171028074252/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0008/0000064.000.html Fogrey baaish Miss Caroline Lucretia Herschel.] ''[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]'', Ym-Lr. 8, dg.&nbsp;64 (1847). * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/search?keyword=caroline+herschel&x=0&y=0 Pabyryn bun-earrooit bentyn rish Caroline Herschel] as yn obbyr ren ee, goaill stiagh lettyryn voee, ayns tashtlann [[Board of Longitude]] ayns [[Cambridge Digital Library]] * [https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbctos.2017gen23855/ Catalogue of Stars (Lunnin, 1798)] {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Herschel, Caroline}} [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1750]] [[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 1848]] [[Ronney:Rollageyderyn bwoirrin Goaldagh]] [[Ronney:Rollageyderyn bwoirrin Germaanagh]] [[Ronney:Fowderyn comaidyn]] [[Ronney:Arragheryn magh Germaanagh dys Reeriaght y Vretyn Vooar]] [[Ronney:Mooinjer Herschel|Caroline]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Hanover]] [[Ronney:Oaylleeyn planaidagh Goaldagh]] [[Ronney:Oaylleeyn planaidagh Germaanagh]] qltsoa3d7y2q50zbpydno7fd4q8vcet 0 30621 389344 388987 2026-08-13T21:16:39Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Red Rollageydagh | alt_names = | enmys = Uranus IV | cowrey = oberon symbol (bold).svg | fowder = [[William Herschel]] | feddyn_magh = 11 Jerrey Geuree 1787<ref name="Herschel 1787" /> | essyl_lieh-vooar = 583,520 km<ref name="orbit" /> | lieh-vooar = 0.0014<ref name="orbit" /> | amm_cruinlagh = 13.463234 [[Laa|l]]<ref name="orbit" /> | bieauid_chruinlagh = 3.15&nbsp;km/s (oolit) | cleayn = 0.058° (rish meanchiarkyl Uraanus)<ref name="orbit" /> | craue_raadeeoil = 761.4 ± 2.6 km (0.1194 y Dowan)<ref name="Thomas 1988" /> | eaghtyr_y_vaare = 7,285,000 km^²{{efn|name=eaghtyr y vaare}} | thummid = 1,849,000,000 km^³{{efn|name=thummid}} | glout = (3.076 ± 0.087) × 10²¹ kg<ref name="Jacobson 2014">R. A. Jacobson (2014) 'The Orbits of the Uranian Satellites and Rings, the Gravity Field of the Uranian System, and the Orientation of the Pole of Uranus'. ''The Astronomical Journal'' 148:5</ref> | glooaght = 1.63 ± 0.05 g/cm³<ref name="Jacobson Campbell et al. 1992" /> | ym-hayrn = 0.354 [[Siyraghey|m/s^²]]{{efn|name=ym-hayrn}} | bieauid-jeerit_scapail = 0.734 km/s{{efn|name=bieauid-jeerit scapail}} | amm_synodagh = [[çhyndaa sincroanagh|sincroanagh]] (sheiltynit)<ref name="Smith Soderblom et al. 1986" /> | albedo = {{plainlist | * 0.31 {{nowrap|(towse-oaylleeagh)}} * 0.14 (Bond)<ref name="Karkoschka 2001, Hubble" /> }} | mooadys_baghtal = 14.1<ref name="Newton Teece 1995" /> }} She '''Oberon''', enmyssit '''{{nowrap|Uranus IV}}''' chammah, yn eayst vooar s'odjey mooie jeh'n phlanaid [[Uraanus]]. She Oberon y nah eayst smoo rere eaghtyr, as eaghtyr echey cosoylagh rish eaghtyr [[yn Austrail]], y nah eaust smoo rere glout mastey [[eaystyn Uraanus]], as y jeihoo [[eayst]] smoo ayns [[Corys ny Greiney]]. V'eh feddynit magh ayns 1787 liorish [[William Herschel]], as t'eh enmyssit ass [[Oberon|ree feayn-skeealleydagh ny ferrishyn]] ayns ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' liorish [[Shakespeare]]. Ta'n cruinlagh echey soit lieh-heu sthie jeh [[magnaidsfeyr]] Uraanus. == Noteyn == {{reflist| group = caption}} {{notelist | notes = {{efn | name = eaghtyr y vaare | Ta eaghtyr y vaare feddynit ass y chraue raadeeoil ''r'': <math>4\pi r^2</math>. }} {{efn | name = thummid | Ta'n thummid ''v'' feddynit ass y chraue raadeeoil ''r'': <math>4\pi r^3/3</math>. }} {{efn | name = ym-hayrn | Ta ym-hayrn yn eaghtyr feddynit ass glout ''m'', y [[beayn-earroo ym-hayrnagh]] ''G'', as y craue raadeeoil ''r'': <math>Gm/r^2</math>. }} {{efn | name = bieauid-jeerit scapail | Ta'n vieauid-jeerit scapail feddynit ass glout ''m'', y beayn-earroo ym-hayrnagh ''G'', as y craue raadeeoil ''r'': {{math|{{radical|2''Gm''/''r''}}}}. }} }} ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist | colwidth = 30em | refs = <ref name="Herschel 1787"> {{cite journal| doi = 10.1098/rstl.1787.0016| last = Herschel | first = W. S.| author-link = William Herschel| title = An Account of the Discovery of Two Satellites Revolving Round the Georgian Planet| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 77| pages = 125–129| year = 1787| jstor = 106717| doi-access = free}} </ref> <ref name="orbit"> {{cite web | title = Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters | publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology | url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_elem }} </ref> <ref name="Thomas 1988"> {{cite journal|year=1988|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(88)90054-1|bibcode=1988Icar...73..427T|pages=427–441 |volume=73 | first=P. C.|last=Thomas|title=Radii, shapes, and topography of the satellites of Uranus from limb coordinates|url=https://archive.org/details/icarus_1988-03_73_3/page/427|journal=Icarus|issue=3}} </ref> <ref name="Jacobson Campbell et al. 1992"> {{cite journal| doi = 10.1086/116211| last1 = Jacobson| first1 = R. A.| last2 = Campbell| first2 = J. K.| last3 = Taylor| first3 = A. H.| last4 = Synnott| first4 = S. P.| date=June 1992 | title = The masses of Uranus and its major satellites from Voyager tracking data and earth-based Uranian satellite data| journal = The Astronomical Journal| volume = 103| issue = 6| pages = 2068–2078| bibcode = 1992AJ....103.2068J| ref = {{sfnRef|Jacobson Campbell et al.|1992}}}} </ref> <ref name="Smith Soderblom et al. 1986"> {{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.233.4759.43| last1 = Smith| first1 = B. A.| last2 = Soderblom| first2 = L. A.| last3 = Beebe| first3 = A.| last4 = Bliss| first4 = D.| last5 = Boyce| first5 = J. M.| last6 = Brahic| first6 = A.| last7 = Briggs| first7 = G. A.| last8 = Brown| first8 = R. H.| last9 = Collins| first9 = S. A.| date = 4 July 1986| title = Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results| journal = Science| volume = 233| issue = 4759| pages = 43–64| pmid = 17812889| bibcode = 1986Sci...233...43S| s2cid = 5895824| ref = {{sfnRef|Smith Soderblom et al.|1986}}| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230972}} </ref> <ref name="Karkoschka 2001, Hubble"> {{cite journal| doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6596| last = Karkoschka| first = Erich| author-link = Erich Karkoschka| year = 2001| title = Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope| journal = Icarus| volume = 151| issue = 1| pages = 51–68| bibcode = 2001Icar..151...51K| s2cid = 121044546| ref = {{sfnRef|Karkoschka, Hubble|2001}}| url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/48c6/ea18bff25c2e84addca18018d6b790531181.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200213064028/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/48c6/ea18bff25c2e84addca18018d6b790531181.pdf| archive-date = 2020-02-13}} </ref> <ref name="Newton Teece 1995"> {{cite book | last1 = Newton | first1 = Bill | last2 = Teece | first2 = Philip | date = 1995 | title = The guide to amateur astronomy | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-44492-7 | page = [https://archive.org/details/guidetoamateuras0002newt/page/109 109] | url = https://archive.org/details/guidetoamateuras0002newt | url-access = registration }} </ref> }} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons category|Oberon (moon)|Oberon (eayst)}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.nineplanets.org/oberon.html|publisher=The Nine Planets|title=Oberon profile|date=22 Nollick 2004|author=Arnett, Bill}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.nineplanets.org/see.html|publisher=The Nine Planets|title=Seeing the Solar System|date=17 Sauin 2004|author=Arnett, Bill}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.solarviews.com/eng/oberon.htm |work = Views of the Solar System web site| title=Oberon |date=2001| author=Hamilton, Calvin J.}} * {{cite web|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Ura_Oberon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021126214251/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Ura_Oberon|archivedate=2002-11-26|publisher=Ynnyd-eggey Solar System Exploration liorish [[NASA]]|title=Oberon: Overview}} * {{cite web|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/OBERON/target|title=Oberon Nomenclature|publisher=Ynnyd-eggey USGS Planetary Nomenclature}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Oberon (eayst)| ]] [[Ronney:Reddyn rollageydagh feddynit magh 'sy vlein 1787|17870111]] [[Ronney:Feddynyssyn lesh William Herschel]] [[Ronney:Reddyn enmyssit ass obbraghyn Shakespeare]] [[Ronney:Eaystyn as cruinlee far-ghraadagh oc]] cyn0gqikvvj015zl9e4qkpm5cigwz49 0 31101 389296 386626 2026-08-13T13:37:45Z MacTire02 219 ++ 389296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | jalloo = Alexander Graham Bell.jpg | fo-heidyl = Bell {{circa}} 1917 | date_ruggyr = {{date ruggyr|df=y|1847|3|3}} | boayl_ruggyr = [[Doon Edin]], Nalbin | date_baaish = {{date as eash marroo|1922|8|2|1847|3|3|df=y}} | boayl_baaish = [[Beinn Bhreagh]], [[Nalbin Noa]], yn Chanadey }} '''Alexander Graham Bell''' (ruggit myr '''Alexander Bell'''; 3 Mayrnt 1847 – 2 Luanistyn 1922),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bellhomestead.ca/history/Pages/TheBellFamily.aspx |title=The Bell Family |website=Bell Homestead National Historic Site |access-date=27 Mean Fouyir 2013 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204181253/http://www.bellhomestead.ca/history/Pages/TheBellFamily.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> she ynlaghteyr, sheanseyr, as jeshaghteyr [[Americaanee Chanadagh|Americaanagh-Canadagh]] va ruggit ayns Nalbin v'eh.{{refn|She [[seyraanagh Goaldagh]] va Bell da'n chooid smoo jeh'n vea leah echey. Tra darree eh dys y Chanadey ayns 1870, she unnane va seyraanaght Ghoaldagh as seyraanaght Chanadagh. Cha daink seyraanaght Chanadagh dy ve ny rang-oardraghey formoil agh ayns 1910 lesh doltey [[leigh ashoonaght y Chanadey]]. Hirr eh seyraanaght Americaanagh lurg 1877, as hooar eh yn teyraanaght shen ayns 1882. Chur eh sheese ersyn hene myr seyraanaght Americaanagh lurg shen.|group=N}} T'eh treishtit lesh paiteeny yn chied [[çhellvane]] obbree. Chammah's shen, ren eh co-vunnaghey yn [[AT&T Corporation|American Telephone and Telegraph Company]] (AT&T) ayns 1885.<ref name=Bruce1990/> Va [[Alexander Melville Bell|ayr]], shennayr, as braar Bell kianglt rish obbyr er y [[jesh-loayrtys]] as y ghlare, as va'n voir as y ven heshee echey bouyr. Chur eh shen dy mooar stiagh er obbyr vea Bell.<ref name=Bruce1990>{{cite book |last=Bruce |first=Robert V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC |title=Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude |location=Ithaca, York Noa |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-8014-9691-2 }}</ref> Chur e ronsaghey er y chlashtyn as y ghlare rish prowaltyssyn lesh saaseyn clashtyn. Haink e prowaltyssyn gys y vullagh tra v'eh bronnit lesh y chied [[leigh phaiteeney ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|phaiteen Americaanagh]] da'n çhellvane er 7 Mayrnt 1876. Smooinnee Bell dy nee cur stiagh va'n ynlaght echey er e obbyr myr sheanseyr as yiooldee eh veih çhellvaneyn 'sy çhamyr studeyrys echey.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Elizabeth |title=Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Kids Can Press |date=1999 |page=19 |isbn=978-1-55074-456-9 }}</ref> Cha nee yn çhellvane va'n ynrican ynlaght echey, ansherbee. 'Sy vea yeianagh echey, ren eh obbraghey ayns [[çhellinsh hilleydagh heyr-reamys|çhellinsh hilleydagh]], [[skian ushtey|skianyn ushtey]], as [[aer-lhuingysseyraght]]. Va ard-chummaght echey chammah 'sy [[National Geographic Society]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Howley |first=Andrew |date=26 Boaldyn 2011 |title=NGS Celebrates 23rd Founders Day |website=NGS |publisher=National Geographic Society |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202163557/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 Toshiaght Arree 2016 |access-date=18 Jerrey Geuree 2016 }}</ref> as e [[National Geographic|earishliaor]]. V'eh ny nah eaghtyrane er y çheshaght eddyr 7 Jerrey Geuree 1898 derrey 1903. Faagail e obbyr 'sy jeshaghteyrys, va anaase mooar ec Bell 'syn [[eiraght vea-oaylleeagh]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stansfield|first=W. D.|date=2005-01-01|title=The Bell Family Legacies|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=96|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1093/jhered/esi007|pmid=15618310|issn=0022-1503|doi-access=}}</ref> ==Imraaghyn== ===Noteyn=== {{reflist|group=N}} ===Symnaghyn=== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240303055405/https://www.belllegacy.org/ Alexander and Mabel Bell Legacy Foundation] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208211550/http://bell.cbu.ca/agbi_about.asp Alexander Graham Bell Institute ec Ollooscoill Ceap Bhreatainn] (er ny hashtey er 8 Nollick 2015) * [http://www.telephonetribute.com/pdf/bell_memorial_booklet.pdf Bell Telephone Memorial], [[Brantford]], Ontario * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706165757/http://www.bellhomestead.ca/Pages/default.aspx Bell Homestead National Historic Site], Brantford, Ontario * [http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/ns/grahambell/index.aspx Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site of Canada], Badaig, Nalbin Noa * [https://www.loc.gov/collection/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/#overview Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers ec Lioarlann y Chohionnal] * [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bell_alexander_graham_15E.html Beashnys ec ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] * [http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=120 Beashnys Science.ca: Alexander Graham Bell] * {{Gutenberg author|id=48508}} * {{IMDb name|id=1745080|name=Alexander Graham Bell}} * [https://archive.org/details/AlexanderGrahamBellsNotebooks Lioaryn noteyn Alexander Graham Bell] ec yn [[Internet Archive]] * {{PM20|FID=pe/001393}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Alexander Graham}} [[Ronney:Alexander Graham Bell| ]] [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1847]] [[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 1922]] [[Ronney:Ynlaghteyryn firryn Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Ynlaghteyryn firryn Canadagh]] [[Ronney:Ynlaghteyryn firryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Delleyderyn firryn Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Delleyderyn firryn Canadagh]] [[Ronney:Delleyderyn firryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Meechredjuee Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Sheiltynee ynsee Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Jeih-ghienteyryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Fishigee irryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Anhrinaidee Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Kioneraadee etlagh]] [[Ronney:Sheerloayreyderyn firryn Canadagh]] [[Ronney:Meechredjuee Chanadagh]] [[Ronney:Sheiltynee ynsee Chanadagh]] [[Ronney:Arragheryn magh Canadagh dys ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Jeih-ghienteyryn Canadagh]] [[Ronney:Fishigee irryn Chanadagh]] [[Ronney:Anhrinaidee Chanadagh]] [[Ronney:Mooinjer Gardiner]] [[Ronney:Shennaghys y çhellinsh]] [[Ronney:Ynseyderyn çhengey]] [[Ronney:National Geographic Society]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Badaig]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Brantford]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Doon Edin]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Washington, D.C.]] [[Ronney:Oaylleeyn ass Washington, D.C.]] [[Ronney:Meechredjuee Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Arragheryn magh Albinagh dys y Chanadey]] [[Ronney:Arragheryn magh Albinagh dys ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Jeih-ghienteyryn Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Fishigee irryn Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Anhrinaidee Albinagh]] 228afybqv5ovfg4dkvyaty86f9qrygh 389315 389296 2026-08-13T19:49:26Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | jalloo = Alexander Graham Bell.jpg | fo-heidyl = Bell {{circa}} 1917 | date_ruggyr = {{date ruggyr|df=y|1847|3|3}} | boayl_ruggyr = [[Doon Edin]], Nalbin | date_baaish = {{date as eash marroo|1922|8|2|1847|3|3|df=y}} | boayl_baaish = [[Beinn Bhreagh]], [[Nalbin Noa]], yn Chanadey }} '''Alexander Graham Bell''' (ruggit myr '''Alexander Bell'''; 3 Mayrnt 1847 – 2 Luanistyn 1922),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bellhomestead.ca/history/Pages/TheBellFamily.aspx |title=The Bell Family |website=Bell Homestead National Historic Site |access-date=27 Mean Fouyir 2013 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204181253/http://www.bellhomestead.ca/history/Pages/TheBellFamily.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> she ynlaghteyr, sheanseyr, as jeshaghteyr [[Americaanee Chanadagh|Americaanagh-Canadagh]] va ruggit ayns Nalbin v'eh.{{refn|She [[seyraanagh Goaldagh]] va Bell da'n chooid smoo jeh'n vea leah echey. Tra darree eh dys y Chanadey ayns 1870, she unnane va seyraanaght Ghoaldagh as seyraanaght Chanadagh. Cha daink seyraanaght Chanadagh dy ve ny rang-oardraghey formoil agh ayns 1910 lesh doltey [[leigh ashoonaght y Chanadey]]. Hirr eh seyraanaght Americaanagh lurg 1877, as hooar eh yn teyraanaght shen ayns 1882. Chur eh sheese ersyn hene myr seyraanaght Americaanagh lurg shen.|group=N}} T'eh treishtit lesh paiteeny yn chied [[çhellvane]] obbree. Chammah's shen, ren eh co-vunnaghey yn [[AT&T Corporation|American Telephone and Telegraph Company]] (AT&T) ayns 1885.<ref name=Bruce1990/> Va [[Alexander Melville Bell|ayr]], shennayr, as braar Bell kianglt rish obbyr er y [[jesh-loayrtys]] as y ghlare, as va'n voir as y ven heshee echey bouyr. Chur eh shen dy mooar stiagh er obbyr vea Bell.<ref name=Bruce1990>{{cite book |last=Bruce |first=Robert V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC |title=Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude |location=Ithaca, York Noa |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-8014-9691-2 }}</ref> Chur e ronsaghey er y chlashtyn as y ghlare rish prowaltyssyn lesh saaseyn clashtyn. Haink e prowaltyssyn gys y vullagh tra v'eh bronnit lesh y chied [[leigh phaiteeney ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|phaiteen Americaanagh]] da'n çhellvane er 7 Mayrnt 1876. Smooinnee Bell dy nee cur stiagh va'n ynlaght echey er e obbyr myr sheanseyr as yiooldee eh veih çhellvaneyn 'sy çhamyr studeyrys echey.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Elizabeth |title=Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Kids Can Press |date=1999 |page=19 |isbn=978-1-55074-456-9 }}</ref> Cha nee yn çhellvane va'n ynrican ynlaght echey, ansherbee. 'Sy vea yeianagh echey, ren eh obbraghey ayns [[çhellinsh hilleydagh heyr-reamys|çhellinsh hilleydagh]], [[skian ushtey|skianyn ushtey]], as [[aer-lhuingysseyraght]]. Va ard-chummaght echey chammah 'sy [[National Geographic Society]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Howley |first=Andrew |date=26 Boaldyn 2011 |title=NGS Celebrates 23rd Founders Day |website=NGS |publisher=National Geographic Society |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202163557/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 Toshiaght Arree 2016 |access-date=18 Jerrey Geuree 2016 }}</ref> as e [[National Geographic|earishliaor]]. V'eh ny nah eaghtyrane er y çheshaght eddyr 7 Jerrey Geuree 1898 derrey 1903. Faagail e obbyr 'sy jeshaghteyrys, va anaase mooar ec Bell 'syn [[eiraght vea-oaylleeagh]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stansfield|first=W. D.