Wikipedia hakwiki https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8u-Ya%CC%8Dp MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter 媒體 特殊 討論 使用者 使用者討論 Wikipedia Wikipedia討論 檔案 檔案討論 MediaWiki MediaWiki討論 模板 模板討論 說明 說明討論 分類 分類討論 TimedText TimedText talk 模組 模組討論 Event Event talk 0 1193 134488 127780 2026-08-13T17:33:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=Phìn |enname=boron |alt name= |number=5 |symbol=B |allotropes=α-, β-rhombohedral, β-tetragonal (and [[Allotropes of boron|more]]) |left=[[beryllium]] |right=[[Than]] |above=– |below=[[Lî|Al]] |series=lui-kîm-su̍k |series comment= |group=13 |period=2 |block=p |series color= |appearance=black-brown |image name=Boron R105.jpg |image size= |image name comment=boron (β-rhombohedral)<ref>[[#VanSetten2007|Van Setten]] et al. 2007, pp.&nbsp;2460–1</ref> |image name 2= |image name 2 comment= |atomic mass=10.81 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="CIAAW">[http://www.ciaaw.org/pubs/TSAW2013_xls.xls Conventional Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2= |atomic mass comment=(10.806–10.821)<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |electron configuration=&#91;[[Helium|He]]&#93; 2s² 2p¹ |electrons per shell=2, 3 |color= |phase=ku-thí |phase comment= |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt= |density gpcm3mp=2.08 |melting point K=2349 |melting point C=2076 |melting point F=3769 |boiling point K=4200 |boiling point C=3927 |boiling point F=7101 |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |critical point K= |critical point MPa= |heat fusion=50.2 |heat vaporization=508 |heat capacity=11.087 |vapor pressure 1=2348 |vapor pressure 10=2562 |vapor pressure 100=2822 |vapor pressure 1 k=3141 |vapor pressure 10 k=3545 |vapor pressure 100 k=4072 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=rhombohedral |oxidation states='''3''', 2, 1, −1, −5 |oxidation states ref=<ref name=v1>{{cite journal|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/125.pdf|title=Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF|author=Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F.|journal=J. Molecular Spectroscopy|volume=170|year=1995|page=82|doi=10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058|bibcode=1995JMoSp.170...82Z|access-date=2018-06-07|archive-date=2012-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111084341/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/125.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite article|url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf|author=Melanie Schroeder|title=Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden|page=139|language=de}}</ref> |oxidation states comment=(a mildly [[acid]]ic oxide) |electronegativity=2.04 |number of ionization energies=4 |ionization energy 1=800.6 |ionization energy 2=2427.1 |ionization energy 3=3659.7 |atomic radius=90 |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=84±3 |Van der Waals radius=192 |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref=<ref name=magnet>{{cite book| url=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf| title=Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics| publisher=CRC press| isbn=0849304814| year=2000| author=Lide, David R. (ed.)| access-date=2018-06-07| archive-date=2012-01-12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112012253/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf| dead-url=unfit}}</ref> |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20=~10⁶ |thermal conductivity=27.4 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25=β form: 5&ndash;7 |thermal expansion at 25 ref=<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holcombe Jr., C. E.; Smith, D. D.; Lorc, J. D.; Duerlesen, W. K.; Carpenter; D. A.|title=Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron |journal=High Temp. Sci. |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=349–57 |date=October 1973}}</ref> |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20=16,200 |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |Young's modulus= |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus= |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness= ~9.5 |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness= |CAS number=7440-42-8 |isotopes= {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=10 | sym=B | na=19.9(7)% | n=5 |firstlinks=yes}}<ref name="NISTic">{{cite web|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl| title=Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements |author= |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |accessdate=2008-09-21}}</ref> {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=11 | sym=B | na=80.1(7)% | n=6 |firstlinks=no}}<ref name="NISTic"/> |isotopes comment=¹⁰B content may be as low as 19.1% and as high as 20.3% in natural samples. ¹¹B is the remainder in such cases.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF02165219|title=Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-radioanalytical-and-nuclear-chemistry_1990-10-26_146_3/page/177|year=1990|author=Szegedi, S.|journal=Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters|volume=146|pages=177|last2=Váradi|first2=M.|last3=Buczkó|first3=Cs. M.|last4=Várnagy|first4=M.|last5=Sztaricskai|first5=T.|issue=3}}</ref> |predicted by= |prediction date= |discovered by=[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] and [[Louis Jacques Thénard]]<ref name="Lussac">{{cite journal|author=Gay Lussac, J.L. and Thenard, L.J. |year=1808|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e6Aw616K5ysC&pg=PA169|title=Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique|journal=Annales de chimie|volume=68|pages=169–174}}</ref> |discovery date=30 June 1808 |first isolation by=[[Humphry Davy]]<ref name="Davy">{{cite journal|author=Davy H|year=1809|title=An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=99|pages=39–104|doi=10.1098/rstl.1809.0005 }}</ref> |first isolation date=9 July 1808 |history comment label= |history comment= }} '''Phìn''' (硼), fe̍t-chá ham-cho '''phìn-su''' (硼素), he yit-chúng [[Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''B''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''5''', chhai [[Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu]] chûng thi-ńg vi. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] owndmaq7l0pd43c1br88r0g0m82moj8 0 1194 134486 134391 2026-08-13T17:31:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=Than |enname=carbon |number=6 |symbol=C |left=[[phìn]] |right=[[Tham]] |above=– |below=[[Si̍t|Si]] |series=tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k |series comment=sometimes considered a [[metalloid]] |group=14 |period=2 |block=p |allotropes=graphite, diamond |appearance=graphite: black<br/>diamond: clear |image name=Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg |image name comment=Graphite (left) and diamond (right), the two most well-known allotropes of carbon |image name 2=Carbon Spectra.jpg |image name 2 comment=Spectral lines of carbon |atomic mass=12.011 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="CIAAW">[http://www.ciaaw.org/pubs/TSAW2013_xls.xls Conventional Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2= |atomic mass comment=(12.0096–12.0116)<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |electron configuration=&#91;[[Helium|He]]&#93; 2s² 2p² |electrons per shell=2, 4 |phase=ku-thí |density gpcm3nrt=amorphous: 1.8–2.1 |density gpcm3nrt ref=<ref name="CRC">{{cite book | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5}}</ref> |density gpcm3nrt 2=graphite: 2.267 |density gpcm3nrt 3=diamond: 3.515 |sublimation point K=3915 |sublimation point C=3642 |sublimation point F=6588 |triple point K=4600 |triple point kPa=10,800 |triple point ref=<ref name=triple2>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5|title=Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon|year=1976|author=Haaland, D|journal=Carbon|volume=14|pages=357|issue=6}}</ref><ref name=triple3>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027|title=Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_carbon_2005-05_43_6/page/n4|year=2005|author=Savvatimskiy, A|journal=Carbon|volume=43|pages=1115|issue=6}}</ref> |heat fusion=graphite: 117 |heat capacity=graphite: 8.517 |heat capacity 2=diamond: 6.155 |electronegativity=2.55 |number of ionization energies=6 |ionization energy 1=1086.5 |ionization energy 2=2352.6 |ionization energy 3=4620.5 |atomic radius= |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=sp³: 77 pm<br/>sp²: 73 pm<br/>sp: 69 |Van der Waals radius=170 |crystal structure=simple hexagonal |crystal structure prefix=graphite: |crystal structure comment=(black) |crystal structure 2=diamond cubic |crystal structure prefix 2=diamond: |crystal structure comment 2=(clear) |oxidation states='''+4''', +3,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP|accessdate=2007-12-06|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216090126/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> +2, +1,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical|accessdate=2007-12-06|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216090130/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Formaldehyde|0]], [[Carbide|−1]], [[Methanol|−2]], [[Ethane|−3]], '''−4'''<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/comp.html|title=Carbon: Binary compounds|accessdate=2007-12-06|archive-date=2007-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125044836/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/comp.