|date=2005-01-01|title=The Bell Family Legacies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_january-february-2005_96_1/page/n8|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=96|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1093/jhered/esi007|pmid=15618310|issn=0022-1503|doi-access=}}</ref> ==Imraaghyn== ===Noteyn=== {{reflist|group=N}} ===Symnaghyn=== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240303055405/https://www.belllegacy.org/ Alexander and Mabel Bell Legacy Foundation] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208211550/http://bell.cbu.ca/agbi_about.asp Alexander Graham Bell Institute ec Ollooscoill Ceap Bhreatainn] (er ny hashtey er 8 Nollick 2015) * [http://www.telephonetribute.com/pdf/bell_memorial_booklet.pdf Bell Telephone Memorial], [[Brantford]], Ontario * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706165757/http://www.bellhomestead.ca/Pages/default.aspx Bell Homestead National Historic Site], Brantford, Ontario * [http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/ns/grahambell/index.aspx Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site of Canada], Badaig, Nalbin Noa * [https://www.loc.gov/collection/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/#overview Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers ec Lioarlann y Chohionnal] * [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bell_alexander_graham_15E.html Beashnys ec ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] * [http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=120 Beashnys Science.ca: Alexander Graham Bell] * {{Gutenberg author|id=48508}} * {{IMDb name|id=1745080|name=Alexander Graham Bell}} * [https://archive.org/details/AlexanderGrahamBellsNotebooks Lioaryn noteyn Alexander Graham Bell] ec yn [[Internet Archive]] * {{PM20|FID=pe/001393}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Alexander Graham}} [[Ronney:Alexander Graham Bell| ]] [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1847]] [[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 1922]] [[Ronney:Ynlaghteyryn firryn Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Ynlaghteyryn firryn Canadagh]] [[Ronney:Ynlaghteyryn firryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Delleyderyn firryn Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Delleyderyn firryn Canadagh]] [[Ronney:Delleyderyn firryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Meechredjuee Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Sheiltynee ynsee Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Jeih-ghienteyryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Fishigee irryn Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Anhrinaidee Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Kioneraadee etlagh]] [[Ronney:Sheerloayreyderyn firryn Canadagh]] [[Ronney:Meechredjuee Chanadagh]] [[Ronney:Sheiltynee ynsee Chanadagh]] [[Ronney:Arragheryn magh Canadagh dys ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Jeih-ghienteyryn Canadagh]] [[Ronney:Fishigee irryn Chanadagh]] [[Ronney:Anhrinaidee Chanadagh]] [[Ronney:Mooinjer Gardiner]] [[Ronney:Shennaghys y çhellinsh]] [[Ronney:Ynseyderyn çhengey]] [[Ronney:National Geographic Society]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Badaig]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Brantford]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Doon Edin]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Washington, D.C.]] [[Ronney:Oaylleeyn ass Washington, D.C.]] [[Ronney:Meechredjuee Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Arragheryn magh Albinagh dys y Chanadey]] [[Ronney:Arragheryn magh Albinagh dys ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Jeih-ghienteyryn Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Fishigee irryn Albinagh]] [[Ronney:Anhrinaidee Albinagh]] rz07d6gf6fj15wrhpd9j0ds8az7is8j 14 31169 389295 328305 2026-08-13T13:22:59Z MacTire02 219 ronnaghyn elley 389295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cat main}} {{Commons cat|Mesoamerican cultures|Cultooryn Mesoamericaanagh}} {{CatAutoTOC}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mesoamericaanagh}} [[Ronney:Mesoamerica|+]] [[Ronney:Cultooryn shenndaaleeagh America Hwoaie| Mesoamericaanagh]] [[Ronney:Bun-dooghyssee America Veanagh]] [[Ronney:Bun-dooghyssee Veksico]] [[Ronney:Pobbylyn y çhenn seihll rere ard]] [[Ronney:Cultooryn roie-Cholombagh]] [[Ronney:Possanyn kynneeagh shenndeeagh ny h-Americkyn]] [[Ronney:Possanyn kynneeagh rere eear-heer]] jxglf1lg4i0s6x2d3w8lnmh6wymx6hf 0 31391 389329 371639 2026-08-13T21:02:44Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | jalloo = Hans Christian Ørsted daguerreotype.jpg | date_ruggyr = {{date_ruggyr|df=yes|1777|8|14}} | boayl_ruggyr = [[Rudkøbing]], Y Danvarg-Norlynn | date_baaish = {{date baaish as eash|df=yes|1851|3|9|1777|8|14}} | boayl_baaish = [[København]], y Danvarg | ashoonaght = Danvargagh | ennit = {{ubli|indent=1em|Feddynis y [[lectro-vagnaidys]] as yn [[ollymin]]|[[Leigh Ørsted]]|[[Smooin-phrowaltys]]}} }} She fishigagh as kemmigagh Danvargagh va '''Hans Christian Ørsted''' (screeuit dy mennick myr '''Oersted''', '''Orsted''', ny '''Örsted'''; 14 Luanistyn 1777 &ndash; 9 Mayrnt 1851). Ren eh feddyn magh dy row [[stroo lectragh|strooghyn lectragh]] croo [[ream magnaidagh|reamyn magnaidagh]], y chied chiangley va feddynit magh eddyr y [[lectraghys]] as y [[magnaidys]]. Ta [[leigh Oersted]] as yn unnid [[oersted]] (Oe) enmyssit ass. She toshiagh [[Eash Airhey yn Danvarg]] v'eh, as she carrey meen lesh [[Hans Christian Andersen]] v'eh. Chammah's shen, v'eh ny vraar lesh y pholitickeyr as y leigh-oayllee [[Anders Sandøe Ørsted]], ren sirveish myr [[Ard-vinishter y Danvarg]] eddyr 1853 as 1854. ==Jeeagh er neesht== * [[Shennaghys yn ollymin]] * [[James Clerk Maxwell]] * [[Michael Faraday]] * [[Gian Domenico Romagnosi]], ghow tashtey er cleayney lectrostatagh ec snaid airdeylagh. ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist}} ==Lhaih neesht== *{{cite book |contributor-last1=Möller |contributor-first1=P. L. |contribution=The Life of H. C. Oersted |contribution-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t4zg7w20q&view=1up&seq=9 |pages=vii–xxii |last1=Oersted |first1=H. C. |title=The Soul in Nature, with Supplementary Contributions |series=Bohn's scientific library [16] |year=1852 |place=Lunnin |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |translator-first1=L. |translator-last1=Horner |translator-first2=J. B. |translator-last2=Horner |oclc=8719272 |hdl=2027/loc.ark:/13960/t4zg7w20q |hdl-access=free}} *{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=H. M. |last2=Rasmussen |first2=S. V. |chapter=Ørsted, Hans Christian, 1777–1851, Fysiker |editor1-last=Bricka |editor1-first=C. F. |editor2-last=Engelstoft |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Dahl |editor3-first=S. |title=Dansk biografisk Leksikon |date=1944 |publisher=J. H. Schultz Forlag |location=København |volume=XXVI |pages=575–586 |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/911678.pdf |language=da |oclc=2697123}} *{{cite journal |last1=Stauffer |first1=R. C. |title=Speculation and Experiment in the Background of Oersted's Discovery of Electromagnetism |journal=Isis |date=1957 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.1086/348537 |jstor=226900|s2cid=120063434 }} *{{cite book |last1=Dibner |first1=B. |title=Oersted and the Discovery of Electromagnetism |date=1963 |orig-date=1961 |publisher=Blaisdell Publishing |location=York Noa |edition=2nd |oclc=68158139 |url=https://archive.org/details/oersteddiscovery0000dibn/mode/2up |url-access=registration |ol=5882712M}} **''Abridged in'' {{cite journal |last1=Dibner |first1=B. |author-mask1=2 |title=Oersted and the Discovery of Electromagnetism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electrical-engineering_1961-05_80_5/page/n28 |journal=Electrical Engineering |date=Boaldyn 1961 |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=321–325 |doi=10.1109/EE.1961.6433241 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015030993862 |issn=0095-9197|hdl-access=free }} *{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=L. P. |editor1-last=Gillispie |editor1-first=C. C. |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography |date=1974 |publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons |location=York Noa |isbn=978-0-68410-121-7 |volume=X |pages=182–186 |chapter=Oersted, Hans Christian |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofscie0010unse/page/182/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration |ol=23035060M |oclc=89822}} *{{cite book |last1=Franksen |first1=O. I. |title=H. C. Ørsted – A Man of the Two Cultures |date=1981 |publisher=Strandbergs Forlag |location=Birkerød |isbn=978-8-78720-045-5 |oclc=13213277}} *{{cite web |last1=Norling-Christensen |first1=O. |title=H.C. Ørsted |url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/H.C._%C3%98rsted |website=Dansk Biografisk Leksikon |publisher=Gyldendal |language=da |date=20 Jerrey Geuree 2012}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons category}} * {{Internet Archive author |search=("Ørsted, Hans Christian" OR "Hans Christian Ørsted")}} * Physics Tree: [http://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=25746 Hans Christian Ørsted Details] * [https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/hans-christian-orsted Interactive Java Tutorial on Oersted's Compass Experiment] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Oersted, Hans Christian |short=x}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Orsted, Hans Christian}} [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1777]] [[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 1851]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Baljaght Langeland]] [[Ronney:Kemmigee irryn Ghanvargagh]] [[Ronney:Fishigee irryn Ghanvargagh]] [[Ronney:Fowderyn bunstooghyn]] [[Ronney:Oaylleeyn seyrey]] [[Ronney:Fowderyn Boyn Copley]] [[Ronney:Olteynyn Academee Reeoil Oaylleeaghtyn y Toolynn]] [[Ronney:Feallee kianglt rish y lectraghys]] [[Ronney:Olteynyn joarree yn Çheshaght Reeoil]] [[Ronney:Sheshaghyn-oltey Heshaght Reeoil Ghoon Edin]] [[Ronney:Magnaid-oaylleeyn]] [[Ronney:Ollymin]] [[Ronney:Ooilley-jeeaghtee]] j14ynm0b6z55xkfjzhbe3tlivof3zbm 0 31503 389354 343858 2026-08-13T21:26:06Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney |boayl_ruggyr = [[Sarbiewo, Queiggey Mazowsze|Sarbiewo]], [[Co-unnaneys y Pholynn as y Litaan]] |boayl_baaish = [[Warsaw]], Co-unnaneys y Pholynn as y Litaan |date_baaish = {{date baaish as eash|df=y|1640|4|2|1595|2|24}} }} Va '''Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski''' ({{lang-la|Matthiās Casimīrus Sarbievius}}; {{lang-lt|Motiejus Kazimieras Sarbievijus}}; [[Sarbiewo, Queiggey Mazowsze|Sarbiewo]], y Pholynn, 24 Toshiaght Arree 1595<ref name=Lr>{{cite book |title= Lyrica (Liryki)|last= Sarbiewski|first=Maciej Kazimierz |year= 1980|publisher= Instytut Wydawniczy "PAX"|location= Warsaw|isbn= 83-211-0082-1|pages=VI-XIII |language=Polynnish}}</ref> – 2 Averil 1640,<ref name=Lr/> [[Warsaw]], y Pholynn) coontit myr y feelee [[Noa-Ladjyn|Ladjynagh]] smoo ard-cheimagh 'syn Oarpey car y 17oo eash, as she sheiltynagh ard-ennymagh [[ellyn ny feeleeaght]] v'eh chammah. ==Imraaghyn== {{rolleyimraaghyn}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons category|Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski}} * {{CE1913|wstitle=Mathias Casimir Sarbiewski}} * {{cite journal |author=[[Charles S. Kraszewski]]|title=Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski—the christian Horace in England|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_polish-review_2006_51_1/page/n16|journal=[[The Polish Review]]|year= 2006|volume=51|issue=1|pages=15–40|jstor=25779589}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=28378| name=Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120222211437/http://www.sarbiewski.pl/ International Days of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, SI - ''Academia Europea Sarbieviana''] * {{cite book|isbn=9780947623739|title=Casimir Britannicus: English Translations, Paraphrases, and Emulations of the Poetry of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski|publisher=MHRA|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrMQ1FGpTnIC|editor1=Krzysztof Fordoński|editor2=Piotr Urbański}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarbiewski, Maciej Kazimierz}} [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1595]] [[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 1640]] [[Ronney:Screeudeyryn 'sy Ladjyn]] [[Ronney:Lught ooasle y Pholynn]] [[Ronney:Feeleeyn firryn Polynnagh]] [[Ronney:Screeudeyryn firryn Polynnagh]] [[Ronney:Feeleeyn y Noa-Ladjyn]] [[Ronney:Screeudeyryn Barockagh]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Coontae Płońsk]] d43i631incibp01gw90a862qws45bdt 828 33198 389409 334664 2026-08-14T01:12:55Z MacTire02 219 mestey yn daa voddyl 389409 Scribunto text/plain -- Tables with labels fixed for infoboxes. local infoboxLabelsFromId = { ["P40"] = "Fills", -- text adjusted for infobox infobox: persona ["T0001"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:VOID infobox: all ["T0002"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:VOID infobox: all ["T0003"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:new position (no value in P39/P1365) infobox: all ["T0004"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:ended position (no value in P39/P1366) infobox: all ["T0005"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:unknown date (as a property value) infobox: all ["T0006"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:VOID infobox: all ["T0007"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:discovery of body infobox: persona ["T0008"] = "Es coneix per", -- en:known by infobox: persona ["T0009"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:remarkable ideas (philosophers, etc.) infobox: persona ["T0010"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:Period in service (military) infobox: persona ["T0011"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:end of worship (religion) infobox: persona ["T0012"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:disciples, followers (phil. relig, ..) infobox: persona ["T0013"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:present team (sports) infobox: persona ["T0014"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:professional withdrawn (sports) infobox: persona ["T0015"] = "Estudiants notables", ["T0016"] = "Altres estudiants notables", ["T0017"] = "Assessorament acadèmic", ["T0018"] = "Situació judicial", ["T0019"] = "Enaltiment", ["T0020"] = "Història i celebracions", ["T0021"] = "Cota inicial", -- en:starting spot height (river, walk) infobox: indret ["T0022"] = "Cota final", -- en:ending spot height (river, walk) infobox: indret ["T0023"] = "Mars contigus", -- en:adjacent seas (each side of a strait) infobox: indret ["T0024"] = "Ciutats riberenques", -- en:riverside cities (of body of water) infobox: indret ["T0025"] = "Element vertebrador", -- en:linking element (item and its environment) infobox: indret ["T0026"] = "Cims destacats", -- en:highlighted summits infobox: indret ["T0027"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:starting spot height (river, walk) infobox: indret ["T0028"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:ending spot height (river, walk) infobox: indret ["T0029"] = "Ciutat més propera", -- en:nearest city infobox: indret ["T0030"] = "Mesures i indicadors", -- en:measures and indicators (section) infobox: indret ["T0031"] = "Mitjana de precipitacions", -- en:rainfall average infobox: indret ["T0032"] = "Congelació", -- en:freezing infobox: indret ["T0033"] = "Tipus cascada", -- en:Typus of waterfall (shape) infobox: indret ["T0034"] = "Alçada cascada", -- en:Waterfall height (full falls) infobox: indret ["T0035"] = "Salt més llarg", -- en:highlighted summits infobox: indret ["T0036"] = "Dificultat", -- en:difficulty (for tracks, climb,..) infobox: indret ["T0037"] = "Cultura/pobladors", -- en:cultural/ethnic roots infobox: indret ["T0038"] = "Tipus d'erupció", -- en:kind of eruption (volcanic) infobox: indret ["T0039"] = "Última erupció", -- en:last eruption (volcanic) infobox: indret ["T0040"] = "Pistes", -- en:pistes (ski piste plural) infobox: indret ["T0041"] = "Ruta normal", -- en:main itinerary (GR, trail, pathfoot) infobox: indret ["T0042"] = "Etapes", -- en:stages (GR, trail, pathfoot) infobox: indret ["T0043"] = "Enllaç altres senders", -- en:link to other trails (GR, pathfoot) infobox: indret ["T0044"] = "Separació mínima", -- en:minimum separation (straits), infobox: indret ["T0045"] = "Fusió de", -- en:amalgamation (entity "E" originated by merging "A"+"B") infobox: organitzacio ["T0046"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:Merge with (entity "E" merge with "A"+...) infobox: organitzacio ["T0047"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:reconstruction (entity second creation) infobox: organitzacio ["T0048"] = "Redissolució", -- en:redissolved (to dissolve entity again) infobox: organitzacio ["T0049"] = "Àmbit", -- en:thematic scope (library/museum area) infobox: organitzacio ["T0050"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:collections (museum specific collections) infobox: organitzacio ["T0051"] = "Tipus de documents", -- en:type of documents (in archive or museum) infobox: organitzacio ["T0052"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:book loans by year (in library ) infobox: organitzacio ["T0053"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:potential population (library, hospital,..) infobox: organitzacio ["T0054"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:member (of the club/organitzation/society) infobox: organitzacio ["T0055"] = "Membres anteriors", -- en:past members (music group/club/art school) infobox: organitzacio ["T0056"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:featured instruments (music group) infobox: organitzacio ["T0057"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:keyperson (within the organitzation) infobox: organitzacio ["T0058"] = "Membres destacats", -- en:remarkable members infobox: organitzacio ["T0059"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:cap de colla (chief of castells team) infobox: organitzacio ["T0060"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:Youth Party (political party youth branch) infobox: organitzacio ["T0061"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:allied organization infobox: organitzacio ["T0062"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:rival organization infobox: organitzacio ["T0063"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:remarkable figures (organitzation's indicators) infobox: organitzacio ["T0064"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:Other information infobox: organitzacio, ICQ, Llibre ["T0065"] = "ANUL·LAT", -- en:company estate (not the HQ, but the origin) infobox: organitzacio ["T0066"] = "ANUL·LAT" -- en:type of organisation & management infobox: organitzacio } -- Fixes for case=infoboxlabel local infoboxlabels = { ["príomhchathair"] = "baile", -- ["comunitat autònoma"] = "autonomia", ["Contae na hÉireann"] = "contae", --roinn na fhrainc? ["Ceantar na Fhrainc"] = "ceantar", ["Stáit Chónaidhme na Gearmáine"] = "stáit chónaidhme", --poblacht chónaidhme? ["Stáit na Sibéire"] = "stáit", ["Ríocht an Comhlathais"] = "stáit", ["poblacht"] = "stáit", ["Criosú Rialtas Áitiúil an Astráil"] = "rialtas áitiúil" } -- Fixes for case=infoboxdata local infoboxdata = { ["Bach Werke Verzeichnis"] = "BWV", ["meán gluaisteach "] = "meán", -- ["desplaçament en rosca"] = "en rosca", Níl a fhios agam ["uasmhéid gluaisteach"] = "uasmhéid", ["tonáiste meá-lasta"] = "DWT", ["Cód Idirnáisiúnta d'Ainmníocht Míoleolaíoch"] = "CIAM", ["Cód Idirnáisiúnta d'Ainmníocht Luibhleolaíoch"] = "CIAL", ["Cód Idirnáisiúnta d'Ainmníocht agus Rangú Víris"] = "CIARV", ["Cód Idirnáisiúnta d'Ainmníocht Plandaí Saothraithe"] = "CIAPS", ["Codi Internacional de Nomenclatura de Bacteris"] = "CINBa", ["Codi Internacional de Nomenclatura Botànica (edició Viena)"] = "CINB (edició Viena)", ["Codi Internacional de Nomenclatura Botànica (edició Tòquio)"] = "CINB (edició Tòquio)", ["Codi Internacional de Nomenclatura Botànica (edició Saint Louis)"] = "CINB (edició Saint Louis)", ["International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (edició Melbourne)"] = "CINB (edició Melbourne)", -- ["firinscneach"] = "masculí", -- ["baininscneach"] = "femení", ["Microsoft Windows"] = "Windows", ["Modúl Ceannais agus Seirbhíse Apollo"] = "CSM", ["Modúl Gealaí Apollo"] = "LM", ["Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing"] = "BOINC", -- ["enlairament"] = "Nau d'arribada", -- ["aterratge"] = "Nau de retorn", ["Advanced Packaging Tool"] = "APT", ["GNU General Public License"] = "GNU GPL", ["Common Development and Distribution License"] = "CDDL", ["Cumann na Leadóige Proifisiúnta"] = "CLP", } -- Support function used from Module:Wikidata/i18n for function claim with case=infoboxlabel local function fixInfoboxLabel(label) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() label = lang:lcfirst(label) if infoboxlabels[label] then label = infoboxlabels[label] else label = string.gsub(label, " %(.+", "") end return lang:ucfirst(label) end -- Return exported functions return { infoboxLabelsFromId = infoboxLabelsFromId, fixInfoboxLabel = fixInfoboxLabel, infoboxdata = infoboxdata } 4p74v69xwtwus7b9859tcht6lzwrw72 0 33289 389338 348265 2026-08-13T21:12:08Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Dooinney | jalloo = Statue d'Étienne de La Boétie.JPG | ennym = Étienne de La Boétie | date_ruggyr = {{date_ruggyr|1530|11|1|df=y}} | boayl_ruggyr = [[Sarlat-la-Canéda]], [[Périgord]], [[Reeriaght y Rank]] | date_baaish = {{date baaish as eash|1563|8|18|1530|11|1|df=y}} | boayl_baaish = [[Le Taillan-Médoc|Germignan]] faggys da [[Bordeaux]], y Rank }} She fer reill, classicagh, screeudeyr, feelee, as sheiltynagh politickagh Frangagh va '''Étienne''' ny '''Estienne de La Boétie''' (1 Sauin 1530 – 18 Luanistyn 1563). Ta enney share er kyndagh rish e chaarjys gloo as çhiu rish y screeudeyr traaght [[Michel de Montaigne]].<ref name=Keohane1977>{{cite journal|last=Keohane|first=Nannerl O.|title=The Radical Humanism of Étienne De La Boétie|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_january-march-1977_38_1/page/119|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=38|number=1|year=1977|pages=119–130|doi=10.2307/2708844|jstor=2708844}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kurz|first=Harry|title=Montaigne and La Boétie in the Chapter on Friendship|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pmla-publications-modern-language-assoc-of-america_1950-06_65_4/page/483|journal=PMLA|volume=65|number=4|year=1950|pages=483–530|doi=10.2307/459652|jstor=459652|s2cid=163176803 }}</ref> Va e traghtys politickagh leah, ''[[Taggloo bentyn rish Deyrsnys Arryltagh]]'', doltit lurg e vaaish liorish ny [[Hugenotee|gleashaght ny Hugenotee]] as t'eh coontit keayrtyn myr cummaght vooar er smooinaght noa-emshiraght [[noi-steataght|noi-steatagh]], [[flaunys]]sagh, as [[meeviallys theayagh|meeviallagh theayagh]].