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |oxidation states comment=(a&nbsp;mildly acidic oxide) |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]]<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. </ref> |electrical resistivity=graphite: 7.837 |electrical resistivity unit prefix=µ |electrical resistivity ref=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm |access-date=2016-06-12 |archive-date=2004-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040106090858/https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20= |thermal conductivity=graphite: 119–165 |thermal conductivity 2=diamond: 900–2300 |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25=diamond: 0.8 |thermal expansion at 25 ref=<ref name=ioffe>[http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Diamond Properties of diamond], Ioffe Institute Database</ref> |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20=diamond:&nbsp;18,350 |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |tensile strength= |Young's modulus=diamond: 1050 |Young's modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/> |Shear modulus=diamond: 478 |Shear modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/> |Bulk modulus=diamond: 442 |Bulk modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/> |Poisson ratio=diamond: 0.1 |Poisson ratio ref=<ref name=ioffe/> |Mohs hardness=graphite: 1&ndash;2 |Mohs hardness 2=diamond: 10 |CAS number=7440-44-0 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=carbon-11 | mn=11 | sym=C | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=20&nbsp;min | dm= [[Beta emission|β⁺]] | de=0.96 | link1=boron-11 | pn=11 | ps=B}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=carbon-12 | mn=12 | sym=C | na=98.9% | n=6 |firstlinks=yes}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=carbon-13 | mn=13 | sym=C | na=1.1% | n=7 |firstlinks=no}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=carbon-14 | mn=14 | sym=C | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=5730&nbsp;y | dm=[[Beta emission|β⁻]] | de=0.156 |link1=nitrogen-14 | pn=14 | ps=N}} |predicted by= |prediction date= |discovered by=[[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and [[Sumer]]ians<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml |title=History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky |publisher=Caer.uky.edu |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12 |archive-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101085829/http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |discovery date=3750 BCE |first isolation by= |first isolation date= |history comment label=Recognized as an element by |history comment=[[Antoine Lavoisier]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Senese, Fred|date=2000-09-09|url=http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtml|title=Who discovered carbon?|publisher=Frostburg State University|accessdate=2007-11-24|archive-date=2007-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207230348/http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> (1789) }} [[檔案:Element 6.webm|縮圖|Than]] '''Than''' (炭, 碳), fe̍t-chá ham-cho '''than-su''' (炭素), he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k]] [[ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''C''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''6''', chhai [[ngièn-su chû-khì-péu]] chûng thi-liuk vi. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] 19754eivcox9h7rss1w0a9wkn1vh1xe 0 1205 134485 125322 2026-08-13T17:30:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |name=Koi |enname=calcium |number=20 |symbol=Ca |left=[[Kap]] |right=[[scandium]] |above=[[magnesium|Mg]] |below=[[strontium|Sr]] |series=kán-thú kîm-su̍k |series comment= |group=2 |period=4 |block=s |series color= |appearance=dull gray, silver; with a pale yellow tint<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=112}}</ref> |image name=Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre.jpg |image size= |image name comment= |image name 2=Calcium Spectrum.png |image name 2 comment=[[Spectral line]]s of calcium |atomic mass=40.078 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2=4 |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=&#91;[[argon|Ar]]&#93; 4s² |electrons per shell=2, 8, 8, 2 |color= |phase=ku-thí |phase comment= |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt=1.55 |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3mp=1.378 |melting point K=1115 |melting point C=842 |melting point F=1548 |boiling point K=1757 |boiling point C=1484 |boiling point F=2703 |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |critical point K= |critical point MPa= |heat fusion=8.54 |heat fusion 2= |heat vaporization=154.7 |heat capacity=25.929 |vapor pressure 1=864 |vapor pressure 10=956 |vapor pressure 100=1071 |vapor pressure 1 k=1227 |vapor pressure 10 k=1443 |vapor pressure 100 k=1755 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=face-centered cubic |oxidation states='''+2''', +1, −1 |oxidation states ref=<ref name="West">{{cite journal|last1=Krieck|first1=Sven|last2=Görls|first2=Helmar|last3=Westerhausen|first3=Matthias|title=Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-chemical-society-journal_journal-of-the-american-_2010-09-08_132_35/page/12492|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=132|issue=35|pages=12492–12501|year=2010|pmid=20718434|doi=10.1021/ja105534w}}</ref> |oxidation