<ref name=Keohane1977/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mazzocchi|first=Paul|title=Desire, Friendship, and the Politics of Refusal: The Utopian Afterlives of La Boétie's Discourse on Voluntary Servitude|journal=Utopian Studies|volume=29|number=2|year=2018|pages=248–266|doi=10.5325/utopianstudies.29.2.0248|jstor=10.5325/utopianstudies.29.2.0248|s2cid=149508037}}</ref> ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{commonscat}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Discours_de_la_servitude_volontaire Teks er Wikisource] {{fr jalloo}} * {{Librivox author|id=12517}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:La Boetie, Etienne de}} [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1530]] [[Ronney:Baaseyn 'sy vlein 1563]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Sarlat-la-Canéda]] [[Ronney:Fallsoonee Chatoleagh]] [[Ronney:Catolee Raueagh Rangagh]] [[Ronney:Sheerloayreyderyn er son yn oayllaashaght]] [[Ronney:Fallsoonee irryn Rangagh]] [[Ronney:Fallsoonee pholitickagh Rangagh]] [[Ronney:Sheelnauederyn yn Aaruggyr]] [[Ronney:Screeudeyryn firryn Frangagh]] [[Ronney:Sheiltynee libreeagh]] [[Ronney:Proto-veereiltee]] [[Ronney:Feeleeyn firryn Frangagh]] h5cak27lrds2uaxrgn76upx2jg65q6b 14 34471 389385 338338 2026-08-14T00:12:09Z MacTire02 219 ronney elley 389385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons}} [[Ronney:Shaanraghyn kiaull rere ard|Americaanagh Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Kiaull America Hwoaie]] hxacuxjfttytxvnqh86wqhzrkidje8z 14 34472 389384 338340 2026-08-14T00:11:54Z MacTire02 219 MacTire02 moved page [[Ronney:Shaanraghyn kiaullee rere ard]] to [[Ronney:Shaanraghyn kiaull rere ard]] without leaving a redirect: aght 338340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Musical genres by region|Shaanraghyn kiaullee rere ard}} {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Kiaull rere ard| Shaanrey]] [[Ronney:Shaanraghyn kiaull| Ard]] 9zdg5csojnv3sri6ntkqn021bebhbif 0 35523 389346 362468 2026-08-13T21:19:12Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|2008 TC|3}}}} {{WD Kishtey Fys Red Rollageydagh | ennym = {{mp|2008 TC|3}} | fowder = [[Catalina Sky Survey]] | feddyn_magh = 6 Jerrey Fouyir 2008, 06:39 UTC | sorçh = [[Roltageagh F-horçhit]]/[[Roltageagh M-horçhit|M]] | possan_myn-phlanaidyn = {{Hlist | [[Red niess-Dowanagh]] | [[Roltageagh Apollo|Apollo]] }} | amm = 7 Jerrey Fouyir 2008 ([[Laa Yoolagh|JD]]&nbsp;2454746.5) | semimajor = {{cvt|1.308201|AU|Gm|abbr=on}} | corrid = 0.312065 | perihelion = {{cvt|0.899957|AU|Gm|abbr=on}} | aphelion = {{cvt|1.71644|AU|Gm|abbr=on|lk=on}} | cleayn = 2.54220° | foddid_noad_ardjeeagh = 194.101138° | arg_peri = 234.44897° | mean-amreiltagh = 330.7541[[Keim (uillin)|°]] | amm_cruinlagh = 1.50&nbsp;[[Blein Yoolagh (rollageydys)|bl]] (546.53&nbsp;[[Blein Yoolagh (rollageydys)|l]])<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web |type=last observation: October 7, 2008; [[Observation arc|arc]]: 1 day |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 TC3) |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2008TC3;cad=1 |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> | glout = {{cvt|80|t|kg|lk=on}} | glooaght = ~1.5&nbsp;g/cm³ | albedo = {{Val|0.1|0.03}} | amm_çhyndaaee = {{cvt|0.0269409|h|min|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=jpldata/> | jarroo-vooadys = 30.4<ref name=jpldata/> }} '''{{mp|2008 TC|3}}''' (enmyssey shallidagh [[Catalina Sky Survey]] '''8TA9D69'''), she [[roltageagh]] 80 [[thunney meadragh|thunney]] as {{cvt|4.1|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us|adj=on}} er crantessen v'eh.<ref name=" Jenniskens2009">{{Cite journal |last=Jenniskens |first=P. |date=2009 |volume=458 |issue=7237 |pages=485–488 |title=The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC₃ |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-03-26_458_7237/page/485 |journal=[[Nature (earishlioar)|Nature]] |bibcode=2009Natur.458..485J |doi=10.1038/nature07920 |pmid=19325630 |s2cid=7976525 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Huitt eh stiagh ayns [[aeraght y Dowan]] er 7 Jerrey Fouyir 2008.<ref name="discovermagazine">{{cite web |last=Plait |first=P. |date= 6 Jerrey Fouyir 2008 |title=Incoming!!! |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/ |publisher=[[Bad Astronomy]] |access-date=8 Jerrey Fouyir 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007190747/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/ |archive-date=7 Jerrey Fouyir 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> T'eh oolit dy vleayst eh mychione {{cvt|37|km|sigfig=2|sp=us}} erskyn yn [[Yn Faasagh Nubiagh|Aasagh Nubiagh]] 'sy [[Yn Toodaan|Toodaan]]. Va ny smoo na 600 [[clagh çhenney|claghyn çhenney]] {{cvt|10.5|kg|sigfig=3}} er trimmid feddynit; y chooid smoo jeu, she [[ureileet]]yn v'ayndaue ta jeant ass [[nanodaiman]]yn.<ref name="Jenniskens2009"/><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=K. |date=25 Mayrnt 2009 |title=Recovered Pieces of Asteroid Hold Clues to Early History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/science/space/26asteroid.html?ref=us |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 Mayrnt 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113234704/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/science/space/26asteroid.html?ref=us |archive-date= 13 Sauin 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AP>{{cite news|last=Borenstein |first=S. |date=26 Mayrnt 2009 |title=Astronomers catch a shooting star for 1st time |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Space/WireStory?id=7175837&page=2 |work=ABC news |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |access-date=15 Mean Fouyir 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329084214/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Space/WireStory?id=7175837&page=2 |archive-date= 29 Mayrnt 2009 }}</ref> V'eh ny chied cheayrt va [[Faaishnys builley rolteagagh|builley roltageagh faaishnit]] roish e entreilys stiagh 'syn aeraght myr [[dreigey]].<ref name="Roylance2008">{{cite news |last=Roylance |first=F. |date=7 Jerrey Fouyir 2008 |title=Predicted meteor may have been sighted |url=http://weblogs.marylandweather.com/2008/10/predicted_meteor_may_have_been.html |publisher=Maryland Weather |access-date=8 Jerrey Fouyir 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045620/http://weblogs.marylandweather.com/2008/10/predicted_meteor_may_have_been.html |archive-date=10 Jerrey Fouyir 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons category|2008 TC3|{{nobr|2008 TC₃}}}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130801103648/http://spaceweather.com/submissions/large_image_popup.php?image_name=Ernesto-Guido-Giovanni-Sostero-a-Virgilio-Gonano-2008TC3_2008Oct06_AFAM_1223345558.jpg Fotografyn lesh Reayrtlann Remanzacco bentyn rish y chlagh spoar] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020914/http://www.tng.iac.es/users/boschin/Astrophotos/neo2008tc3b.jpg Fotograf Telescopio Nazionale Galileo jeh 2008 TC₃] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112010343/http://marek.mahut.sk/blog/2008/10/06/small-planetoid-8ta9d69-will-cross-earth/ Fogrey marish bioghys] * {{cite web |title=Recortys shamraig voggylagh jeh'n eiyrtys çhenney veih traie yn Vooir Ruy ayns El Gouna, yn Egypt, 725&nbsp;km veih'n laaragh buillee |format=GIF |url=http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pgj/ELG.gif |access-date=8 Mean Souree 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314184526/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pgj/ELG.gif |archive-date= 14 Mayrnt 2011 |url-status=live }} * [http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2008+TC3 Cruinlagh as baghtyn 2008 TC₃] ec y [[Minor Planet Center]] lesh yn [[Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh]] {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2008 TC3}} [[Ronney:Roltagee Apollo|#]] [[Ronney:Yn Toodaan 'sy vlein 2008|20081006]] [[Ronney:Reddyn rollageydagh feddynit magh 'sy vlein 2008|20081006]] [[Ronney:Feddynyssyn lesh Richard Kowalski]] [[Ronney:Myn-phlanaidyn bieau-hyndaaee|#]] [[Ronney:Myn-phlanaidyn neu-earrooit]] [[Ronney:Taghyrtyn buillee faaishnit]] [[Ronney:Taghyrtyn ayns Jerrey Fouyir 2008]] [[Ronney:Taghyrtyn 'syn Affrick 'sy vlein 2008]] [[Ronney:Taghyrtyn buillee noa-emshiragh er y Dowan]] f5v76so287nn82cvzow9aalk8489odw 0 35524 389345 358730 2026-08-13T21:17:16Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kishtey fys çhengey |ennym = Nepaalish |ennymdooghyssagh = <big>{{lang|ne|नेपाली}}</big> |daah kynney = Ind-Oarpagh |jalloo= |fo-heidyl= |çheeraghyn = [[Nepaal]], y [[Yn Vootaan|Vootaan]], as yn [[yn Injey|Injey]] |ard = [[Ny Himalayaghyn]]{{efn|Va'n Nepaalish loayrit ec ny sleih Karnali Khas, agh jiu t'ee loayrit myr y [[glare chadjin|ghlare chadjin]] 'sy Nepaal.}}{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|pp=118–119}} |loayreyderyn = {{Ubl|[[Kied çhengey|L1]]: 19 millioonyn (2011&ndash;2021)<ref name=e27>{{Ethnologue27}}</ref>|[[Nah hengey|L2]]: 14 millioonyn (coontey-pobble 2021)<ref name=e27/>|Y clane: 32 villioon<ref name=e27/>}} |fam1=[[Çhengaghyn Ind-Oarpagh|Ind-Oarpagh]] |fam2=[[Çhengaghyn Ind-Eeraanagh|Ind-Eeraanagh]] |fam3=[[Çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh|Ind-Ayreeanagh]] |fam4=[[Çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh Hwoaie|Y Chryss Hwoaie]] |fam5=[[Çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh Hwoaie#Çhengaghyn Pahariagh Hiar|Pahariagh Hiar]] |rhank = |iso1=ne |iso2=nep |iso3=nep |ashoon= {{Ubl|[[Nepaal]]|[[Yn Injey]] {{Hlist|([[Sikkim]]|[[Yn Vengaal Heear|Y Vengaal Heear]])}}}} |jantys= |screeu = [[Devanagari]] |caslys-çheer = Nepali language map.svg |fo-heidyl_caslys-çheerey = Caslys-çheerey ta taishbyney rheynn ny Nepaalisheyryn 'syn Aishey Yiass. Ta doo-yiarg taishbyney ny h-ardjyn raad ta Nepaalisheyryn nyn dromlagh; ta bane-jiarg taishbyney ny h-ardjyn raad ta Nepaalisheyryn ny smoo na 20% jeh'n phobble. |fogrey = Brahmagh }} She [[çhengey Ind-Ayreeanagh]] ta dooghyssagh da [[ny Himalayaghyn]] 'syn [[Yn Aishey Yiass|Aishey Yiass]] ee '''Nepaalish''' ({{Deva|नेपाली}}). She çhengey oikoil [[Nepaal]] t'ee, raad t'ee ny çhengey smoo loayrit as raad t'ee ny [[glare chadjin]]. Ta [[Çhengaghyn as staydys oikoil oc 'syn Injey|staydys oikoil 'syn Injey]] eck ayns steat [[Sikkim]] as ayns [[Reagheydys Thallooinagh Gorkhaland]] 'sy [[Yn Vengaal Heear|Vengaal Heear]]. T'ee loayrit ec mychione kerroo yn phobble 'sy [[Yn Vutaan|Vutaan]]. Shymmey Nepaalisheyryn t'ayn ayns ny steatyn [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]] as [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="langoff">{{cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 Boaldyn 2017 |access-date=28 Boaldyn 2022 |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Rheynn Cooishyn Mynlagh]]}}</ref> Ayns [[Myanmar]] t'ee loayrit ec ny [[Gurkhee Vurmagh]]. Ta'n [[eebyrtys Nepaalagh]] 'sy [[Yn Niar Meanagh|Niar Meanagh]], ayns [[Brunei]], 'syn [[Yn Austrail|Austrail]], as ayns çheeraghyn elley er feie ny cruinney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nepali-language |access-date=28 Jerrey Souree 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=30 Jerrey Souree 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730235711/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nepali-language |url-status=live}}</ref> Ta'n Nepaalish loayrit ec mychione 19 millioonyn [[loayreyder dooghyssagh|loayreyderyn dooghyssagh]] as ec 14 millioonyn elley myr [[nah hengey]]. Ta'n Nepaalish currit stiagh ayns possan ny çhengaghyn Pahariagh Hiar ayns [[çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh Hwoaie|cryss Hwoaie]] yn Ind-Ayreeanish. Dirree yn Nepaalish ayns [[Glion Sinja]], [[Queiggey Karnali]], y preeu-valley shenndeeagh er [[Reeriaght Khasa]] mychione y 10oo as y 14oo eash. V'ee er ny lhiassaghey faggys da [[çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh]] elley, as faggys da [[çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh Hwoaie|çhengaghyn Pahariagh]] elley er lheh. Hoshiaght, va'n Nepaalish loayrit ec ny [[sleih Khas]], [[possan kynney-hengagh]] [[Ind-Ayreeanee|Ind-Ayreeanagh]] dooghyssagh da'n [[Ny Himalayaghyn|ard Himalayagh]] 'syn Aishey Yiass. She screeuyn ayns [[Dullu]], [[Slyst Dailekh]] va screeuit ec tra reiree yn Ree Bhupal Damupal mygeayrt y vlein 981 y screeuyn s'leah 'sy çhengey. Haghyr [[undinyssaghey]] yn Nepaalish car reirey [[Reeriaght Gorkha]] (haink dy ve enmyssit [[Reeriaght Nepaal]] ny s'anmey) 'sy 16oo eash. Harrish ny keead-vleeantyn, dirree abbyrtyn er-lheh jeh'n Nepaalish as cleaynyn oc veih'n [[Sanskrit|Tanskrit]], y [[Maithilish|Vaithilish]], y [[Hindish]], as y [[Bengaalish|Vengaalish]] ayns ardjyn eigsoylagh jeh Nepaal as Uttarakhand noa-emshiragh, red chur rish bunneeaght y Nepaalish myr glare chadjin. She [[çhengey cho-lheieagh|çhengey feer cho-lheieagh]] ta'n Nepaalish as [[oardreilys fockle|seyr-oardreilys fockle]] eck, ga dy nee [[oardreilys fockle kione–cass–breear]] (KCB) yn oardreilys smoo kioneyssagh. Ta tree keim vooar jeh'n [[onnoroilys (çhengoaylleeaght)|onnoroilys]] ayn: onnoroilys injil, meanagh, as ard. Ta onnoroilys ymmydit raad nagh vel arrym jerkit; ta onnoroilys meanagh ymmydit dy haishbyney staydys corrym ny neaghtyraght; as ta'n onnoroilys ard cowraghey arrym. Gollrish dagh çhengey Ind-Ayreeanagh, ta grammeydys y Nepaalish er ny hincretaghey, as t'ee er ny choayl ayrn mooar jeh'n chorys jee-chleaynee cast ta ry-gheddyn ayns ny çhengaghyn ny shinney. Va [[lettyraght y Nepaalish|lettyraght]] hrome-cheeallagh er ny lhiassaghey 'sy Nepaalish 'sy 19oo eash. Mygeayrt y vlein 1830, screeu ymmodee feeleeyn Nepaalagh er bun-chooishyn veih ny h-ard-skeealyn Sanskrit ''[[Ramayana]]'' as y ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. Haink [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]] ny yei as hyndaa eh yn [[Bhanubhakta Ramayana|''Ramayana'' 'sy Nepaalish]]. Hooar yn obbyr shen "foayr cadjin mooar kyndagh rish blass theayagh y çhengey, yn ynrickys crauee eck, as ny tuarastylyn najooragh rieughagh ayn".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Nepali literature |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Nepali-literature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023180323/https://www.britannica.com/art/Nepali-literature |archive-date=23 Jerrey Fouyir 2022 |access-date=23 Jerrey Fouyir 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ==Fo-noteyn== {{notelist}} == Imraaghyn == {{reflist}} ==Rolley lioaryn== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |author=Richard Burghart |title=The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1984-11_44_1/page/101 |jstor=2056748 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=101–125 |doi=10.2307/2056748 |s2cid=154584368}} * {{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages| isbn=9781135797119| last1=Jain| first1=Danesh| last2=Cardona| first2=George| date=26 Jerrey Souree 2007| publisher=Routledge| access-date=26 Sauin 2021| archive-date=15 Jerrey Geuree 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123456/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indo_Aryan_Languages/iUHfBQAAQBAJ?hl=en| url-status=live}} *{{cite book |last= Hodgson |first= Brian Houghton |year= 2013 |title= Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DuUxTMez9n4C&q=hodgson+essays+on+the+languages |edition= Reprint |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= |isbn= 9781108056083 |access-date= 27 Mayrnt 2014 |archive-date= 15 Jerrey Geuree 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123456/https://books.google.com/books?id=DuUxTMez9n4C&q=hodgson+essays+on+the+languages |url-status= live}} {{Refend}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{interWiki|coad=ne}} * [[wikt:Category:Nepali lemmas|Rolley focklyn y Nepaalish]] ec [[Wikiockleyr]], y fockleyr seyr * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nepali.htm Omniglot – Nepaalish] * {{lang|ne|नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश}} {{!}} Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh (Fockleyr Ooilley-ghoaillys y Nepaalish) {{!}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161120063148/http://nepalacademy.org.np/ "Academee Nepaal"] {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nepali Language}} [[Ronney:Nepaalish| ]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn co-lheieagh]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn gymmyrkey feanish veih'n 10oo eash]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Assam]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Wheiggey Bagmati]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn y Vutaan]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Wheiggey Gandaki]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Himachal Pradesh]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Wheiggey Karnali]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Wheiggey Koshi]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Wheiggey Lumbini]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Wheiggey Madhesh]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Nepaal]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Sikkim]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Wheiggey Sudurpashchim]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Uttarakhand]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn y Vengaal Heear]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn screeuit ayns Devanagari]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn screeuit ayns scriptyn Brahmagh]] [[Ronney:Glaraghyn cadjin]] [[Ronney:Cowraghyn ashoonagh Nepaal]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Ind-Ayreeanagh Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn oikoil yn Injey]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn oikoil Nepaal]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn stundayrtit]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn kione–cass–breear]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn yn Austrail]] [[Ronney:Çhengaghyn Myanmar]] 7c2e794kb7ko63li2i4s3ruhv86lxni 14 38263 389380 351114 2026-08-14T00:07:29Z MacTire02 219 catsort 389380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Culture of the Middle East|Cultoor y Niar Meanagh}} [[Ronney:Yn Niar Meanagh]] [[Ronney:Cultoor yn Aishey| Niar Meanagh]] [[Ronney:Cultoor yn Affrick|Niar Meanagh]] [[Ronney:Studeyryssyn y Niar Meanagh]] [[Ronney:Cultoor yn Aishey rere ard|Niar Meanagh]] [[Ronney:Cultoor rere ard|Niar Meanagh]] ar7p8bry9yrhzyt6xwa8zsgsdkr0y3p 0 41985 389352 373924 2026-08-13T21:24:09Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|S0s|ymmydyn elley|S0 (reddaghey){{!}}S0}} [[Coadan:Ngc5866 hst big.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[NGC 5866|Co-rollageys y Fess]] (NGC 5866), co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh ayns [[Yn Dragane (co-hollys rollageagh)|co-hollys rollageagh y Dragane]]. Ta'n jalloo shoh taishbyney dy vel mooarane joan ayns jyskyn co-rollageyssyn daa-ghrommagh dy mennick. Ansherbee, s'goan y gas ayn, as t'ad coonit lag rere [[stoo eddyr-rollageagh]].]] Ta '''co-rollageys daa-ghrommagh''' (cowrit S0) çheet er [[Rang-oardraghey jalloo-oaylleeagh co-rollageyssyn|sorçh dy cho-rollageys]] lieh-vollagh eddyr [[co-rollageys eelipsagh|co-rollageyssyn eelipsagh]] (cowrit E) as [[co-rollageys caslagh|co-rollageyssyn caslagh]] ayns skeimyn [[rang-oardraghey jalloo-oaylleeagh co-rollageyssyn]].<ref name="butaetal2007">{{cite book |author1=R. J. Buta |author2=H. G. Corwin, Jr. |author3=S. C. Odewahn | date=2007s | title=The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies | publisher=Cambridge University | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0521820486}}</ref> T'eh goaill stiagh jysk mooar-scaailley agh cha nel roihaghyn caslagh mooar-scaailey echey. She [[co-rollageys jysk|co-rollageyssyn jysk]] ad co-rollageyssyn daa-ghronnagh raad ta'n chooid smoo jeh'n [[stoo eddyr-rollageagh]] ymmydit ny caillt as, kyndagh rish shen, cha nel mooarane [[crooaght rollage|rollageyn goll er croo]] ayndaue.<ref name="DeGraaffetal2007">{{cite journal |author1=DeGraaff, Regina Barber |author2=Blakeslee, John P. |author3=Meurer, Gerhardt R. |author4=Putman, Mary E. | title = A Galaxy in Transition: Structure, Globular Clusters, and Distance of the Star-Forming S0 Galaxy NGC 1533 in Dorado |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-12-20_671_2/page/1624 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | date = Nollick 2007 | volume = 671 | issue = 2 | pages = 1624–1639 | bibcode = 2007ApJ...671.1624D | doi = 10.1086/523640 |arxiv=0710.0893|s2cid=14312626 }}</ref> Ansherbee, foddee ad freayll ram joan ayns ny jyskyn oc. Myr eiyrtys, t'ad jeant ass shenn rollageyn (gollrish [[co-rollageys eelipsagh|co-rollageyssyn eelipsagh]]). Dyn bwooise da ny caghlaaghyn jalloo-oaylleeagh, ta troghyn cadjin cosoylagh, gollrish troghyn scaanagh as mooinjeryssyn scaailey, ec co-rollageyssyn daa-ghronnagh as eelipsagh. Ta'n daa jeu coontit dy mennick myr co-rollageyssyn leah ta gaafilley dy surransagh 'syn ayrn ynnydagh jeh'n Tuinney er y chooid sloo. Ta ny co-rollageyssyn ES marish jyskyn mean-scaailey oc kianglaghey ny co-rollageyssyn E rish ny co-rollageyssyn S0.<ref>Liller, M.H. (1966), [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966ApJ...146...28L The Distribution of Intensity in Elliptical Galaxies of the Virgo Cluster. II]</ref> ==Sampleyr== * [[Co-rollageys y Wheeyl Chairt]], co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh mysh 500 millioon dy hollys-vleeantyn foddey ersooyl ayns co-hollys rollageagh y [[Yn Jallooder (co-hollys rollageagh)|Jallooder]] * [[NGC 2787]], co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh schimmeigagh * [[NGC 3115]] * [[NGC 3632]] * [[NGC 4608]], co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh schimmeigagh mysh 56 millioonyn dy hollys-vleeantyn foddey ersooyl 'sy Voidyn * [[NGC 5866]] * [[NGC 1533]], co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh frauehoyllee ayns co-hollys rollageagh y [[Yn Doraid (co-hollys rollageagh)|Doraid]] ==Galleree== <gallery> Coadan:A greedy giant.jpg|Ta [[NGC 1222]] cummal tree ardjyn cruinn.<ref>{{cite web|title=A greedy giant|url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1645a/|website=www.spacetelescope.org|access-date=7 Nollick 2016}}</ref> COadan:Hubble Finds a Lenticular Galaxy Standing Out in the Crowd (29092024214).jpg|alt=PGC 83677 image obtained as part of the Coma Cluster Survey.|Jalloo er [[PGC 83677]] goit myr ayrn jeh Towshan [[Dhossan y Fuilt|Ghossan y Fuilt]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Standing out from the crowd|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1637a/|website=www.spacetelescope.org|access-date=12 Mean Fouyir 2016}}</ref> Coadan:Busy bees.jpg|Ta co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh [[NGC 5308]] soit begnagh 100 millioonyn dy hollys-vleeantyn foddey ersooyl ayns cohollys rollageagh y [[Yn Cheeaght (co-hollys rollageagh)|Cheeaght]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Busy bees|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1620a/|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> Coadan:Elegance conceals an eventful past.jpg|She co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh eh [[NGC 4111]], ta soit mysh 50 millioonyn dy hollys-vleeantyn ayns co-hollys ny [[Ny Moddee Feeaihagh|Moddee Feeaihagh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Elegance conceals an eventful past|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1616a/|access-date=18 Averil 2016}}</ref> Coadan:At the centre of the tuning fork Mrk 820.jpg|She co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh eh [[Mrk 820]] ta rang-oardrit myr sorhç S0 er Gollage Chiaullee Hubble.<ref>{{cite web|title=At the centre of the tuning fork|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1544a/|access-date=2 Sauin 2015}}</ref> Coadan:A fascinating core.jpg|She co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh eh [[Messier 84]] ta mie er enney kyndagh rish ny surnovae ayn.<ref>{{cite web|title=A fascinating core|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1522a/|access-date=8 Mean Souree 2015}}</ref> Coadan:The third way of galaxies.jpg|Va'n co-rollageys daa-ghronnagh [[NGC 6861]] feddynit magh ayns 1826 lesh y rollageyder Albinagh [[James Dunlop]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The third way of galaxies|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1502a/|website=www.spacetelescope.org|publisher=ESA/Hubble|access-date=12 Jerrey Geuree 2015}}</ref> Cartwheel Galaxy.jpg|[[Co-rollageys y Wheeyl Chairt]] </gallery> == Jeeagh er neesht == * [[Co-rollageys çhyndaaee prolaitagh|Co-rollageys fess]] {{Commons category|Lenticular galaxies|Corollageyssyn daa-ghronnagh}} ==Imraaghyn== {{Reflist}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Co-rollageyssyn daa-ghronnagh| ]] [[Ronney:Co-rollageyssyn rere sorçh jalloo-oaylleeagh|Daa-ghronnagh]] [[Ronney:Edwin Hubble]] 3aozpj118ykgiz6sn4lf0aroj5ho2zo 0 42062 389318 383093 2026-08-13T20:01:03Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389318 wikitext text/x-wiki Ta '''Strooan y Tideyr''' ({{lang-en|Sagittarius Stream}}) çheet er strughtoor ard-hroggalagh liauyr dy [[rollage]]yn ta filley mygeayrt [[Raad Mooar Gorree]] ayns [[cruinlagh]] ta begnagh goll tessen ny [[poull galactagh|poullyn galactagh]]. T'eh jeant jeh rollageyn va [[raipey tidee|raipit dy tidee]] veih [[Co-rollageys Crivassanagh Eelipsagh y Tideyr]], myr eiyrtys er obbraghey yn [[mestey co-rollageyssagh|vestey]] jeh rish Raad Mooar Gorree harrish billoonyn dy vleeantyn. Va'n strooan rollageagh shoh currit roish lesh [[Donald Lynden-Bell]] 'sy vlein 1995 erreish da ren eh oltscarrey rheynn ny [[dhossan bluckanagh|dhossanyn bluckanagh]] ayns Raad Mooar Gorree.<ref name=LB2/> Chur Newberg as e choheshaghtee (2002)<ref name=Discovery1/> as Majewski as e choheshaghtee (2003)<ref name=Discover21/> enney er y strughtoor hene lesh fysseree veih ny towshanyn [[2MASS]] as [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]]. 'Sy vlein 2006, ren Belokurov as e cho-obbreeyn<ref name=Streams/> feddyn magh dy row daa vanglane ec Strooan y Tideyr. Tra va'n nhee shannayragh mynyiarrit veih e cheilley car yn eddyr-obbraghey, chur eh leaystaghyn (cosoylagh rish sheean-tonnyn) trooid strughtoor [[laue chaslagh]] Raad Mooar Gorree. Ta bree ny leaystaghyn shen ry-akin jiu myr bratyn çhiu as goan jeh rheynnyn rollageagh erskyn as fo [[Corys ny Greiney]]. Jiu, ta soiaghey Strooan y Tideyr conastagh rish ny brattyn baghtallagh<ref name=Yanny2013/> cur rish y smooinaght dy vel Co-hollys Crivassanagh Eelipsagh y Tideyr kyndagh lesh y vrishey stiagh shen. ==Jeeagh er neesht== * [[Rolley strooanyn rollageagh]] ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=LB2>{{cite journal | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | title=Ghostly streams from the formation of the Galaxy's halo | last1=Lynden-Bell | first1=R. M.| last2=Lynden-Bell | first2=D. | pages=429–442 | date=Jerrey Souree 1995 | volume=275| issue=2 | doi = 10.1093/mnras/275.2.429 | doi-access=free | bibcode = 1995MNRAS.275..429L }}</ref> <ref name=Discovery1>{{cite journal | title=The Ghost of Sagittarius and Lumps in the Halo of the Milky Way | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2002-04-10_569_1/page/245 | display-authors=1 | last1=Newberg | first1=Heidi Jo | last2=Yanny | first2=Brian | last3=Rockosi | first3=Connie | last4=Grebel | first4=Eva K. | last5=Rix | first5=Hans-Walter | last6=Brinkmann | first6=Jon | last7=Csabai | first7=Istvan | last8=Hennessy | first8=Greg | last9=Hindsley | first9=Robert B. | last10=Ibata | first10=Rodrigo | last11=Ivezić | first11=Zeljko | last12=Lamb | first12=Don | last13=Nash | first13=E. Thomas | last14=Odenkirchen | first14=Michael | last15=Rave | first15=Heather A. | last16=Schneider | first16=D. P. | last17=Smith | first17=J. Allyn | last18=Stolte | first18=Andrea | last19=York | first19=Donald G. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=569 | issue=1 | pages=245–274 | date=Averil 2002 | arxiv=astro-ph/0111095 | bibcode=2002ApJ...569..245N | doi=10.1086/338983 | s2cid=16909562 }}</ref> <ref name=Discover21>{{cite journal | title=A Two Micron All Sky Survey View of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy. I. Morphology of the Sagittarius Core and Tidal Arms | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2003-12-20_599_2/page/1082 | last1=Majewski | first1=Steven R. | last2=Skrutskie | first2=M. F. | last3=Weinberg | first3=Martin D. | last4=Ostheimer | first4=James C. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=599 | issue=2 | pages=1082–1115 | date=Nollick 2003 | arxiv=astro-ph/0304198 | bibcode=2003ApJ...599.1082M | doi=10.1086/379504 | s2cid=2387702 }}</ref> <ref name=Streams>{{cite journal | title=The Field of Streams: Sagittarius and Its Siblings | display-authors=1 | last1=Belokurov | first1=V. | last2=Zucker | first2=D. B. | last3=Evans | first3=N. W. | last4=Gilmore | first4=G. | last5=Vidrih | first5=S. | last6=Bramich | first6=D. M. | last7=Newberg | first7=H. J. | last8=Wyse | first8=R. F. G. | last9=Irwin | first9=M. J. | last10=Fellhauer | first10=M. | last11=Hewett | first11=P. C. | last12=Walton | first12=N. A. | last13=Wilkinson | first13=M. I. | last14=Cole | first14=N. | last15=Yanny | first15=B. | last16=Rockosi | first16=C. M. | last17=Beers | first17=T. C. | last18=Bell | first18=E. F. | last19=Brinkmann | first19=J. | last20=Ivezić | first20=Ž. | last21=Lupton | first21=R. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=642 | issue=2 | pages=L137–L140 | date=Boaldyn 2006 | arxiv=astro-ph/0605025 | bibcode=2006ApJ...642L.137B | doi=10.1086/504797 | s2cid=1774643 }}</ref> <ref name=Yanny2013>{{cite journal | title=The Stellar Number Density Distribution in the Local Solar Neighborhood is North-South Asymmetric | last1=Yanny | first1=Brian | last2=Gardner | first2=Susan | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=Mean Fouyir 2013 | volume=777 | issue=2 | page=91 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/91 | s2cid=118314811 | bibcode=2013ApJ...777...91Y | arxiv=1309.2300 }}</ref> }} ==Kianglaghyn magh== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114035201/http://www.skynightly.com/reports/Deriving_The_Shape_Of_The_Galactic_Stellar_Disc.html Deriving The Shape Of The Galactic Stellar Disc] (SkyNightly) 17 Mayrnt 2006 *[http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=42&lang=en Deriving the shape of the Galactic stellar disc], cur-magh naight A&A, 16 Mayrnt 2006 {{Raad Mooar Gorree}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Raad Mooar Gorree]] [[Ronney:Co-rollageys Crivassanagh Co-chruinnoidagh y Tideyr]] [[Ronney:Fo-phossan Raad Mooar Gorree]] [[Ronney:Strooanyn rollageagh]] [[Ronney:Reddyn rollageydagh feddynit magh 'sy vlein 1995|?]] 43vfmjco9ee3er3l7i2nlrpueiu69gu 0 42086 389342 362912 2026-08-13T21:15:41Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389342 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NGC4676.jpg|thumb|Ta [[Co-rollageyssyn ny Lughyn]] (NGC 4676 A&B) mestey.]] Ta '''mestaghyn co-rollageyssagh''' taghyrtyn tra ta daa (ny ny smoo) [[co-rollageys|cho-rollageys]] covuilley rish y cheilley. Ta'n eddyr-obbraghey shen coontit myr yn [[co-rollageys eddyr-obbragh|eddyr-obbraghey co-rollageyssagh]] smoo loghtal t'ayn. Shymmey eiyrtys mooar er ny co-rollageyssyn hene kyndagh rish ny [[ym-hayrn|h-eddyr-obbraghyn ym-hayrnagh]] eddyr ny co-rollageyssyn as y screebey eddyr y [[gas|ghas]] as y [[joan y tuinney|joan tuinnagh]]. Ansherbee, ta cummaghyn as sorçhyn ny h-eiyrtyssyn shen bunnit er caghlaaghyn mooarey dy pharameadaryn lheid as uillinyn ny [[covuilley|covuillaghyn]], ny [[bieauid]]yn, as y mooadys ny cummey conastagh. Shymmey obbyr as ronsaghey ta taghyrtyn nish 'sy cheird shoh. S'scanshoil ta mestaghyn co-rollageyssagh er-yn-oyr dy vel y chormid vestee coontit myr towshan bunneydagh da [[Crooaght as aafilley co-rollageyssyn|aafilley ny co-rollageyssyn]] as t'eh kiarail leeidyn da rollageyderyn bentyn rish aase co-rollageyssyn harrish lhingyn liauyrey.<ref name="Galaxy Collision Rate">{{cite news |date=27 Jerrey Fouyir 2011 |title=Astronomers Pin Down Galaxy Collision Rate |newspaper=HubbleSite |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2011/news-2011-30.html |access-date=16 Averil 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608204841/https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2011/news-2011-30.html |archive-date=8 Mean Souree 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Ronnaghyn== Foddee mestaghyn co-rollageyssagh ve rang-oardit ayns possanyn er lheh bentyn rish troyn ny co-rollageyssyn mestee, lheid as yn earroo oc, y mooadys cosoylagh oc, as berçhys y ghas t'ayndaue. ===Rere earroo=== Foddee mestaghyn ve rang-oardit rere earroo ny co-rollageyssyn ta mestey: ;Mestey jeesoil: Daa cho-rollageys ta mestey. ;Yl-vestey: Tree co-rollageys ta mestey. ===Rere mooadys=== Foddee mestaghyn ve rang-oardit rere mooadys y cho-rollageys smoo as kys t'eh er ny ve ceaghlit rere mooadys ny cummey liorish y vestey: ;Myn-vestey: Ta mestaghyn coontit myr ''myn-vestaghyn'' tra ta fer jeh ny co-rollageyssyn foddey ny smoo na yn fer, ny ny fir, elley. Er y chooid smoo, ta'n co-rollageys "gee" yn fer by loo - red ta enmyssit "canniblaght ghalactagh" - soo yn chooid smoo jeh'n ghas as ny rollageyn echey gyn mooarane eiyrtys er y cho-rollageys smoo. T'eh er credjal dy vel y co-rollageys ain, [[Raad Mooar Gorree]], gee shiartanse dy cho-rollageyssyn beggey ec y traa t'ayn, lheid as [[Co-rollageys Crivassanagh y Voddey Mooar]] as, foddee, [[Bodjallyn Magellan]]. T'eh er credjal dy nee brooillagh [[co-rollageys crivassanagh]] ta begnagh mestit rish Raad Mooar Gorree eh [[Strooan Rollageagh y Voidyn]]. ;Mooar-vestey: Ta mestaghyn eddyr daa [[co-rollageys caslagh|cho-rollageys caslagh]] ta cosoylagh rish y cheilley coontit myr ''mooar-vestaghyn''; my vees ad covuilley fo uillinyn as bieauidyn cooie, vees ad mestey rere aght ta gimman y chooid smoo jeh'n joan as y gas lesh caghlaa obbrinaghtyn aaveaghee ta goaill stiagh keimyn dy [[çheshvean galactagh bio|heshveanyn galactagh bio]]. T'eh er credjal dy nee eshyn y forse immanagh ta çheu chooylloo [[quasar]]yn. She [[co-rollageys eelipsagh]] yn eiyrtys, as ta ram rollageyderyn sheiltyn dy nee eshyn y vun-obbrinaght ta croo eelipsee. Ren un studeyrys feddyn magh dy ren co-rollageyssyn mooarey mestey rish y cheilley foddee un cheayrt harrish 9&nbsp;billoonyn dy vleeantyn. Ren co-rollageyssyn beggey mestey rish co-rollageyssyn mooarey ny s'menkey.<ref name="Galaxy Collision Rate"/> Rere ny faaishnyssyn, bee Raad Mooar Gorree as [[Co-rollageys y Ven Gheulit]] [[Mestey Raad Mooar Gorree as y Ven Gheulit|mestey lurg 4.5&nbsp;billoonyn dy vleeantyn]]. T'ee oolit dy nee yn mestey shen croo [[co-rollageys eelipsagh mooar]] ass daa [[Co-rollageys caslagh mooar-chiaddit|cho-rollageys caslagh mooar-chiaddit]]. ===Rere berçhys gas=== Foddee mestaghyn ve rang-oardit rere eddyr-obbraghey yn ghas (my vel gas erbee ayn) ta çheusthie as ta mygeayrt ny co-rollageyssyn ta mestey: ;Mestey fliugh: Ta ''mestaghyn fliugh'' taghyrtyn tra ta co-rollageyssyn berçhagh ayns gas (co-rollageyssyn "gorrym") mestey rish y cheilley. Er y chooid smoo, ta co-rollageyssyn fliugh croo ram rollageyn, ceaghley co-rollageyssyn jysk stiagh ayns [[co-rollageys eelipsagh|co-rollageyssyn eelipsagh]], as cur bun rish bioyrid quasaryn.<ref name="Lin">{{cite journal| last=Lin |first=Lihwal |s2cid=18628675 |display-authors=etal |title=The Redshift Evolution of Wet, Dry, and Mixed Galaxy Mergers from Close Galaxy Pairs in the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=Jerrey Souree 2008 |volume=681 |issue=232 |pages=232–243 |doi=10.1086/587928 |bibcode=2008ApJ...681..232L |arxiv=0802.3004}}</ref> ;Mestey çhirrym: Ta mestaghyn eddyr co-rollageyssyn raad nagh vel mooarane gas ayn (co-rollageyssyn "jiarg") enmyssit co-rollageyssyn ''çhirrym''. Er y chooid smoo, cha nel mestaghyn çhirrym ceaghley cormidyn [[crooaght rollage|crooaght rollageyn]] ayns ny co-rollageyssyn dy mooar, agh foddee dy vel paart mooar ad ayns bishaghey yn [[glout rollageagh|ghlout rollageagh]].<ref name="Lin"/> ;Mestey tash: Ta ''mestaghyn tash'' taghyrtyn eddyr yn daa horçh dy cho-rollageyssyn ta enmyssit heose (co-rollageyssyn "gorrym" as "jiarg"), my vel gas dy liooar ayn son dy chur rish [[co-rollageys scoltey rollageyn|cormidyn mooarey dy chrooaght rollageyn]] agh mannagh vel dy liooar ayn son dy chroo [[dhossan bluckanagh|dhossanyn bluckanagh]].<ref name="Forbes">{{cite journal |last=Forbes |first=Duncan A. |s2cid=15213247 |display-authors=etal |title=Damp Mergers: Recent Gaseous Mergers without Significant Globular Cluster Formation? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-04-10_659_1/page/188 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=Averil 2007 |volume=659 |issue=1 |pages=188–194 |doi=10.1086/512033 |bibcode=2007ApJ...659..188F |arxiv=astro-ph/0612415}}</ref> ;Mestey mestit: Ta ''mestaghyn mestit'' tra ta co-rollageyssyn berçhagh ayns gas as co-rollageyssyn gyn mooarane gas (co-rollageyssyn "gorrym" as "jiarg") mestey rish y cheilley. ==Sampleyryn== Ta co-rollageyssyn ta mestey, ny ta er ny vestey, goaill stiagh: * [[Co-rollageyssyn ny h-Aeragyn]] * [[Co-rollageyssyn ny Lughyn]] * [[Kentaur A]] * [[NGC 7318]] * [[Arp 273]] ==Galleree== {{multiple image | header = Co-rollageyssyn mestey | align = center | direction = horizontal | width = | image1 = PIA23009-GOALS-MergingGalaxies-20190227.jpg | caption1 = Arp 302 (clee); NGC 7752/7753; IIZw96 (yesh) | width1 = 200 | image2 = NGC 2623 or Arp 243 - HST Potw1742a.tif | caption2 = [[NGC 2623]] – keim yerrinagh jeh mestey daa cho-rollageys<ref>{{cite web|title=A glimpse of the future|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1742a/|website=www.spacetelescope.org|access-date=16 Jerrey Fouyir 2017}}</ref> | width2 = 238 | image3 = Galactic glow worm.jpg | caption3 = Lhoobaghyn co-rollageyssagh – foddee dy nee mestey t'ayn<ref>{{cite news|title=Galactic glow worm|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1311a/|access-date=27 Mayrnt 2013|newspaper=ESA/Hubble}}</ref> | width3 = 137 | image4 = Markarian 779.jpg | caption4 = Markarian 779 – foddee dy nee mestey t'aynr<ref>{{cite web|title=Transforming Galaxies|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1206a/|work=Picture of the Week|publisher=ESA/Hubble|access-date=6 Toshiaght Arree 2012}}</ref> | width4 = 114 | image5 = Artist’s impression of ancient galaxy megamerger.jpg | caption5 = Mooar-vestey co-rollageyssagh (smooinaght ellynagh)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Galaxy Megamergers - ALMA and APEX discover massive conglomerations of forming galaxies in early Universe|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1812/|website=www.eso.org|access-date=26 Averil 2018}}</ref> | width5 = 172 | image6 = Cosmic “flying V” of merging galaxies.tif | caption6 = “V Etlagh” – daa cho-rollageys<ref>{{cite news|title=Cosmic "flying V" of merging galaxies|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1306a/|access-date=12 Toshiaght Arree 2013|newspaper=ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week}}</ref> | width6 = 114 | footer = | image7 = Hubble Interacting Galaxy ESO 99-4 (2008-04-24).jpg | caption7 = ESO 99-4, co-rollageys quaagh – foddee dy nee mestey t'aynr<ref>{{cite web|title=ESO 99-4|url=https://esahubble.org/images/heic0810aw/|access-date=24 Averil 2018|newspaper=ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week}}</ref> | width7 = 114 }} {{clear}} ==Jeeagh er neesht== * [[Boogh (rollageydys)]] * [[Rolley strooanyn rollageagh]] * [[Laccalys glout]] * [[Co-rollageys pishyragh]] ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170714213739/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16872449/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/andromeda-involved-galactic-collision/ Andromeda involved in galactic collision] – NBC News * [http://galmer.obspm.fr "GALMER: Galaxy Merger Simulations"] {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Co-rollageyssyn eddyr-obbragh|*Mestey]] [[Ronney:Taghyrtyn buillee]] qnqsy8fhgcihtcqrs3s08pln04o7j8s 0 44146 389336 369977 2026-08-13T21:09:36Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Co-hollys Rollageagh |ennym ladjynagh = Andromeda |rolley rollageyn = Rolley rollageyn 'sy Ven Gheulit |aagherrid = And{{sfn|Russell|1922|p=469}} |gienneydagh = Andromedae |cowrey-oaylleeaght = {{Ubl|Gaelg: çhyndaa yn ennym v'ec y pheiagh feayn-skealleydagh va enmyssit [[Andromeda (feayn-skeealleydaght)|Andromeda]]|[[Ladjyn]]: [[Andromeda (feayn-skeealeydaght)|Andromeda]]}} |rhenkeaghtyr = 19oo |jee-chleayney = {{dec|53.1870041}}–{{dec|21.6766376}}{{sfn|IAU, ''The Constellations'', Andromeda}} |KI = {{RA|23|25|48.6945}}–{{RA|02|39|32.5149}}{{sfn|IAU, ''The Constellations'', Andromeda}} |kerroo-chiarkyl = SQ1 |rollageynmarishplanaidyn = |ard-rollageyn = 16 |rollageyn sgilley = 3 |rollage sgilley = [[Alpheratz]] (α And) |mooadysrollage = 2.07 |earroorollageynbf = 65 |rollageyn sniessey = 3 |rollage sniessey = [[Ross 248]]{{sfn|RECONS, ''The 100 Nearest Star Systems''}} |earrooreddynmessier= 3,{{sfn|Bakich|1995|p=54}} goaill stiagh [[Co-rollageys y Ven Gheulit]] |frassyndreiggaghyn = [[Andromedidyn]] (Bielidyn) |latmax = [[Ard y Twoaie|90]] |latmin = 40 |mee = Mee Houney |noteyn =[[Coadan:Andromeda Hevelius.jpg|center|300px]] }} She [[co-hollys rollageagh]] 'sy [[lieh-sfeyr niauoilagh hwoaie]] ee '''yn Ven Gheulit''' (ny '''Andromeda''' 'syn ennym [[Ladjyn]]agh echey). T'eh coontit mastey ny 48 co-hollys rollageagh va listit lesh y rollageyder [[Ptolemy]] 'sy 2h eash BNJ, as t'eh foast coontit mastey ny [[88 co-hollys rollageagh]]. Ta'n ennym Ladjyn çheet ass [[Andromeda (feayn-skeealleydaght)|Andromeda]], inneen lesh [[Cassiopeia (moir Andromeda)|Cassiopeia]] (t'er ny hoilshaghey myr [[Keeagh yn Assyl (co-hollys rollageagh)|Keeagh yn Assyl]]), 'syn [[Feayn-skeealleydaght Ghreagagh|eayn-skeealleydaght Ghreagagh]], v'er ny gheuley rish creg myr bee da'n pheisht varrey [[Cetus (feayn-skeealleydaght)|Cetus]] ([[Yn Meeyl Mooar (co-hollys rollageagh)|y Meeyl Mooar]]). Ta'n Ven Gheulit shassoo magh ny share car fastyryn fouyir 'sy [[Yn Lieh-chruinney Hwoaie|Lieh-chruinney Hwoaie]], cur liorish shiartanse dy cho-hollyssyn rollageagh elley ta enmyssit 'sy Ladjyn ass karacteyryn ayns feayn-skeeal [[Perseus]]. Kyndagh rish y [[jee-chleaney (rollageydys)|jee-chleayney]] twoaieagh, cha nel y Ven Gheulit ry-akin agh twoaie veih'n dowan-lheead 40° jiass; son fakideryn elley ta soit foddey ny s'jiassagh, ta'n Ven Gheulit ny lhie dy beayn fo oirr ny cruinney. T'eh coontit mastey ny co-hollyssyn rollageagh smoo, as eh 722 [[keim cherrinagh|cheim cherrinagh]] er eaghtyr. T'eh shen ny smoo na 1,400 keayrt ny smoo na eaghtyr y [[lane-eayst]], 55% jeh mooadys y cho-hollys rollageagh smoo, [[Yn Pheisht Ushtey (co-hollys rollageagh)|y Pheisht Ushtey]], as jeih keayrt ny smoo na'n co-hollys rollageagh sloo, [[yn Chrosh (co-hollys rollageagh)|yn Chrosh]]. She [[rollage yeesoil]] ee yn rollage s'gilley, [[Alpheratz]] (Alpha Andromedae), t'er ny ve coontit myr ayrn jeh'n [[Yn Cabbyl Etlee (co-hollys rollageagh)|Chabbyl Etlee]] hannah hene. She rollage yeesoil ghaahoil eh [[Gamma Andromedae]] (Almach) as she targad cadjin t'eh da rollageyderyn amateyragh. She [[rollage chaghlaaee]] as [[foawr jiarg]], cosoylagh rish Alpheratz, eh [[Mirach]] (Beta Andromedae), as ta'n daah echey ry-akin da'n tooill. She [[Co-rollageys y Ven Gheulit]] (M31) y red dowin-speyrey smoo baghtal 'sy cho-hollys rollageagh, y co-rollageys caslagh s'niessey da Raad Mooar Gorree, as nane jeh [[Red Messier|reddyn Messier]] s'gilley t'ayn. Ta co-rollageyssyn elley, goaill stiagh ny cumraagyn M31 [[Messier 110|M110]] as [[Messier 32|M32]], chammah's [[NGC 891]], soit çheusthie jeh'n Ven Gheulit. Ta [[Neeal y Vluckan Sniaghtee Gorrym]], [[neeal planaidagh]], ry-akin trooid fodreayrtan myr red kiarkylagh gorrym. 