states comment=(a strongly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) |electronegativity=1.00 |number of ionization energies=4 |ionization energy 1=589.8 |ionization energy 2=1145.4 |ionization energy 3=4912.4 |atomic radius=197 |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=176±10 |Van der Waals radius=231 |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20=33.6 |thermal conductivity=201 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25=22.3 |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20=3810 |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |Young's modulus=20 |Shear modulus=7.4 |Bulk modulus=17 |Poisson ratio=0.31 |Mohs hardness=1.75 |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness=170–416 |CAS number=7440-70-2 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=40 | sym=Ca | na=96.941% | hl=[[1 E19 s and more|>5.9×10²¹&nbsp;y]] | dm=([[double beta decay|β⁺β⁺]]) | de=0.194 | link1=argon-40 | pn=40 | ps=Ar}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=41 | sym=Ca | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=[[1 E12 s |1.03×10⁵&nbsp;y]] | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=– | link1=potassium-41 | pn=41 | ps=K}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=42 | sym=Ca | na=0.647% | n=22 |firstlinks=yes}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=43 | sym=Ca | na=0.135% | n=23 |firstlinks=no}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=44 | sym=Ca | na=2.086% | n=24 |firstlinks=no}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=45 | sym=Ca | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E7 s|162.7&nbsp;d]] | dm=[[beta decay|β⁻]] | de=0.258 | link1=scandium-45 | pn=45 | ps=Sc}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=46 | sym=Ca | na=0.004% | hl=[[1 E19 s and more|>8.8×10²²&nbsp;y]] | dm=([[double beta decay|β⁻β⁻]]) | de=0.988 | link1=titanium-46 | pn=46 | ps=Ti}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=47 | sym=Ca | na=syn | hl=[[1 E5 s|4.536&nbsp;d]] | dm1=β⁻ | de1=0.694, 1.99 | link1=scandium-47 | pn1=47 | ps1=Sc | dm2=[[gamma ray|γ]] | de2=1.297 | pn2= | ps2=– }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=48 | sym=Ca | na=0.187% | hl=[[1 E19 s and more|4.3×10¹⁹&nbsp;y]] | dm1=β⁻β⁻ | de1=4.274 | link1=titanium-48 | pn1=48 | ps1=Ti | dm2=(β⁻) | de2=0.0058 | link2=scandium-48 | pn2=48 | ps2=Sc}} |isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed |discovery and first isolation by=[[Humphry Davy]] |discovery date=1808 }} '''Koi''' (鈣) he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Ca''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''20''', chhai [[Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu]] chûng thi-ngi-sṳ̍p vi. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] jksttc5ksiy28pdudewl4dv3v4jj1vm 0 1230 134484 127742 2026-08-13T17:29:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |number=49 |symbol=In |name=Indium |left=[[cadmium]] |right=[[siak]] |above=[[gallium|Ga]] |below=[[thallium|Tl]] |series=heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k |group=13 |period=5 |block=p |image name=Indium.jpg |appearance=silvery lustrous gray |atomic mass=114.818 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2=1 |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=&#91;[[krypton|Kr]]&#93; 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹ |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 18, 3 |phase=ku-thí |density gpcm3nrt=7.31 |density gpcm3mp=7.02 |melting point K=429.7485 |melting point C=156.5985 |melting point F=313.8773 |boiling point K=2345 |boiling point C=2072 |boiling point F=3762 |triple point K=429.7445 |triple point kPa=~1 |triple point ref=<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0026-1394/26/4/001|bibcode=1989Metro..26..211M|title=Determination of the Indium Freezing-point and Triple-point Temperatures|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_metrologia_1989-12_26_4/page/211|year=1989|last1=Mangum|first1=B W|journal=Metrologia|volume=26|issue=4|pages=211}}</ref> |heat fusion=3.281 |heat vaporization=231.8 |heat capacity=26.74 |vapor pressure 1=1196 |vapor pressure 10=1325 |vapor pressure 100=1485 |vapor pressure 1 k=1690 |vapor pressure 10 k=1962 |vapor pressure 100 k=2340 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=tetragonal |oxidation states='''3''', 2, 1, −1, −2, −5<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic951378e|title=Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties|year=1996|last1=Guloy|first1=A. M.