'Sy [[rollageydys Sheenagh]], va rollageyn y Ven Gheulit croo kiare co-hollys rollageagh er lheh as s'mooar y scansh astroaylleeagh as eayn-skeealleydagh v'oc; ta co-hollys rollageagh bentyn rish y Ven Gheulit er mooinjerys ayn 'syn eayn-skeealleydaght Hinduagh. She yn Ven Gheulit soiaghey [[raadee (frass dreigaghyn)|raadee]] ny [[Andromedidyn|h-Andromedidyn]], [[frass dreigaghyn]] thanney ta taghyrtyn ayns Mee Houney. ==Imraaghyn== ===Symnaghyn=== {{reflist}} ===Farraneyn-fys=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Bakich | first = Michael E. | date = 1995 | title = The Cambridge Guide to the Constellations | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-44921-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto00baki }} * {{cite journal | last = Russell | first = Henry Norris | author-link = Henry Norris Russell |date=October 1922 | title = The new international symbols for the constellations | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469 | journal = [[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume = 30 | page = 469 | bibcode = 1922PA.....30..469R }} {{refend}} == Kianglaghyn magh == {{Commons and category|Andromeda|Andromeda_(constellation)}} * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/andromeda/ ''The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Andromeda''] {{in lang|en}} * [http://astrojan.nhely.hu/androm.htm Y Ven Gheulit so-chriggaragh] * [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/andromeda.html ''Star Tales'' lesh Ian Ridpath&nbsp;– Andromeda] * {{cite EB9 |wstitle=Andromeda |volume=2 |page=22|short=x}} * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Andromeda |volume=1 |page=975 |short=x }} * {{cite NSRW |wstitle=Andromeda |short=x}} {{Rollageyn y Ven Gheulit}} {{Constellations}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{Speyr|00|46|00||37|00|00|10}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ven Gheulit, Yn}} [[Ronney:Yn Ven Gheulit (co-hollys rollageagh)| ]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh rere Ptolemy]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh y twoaie]] 4yh406mf44qseihz6y69nwb5cdqbk1s 0 44178 389340 368082 2026-08-13T21:13:30Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Co-hollys Rollageagh |ennym ladjynagh = Aries |rolley rollageyn = Rolley rollageyn 'sy Rea |aagherrid = Ari{{sfn|Russell|1922|p=469}} |gienneydagh = Arietis |cowrey-oaylleeaght = yn [[keyrrey|rea]] (keyrrey irryn) |rhenkeaghtyr = 39oo |jee-chleayney = {{dec|31.2213154}}–{{dec|10.3632069}}<ref name=boundary/> |KI = {{RA|01|46|37.3761}}–{{RA|03|29|42.4003}}<ref name=boundary>{{Cite journal | title=Aries, constellation boundary | journal=The Constellations | publisher=International Astronomical Union | url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#ari | access-date=14 February 2014 | archive-date=4 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604014156/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#ari | url-status=dead }}</ref> |kerroo-chiarkyl = NQ1 |rollageynmarishplanaidyn = |ard-rollageyn = 4, 9 |rollageyn sgilley = 2 |rollage sgilley = [[Hamal|Hamal (α Ari)]] |mooadysrollage = 2.01 |earroorollageynbf = 61 |rollageyn sniessey = 2 |rollage sniessey = [[Rollage Teegarden]] (SO 0253+1652){{sfn|RECONS, ''The 100 Nearest Star Systems''}} |earrooreddynmessier= 0 |frassyndreiggaghyn = {{Ubl|Arietidyn Voaldyn|Arietidyn yn Ouyir|Arietidyn Delta|Arietidyn Epsilon|[[Arietidyn y Laa]]|Triangulidyn y Rea}} |latmax = [[Ard y Twoaie|90]] |latmin = 60 |mee = Mee ny Nollick |noteyn =[[Coadan:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola BB - Aries.jpg|center|300px]] }} She [[co-hollys rollageagh]] er [[cassyn ny greiney]] eh '''yn Rea''' (ny '''Aries''' 'syn ennym [[Ladjyn]]agh echey). T'eh soit 'sy [[lieh-sfeyr niauoilagh hwoaie]] eddyr ny [[Ny Yeeastyn (co-hollys rollageagh)|Yeeastyn]] 'sy neear as y [[Yn Tarroo (co-hollys rollageagh)Tarroo]] 'sy niar. She [[Coadan:Aries symbol (fixed width).svg|20px]] (♈︎) yn cowrey astroaylleeagh tradishoonagh echey. T'eh coontit mastey ny 48 co-holys va listit lesh y rollageyder [[Ptolemy]] 'sy 2h eash BNJ, as t'eh foast coontit mastey y [[Co-hollyssyn rollageagh noa-emshiragh|88 co-hollys rollageagh noa-emshiragh]]. She co-hollys rollageagh lieh-vooar t'eh, as eh 441 cheim cherrinagh er eaghtyr (1.1% jeh'n [[sfeyr niauoilagh]]). Ta soylley rea er ny ve ymmydit dy hoilshaghey yn Rea veih eash yeianagh ny Babylonnee. Roish shen, ren rollageyn y laue croo obbree thallooin. Ta cultooryn eigsoylagh er ny chur rollageyn y Rea stiagh ayns caghlaaghyn co-hollys rollageagh, goaill stiagh scruteyryn dooblit 'sy Çheen as perkyn ayns Ellanyn Varshyl. She co-hollys rollageagh beggan baiht ta'n Rea as cha nel agh kiare rollage gial echey: [[Hamal]] (Alpha Arietis, nah vooadys), [[Sheratan]] (Beta Arietis, trass mooadys), [[Mesarthim]] (Gamma Arietis, kiarroo mooadys), as [[41 Arietis]] (kiarroo mooadys chammah). S'goan ny [[reddyn dowin-speyrey]] t'ayn, as adsyn t'ayn, t'ad slane baiht as goaill stiagh shiartanse dy phiyryn dy cho-rollageyssyn eddyr-obbragh. T'eh jeeaghyn dy vel shiartanse dy [[frass dreigaghyn|rassyn dreigaghyn]] çheet veih'n Rea, goaill stiagh [[Arietidyn y Laa]] as Arietidyn Epsilon. ==Imraaghyn== ===Symnaghyn=== {{reflist}} ===Farraneyn-fys=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal | last = Russell | first = Henry Norris | date=Jerrey Fouyur 1922 | title = The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469 | journal = [[Popular Astronomy (earishlioar Americaanagh)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume = 30 | page = 469 | bibcode = 1922PA.....30..469R }} {{refend}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons}} * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/aries/ ''The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Aries''] {{in lang|en}} * [http://astrojan.nhely.hu/aries.htm Yn Rea so-chriggaragh] * [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/aries.html ''Star Tales'' lesh Ian Ridpath – Aries] {{in lang|en}} {{Rollageyn y Rea}} {{constellations}} {{cassyn ny greiney}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{Speyr|03|00|00|+|20|00|00|10}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rea}} [[Ronney:Yn Rea (co-hollys rollageagh)| ]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh rere Ptolemy]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh y twoaie]] 9groszr0w0a7feljozm5h2qfon23m76 0 44183 389309 367338 2026-08-13T19:37:23Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Coadan:SN2018gv.gif|thumb|upright=2|Cruill hollysh [[NGC 2525]] lurg [[yl-nova]]]] Ta '''rollageydys taghyrtyn shallidagh''' çheet er [[red rollageydagh|reddyn rollageydagh]] as kys t'ad ceaghley rish traa. T'eh raait dy row eh bunnit lesh ''[[Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari]]'' lesh [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], agh ta'n reamys shen er ny vishaghey dy ghoaill stiagh reddyn caghlaaee çheumooie jeh [[Corys ny Greiney]]. Foddee caghlaays traaoil goaill toshiaght rish gleashaght y vun, ny caghlaaghyn 'sy red hene. Targadyn studeyrys cadjin, t'ad goaill stiagh [[nova]]ghyn, [[yl-nova]]ghyn, [[builley rollageagh|rollageyn buillee]], [[rollage-lossan|rollageyn-lossan]], [[blazar]]yn, as [[çheshvean co-rollageyssagh bio|çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio]]. Ta creearyn shilleydagh bentyn rish taghyrtyn shallidagh goaill stiagh [[Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment|OGLE]], [[HAT-South]], [[PanSTARRS]], [[SkyMapper]], [[All Sky Automated Survey|ASAS]], [[Wide Angle Search for Planets|WASP]], [[Catalina Real-time Transient Survey|CRTS]], [[GOTO (reaghys fodreayrtan)|GOTO]], as yn [[Large Synoptic Survey Telescope|LSST]] ec [[Reayrtlann Vera C. Rubin]]. Ta rollageydys taghyrtyn shallidagh jannoo studeyrys er taghyrtyn rollageydagh shallidagh ("''shallidee''"), as t'ad goaill stiagh sorçhyn eigsoylagh dy rollageyn caghlaaee, lheid as rollageyn [[curmeyder earishagh|earishagh]], [[lieh-earishaght|lieh-earishagh]], jeh [[kiart-ghleashaght|ard-ghleashaght chiart]], as taghyrtyn çhymshal-bea ([[yl-nova]]ghyn, [[kilonova]]ghyn) ny caghlaaghyn elley 'syn aghtys ny 'sy torçh oc. Ta shallidee neu-rollageagh goaill stiagh [[roltageagh|roltagee]], [[turrys (rollageydys)|turryssyn planaidagh]], as [[comaid]]yn. Ta shallidee soilshaghey [[red rollageydagh|reddyn rollageydagh]] ny phenomenonyn raad ta mayrnaght y taghyrt eddyr millitootçhaghyn as laaghyn, shiaghtinyn, ny, feeu, bleeantyn er lhiurid. T'eh shen shassoo jeeragh noi ny millioonyn ny ny billoonyn dy vleeantyn cuin ta [[co-rollageys]]syn as ny [[rollage]]yn t'ayndaue 'sy [[yn tuinney|Tuinney]] gaafilley. Ta'n çhiarrym ymmydit da taghyrtyn [[red dowin-speyrey|dowin-speyrey]] loghtal, lheid as [[yl-nova]]ghyn, [[nova]]ghyn, bleastaghyn [[nova crivassanagh|novaghyn crivassanagh]], [[bleastey scell-gamma|bleastaghyn scell-gamma]], as [[taghyrt boirey tidee|taghyrtyn boirey tidee]], chammah's y [[meegra-lensaghey ym-hayrnagh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=Brian |title=Optical Transient Surveys |journal=[[Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union]] |date=20 April 2012 |volume=7 |issue=S285 |pages=9–10 |doi=10.1017/S1743921312000129|bibcode=2012IAUS..285....9S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Chammah's shen, ta rollageydys taghyrtyn shallidagh goaill stiagh studeyryssyn foddey-hiarrymagh er [[rollage chaghlaaee||rollageyn caghlaaee]] as ny caghlaaghyn oc er scaailley-traa minnidyn dys jeihaghtyn. Foddee yn caghlaays shen va ''undinagh'', goaill stiagh studeyryssyn er rollageyn buillee earishagh ny [[rollage chaghlaaee lieh-reiltagh|lieh-reiltagh]], [[red rollageagh aeg|reddyn rollageagh aeg]], [[rollage chaghlaaee cho-leaystagh|rollageyn lesh bleastaghyn-magh]], ny studeyryssyn [[seismey-oaylleeaght rollageagh]]; ny ''cadjin-foshlit'', ta çheet ass [[dooid]]yn (ayns [[rollage çhyndaaee|rollageyn çhyndaaee]], [[turrys (rollageydys)|turryssyn planaidagh]]), [[çhyndaays rollageagh]] (ayns [[pulsar]]yn, rollageyn [[cronnyn rollage|cronnit]]), ny [[meegra-lensaghey|taghyrtyn meegra-lensaghey ym-hayrnagh]]. Dy mennick, ta creearyn rollageydys taghyrtyn shallidagh gymmydey [[fodreayrtan robotagh|fodreayrtanyn robotagh]], rang-oardraghey seyr-obbragh jeh taghyrtyn shallidagh, as fograghyn bio ny tappee da ny cummalee-chianglee. Ta [[cosoylleyder-meek|cosoylleyderyn-meek]] er ny ve ymmydit rish tammylt liauyrson dy chronnaghey caghlaayssyn eddyr daa phlait fotografagh, agh haink y [[leodys jalloo]] dy ve ymmydit ny smoo tra lhig y fotografeeaght vun-earrooagh da aash chadjiney piyryn dy yallooyn.<ref name="Schmidt-2011" /> Ta obbyr ny studeyryssyn shen goaill stiagh stoyral as livrey-ys ram fysseree kyndagh rish ny reamyssyn mooarey shirrit. T'eh shen goaill stiagh çhaghnyssyn [[meaineraght fysseree]], rang-oardraghey, as stiurey fysseree yl-cheintagh.<ref name="Graham-2012" /> Va scansh rollageydys ny taghyrtyn shallidagh currit er enney 'sy vlein 2018 lesh [[Sheshaght Rollageydys y Ghermaan]] tra va [[Boyn Karl Schwarzschild]] bronnit er [[Andrzej Udalski]] son e "chontoyrtys kioneraadagh da aase ''magher noa jeh ronsaght yn ishig rollageagh, rollageydys taghyrtyn shallidagh'', ta jannoo studeyrys er caghlaays gillid ny parameadaryn elley jeh reddyn 'sy Tuinney er scaaillaghyn traa eigsoylagh."<ref>Fogrey-naight veih [https://web.archive.org/web/20250427092725/https://www.fnp.org.pl/en/prof-andrzej-udalski-nagrodzony-medalem-karla-schwarzschilda/ Undinys Sheanse y Pholynn]</ref> Chammah's shen, va [[Aundyr Dan David]] bronnit er y troor dy aa-ronseyderyn 'sy rollageydys taghyrtyn shallidagh: [[Neil Gehrels]] ([[Swift (fodreayrtan spoar)|Swift]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dandavidprize.org/laureates/neil-gehrels-october-1952-february-2017/|title = Neil Gehrels|date = 17 Luanistyn 2021}}</ref> [[Shrinivas Kulkarni]] ([[Palomar Transient Factory]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dandavidprize.org/laureates/shrinivas-kulkarni/|title = Shrinivas Kulkarni|date = 17 Luanistyn 2021}}</ref> as Andrzej Udalski ([[Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dandavidprize.org/laureates/andrzej-udalski/|title = Andrzej Udalski|date = 17 Luanistyn 2021}}</ref> ==Imraaghyn== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Schmidt-2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/users/timedomainconf/participants/talks/Schmidt.pdf|title=Transient Studies have played a key role in the history of Astronomy|last=Schmidt|first=Brian|date=28 Mean Fouyir 2011 |accessdate=5 Boaldyn 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Graham-2012">{{Cite journal|arxiv=1208.2480|title=Data challenges of time domain astronomy|last=Graham|first=Matthew J.S.|author2=G. Djorgovski |author3=Ashish Mahabal |author4=Ciro Donalek |author5=Andrew Drake |author6=Giuseppe Longo |journal=Distributed and Parallel Databases|date=Luanistyn 2012|volume=30|issue=5–6|pages=371–384|doi=10.1007/s10619-012-7101-7|s2cid=11166899}}</ref> }} ==Kianglaghyn magh== * {{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/cftdinfo/|title=Centre for Time-Domain Informatics|accessdate=5 Boaldyn 2013}} {{cite web|url=https://citris-uc.org/research/project/center-for-time-domain-informatics/|title=possible present URL of Centre for Time-Domain Informatics|accessdate=4 Mean Fouyir 2022}} * {{cite journal|last=Bernardini|first=E.|date=2011|title=Astronomy in the Time Domain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-02-11_331_6018/page/686|journal=Science|volume=331|issue=6018|pages=686–687|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1201365|pmid=21212319|bibcode = 2011Sci...331..686B |s2cid=206531635}} * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ Stoyr-fysseree Rollageydagh SIMBAD] {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Rollageydys tastagh|Taghyrtyn shallidagh]] [[Ronney:Taghyrtyn rollageydagh]] t6httm2j7sgxq9uysw1sad9ti73iosd 0 44288 389312 367589 2026-08-13T19:46:19Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Co-hollys Rollageagh |ennym ladjynagh = Pictor |rolley rollageyn = Rolley rollageyn 'sy Pheinteyr |aagherrid = Pic |gienneydagh = Pictoris |cowrey-oaylleeaght = y [[peinteyr]] | KI = {{RA|4.53}}–{{RA|6.85}} | dec = {{DEC|−43}}–{{DEC|−64}} |kerroo-chiarkyl = SQ1 |rhenkeaghtyr = 59oo |ard-rollageyn = 3 |earroorollageynbf = 15 |rollageyn sgilley = 0 |rollageyn sniessey = 1 |rollage sgilley = [[Alpha Pictoris|α Pic]] |mooadysrollage = 3.30 |rollage sniessey = [[Rollage Kapteyn]] |earrooreddynmessier= 0 |frassyndreiggaghyn = 0 |latmax = 26 |latmin = [[Ard y Jiass|90]] |mee = Jerrey Geuree |noteyn = }} She [[co-hollys rollageagh]] 'sy [[lieh-sfeyr niauoilagh yiass]] eh '''yn Peinteyr''' (ny '''Pictor''' 'syn ennym [[Ladjyn]]agh echey). T'eh soit eddyr y rollage [[Canopus]] as y [[Yn Bodjal Magellanagh Mooar|Bodjal Magellanagh Mooar]]. She aagherrid jeh'n çhenn-ennym '''Equuleus Pictoris''' eh yn ennym Ladjynagh noa-emshiragh echey. Dy cadjin t'eh soilshit myr [[tackish]] as v'eh enmyssit lesh yn Abbé [[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] 'sy 18oo eash. [[Alpha Pictoris]], y rollage s'gilley 'sy cho-hollys rollageagh, she [[rollage ard-straihagh jeh'n torçh A|rollage ard-straihagh vane]] t'eh as t'eh soit mysh 97&nbsp;[[sollys-vlein]] veih'n Dowan. Ta'n Peintyr cummal [[RR Pictoris]], [[corys rollage chaghlaaee cho-leaystagh]] v'er ny lossey myr [[nova]], as v'er ny roshtyn dys 1.2 er [[mooadys baghtal|mooadys baghtal (shilleydagh)]] 'sy vlein 1925 roish my jagh eh er ny ghorraghey.{{efn|1=[[Deneb]], y [[Rolley ny rollageyn s'gilley|19oo rollage s'gilley]] 'sy speyr oie, t'eh 1.25 er mooadys 1.25.<ref name=chesneau>{{cite journal|bibcode=2010A&A...521A...5C|title=Time, spatial, and spectral resolution of the Hα line-formation region of Deneb and Rigel with the VEGA/CHARA interferometer|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=521|pages=A5|last1=Chesneau|first1=O.|last2=Dessart|first2=L.|last3=Mourard|first3=D.|last4=Bério|first4=Ph.|last5=Buil|first5=Ch.|last6=Bonneau|first6=D.|last7=Borges Fernandes|first7=M.|last8=Clausse|first8=J. M.|last9=Delaa|first9=O.|last10=Marcotto|first10=A.|last11=Meilland|first11=A.|last12=Millour|first12=F.|last13=Nardetto|first13=N.|last14=Perraut|first14=K.|last15=Roussel|first15=A.|last16=Spang|first16=A.|last17=Stee|first17=P.|last18=Tallon-Bosc|first18=I.|last19=McAlister|first19=H.|last20=Ten Brummelaar|first20=T.|last21=Sturmann|first21=J.|last22=Sturmann|first22=L.|last23=Turner|first23=N.|last24=Farrington|first24=C.|last25=Goldfinger|first25=P. J.|year=2010|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201014509|arxiv = 1007.2095 |s2cid=10340205|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00501515}}</ref><ref> {{Cite journal |last1=van de Kamp |first1=P. |date=1953 |title=The Twenty Brightest Stars |journal=[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |volume=65 |issue=382 |pages=30 | bibcode= 1953PASP...65...30V |doi=10.1086/126523| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamers |first1=H. J. G. L. M. |last2=Stalio |first2=R. |last3=Kondo |first3=Y. |date=1978 | title=A study of mass loss from the mid-ultraviolet spectrum of α Cygni (A2 Ia), β Orionis (B8 Ia), and η Leonis (A0 Ib) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1978-07-01_223_1/page/207 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=223 |pages=207 | bibcode=1978ApJ...223..207L |doi=10.1086/156252}}</ref>}} Haink y Peinteyr dy ve cronnalagh kyndagh rish y nah rollage s'gilley ayn, [[Beta Pictoris]]. T'eh soit 63.4&nbsp;sollys-vlein veih'n Dowan as t'eh cruinnit lesh [[jysk joan]] quaagh ta berçhagh lesh [[carboan]] cur liorish daa [[planaid neughrianagh|phlanaid neughrianagh]]. Ta planaidyn er ny ve fakinit ta cruinlaghey queig rollage elley. Ta [[HD 40307]], [[crivassan orange-vuigh]], coontit ny mast'oc. Ta shey planaid echey goaill stiagh [[HD 40307 g]], [[sur-Chruinney]] phossible 'sy [[cryss yn-vaghagh cheayrt-rollageagh|chryss yn-vaghagh cheayrt-rollageagh]]. She [[Rollage Kapteyn]] y rollage s'niessey da'n Dowan 'sy Pheinteyr. She [[crivassan jiarg]] t'eh ta soit 12.76 hollys-vlein veih'n Dowan as v'eh er ny chredjal dy row daa hur-Chruinney cruinlaghey eh 'sy vlein 2014 agh va mayrnaght y daa phlanaid shen er ny phrowal noi 'sy vlein 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bortle |first1=Anna |last2=Fausey |first2=Hallie |last3=Ji |first3=Jinbiao |last4=Dodson-Robinson |first4=Sarah |last5=Delgado |first5=Victor Ramirez |last6=Gizis |first6=John |date=2021-05-01 |title=A Gaussian Process Regression Reveals No Evidence for Planets Orbiting Kapteyn's Star |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=161 |issue=5 |pages=230 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/abec89 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2103.02709 |bibcode=2021AJ....161..230B |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> She [[co-rollageys radio]] eh [[Pictor A]] as t'eh skiootal [[skioot conastaghtagh|skioot plasmey]] 800,000 sollys-vlein er lhiurid veih [[towl doo sur-vooar]] ec y çheshvean. 'Sy vlein 2006, va [[bleaystey scell-gamma]]—[[GRB 060729]]—fakinit 'sy Pheinteyr, as yn [[bleaystey scell-gamma|eear-hoilshean]] scell-X er ny ve cronnit feie begnagh daa vlein. ==Noteyn== {{notelist}} ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons}} * [http://astrojan.nhely.hu/pictor.htm Yn Peinteyr so-chriggaragh] {{Rollageyn y Pheinteyr}} {{Constellations}} {{ConstellationsByLacaille}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{Speyr|05|00|00|-|50|00|00|10}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Peinteyr}} [[Ronney:Yn Peinteyr| ]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh y jiass]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh rere Lacaille]] 6tcxe086cpdlnac6j5nrnryheco8d9w 0 44469 389339 368097 2026-08-13T21:12:39Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speyr|06|00|00|+|40|00|00|10}} {{WD Kishtey Fys Co-hollys Rollageagh |ennym ladjynagh = Auriga |rolley rollageyn = Rolley rollageyn 'syn Ainagh |aagherrid = Aur{{sfn|Russell|1922|p=469}} |gienneydagh = Aurigae |cowrey-oaylleeaght = {{Ubl|y [[fainagh]]|[[Ladjyn]]: y [[faineyder]]}} | KI = {{RA|04|37|54.4293}}–{{RA|07|30|56.1899}}{{sfn|IAU, ''The Constellations'', Auriga}} | dec = {{dec|56.1648331}}–{{dec|27.8913116}}{{sfn|IAU, ''The Constellations'', Auriga}} |kerroo-chiarkyl = |rhenkeaghtyr = 21d |ard-rollageyn = 5, 8 |earroorollageynbf = 65 |rollageyn sgilley = 4 |rollageyn sniessey = 2 |rollage sgilley = [[Capella (rollage)|Capella]] (α Aur) |mooadysrollage = 0.08 |rollage sniessey = [[QY Aurigae|QY Aur]]{{sfn|RECONS, ''The 100 Nearest Star Systems''}} |earrooreddynmessier= 3{{sfn|Bakich|1995|p=54}} |frassyndreiggaghyn = {{Ubl|[[Aurigidyn]]|[[Aurigidyn Delta]]}} |latmax = [[Ard y Twoaie|90]] |latmin = 40 |mee = Toshiaght Arree |noteyn = [[Coadan:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola X - Auriga.jpg|300px]] }} She [[co-hollys rollageagh]] 'sy [[lieh-sfeyr niauoilagh hwoaie]] eh '''yn Fainagh''' (ny '''Auriga''' 'syn ennym [[Ladjyn]]agh echey). V'eh coontit mastey ny 48 co-hollys rollageagh va listit lesh y [[rollageyder]] Greagagh [[Ptolemy]] 'sy 2h eash BNJ as t'eh coontit jiu mastey ny [[co-hollyssyn rollageagh enmyssit lesh yn URE|88 co-hollys rollageagh noa-emshiragh]] ta enmysit lesh yn [[yn Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh|Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh]]. Ta'n ennym Ladjynagh echey ("y faineyder") kianglt rish ram sleih feayn-skeealleydagh, lheid as [[Erichthonius veih'n Atheen|Erichthonius]] as [[Myrtilus]]. Ta'n Fainagh shassoo magh ny share car fastyryn geuree 'sy [[lieh-chruinney hwoaie]], cur liorish queig co-hollys rollageagh elley as rollageyn oc ayns [[asteraght (rollageydys)|asteraght]] [[Shey-lhiattaghan y Gheuree]]. Kyndagh rish y [[jee-chleayney]] twoaieagh echey, cha nel y Fainagh slane ry-akin ny s'odjey jiass na −34°; son fakideryn ny s'odjey jiassagh, t'eh ny lhie lieh-ayrn, ny slane, fo oirr ny cruinney. She co-hollys rollageagh mooar eh ta 657 keim cherrinagh er eaghtyr, ny lieh-eaghtyr y Pheisht Ushtey. Y rollage s'gilley ayn, [[Capella (rollage)|Capella]], she [[Corys rollageagh|corys yl-rollageagh]] quaagh t'eh ta coontit mastey ny rollageyn s'gilley 'sy seyr oie. She [[rollage chaghlaaee]] anaasagh eh [[Beta Aurigae]] as s'mooar s'jeean ny studeyryssyn t'er ny ve jeant er [[Epsilon Aurigae]], rollage yeesoil dooree foddey-earishagh ta faggys dooin. Kyndagh rish y toiaghey echey faggys da [[Raad Mooar Gorree]] geuree, shymmey [[çhaglym foshlit]] gial ta soit çheusthie jeh ny joaraghyn echey, goaill stiagh [[Messier 36|M36]], [[Messier 37|M37]], as [[Messier 38|M38]], targadyn feer chadjin da rollageyderyn amateyragh. Cur liorish shen, ta [[neeal (rollageydys)|neeal]] kianglt rish y rollage chaghlaaee [[AE Aurigae]], [[Neeal y Rollage Ailagh]], shassoo magh dy geyre. 'Sy rollageydys Sheenagh, va rollageyn yn Ainagh goit stiagh ayns ram co-hollyssyn rollageagh, goaill stiagh fainee niauoilagh ny h-impiryn va jeant seose ass ny rollageyn s'gilley jeh'n cho-holly rollageagh. She moir da [[raadee (frass dreigaghyn)|raadee]] ny [[Aurigidyn|h-Aurigidyn]], ny [[Aurigidyn Zeta|h-Aurigidyn Zeta]], ny [[Aurigidyn Delta|h-Aurigidyn Delta]], as ny [[Aurigidyn Iota|h-Aurigidyn Iota]] sheiltynit. ==Jallooyn y cho-hollys rollageagh== {{Gallery |align=center |title= |width=200 |height=200 |captionstyle=text-align:center; |Coadan:AurigaCC.jpg|Co-hollys rollageagh yn Ainagh myr ta ry-akin da'n tooill. |Coadan:FlamingStarHunterWilson.jpg|[[Neeal y Rollage Ailagh]] (IC 405), as e naboo [[IC 410]], liorish [[AE Aurigae]] ta soilshaghey yn slane neeal. |Coadan:Ic417s.jpg|Jalloo [[IC 417]] veih Mount Lemmon SkyCenter. |Coadan:S147 SH2-240 GeorgesAttard Apod1012020.jpg|Y neeal remlad yl-nova veih [[Simeis 147]] ny yn Neeal Spaghetti. }} == Imraaghyn == === Symnaghyn === {{reflist}} === Farraneyn-fys=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Bakich | first = Michael E. | date = 1995 | title = The Cambridge Guide to the Constellations | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-44921-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto00baki }} * {{cite web | title = Auriga constellation boundary | work = The Constellations | publisher = [[yn Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh]] | url = https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#aur | access-date = 4 Jerrey Souree 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|IAU, ''The Constellations'', Auriga}} | archive-date = 2013-06-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130604014156/http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/#aur | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |title=The 100 Nearest Star Systems |publisher=Research Consortium on Nearby Stars |date=1 Jerrey Geuree 2012 |url=http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm |access-date=23 Mean Souree 2012 |ref={{sfnRef|RECONS, ''The 100 Nearest Star Systems''}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513202710/http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm |archive-date=13 Boaldyn 2012 }} * {{cite journal | last = Russell | first = Henry Norris |date=Jerrey Fouyir 1922 | title = The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469 | journal = [[Popular Astronomy (earishlioar Americaanagh)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume = 30 | page = 469 | bibcode = 1922PA.....30..469R }} {{refend}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons and category|Auriga|Auriga}} * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/auriga/ ''The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Auriga''] {{in lang|en}} * [http://astrojan.nhely.hu/auriga.htm Y Fainagh so-chriggaragh] * [http://www.sky-map.org/?ra=6.067950812880323&de=41.96998030193955&zoom=2&locale=EN&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=0&show_galaxies=1 ''WIKISKY.ORG'': Auriga] {{Rollageyn yn Ainagh}} {{constellations}} {{Gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fainagh}} [[Ronney:Yn Fainagh| ]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh rere Ptolemy]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh y twoaie]] i0i30inq07i0t6zw5oa46iddiqtazt8 0 44604 389343 368664 2026-08-13T21:16:00Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speyr|00|00|00|-|65|00|00|10}} {{WD Kishtey Fys Co-hollys Rollageagh |ennym ladjynagh = Tucana |rolley rollageyn = Rolley rollageyn ayns Tucana |aagherrid = Tuc<ref name=pa30_469/> |gienneydagh = Tucanae |cowrey-oaylleeaght = ennym [[Ladjyn]] da'n [[parrad stronnagh|pharrad stronnagh]] |KI = {{RA|22|08.45}}&ndash;{{RA|01|24.82}}<ref name=boundary/> |jee-chleayney = {{DEC|-56.31}}&ndash;{{DEC|−75.35}}<ref name=boundary/> |kerroo-chiarkyl = SQ1 |rhenkeaghtyr = 48oo |rollageynmarishplanaidyn = |ard-rollageyn = 3 |earroorollageynbf = 17 |rollageyn sgilley = 1 |rollageyn sniessey = 2<ref name="nearest" group="note">[[Zeta Tucanae]] as [[LHS 1208]].</ref> |rollage sgilley = [[Alpha Tucanae|α Tuc]] |mooadysrollage = 2.87 |rollage sniessey = [[Gliese 54]] |earrooreddynmessier= 0 |frassyndreiggaghyn = |latmax = 15 |latmin = [[Ard y Jiass|90]] |mee = Jerrey Fouyir |noteyn = [[Coadan:Johann Bayer - Uraniometria - Southern Birds.jpg|300px]]<br/>Tucana ('sy vean) lesh [[Johann Bayer]] }} She [[co-hollys rollageagh]] 'sy [[lieh-sfeyr niauoilagh yiass|speyr yiass]] dowin eh '''yn Hoghtooane''' ([[Ladjyn]] da'n [[parrad stronnagh|pharrad stronnagh]]). T'eh coontit mastey yn daa cho-hollys rollageagh jeig va cummit 'sy 16oo eash lesh [[Petrus Plancius]] veih baghtyn [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]] as [[Frederick de Houtman]]. Va Tucana er ny haishbyney da'n chied cheayrt Tucana er [[cruinnag niauoilagh]] {{convert|35|cm|in}} er crantessen v'er ny hoilshaghey magh 'sy vlein 1598 ayns Amsterdam lesh Plancius as [[Jodocus Hondius]] as v'eh er ny haishbyney 'syn atlas rollageagh ''[[Uranometria]]'' lesh [[Johann Bayer]] 'sy vlein 1603. Hug y ronseyder as y rollageyder Frangagh [[Nicolas Louis de Lacaille]] [[enmyssey Bayer]] da ny rollageyn ayn 'sy vlein 1756. Ta Tucana currit ry-cheilley rish y [[Yn Groose (co-hollys rollageagh)|Ghroose]], y [[Yn Veaynushag (co-hollys rollageagh)|Veaynushag]], as y [[Yn Pheacag (co-hollys rollageagh)|Pheacag]] ayns possan ta enmyssit "Ushagyn y Jiass." Cha nel Tucana shassoo magh 'sy speyr oie er-yn-oyr dy nee rollageyn y treeoo mooadys ny ny smoo baiht ta ny [[Rolley rollageyn ayns Tucana|rollageyn ayn]]; she [[Alpha Tucanae]] yn rollage s'gilley as eh 2.87 er [[mooadys baghtal]]. She corys shey rollageyn eh [[Beta Tucanae]], as she corys kiare rollage eh [[Kappa Tucanae|Kappa]]. Ta'n co-hollys rollageagh cummal [[47 Tucanae]], fer jeh ny [[çhaglym bluckanagh|çhaglymyn bluckanagh]] s'gilley 'sy speyr oie, as y chooid smoo jeh'n [[Yn Bodjal Magellanagh Beg|Vodjal Magellanagh Beg]]. ==Noteyn== {{reflist|group="note"|refs= }} ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=pa30_469>{{cite journal | last1=Russell | first1=Henry Norris | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469 | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (earishlioar Americaanagh)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | pages=469–71 |date=Jerrey Fouyir 1922 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R }}</ref> <ref name=boundary>{{cite web | title=Tucana, constellation boundary | work=The Constellations | publisher=[[yn Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh]] | url=http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/#tuc | access-date=1 Toshiaght Arree 2012 | archive-date=2013-06-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605024208/http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/#tuc | url-status=dead }}</ref> }} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons|Tucana}} * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/tucana/constell.html ''The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Tucana''] {{in lang|en}} {{Rollageyn Tucana}} {{navconstel}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tucana}} [[Ronney:Tucana| ]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh y jiass]] [[Ronney:Ushagyn feayn-skeealleydagh]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh rere Petrus Plancius]] mi4ku9womfkyprc6jpx57rek9zujv6g 0 44650 389350 376684 2026-08-13T21:22:56Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speyr|19|50|00|+|18|40|00|10}} {{WD Kishtey Fys Co-hollys Rollageagh |ennym ladjynagh = Sagitta |rolley rollageyn = Rolley rollageyn 'sy Tide |aagherrid = Sge<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469 | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (earishlioar Americaanagh)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | year=1922 }}</ref> |gienneydagh = Sagittae<ref name="pa30_469"/> |cowrey-oaylleeaght = y [[Side|Tide]]<ref name="Kunitzsch">{{cite journal |url=http://opar.unior.it/473/1/P._Kunitzsch_pp.19-28_pdf.pdf |title=Albumasariana |journal=Annali dell'Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" |publisher=Rivista del Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici e del Dipartimento di Studi e Ricerche su Africa e Paesi Arabi |first=Paul |last=Kunitzsch |volume=62 |page=4 |date=2002 |issn=0393-3180 |access-date=2025-11-28 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728182214/http://opar.unior.it/473/1/P._Kunitzsch_pp.19-28_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |KI = {{RA|18|57|21.3919}}–{{RA|20|20|44.8677}}.<ref name="boundary">{{Cite web | title=Sagitta, Constellation Boundary | publisher=[[yn Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh]] | url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#sge | access-date=20 Jerrey Fouyir 2020 | archive-date=28 Jerrey Geuree 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128105231/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#sge | url-status=dead }}</ref> |jee-chleayney ={{dec|16.0790844}}–{{dec|21.6436558}}<ref name=boundary/> |kerroo-chiarkyl = |rhenkeaghtyr = 86oo |rollageynmarishplanaidyn = |ard-rollageyn = 4 |earroorollageynbf = 19 |rollageyn sgilley = 0 |rollageyn sniessey = 2 |rollage sgilley = [[Gamma Sagittae|γ Sge]] |mooadysrollage = 3.51 |rollage sniessey = [[Gliese 745]] (rollage yeesoil) |earrooreddynmessier= 1 |frassyndreiggaghyn = |latmax = [[Ard y Twoaie|90]] |latmin = 70 |mee = Luanistyn |noteyn = [[Coadan:Johannes Hevelius - Prodromus Astronomia - Volume III "Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive uranographia" - Tavola S - Sagitta Delphinus et Equuleus.jpg|300px]] }} She [[co-hollys rollageagh]] baiht 'sy [[lieh-sfeyr niauoilagh hwoaie|speyr hwoaie]] eh '''yn Tide''' (ny '''Sagitta''' 'syn ennym [[Ladjyn]]agh echey). V'eh coontit mastey ny 48 co-hollys rollageagh va listit lesh y [[rollageyder]] Greagagh [[Ptolemy]] 'sy nah eash, as t'eh foast coontit mastey ny [[88 co-hollys rollageagh noa-emshiragh]] myr ta meenit lesh yn [[Yn Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh|Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh]]. Cha nel rollage ny s'gilley na'n treeoo [[mooadys baghtal|mooadys]] ayn. She [[Gamma Sagittae]] y rollage s'gilley as eh 3.51 er mooadys baghtal. She [[foawr jirg]] mie-eashit t'eh as ta 90% cha mooar as y Ghrian ain er glout agh t'er ny eayraghey as er ny vooadaghey dys craue raadeeoil 54 keayrt ny smoo na'n Ghrian. She [[corys rollageagh|coryssyn yl-rollageagh]] ad [[Delta Sagittae|Delta]], [[Epsilon Sagittae|Epsilon]], [[Zeta Sagittae|Zeta]], as [[Theta Sagittae]], as ta ny co-oltyn oc ry-akin lesh fodreayrtanyn beggey. She [[rollage chaghlaaee cho-leaystagh]] eh [[V Sagittae]]—[[rollage yeesoil]] ta jeant ass [[crivassan bane]] ta cruinnaghey glout rollage-hoyrtagh ta rollageyderyn jerkal dy vees eh ny [[nova]] as ny rollage s'gilley ayns [[Raad Mooar Gorree]] feie tammylt beg as nane jeh ny rollageyn s'gilley 'sy speyr mysh y vlein 2083. Ta daa chorys rollageagh 'sy Tide as [[planaid neughrianagh|planaidyn]] gollrish Jupiter oc, as ta [[crivassan dhone]] ec y treeoo corys, [[15 Sagittae]]. == Imraaghyn == {{reflist}} == Kianglaghyn magh == {{Commons|Sagitta|Y Tide}} * [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/vulpecula/ ''The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Sagitta''] {{in lang|en}} * Bayer's ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20201017212847/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/astro_atlas/id/118/show/41 Uranometria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017212847/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/astro_atlas/id/118/show/41 |date=2020-10-17 }}'', veih'n çhaglym bun-earrooagh [[Linda Hall Library]]. {{Rollageyn y Tide}} {{navconstel}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tide}} [[Ronney:Yn Tide (co-hollys rollageagh)| ]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh rere Ptolemy]] [[Ronney:Wappinyn feayn-skeealleydagh]] [[Ronney:Feayn-skeealleydaght Heracles]] [[Ronney:Co-hollyssyn rollageagh y twoaie]] [[Ronney:Reddyn 'syn eayn-skeealleydaght Ghreagagh]] a0ctvdqsr6wro6eeitqewt09k0h1o4b 14 51942 389299 384261 2026-08-13T15:45:45Z MacTire02 219 -baarle 389299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} {{Category see also|Arraneyderyn bwoirrin rere eash as ashoonaght}} [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn bwoirrin rere ashoonaght| Eash]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn bwoirrin rere eash| Ashoonaght]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn rere ashoonaght as eash|+]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn bwoirrin rere ashoonaght as eash| Arraneyderyn]] dxf7i9gnm96z7ru12lhn1q8fzhqn4u0 0 52762 389347 385518 2026-08-13T21:19:37Z InternetArchiveBot 16702 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 389347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Kishtey Fys Red Rollageydagh | feddyn_magh = 20 Averil 2017 (soilshit) }} {{Çhyndaait|1=en|2=LHS 1140 b|lhieggan=1364552953}} She [[planaid neughrianagh]] lesh y chrivassan jiarg [[LHS 1140]] eh '''LHS 1140 b'''. T'eh cruinlaghey çheusthie jeh'n [[cryss vaghagh|chryss sloo baghagh]] jeh'n voir-rollage echey. V'eh feddynit magh 'sy vlein 2017 lesh [[MEarth Project]].<ref name="Dittmann2017"/> Ta LHS 1140 b mysh 5.6 keayrtyn cho mooar as glout y Dowan as mysh 70% ny smoo er craue raadeeoil, towshanyn ta rang-oardraghey eh mastey ny planaidyn [[sur-Chruinney]]. Hoshiaght, v'eh goll er credjal dy nee planaid gloo cregganagh v'eh, agh ta towshanyn aaghlennit jeh'n ghlout as jeh'n chraue raadeeoil echey er ny haishbyney dy vel glooaght ny sloo echey na v'er credjal roish shen, red ta cowraghey dy vel eh liklee dy nee [[seihll keayin]] t'eh as eddyr 9% as 19% jeh'n ghlout echey jeant ass ushtey. Ta LHS 1140 b cruinlaghey slane çheusthie jeh cryss vaghagh yn rollage as t'eh geddyn 43% jeh flusk taghyrtagh y Dowan Earth.<ref name="Cadieux2023"/> Ta'n planaid soit 49 sollys-vleeantyn voin as t'eh goll tessen y rollage echey, red ta lhiggey dhooin studeyryssyn aeraghtagh y yannoo lesh fodreayrtanyn thallooin ny spoar.<ref name="Dittmann2017"/> She eshyn ta'n chied phlanaid neughrianagh cregganagh 'sy chryss vaghagh as aeraght er ny ve shickyrit echey. ==Moir-rollage== {{main|LHS 1140}} Ta LHS 1140 b cruinlaghey yn [[crivassan jiarg]] beg LHS 1140. Cur ayns cosoylaght rish y Ghrian, t'eh 18.4% cho mooar er glout as 21.6% er craue raadeeoil lesh sorçh spectragh M4.5V echey. Ta LHS 1140 {{convert|3096|K|C F|lk=on}} er çhiassid, as ta lossanaght 0.0038 keayrtyn ny Greiney echey. T'eh 5 billoonyn dy vleeantyn d'eash er y chooid sloo.<ref name="Cadieux2023"/> Myr cosoylaght, ta'n Ghrian 1 ghlout greiney er glout, 1 chraue raadeeoil greiney er craue raadeoil, t'ee {{convert|5778|K|C F|lk=on}} er çhiassid, t'ee 1 lossanaght ghreiney er lossanaght, 4.5 billoonyn dy vleeantyn d'eash, as ta'n sorçh spectragh G2V echey. Chammah's shen, cha nel LHS 1140 feer vio, gyn taghyrtyn lossan mooarey er ny ve feddynit magh lesh fwirran feddynys y phlanaid. Neughollrish y chooid smoo jeh rollageyn, ta LHS 1140 feer chiune as t'eh çhyndaa dagh 130 laa.<ref name="Dittmann2017"/> ==Troghyn== ===Glout as craaue raadeeoil=== Ta LHS 1140 b er ny ve feddynit magh lesh [[aght y vieauid-jeerit raadeeoil]] (ta towshan glout red sheshee) as fotomeadraght tessenagh (ta cronnaghey yn craue raadeeoil). Kyndagh rish shen, ta LHS 1140 b coontit myr nane ayns possan beg dy phlanaidyn baghagh yn-sheiltyn as glout as craue raadeeoil cronnit echey; ny fir elley, t'ad cruinlaghey [[TRAPPIST-1]]. Ta craue raadeeoil y phlanaid mie veenit ec {{val|1.730|0.025|ul=Craue raadeeoil y Dowan}}, corrym rish mysh 11,000&nbsp;km.<ref name="Cadieux2023"/> Ta'n craue raadeeoil echey cosoylagh rish [[Kepler-62e]]. Ren studeyrys veih'n vlein 2023 aa-leaghal glout as craue raadeeoil LHS 1140 b, as chronnee eh glout er {{val|5.60|0.19|u=Glout y Dowan}} as craue raadeeoil er {{val|1.730|0.025|u=Craue raadeeoil y Dowan}}, ny sloo er glout as mooadys ny va ny h-oolaghyn leah gra. Yinnagh ny leaghyn shen meanal dy nee [[planaid keayin]] ny [[myn-Neptioon]] eh LHS 1140 b, as nagh [[planaid ooiragh]] t'eh.<ref name="Cadieux2023"/> ===Cruinlagh as çhiassid=== Ta LHS 1140 b cruinlaghey yn voir-rollage echey ayns 24.737 laaghyn, foddey ny s'tappee na ny 365 laaghyn t'ayn 'sy vlein er y Dowan. Ta e chraue raadeeoil cruinlagh er 0.0946 [[unnid rollageydagh|AU]], ny 9.46% jeh'n oddeeaght t'ayn eddyr y Dowan as y Ghrian. Ga dy vel eh shen faggys mie, ta'n rollage LHS 1140 cho dullyr nagh vel y planaid geddyn agh 0.43 cheayrt flusk taghyrtagh y Dowan ec yn oddeeaght shen.<ref name="Cadieux2023"/> Abbyr [[albedo]] er 0, ta çhiassid chorrymaght er {{convert|230|K|C F}} ec LHS 1140 b, noi'n {{convert|255|K|C F}} t'ec y Dowan. Abbyr dy vel yn albedo ec LHS 1140 b gollrish albedo yn Dowan, veagh y çhiassid chorrymaght ny s'inshley er {{convert|201|K|C F}}. Ansherbee, my vel [[bree ribbey çhiass]] cho lajer as eshyn t'ec y Dowan, veagh çhiassid eaghtyragh LHS 1140 b ny smoo na {{convert|266|K|C F}} son albedo er 0. Kyndagh rish glout mooar y phlanaid, t'eh liklee dy vel aeraght ny s'çhiu echey as, myr shen, veagh bree ribbey çhiass ny s'troshey echey. Gollrish ram planaidyn baghagh yn-sheiltyn mygeayrt crivassanyn jiarg, ta cruinlagh feer chruinn ec LHS 1140 b: ta'n chorrid echey er ny ve towsit ny sloo na 0.29 lesh treisht er 90%. Cha nel tideyn rollageagh cur stiagh er kiarkylaghey yn chruinlagh as, myr shen, s'dooghyssagh kiarkylaghey cruinlagh y phlanaid.<ref name="Dittmann2017"/> ===Cummey=== Hoshiaght, v'eh er credjal dy row yn planaid feer ghloo mysh {{val|12.5|u=g/cm3}}, nane jeh ny planaidyn cregganagh s'gloo as ny smoo na daa cheayrt ny s'gloo na'n Dowan, as dy row cree yiarn-nickyl cummal mysh 75% jeh glout y phlanaid.<ref name="Dittmann2017"/> Ren studeyryssyn ny s'jeianee ayns ny bleeantyn 2018 as 2020 aa-leaghal dy row craue raadeeoil y phlanaid ny smoo ny myr va credjit, as myr shen dy row yn ghlooaght echey er {{val|7.82|0.98|0.88|u=g/cm3}}, cohassooagh rish cummey cregganagh as corrillagh glout y chree ny sloo er 49{{±|7}}%.<ref name=Lillo-Box2020/> Son cosoylaght, ta cree yn Dowan cummal mysh 32.5% jeh'n ghlout echey. Ren y studeyrys veih'n vlein 2020 coyrlaghey dy vel 4% jeh glout y phlanaid jeant ass ushtey, red ta cur sannish dy nee [[planaid keayin]] t'eh, s'liklee, as diunid y cheayin er {{val|779|650|u=km}}.<ref name=Lillo-Box2020/> Ren studeyrys ny s'cruinn 'sy vlein 2023 va towshan glout as craue raadeeoil y phlanaid feddyn glout ny s'inshley ec 5.6&nbsp;keayrtyn glout y Dowan, as glooaght choreggyrtagh ny sloo, red nagh vel corrym rish planaid cregganagh kyndagh rish mooadys y phlanaid. S'liklee dy nee planaid keayin lesh corrillagh glout ushtey eddyr 9% as 19%, ny [[myn-Neptioon]] gloo, eh LHS 1140 b.<ref name="Cadieux2023"/> Ta baghtyn lesh y [[James Webb Space Telescope|JWST]] shickyraghey nagh vel yn aeraght berçhal lesh hiddragien as pohlldey skeeal y phlanaid keayin.<ref name="Damiano2024"/> ===Aeraght=== Ren [[Fodreayrtan Spoar Hubble]] cronnaghey liklee jeh [[gaal ushtey]] ayns aeraght LHS 1140 b ec jerrey yn vlein 2020, ga dy row eh ec corrillagh cowrey-dys-feiyr injil.<ref name=Edwards2020/> Ren baghtyn lesh [[Fodreayrtan Spoar James Webb]] (JWST) va soilshit magh 'sy vlein 2024 feddyn magh nagh vel yn aeraght berçhal lesh [[hiddragien]] as ren ad pohlldey dy vel [[trimmid co-vreneenagh]] ard meanagh ec yn aeraght, jeant ass [[nittragien]], gaal ushtey, as [[daa-ocseed charboan]], foddee.<ref name="Damiano2024"/> Ayns Jerrey Souree 2024, va cowraghyn treealagh jeh'n nittragien aeraghtagh er nyn gronnaghey lesh y JWST, coyrlaghey dy vel eaghtyr y phlanaid jeant ass rio as lieh-choodit rish ushtey fliugh, foddee, as dy beagh eh cosoylagh rish [[Planaid clagh-hooilley|clagh-hooilley]]. My vees y cronnaghey shen shickyrit, veagh eh myr y chied pheesh dy feanish dy vel [[aa-aeraght]] ayn mygeayrt planaid neughrianagh baghagh yn-sheiltyn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=Habitable Zone Exoplanet LHS 1140b is Probably Snowball or Water World {{!}} Sci.News |url=https://www.sci.news/astronomy/habitable-zone-explanet-lhs-1140b-13083.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Sci.News: Breaking Science News |language=Baarle}}</ref> Ayns Jerrey Souree 2026, ren rollageyderyn fogrey magh dy ren ad cronnaghey hailium va scapail veih aeraght heose y phlanaid, bunnit er spectroscoipaght hessenagh lesh [[Fodreayrtanyn Magellan|Fodreayrtan Magellan Clay]] ec [[Reayrtlann Las Campanas]]. Car bagh 6.5 ooryn ayns Mean Fouyir 2024 ren glackey tessenyn LHS 1140 b as LHS 1140 c, ren y fwirran towshan tro rouyr soo va cohassooagh rish hailium car tessen LHS 1140 b, as eh er ny hoilshaghey myr stroo magh aeraghtagh ushtey-ghleashagh fo bree çhiow lesh scellyn-X rollageagh as erskyn-ghorrym ard. Ren ad cur sheese er yn eiyrtys shen myr y chied feanish jeh aeraght freaylt er planaid neughrianagh cregganagh çheusthie jeh cryss vaghagh rollage elley erbee. Cha ren baght 'sy vlein 2025 taishbyney soo hailium, cowraghey dy vel y scapail aeraghtagh traa-chaghlaaee; ren kiaddaghyn coryrlaghey dy row yn neu-chronnaghey shen cohassooagh rish bioyrid ny s'inshley as chan rish eiyrtys contraartagh. Ren ny h-eiyrtyssyn coyrlaghey dy row eh aeraght heose berçhal lesh hailium folmit lesh hiddragien, as dy row gaalaghaneyn ny stroshey lheid as ushtey feayr-ghoit ec yrjidyn ny s'inshley. Cha row soo hailium cronnit ec y phlanaid gerroil LHS 1140 c, cohassooagh rish e hoiaghey er y çheu elley jeh'n "[[traa-linney tuinnagh]]" ta scarrey planaidyn ta freayll aeraghtyn veih adsyn ta coayl ad.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cherubim |first1=Collin |display-authors=etal |title=Helium escaping from the atmosphere of a nearby rocky exoplanet orbiting in a habitable zone |journal=Science |date=16 Jerrey Souree 2026 |doi=10.1126/science.aea9708 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.aea9708 |access-date=16 Jerrey Souree 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Nicola |title=Earth-like exoplanet could have life-supporting water on its surface |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2026/jul/16/atmosphere-lhs-1140b-exoplanet-could-water-scientists |access-date=16 Jerrey Souree 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=16 Jerrey Souree 2026}}</ref> ==Yn-vaghaght== Ta LHS 1140 b cruinlaghey faggys da oirr vooie jeh'n chryss vaghagh, ard mygeayrt rollage raad t'eh çheh dy liooar son ushtey dy haglym er eaghtyr ny planaidyn cruinlagh my vel broo aeraghtagh dy liooar ayn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanks |first=Micah |date=2024-07-09 |title=Webb Telescope Reveals "Best Habitable Zone Exoplanet Currently Known," and It Could Be Home to Alien Life |url=https://thedebrief.org/webb-telescope-reveals-best-habitable-zone-exoplanet-currently-known-and-it-could-be-home-to-alien-life/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=The Debrief |language=Baarle}}</ref> Ta çhiassid chorrymaght LHS 1140 b red beg injil ec {{convert|230|K|C F}}, cho feayr as ny h-ardjyn pouyllagh er y Dowan. Ansherbee, she çhiassid cho-earrooit t'eh nagh vel goaill stiagh builley aeraght hiu. Lesh bree ribbey çhiow gollrish y Dowan, ta çhiassid yn eaghtyr er {{convert|266|K|C F}}, agh er-yn-oyr dy vel y planaid cho gloutagh, foddee dy vel y bree ribbey çhiow shen ny s'yrjey. Ec daa cheayrt y vree ribbey çhiow t'ain er y Dowan, veagh çhiassid eaghtyragh gherjoil er {{convert|296|K|C F}} ayn. Chammah's shen, ta'n voir-rollage cho neuvioyral as nagh vel y crimmey aeraghtagh feer ard as t'eh coyrlaghey dy vel y planaid freayl yn aeraght echey harrish scaillaghyn-traa liauyrey.<ref name="Dittmann2017"/> Managh vel aeraght ayn, s'liklee dy vel LHS 1140 b coodit lesh coodagh rio thanney.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Quick|first1=Lynnae C.|last2=Roberge|first2=Aki|last3=Tovar Mendoza|first3=Guadalupe|last4=Quintana|first4=Elisa V.|last5=Youngblood|first5=Allison A.|date=2023-10-04|title=Prospects for Cryovolcanic Activity on Cold Ocean Planets|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=956|issue=29|page=29 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ace9b6|bibcode=2023ApJ...956...29Q |doi-access=free}}</ref> 'Sy chooish shoh, foddee dy vel eh geddyn [[çhiow radio-ghientynagh]] as [[çhiow tidee]] son lhiggey da ushtey fliugh dy ve ymmyrkit trooid y shliggagh rio dys yn eaghtyr echey lesh geayaghey [[feayr-volcaanagh]] veih [[geeser]]yn ushtey.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Quick|first1=Lynnae C.|last2=Roberge|first2=Aki|last3=Tovar Mendoza|first3=Guadalupe|last4=Quintana|first4=Elisa V.|last5=Youngblood|first5=Allison A.|date=2023-10-04|title=Prospects for Cryovolcanic Activity on Cold Ocean Planets|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=956|issue=29|page=29 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ace9b6|bibcode=2023ApJ...956...29Q |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Jeeagh er neesht== * Planaidyn neughrianagh baghagh yn-sheiltyn faggys dooin ** [[Proxima Centauri b]] ** [[Ross 128 b]] ** [[Luyten b]] ** [[TRAPPIST-1d]] ** [[TRAPPIST-1e]] ** [[TRAPPIST-1f]] ** [[TRAPPIST-1g]] * [[K2-3d]], planaid lhag-ghloo faggys da'n chryss vaghagh * [[Kepler-1652b]], sur-Chruinney vaghagh yn-sheiltyn * [[Yn-vaghaght choryssyn crivassan jiarg]] * [[Rolley planaidyn baghagh yn-sheiltyn]] ==Imraaghyn== <references> <ref name="Dittmann2017">{{cite journal |year=2017 |title=A temperate rocky super-Earth transiting a nearby cool star |url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2017-04-20_544_7650/page/343 |journal=Nature |volume=544 |issue=7650 |pages=333–336 |arxiv=1704.05556 |doi=10.1038/nature22055 |pmid=28426003 |bibcode=2017Natur.544..333D |s2cid=2718408 |last1=Dittmann |first1=Jason A. |last2=Irwin |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Charbonneau |first3=David |last4=Bonfils |first4=Xavier |last5=Astudillo-Defru |first5=Nicola |last6=Haywood |first6=Raphaëlle D. |last7=Berta-Thompson |first7=Zachory K. |last8=Newton |first8=Elisabeth R. |last9=Rodriguez |first9=Joseph E. |last10=Winters|first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Tan |first11=Thiam-Guan |last12=Almenara |first12=Jose-Manuel |last13=Bouchy |first13=François |last14=Delfosse |first14=Xavier |last15=Forveille |first15=Thierry |last16=Lovis |first16=Christophe |last17=Murgas |first17=Felipe |last18=Pepe |first18=Francesco |last19=Santos |first19=Nuno C. |last20=Udry |first20=Stephane |last21=Wünsche |first21=Anaël |last22=Esquerdo |first22=Gilbert A. |last23=Latham |first23=David W. |last24=Dressing |first24=Courtney D. |display-authors=6}}</ref> <ref name=Lillo-Box2020>{{citation|arxiv=2010.06928|title=Planetary system LHS 1140 revisited with ESPRESSO and TESS|year=2020|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202038922 |last1=Lillo-Box |first1=J. |last2=Figueira |first2=P. |last3=Leleu |first3=A. |last4=Acuña |first4=L. |last5=Faria |first5=J. P. |last6=Hara |first6=N. |last7=Santos |first7=N. C. |last8=Correia |first8=A. C. M. |last9=Robutel |first9=P. |last10=Deleuil |first10=M. |last11=Barrado |first11=D. |last12=Sousa |first12=S. |last13=Bonfils |first13=X. |last14=Mousis |first14=O. |last15=Almenara |first15=J. M. |last16=Astudillo-Defru |first16=N. |last17=Marcq |first17=E. |last18=Udry |first18=S. |last19=Lovis |first19=C. |last20=Pepe |first20=F. |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=642 |pages=A121 |bibcode=2020A&A...642A.121L |s2cid=222341356 }}</ref> <ref name=Edwards2020>{{citation|arxiv=2011.08815|title=Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Habitable-zone Super-Earth LHS 1140 B|year=2020|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/abc6a5 |last1=Edwards |first1=Billy |last2=Changeat |first2=Quentin |last3=Mori |first3=Mayuko |last4=Anisman |first4=Lara O. |last5=Morvan |first5=Mario |last6=Yip |first6=Kai Hou |last7=Tsiaras |first7=Angelos |last8=Al-Refaie |first8=Ahmed |last9=Waldmann |first9=Ingo |last10=Tinetti |first10=Giovanna |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=161 |issue=1 |page=44 |s2cid=226975730 |bibcode=2021AJ....161...44E |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Cadieux2023">{{cite journal |last1=Cadieux |first1=Charles |last2=Plotnykov |first2=Mykhaylo |display-authors=etal |date=Jerrey Geuree 2024 |title=New Mass and Radius Constraints on the LHS 1140 Planets: LHS 1140 b Is either a Temperate Mini-Neptune or a Water World |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume=960 |issue=1 |pages=L3 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ad1691 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2310.15490 |bibcode=2024ApJ...960L...3C}}</ref> <ref name="Damiano2024">{{cite journal |last1=Damiano |first1=Mario |last2=Bello-Arufe |first2=Aaron |display-authors=etal |date=Mayrnt 2024 |title=LHS 1140 b is a Potentially Habitable Water World |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=968 |issue=2 |pages=L22 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ad5204 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2403.13265 |bibcode=2024ApJ...968L..22D }}</ref> </references> ==Kianglaghyn magh== *{{cite web |last=Rayne |first=Elizabeth |title=Mini-Neptune turned out to be a frozen super-Earth |website=Ars Technica |date=2024-07-20 |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/07/exoplanet-could-possibly-be-a-frozen-alien-earth/ |access-date=2024-07-23}} *{{cite journal |last1=Cadieux |first1=Charles |last2=Doyon |first2=René |last3=MacDonald |first3=Ryan J. |last4=Turbet |first4=Martin |last5=Artigau |first5=Étienne |last6=Lim |first6=Olivia |last7=Radica |first7=Michael |last8=Fauchez |first8=Thomas J. |last9=Salhi |first9=Salma |last10=Dang |first10=Lisa |last11=Albert |first11=Loïc |last12=Coulombe |first12=Louis-Philippe |last13=Cowan |first13=Nicolas B. |last14=Lafrenière |first14=David |last15=L’Heureux |first15=Alexandrine |last16=Piaulet-Ghorayeb |first16=Caroline |last17=Benneke |first17=Björn |last18=Cloutier |first18=Ryan |last19=Charnay |first19=Benjamin |last20=Cook |first20=Neil J. |last21=Fournier-Tondreau |first21=Marylou |last22=Plotnykov |first22=Mykhaylo |last23=Valencia |first23=Diana |display-authors=1 |title=Transmission Spectroscopy of the Habitable Zone Exoplanet LHS 1140 b with JWST/NIRISS |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=970 |issue=1 |date=2024-07-01 |issn=2041-8205 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ad5afa |doi-access=free |page=L2|arxiv=2406.15136 |bibcode=2024ApJ...970L...2C }} {{2017 'sy spoar}} {{gurneil eaghtyrys}} [[Ronney:Yn Meeyl Mooar]] [[Ronney:Planaidyn neughrianagh feddynit magh 'sy vlein 2017]] [[Ronney:Sur-Chruinnaghyn 'sy chryss vaghagh]] [[Ronney:Planaidyn neughrianagh tessenagh]] [[Ronney:Ushtey neuhallooinagh]] 30vr5l8s1gbw79ezg8b0oatjn6xrkd1 14 54365 389279 2026-08-13T12:14:58Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Religion in Cuba|Craueeaght 'sy Choobey}} {{Cat main}} [[Ronney:Cultoor ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght rere çheer|Choobey]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght ayns America Hwoaie rere çheer|Choobey]] 24ax2xnbmu1hd1u12hlcm4oiecy82ky 389280 389279 2026-08-13T12:15:29Z MacTire02 219 ronney elley 389280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Religion in Cuba|Craueeaght 'sy Choobey}} {{Cat main}} [[Ronney:Cultoor y Choobey]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght rere çheer|Choobey]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght ayns America Hwoaie rere çheer|Choobey]] 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| date_ruggyr = {{date_ruggyr|df=y|1996|12|11}} | boayl_ruggyr = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], ny Steatyn Unnaneysit | yrjid = <!--Do not add height. Steinfeld has proven to be an unreliable source for this information.--> }} She ben-aghteyr as arraneyder Americaanagh ee '''Hailee Steinfeld''' (ruggit er 11 Mee ny Nollick 1996).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSfjCG4V2GM&t=372s|title=Hailee Steinfeld Answers the Web's Most Searched Questions|magazine=[[Wired (earishlioar)|Wired]]|via=[[YouTube]]|date=Mee Houney 2019|access-date=30 Mee Houney 2021|archive-date=30 Mee Houney 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130090010/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSfjCG4V2GM&t=372s|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm761oBFGwM|title=Hailee Steinfeld Middle Name |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="BackStage">{{cite news|url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/girl-grit-58360/|title=A Girl With 'Grit'|last=Riley|first=Jenelle|newspaper=[[Backstage (earishlioar)|Backstage]]|date=13 Mee ny Nollick 2010|access-date=20 Mee ny Nollick 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223065112/http://www.backstage.com/bso/news-and-features-features/a-girl-with-grit-1004134005.story|archive-date=23 Mee ny Nollick 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Haink rah urree lesh y [[fillym sheear-skeeal]] ''[[True Grit (fillym 2010)|True Grit]]'' (2010), chossyn j'ee [[Rolley aundyryn as enmyssaghtyn bronnit er Hailee Steinfeld|accolaidyn eigsoylagh]], goaill stiagh enmyssaght son [[Aundyr yn Academee da'n Ven-aghteyr Cohassooagh Share|Aundyr yn Academee]], [[Aundyr BAFTA da'n Ven-aghteyr Share ayns Paart Toshee|Aundyr BAFTA]], [[Aundyryn Fillym Critics' Choice|Aundyr Fillym Critics' Choice]] as [[Aundyryn Actor|Aundyr Actor]]. Hooar ee enney ny s'odjey son e paartyn 'sy [[Pitch Perfect (kiartys fillym)|straih fillym ''Pitch Perfect'']] (2015–2017) as ayns ''[[The Edge of Seventeen]]'' (2016), chossyn j'ee enmyssaght son [[Aundyr Golden Globe da'n Ven-aghteyr Share – Jalloo Roie Aittys ny Kiaullee|Golden Globe]]. Chammah's shen, t'ee er ny chloie ayns ''[[Ender's Game (fillym)|Ender's Game]]'' (2013), ''[[Begin Again (fillym)|Begin Again]]'' (2013), ''[[Bumblebee (fillym)|Bumblebee]]'' (2018), as [[Sinners (fillym 2025)|''Sinners'']] (2025). Chur ee e goo rish [[Gwen Stacy (Spider-Verse)|Gwen Stacy]] ayns ''[[Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse]]'' (2018) as [[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse|y fillym eiyrtyssagh echey 'sy vlein 2023]], [[Vi (League of Legends)|Vi]] 'sy straih ''[[Arcane (straih hellveeish)|Arcane]]'' (2021–2024) lesh [[Netflix]], as Billie Doe 'sy fillym bioghit ''[[Hexed (fillym 2026)|Hexed]]'' (2026) lesh [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]]. T'ee er ny chloie [[Emily Dickinson]] 'sy straih ''[[Dickinson (straih hellveeish)|Dickinson]]'' (2019–2021) lesh [[Apple TV+]], as [[Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Kate Bishop]] ayns [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]]. 'Sy chiaull, hooar Steinfeld enney erreish j'ee "[[Flashlight (arrane Jessie J)|Flashlight]]" y chloie ayns ''[[Pitch Perfect 2]]'' (2015). Tammylt beg ny yei, ren ee fo-screeu rish [[Republic Records]] as skeayll ee magh e chied hingyl, "[[Love Myself (arrane Hailee Steinfeld)|Love Myself]]", as haink ny [[cloie sheeynt|cloiaghyn sheeynt]] ''[[Haiz (EP)|Haiz]]'' (2015) as ''[[Half Written Story]]'' (2020) nyn yei. Veih'n rah shen, t'ee er ny skeaylley magh shiartanse dy hingylyn rahoil elley, goaill stiagh "[[Starving (arrane)|Starving]]", "[[Most Girls (arrane Hailee Steinfeld)|Most Girls]]", as "[[Let Me Go (arrane Hailee Steinfeld as Alesso)|Let Me Go]]". ==Imraaghyn== {{reflist}} ==Kianglaghyn magh== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Steinfeld, Hailee}} [[Ronney:Hailee Steinfeld| ]] [[Ronney:Ruggyryn 'sy vlein 1996]] [[Ronney:Feallee vio]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn bwoirrin Americaanagh y 21d eash]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn bwoirrin Americaanagh y 21d eash]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Los Angeles]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn ass California]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn ass California]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Thousand Oaks, California]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn kiaull R&B cho-emshiragh Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn dance-pop Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn fillym bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn çhellveeish bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn goo bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn pop-chiaull bwoirrin Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn Americaanagh Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Americaanee Ewagh 'sy scannaneaght]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn Americaanagh Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Feallee ass Tarzana, Los Angeles]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Philippeenagh]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Visayagh]] kgkb6a8ygpudqun6aoem2td2bam2fm2 14 54378 389298 2026-08-13T14:20:07Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Hailee Steinfeld}} {{Cat main}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Steinfeld, Hailee}} szx4g2dqixijo0cnxvmx78a9y9lexpk 14 54379 389300 2026-08-13T15:46:08Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RonneyKeirdRereX}} fsao9h3jerjbrw87uy2wfstknq89qv0 14 54380 389301 2026-08-13T15:46:56Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RonneyKeirdRereX}} fsao9h3jerjbrw87uy2wfstknq89qv0 14 54381 389302 2026-08-13T15:47:44Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RonneyKeirdRereX}} [[Ronney:Americaanee yn 21d eash rere keird]] 6qmud6f5kybt51jlffm80m5wi35h6cd 14 54382 389303 2026-08-13T15:48:49Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn Americaanagh| Eash]] [[Ronney:Americaanee rere keird as eash]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn rere ashoonaght as eash|Americaanagh]] m61fntsv0pwlj1vjrzln2vx9so42d49 14 54383 389304 2026-08-13T15:52:28Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn Americaanagh| Eash]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn Americaanagh rere eash]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn rere ashoonaght as eash|Americaanagh]] ocxarjt914ar016ouzdw8z97xffikvf 14 54384 389305 2026-08-13T19:26:30Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn bwoirrin Americaanagh| Eash]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn bwoirrin Americaanagh rere eash]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn Americaanagh rere eash|+]] [[Ronney:Arraneyderyn bwoirrin rere ashoonaght as eash|Americaanagh]] t9oag0snst6fwhxebzzbrxvkhkpvpzy 14 54385 389310 2026-08-13T19:42:34Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn bwoirrin Americaanagh| Eash]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn Americaanagh rere eash|+]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn bwoirrin rere ashoonaght as eash|Americaanagh]] 4yf882amy962kt7r8k3by2wyyn6bbm3 14 54386 389311 2026-08-13T19:43:40Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RonneyKeirdRereX}} [[Ronney:Mraane Americaanagh y 21d eash rere keird]] [[Ronney:Ellyneyryn bwoirrin Americaanagh y 21d eash]] q0yreony7vq0e6syyw3sya82hgru365 14 54387 389314 2026-08-13T19:48:30Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons Category|Jewish American actors|Aghteyryn Americaanagh Ewagh}} [[Ronney:Aghteyryn Americaanagh rere kynneeaght|Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn Ewagh rere ashoonaght|Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Americaanagh Ewagh]] 09m1rntr0r6uffck4ai1s9mkphp5zer 14 54388 389316 2026-08-13T19:57:38Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Jewish American entertainers|Eunysseyryn Americaanagh Ewagh}} [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Americaanagh|+Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn Americaanagh rere keird|Eunysseyryn]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Ewagh rere ashoonaght|Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Cultoor Americaanagh Ewagh]] 7g3bh6j0ayrf2xxg12m8n2dtrq92yfp 14 54389 389317 2026-08-13T20:00:37Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|American Jews by occupation|Ewnyn Americaanagh rere keird}} {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Ewnyn Americaanagh| Keird]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere ashoonaght as keird|Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Americaanee rere sluight as keird]] ie455iknghoczzysrua19r832ge34eg 14 54390 389319 2026-08-13T20:04:13Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commons category|Jewish people of the United States|Ewnyn ass ny Steatyn Unnaneysit}} {{cat main|Ewnyn Americaanagh}} {{category see also|Americaanee jeh sluight Israelagh|Americaanee jeh sluight Ewagh}} {{CatAutoTOC}} [[Ronney:Americaanee rere craueeaght]] [[Ronney:Americaanee rere kynneeaght]] [[Ronney:Americaanee jeh sluight Ewagh| Ewnyn]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere ashoonaght|Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn Americaanagh Hwoaie|Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn as yn Ewaghys ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|:]] 1e68ukr02nbwv03mkos7jiq8gcbg13r 14 54391 389321 2026-08-13T20:10:42Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Americaanee| Craueeaght]] [[Ronney:Americaanee Hwoaie rere craueeaght]] [[Ronney:Feallee rere ashoonaght as craueeaght]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|*]] {{CatAutoTOC}} 78or37zcw7njq567wiiguv34iaoe5fb 14 54392 389323 2026-08-13T20:20:02Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Feallee rere mooar-rheynn as craueeaght|Americaanee Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Americaanee Hwoaie| Craueeaght]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght ayns America Hwoaie| ]] kxiund79vhyljdl5v8qk4lj8burj8pj 14 54393 389324 2026-08-13T20:25:12Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} {{distinguish|Ronney:Americaanee Hwoaie jeh sluight Ewagh}} [[Ronney:Ewnyn as yn Ewaghys ayns America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere mooar-rheynn|Americaanagh Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Americaanee Hwoaie rere craueeaght| Ewnyn]] [[Ronney:Americaanee Hwoaie rere kynneeaght]] 6ue2rcd132zfgxty4v34347yn3ktpmm 14 54394 389325 2026-08-13T20:32:02Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere ashoonaght|+Keird]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere keird| Ashoonaght]] [[Ronney:Feallee rere ashoonaght as keird|+Ewnyn]] evehsk9ym8guybj4oljo3i2pkux2axb 14 54395 389326 2026-08-13T20:45:09Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} {{Category see also|Ronney:Keirdyn crauee Ewagh}} {{Commons cat|Jewish people by occupation|Ewnyn rere keird}} [[Ronney:Feallee rere kynneeaght as keird]] [[Ronney:Feallee rere craueeaght as keird]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn| Keird]] 33wa47bhfafn1qzrsinajp6c1px32hp 14 54396 389327 2026-08-13T20:46:31Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} {{Commons category|People by country by occupation|Feallee rere çheer as keird}} {{CatRel|Feallee rere keird as kynneeaght}} [[Ronney:Feallee rere kynneeaght|+]] [[Ronney:Feallee rere keird| Kynneeaght]] ohy5v1732ogvvrwgf73b4x7agp3esf0 14 54397 389357 2026-08-13T22:24:33Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} {{CatRel|Americaanee rere keird as sluight}} [[Ronney:Americaanee rere sluight| Keird]] [[Ronney:Americaanee rere keird|,Sluight]] [[Ronney:Feallee rere kynneeaght as keird| Americaanee]] 7fuiie9rzvoiey3ackf6we8jog32hxk 14 54398 389358 2026-08-13T22:26:20Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Jewish entertainers by country|Eunysseyryn Ewagh rere çheer}} {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Ewagh| Ashoonaght]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere keird as ashoonaght]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn rere ashoonaght|+Ewagh]] s2c92505hncvhntsxvfuyqph7y7irq0 14 54399 389359 2026-08-13T22:27:32Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere ashoonaght|+Keird]] [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere keird| Ashoonaght]] [[Ronney:Feallee rere keird as ashoonaght|+Ewnyn]] 38ym2lue7p8iwtz7der9urdjk8o92ah 14 54400 389360 2026-08-13T22:28:41Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Jewish entertainers|Eunysseyryn Ewagh}} [[Ronney:Ewnyn rere keird|Eunysseyryn]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn|+Ewagh]] 23xrjunsqpab1yr8dbafirr03nbe4dm 14 54401 389361 2026-08-13T22:29:59Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} {{CatAutoTOC}} [[Ronney:Aghteyryn Ewagh| Ashoonaght]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Ewagh rere ashoonaght| Aghteyryn]] [[Ronney:Aghteyryn rere ashoonaght|+Ewagh]] lx1wr59eo6megzvh2uexey0ks3ooyt5 14 54402 389362 2026-08-13T22:30:52Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Jewish actors|Aghteyryn Ewagh}} [[Ronney:Aghteyryn rere kynneeaght|Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Ewagh]] btqew9dafa2z1t5kfqrpmfd33ks2d4v 14 54403 389365 2026-08-13T22:35:40Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Jewish musicians from the United States|Kiaulleyderyn Ewagh ass ny Steatyn Unnaneysit}} {{Automatic category TOC}} [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn Americaanagh rere kynneeaght|Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Americaanagh Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn Ewagh rere ashoonaght|Americaanagh]] 01txv262yry97l5fxpgnfhckfjkxzdg 14 54404 389366 2026-08-13T23:48:13Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn Americaanagh| Kynneeaght]] [[Ronney:Americaanee rere keird as sluight]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn rere kynneeaght|*Americaanagh]] [[Ronney:Cultoor ny Steatyn Unnaneysit rere kynneeaght|*Kiaulleyderyn]] 86zr2kaa46bzxp8dfbeinp9tq37n71k 14 54405 389367 2026-08-13T23:49:27Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Musicians by ethnicity|Kiaulleyderyn rere kynneeaght}} {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn| Kynneeaght]] [[Ronney:Kiaull rere kynneeaght|*Kiaulleyderyn]] [[Ronney:Feallee rere keird as kynneeaght]] 80jczrrlwd337vo2zbr454keidgmgzz 14 54406 389368 2026-08-13T23:51:53Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} {{Commons category|Music by ethnicity|Kiaull rere kynneeaght}} {{related category|Kiaull rere çhengey|Kiaull rere çheer|Kiaull rere boayl}} [[Ronney:Cultoor rere kynneeaght| Kiaull]] [[Ronney:Kiaull chynneeagh| ]] [[Ronney:Kiaull| Kynneeaght]] c0ru3zzzzromtgep6hfp4y5t4vjt1rm 14 54407 389369 2026-08-13T23:53:23Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389369 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Kynneeaght]] [[Ronney:Shaanraghyn kiaull heayagh|Chynneeagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull hradishoonagh|Chynneeagh]] 6n0p3khkytu713le6sn78b0xr818btp 389370 389369 2026-08-13T23:53:43Z MacTire02 219 lettyraghey 389370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Kynneeaght]] [[Ronney:Shaanraghyn kiaull heayagh|Chynneeagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull tradishoonagh|Chynneeagh]] rciwq92ocah4sdckbh0zjse7mum245s 14 54408 389371 2026-08-13T23:56:40Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Kiaull heayagh]] [[Ronney:Fo-haanraghyn kiaull rere shaanrey|Heayagh]] 3b0slhhohaff1if37a5xbh4265enp4t 14 54409 389372 2026-08-13T23:58:04Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Jewish musicians by country|Kiaulleyderyn Ewagh rere çheer}} {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn Ewagh| Ashoonaght]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Ewagh rere ashoonaght| Kiaulleyderyn]] [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn rere ashoonaght|+Ewagh]] nqcictkk2fh07hhviwhf93yq16d8lvt 14 54410 389373 2026-08-13T23:59:07Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Jewish musicians|Kiaulleyderyn Ewagh}} {{CatAutoTOC}} [[Ronney:Kiaulleyderyn rere kynneeaght|Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyryn Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull Ewagh| Kiaulleyderyn]] 7esrq7hwqu0k09sada1xfj0vqmvr9te 14 54411 389374 2026-08-14T00:00:57Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Jewish music|Kiaull Ewagh}} {{Category see also|Kiaull Israel}} {{Automatic category TOC}} [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn cloie Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull chrauee|.Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull rere kynneeaght|Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull y Niar Meanagh|Ewagh]] 8czuoforp6s2ihwnpxn3v6q6jj30p6e 14 54412 389375 2026-08-14T00:02:14Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Cultoor y Niar Meanagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull rere ard|Niar Meanagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull yn Affrick|;Niar Meanagh]] [[Ronney:Kiaull yn Aishey|:Niar Meanagh]] 29ut7swq3jrtu5cj9w3cf8tnokqs4re 14 54413 389376 2026-08-14T00:03:33Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|African music|Kiaull Affrickagh}} {{Category main article}} [[Ronney:Eunysseyrys 'syn Affrick]] [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn cloie 'syn Affrick]] [[Ronney:Kiaull rere mooar-rheynn|Affrick]] fb2jd9fwyaj9wxtveub21fbj3sz1x28 14 54414 389377 2026-08-14T00:04:34Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn cloie rere mooar-rheynn|Affrick]] [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn 'syn Affrick|Cloie]] 2s469dvai7wty2ny1b4cry81tc12zkc 14 54415 389378 2026-08-14T00:05:41Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Arts in Africa|Ny h-ellynyn cloie 'syn Affrick}} [[Ronney:Cultoor yn Affrick|!Ellynyn]] [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn rere mooar-rheynn|Affrick]] mvwmyxrmifki1wc4e6rrq4qr0u1iq0y 14 54416 389379 2026-08-14T00:06:54Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Eunysseyrys rere mooar-rheynn|Affrick]] [[Ronney:Cultoor yn Affrick|!Eunysseyrys]] t5ohp740hyu3owagyg4pda297749jg0 14 54417 389381 2026-08-14T00:08:13Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Eunysseyrys rere ard| Kiaull]] [[Ronney:Kiaull rere boayl|Ard]] 4jw90y5d3wjno480dtpbp2sq4zv7qhb 14 54418 389382 2026-08-14T00:10:27Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Religious music|Kiaull chrauee}} [[Ronney:Cliaghtaghyn crauee]] [[Ronney:Kiaull foaynooagh|Chrauee]] [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn cloie crauee]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght as kiaull]] ofs10808s28a53kqzwedigabzqi6jmx 14 54419 389383 2026-08-14T00:11:25Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Shaanraghyn kiaull|Foaynooagh]] ei2s2zu0k4jeo1vi4p9l46n49k05s5a 14 54420 389386 2026-08-14T00:13:01Z MacTire02 219 ronney elley 389386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|North American music|Kiaull America Hwoaie}} [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn cloie ayns America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Kiaull rere mooar-rheynn|America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Eunysseyrys ayns America Hwoaie]] asp0740d6pbw2z6btm2yhtc6fzrafq6 14 54421 389387 2026-08-14T00:14:11Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389387 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn cloie|Crauee]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght as ny h-ellynyn|Cloie]] 4gle55ezza196b6wefg72wk3aobwzh8 14 54422 389388 2026-08-14T00:15:32Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389388 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Craueeaght as sheshaght]] [[Ronney:Cultoor crauee|Kiaull]] [[Ronney:Kiaull]] 2nv7sbqmdntlr9x5smf4vd93jw7g2gp 14 54423 389389 2026-08-14T00:16:30Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Ellyn Ewagh|Cloie]] [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn cloie crauee|Ewagh]] sq8vs98zsogz0yjeo4sucih16j5bnex 14 54424 389390 2026-08-14T00:18:19Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Ronney:Cultoor ny h-Ewnyn}} {{Commons cat|Jewish art|Ellyn Ewagh}} [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn rere cultoor|Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn sooilley rere craueeaght|Ewagh]] [[Ronney:Cultoor ny h-Ewnyn]] [[Ronney:Craueeaght as ny h-ellynyn|Ewagh]] 1g8j94n0j9wvt12747iwbiz8eyurv0x 14 54425 389391 2026-08-14T00:19:45Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Ny h-ellynyn sooilley| Craueeaght]] [[Ronney:Ellyn crauee| Sooilley]] [[Ronney:Ronnaghyn rere craueeaght|Ellynyn sooilley]] k9dfvwtl8cl0c6209a6r3raa4uvvc7q 14 54426 389392 2026-08-14T00:23:45Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Regions of Arizona|Ardjyn Arizona}} [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght Arizona]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn ny Steatyn Unnaneysit rere steat|Arizona]] rl5b0a0rn90b8nqbgp508wnipqj54rz 14 54427 389393 2026-08-14T00:24:59Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Populated places in the Sonoran Desert|Buill chummaltit ayns Faasagh Sonora}} [[Ronney:Faasagh Sonora]] [[Ronney:Buill chummaltit ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|Faasagh Sonora]] lfl5h94uwzf7w164567fyzoxu7nrlk1 14 54428 389394 2026-08-14T00:31:05Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Sonoran Desert|Faasagh Sonora}} {{Category main article}} [[Ronney:Queiggey Basin and Range]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn as reeastaneyn çhirrymagh ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|Sonora]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn Veksico|Sonora]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn America Hwoaie|Sonora]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|Sonora]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh Veksico]] [[Ronney:Queiggaghyn creg-oaylleeagh California]] 512z4h760f50y68g1syn1pepdzx4wju 14 54429 389395 2026-08-14T00:33:23Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commons category|Basin and Range Province|Queiggey Basin and Range}} {{cat main}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Basin and Range}} [[Ronney:Queiggaghyn fyshgraafagh]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn ny Steatyn Unnaneysit Heear]] [[Ronney:Queiggaghyn creg-oaylleeagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Queiggaghyn creg-oaylleeaght California]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|Queiggey Basin and Range]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght Veksico|Queiggey Basin and Range]] ksrlfwxpjzrdi5x9pdjvbjv1wkpp09r 389396 389395 2026-08-14T00:33:33Z MacTire02 219 lettyraghey 389396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commons category|Basin and Range Province|Queiggey Basin and Range}} {{cat main}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Basin and Range}} [[Ronney:Queiggaghyn fyshgraafagh]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn ny Steatyn Unnaneysit Heear]] [[Ronney:Queiggaghyn creg-oaylleeagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Queiggaghyn creg-oaylleeagh California]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|Queiggey Basin and Range]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght Veksico|Queiggey Basin and Range]] 62i7mqjl82xalpo2q75lm0dalunu740 14 54430 389397 2026-08-14T00:35:56Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Faasaghyn as reeastaneyn çhirrym|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Ream Nearctagh]] 3pi2ax7fak6bv523y0o42fasdcvjkel 14 54431 389398 2026-08-14T00:38:09Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cat main|Rolley faasaghyn ayns America Hwoaie}} {{Commons cat|Deserts of the United States|Faasaghyn ny Steatyn Unnaneysit}} {{catseealso|Dreeyminyn geinnee ny Steatyn Unnaneysit}} [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn rere çheer|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn America Hwoaie| Steatyn Unnaneysit]] qkuowfsetegbaw3ac7v5hi6s2ysru8k 14 54432 389399 2026-08-14T00:39:30Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons cat|Deserts by country|Faasaghyn rere çheer}} {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Faasaghyn| Cheer]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght rere çheer| Faasaghyn]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn çheer-oaylleeagh]] baxq776aeqdirqkdbyyn293j1ck22dk 14 54433 389400 2026-08-14T00:40:58Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main|Faasagh}} {{Commons cat|Deserts|Faasaghyn}} [[Ronney:Eggochoryssyn]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght]] [[Ronney:Çheer-yalloo]] i62jz15uybse3f7n0h38znghr1jhp07 14 54434 389401 2026-08-14T00:42:17Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons cat|Deserts of North America|Faasaghyn America Hwoaie}} {{Cat main|Rolley faasaghyn ayns America Hwoaie}} [[Ronney:Faasaghyn rere mooar-rheynn|America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght America Hwoaie]] r3c6r3tlk0tzonwix2kkn8p56rkmxtz 14 54435 389402 2026-08-14T00:43:31Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Deserts by continent|Faasaghyn rere mooar-rheynn}} {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght rere mooar-rheynn| Faasaghyn]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn| Mooar-rheynn]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn çheer-oaylleeaght]] 1omxhim6jk2lja2ik0xdxrjq7ctrjwo 389403 389402 2026-08-14T00:43:40Z MacTire02 219 lettyraghey 389403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Deserts by continent|Faasaghyn rere mooar-rheynn}} {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght rere mooar-rheynn| Faasaghyn]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn| Mooar-rheynn]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn çheer-oaylleeagh]] icy1yz3rgtghor79yfj4dh8qs06hre3 828 54436 389412 2026-08-14T01:14:00Z MacTire02 219 MacTire02 moved page [[Module:Wikidades/Units]] to [[Module:Wikidata/Units]] 389412 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Module:Wikidata/Units]] d1f5a94a4a1f2pw7k4zguvdpawgblml 10 54437 389414 2026-08-14T02:19:36Z MacTire02 219 clowan noa 389414 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{id|}}}}}|1}} | N <!--none--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}]] }} | O <!--only--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]] }} | F <!--first--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}|&#58; <small>{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}</small>}} | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}|&#58; <small>{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}</small>}} }} | #default = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}} <small>({{uc:{{{1|}}}}})</small>]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}} <small>(P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}})</small>]] }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> k8jv170qlggs0249fpe48ygwkpgfzbn 389415 389414 2026-08-14T02:19:53Z MacTire02 219 MacTire02 moved page [[Clowan:Property]] to [[Clowan:Wikidata property link]]: rere en 389414 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{id|}}}}}|1}} | N <!--none--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}]] }} | O <!--only--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]] }} | F <!--first--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}|&#58; <small>{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}</small>}} | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}|&#58; <small>{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}</small>}} }} | #default = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}} <small>({{uc:{{{1|}}}}})</small>]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}} <small>(P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}})</small>]] }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> k8jv170qlggs0249fpe48ygwkpgfzbn 10 54438 389416 2026-08-14T02:19:53Z MacTire02 219 MacTire02 moved page [[Clowan:Property]] to [[Clowan:Wikidata property link]]: rere en 389416 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Clowan:Wikidata property link]] a4egmpdd92uxs9ncg7iobmdzhhzda91 14 54439 389417 2026-08-14T02:31:22Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main|Rolley ardjyn eggoayllyssagh ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (WWF)|Rolley ardjyn eggoayllyssagh ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (EPA)}} [[Ronney:Eggoaylleeaght ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|Eggoayllyssagh]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh America Hwoaie rere çheer|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh rere çheer|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Coadey croo dooghyssagh ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh Nearctagh|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] {{CatAutoTOC}} 50g8zakgmretlw5ll610du6ymodamix 14 54440 389418 2026-08-14T02:32:34Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Çhymmyltaght ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Eggoaylleeaght rere çheer|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] ir8qabgauocywf4ug97mbk05dx4r3v5 14 54441 389419 2026-08-14T02:34:15Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Sheanse as çhaghnoaylleeaght ayns Steatyn Unnaneysit|,Bea-oaylleeaght]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght rere çheer|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght ayns America Hwoaie|Steatyn Unnaneysit]} d3dfypns8ppfn1hkjgs0pck75aw3st2 389420 389419 2026-08-14T02:34:26Z MacTire02 219 ] 389420 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Sheanse as çhaghnoaylleeaght ayns Steatyn Unnaneysit|,Bea-oaylleeaght]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght rere çheer|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght ayns America Hwoaie|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] rujpa9cmeg23bvh38x05lu1kgouq33m 389421 389420 2026-08-14T02:34:58Z MacTire02 219 ronney elley 389421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Sheanse as çhaghnoaylleeaght ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit|,Bea-oaylleeaght]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght rere çheer|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght ayns America Hwoaie|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] jsc4mf73x3075mldecoort869vk5xod 14 54442 389422 2026-08-14T02:35:38Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ronney:Sheanse as çhaghnoaylleeaght ayns America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Bea-oaylleeaght rere mooar-rheynn|America Hwoaie]] dmtz3x01988ods5q6msrb97ovhh9t18 14 54443 389423 2026-08-14T02:41:21Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Çhymmyltaght America Hwoaie rere çheer| Egg]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh America Hwoaie| Cheer]] [[Ronney:Tushtey najoor America Hwoaie rere çheer| Egg]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh rere çheer|*America Hwoaie]] sf0yw5u2z4ni33axcttnj9eyn7nxuez 14 54444 389424 2026-08-14T02:42:33Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh| Cheer]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn najooragh rere çheer| Egg]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn çheer-oaylleeagh|Egg]] {{CatAutoTOC}} k3juvsfvjlooxgd33b9cxfyui90sbj1 14 54445 389425 2026-08-14T02:45:12Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} [[Ronney:Ardjyn najooragh| Cheer]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn rere çheer| Najooragh]] [[Ronney:Çhymmyltaght rere çheer| Ardjyn]] mawdr9excewvvtoyzmrcf1mmuiw0bab 14 54446 389426 2026-08-14T02:46:26Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moir-ronney}} {{Commons category|Regions by country|Ardjyn}} [[Ronney:Ardjyn| Cheer]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght rere çheer| Ardjyn]] 66ss4mj0m231x6i3pwattd4iu2zqn08 14 54447 389427 2026-08-14T02:48:28Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmain|Rolley ardjyn eggoayllyssagh ayns America Hwoaie (CEC)}} [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh rere mooar-rheynn|America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Çhymmyltaght America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Tushtey najooragh America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Biota America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn America Hwoaie|+Egg]] 3na5gbwwb5b9qns1dcdv26pzppkq6xx 389428 389427 2026-08-14T02:48:38Z MacTire02 219 ronney elley 389428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmain|Rolley ardjyn eggoayllyssagh ayns America Hwoaie (CEC)}} [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh rere mooar-rheynn|America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Çhymmyltaght America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Tushtey najoor America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Biota America Hwoaie]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn America Hwoaie|+Egg]] mwb10zxyikm6dk98purgbuy6240a0tp 14 54448 389429 2026-08-14T02:50:33Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Conservation in the United States|Freayltys ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit}} {{Cat main}} {{CatAutoTOC}} [[Ronney:Çhymmyltaght ny Steatyn Unnaneysit]] [[Ronney:Coadey croo dooghyssagh rere çheer|Steatyn Unnaneysit]] r2292m6bf99kel6qp5pvtn5rtpioc12 14 54449 389430 2026-08-14T02:52:40Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Nearctic ecoregions|Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh Nearctagh}} [[Ronney:Ream Nearctagh| 01]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh thallooinagh|Nearctagh]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh America Hwoaie|Nearctagh]] {{CatAutoTOC}} 5ttng8ryx3781tmgm2mydcq09vp1wje 14 54450 389431 2026-08-14T02:53:31Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cat main|Ard eggoayllyssagh thallooinagh}} [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh|+Thallooinagh]] cvjkp6o3yo7etszyxyodco53pbwclk6 14 54451 389432 2026-08-14T02:57:22Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{commonscat|Deserts and xeric shrublands|Faasaghyn as reeastaneyn çhirrym}} {{Cat main|Faasaghyn as reeastaneyn çhirrym}} [[Ronney:Faasaghyn]] [[Ronney:Bea-oymyn thallooinagh]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh thallooinagh]] [[Ronney:Oayldyn]] [[Ronney:Reeastaneyn çhirrym]] {{CatAutoTOC}} i70hfco0445c2siptof7h3s9ervg8x0 14 54452 389433 2026-08-14T02:59:31Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmain|Reeastane çhirrym}} [[Ronney:Eggochoryssyn]] [[Ronney:Rassanyn crouw]] a4vqxa61semfauxmp8i72zc6n0hv91g 389434 389433 2026-08-14T03:00:02Z MacTire02 219 ronney elley 389434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmain|Reeastane çhirrym}} [[Ronney:Eggochoryssyn]] [[Ronney:Rassanyn]] teb87mcm3n7sbbsygj4b1117mj80x6q 14 54453 389435 2026-08-14T03:01:18Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons cat|Deserts of Mexico|Faasaghyn Veksico}} [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght Veksico]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn rere çheer|Veksico]] [[Ronney:Faasaghyn America Hwoaie| Veksico]] bbvsq7mt4fne6d4cfsnl8788xsso04g 14 54454 389436 2026-08-14T03:04:05Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main|Rolley ardjyn eggoayllyssagh ayns Meksico}} [[Ronney:Çhymmyltaght Veksico]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh America Hwoaie rere çheer|Veksico]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh rere çheer|Veksico]] [[Ronney:Çheer-oaylleeaght Veksico]] [[Ronney:Tushtey najoor Veksico]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh Nearctagh|Veksico]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh Noahropickagh|Veksico]] [[Ronney:Biota Veksico]] 23mbajhnndl2rcszusuxtynjhvddk7r 14 54455 389437 2026-08-14T03:05:18Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Neotropical ecoregions|Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh Noahropickagh}} [[Ronney:Ream Noahropickagh| 01]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn eggoayllyssagh thallooinagh|Noahropickagh]] {{CatAutoTOC}} 01gem5wi69wr8glct34t0h11b2t3ajj 14 54456 389438 2026-08-14T03:06:45Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Metropolitan areas of Arizona|Ardjyn moirvaljagh Arizona}} [[Ronney:Buill chummaltit ayns Arizona|Phoenix]] [[Ronney:Ardjyn moirvaljagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit rere steat|Arizona]] [[Ronney:Deyn-oaylleeaght Arizona]] ckgwtzypghzw8gwd34fibixozvtb57v 14 54457 389439 2026-08-14T03:07:35Z MacTire02 219 ronney noa 389439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons cat|Demographics of Arizona|Deyn-oaylleeaght Arizona}} [[Ronney:Deyn-oaylleeaght ny Steatyn Unnaneysit rere steat|Arizona]] [[Ronney:Arizona]] rx2scklhd1gwdvjghbo4ahzxileiso8