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2616–22}}</ref> |oxidation states comment=(an [[amphoterism|amphoteric]] oxide) |electronegativity=1.78 |number of ionization energies=3 |ionization energy 1=558.3 |ionization energy 2=1820.7 |ionization energy 3=2704 |atomic radius=167 |covalent radius=142±5 |Van der Waals radius=193 |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref=<ref>{{cite book | url = http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | chapter = Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 | access-date = 2018-06-10 | archive-date = 2011-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | dead-url = unfit }}</ref> |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n |electrical resistivity at 20=83.7 |thermal conductivity=81.8 |thermal expansion at 25=32.1 |speed of sound rod at 20=1215 |Young's modulus=11 |Mohs hardness=1.2 |Brinell hardness=8.8–10.0 |CAS number=7440-74-6 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=113 | sym=In | na=4.29% | hl=– | dm=([[spontaneous fission|SF]]) | de=<24.281 | pn= | ps= }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=115 | sym=In | na=95.71% | hl=4.41&times;10¹⁴&nbsp;y | dm=[[beta emission|β⁻]] | de=0.495 | link1=tin-115 | pn=115 | ps=Sn}} |isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed |discovered by=[[Ferdinand Reich]] and [[Hieronymous Theodor Richter]] |discovery date=1863 |first isolation by=Hieronymous Theodor Richter |first isolation date=1867 }} '''Indium''' ({{lang-zh|銦}} ''yīn'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''In''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''49'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] d5xdaz96lqxlbwrofhkekxd1vquk54l 0 4377 134487 125253 2026-08-13T17:32:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=Berkelium |number=97 |symbol=Bk |left=[[curium]] |right=[[californium]] |above=[[Terbium|Tb]] |below=(Uqe) |series=actinium-hi |series comment= |group=n/a |period=7 |block=f |series color= |appearance=silvery |image name=Berkelium metal.jpg |image name comment= |image name 2= |image name 2 comment= |atomic mass=(247) |atomic mass 2= |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=&#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 5f⁹ 7s² |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 |color= |phase=ku-thí |phase comment= |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt=alpha: 14.78 |density gpcm3nrt 2=beta: 13.25 |density gpcm3mp= |melting point K=beta:&nbsp;1259 |melting point C=986 |melting point F=1807 |melting point comment= |boiling point K=beta:&nbsp;2900 |boiling point C=2627 |boiling point F=4760 |boiling point comment= |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |critical point K= |critical point MPa= |heat fusion=7.92 |heat fusion comment=(calculated) |heat vaporization= |heat capacity= |vapor pressure 1= |vapor pressure 10= |vapor pressure 100= |vapor pressure 1 k= |vapor pressure 10 k= |vapor pressure 100 k= |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=double hexagonal close packed |oxidation states=2, '''3''', 4 |oxidation states comment= |electronegativity=1.3 |number of ionization energies=1 |ionization energy 1=601 |atomic radius=170 |covalent radius= |Van der Waals radius= |magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]] |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20= |thermal conductivity=10 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25= |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |Young's modulus= |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus= |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness= |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness= |CAS number=7440-40-6 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=245 | sym=Bk | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E5 s|4.94&nbsp;d]] | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=0.810 | link1=curium-245 | pn1=245 | ps1=Cm | dm2=[[alpha emission|α]] | de2=6.455 | link2=americium-241 | pn2=241 | ps2=Am}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=246 | sym=Bk | na=syn | hl=1.8&nbsp;d | dm1=α | de1=6.070 | link1=americium-242 | pn1=242 | ps1=Am | dm2=ε | de2=1.350 | link2=curium-246 | pn2=246 | ps2=Cm}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=247 | sym=Bk | na=syn | hl=[[1 E10 s|1380&nbsp;y]] | dm=α | de=5.889 | link1=americium-243 | pn=243 | ps=Am}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=248 | sym=Bk | na=syn | hl=[[1 E9 s|>300&nbsp;y]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Milsted | first1 = J. | last2 = Friedman | first2 = A. M. | last3 = Stevens | first3 = C. M. | doi = 10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4 | title = The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nuclear-physics_nuclear-physics_1965_71_2/page/299 | journal = Nuclear Physics | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 299 | year = 1965 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> | dm=α | de=5.803 | link1=americium-244 | pn=244 | ps=Am}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay3| mn=249 | sym=Bk | na=syn | hl=[[1 E7 s|330&nbsp;d]] | dm1=α | de1=5.526 | link1=americium-245 | pn1=245 | ps1=Am | dm2=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de2=– | pn2= | ps2=– | dm3=[[beta emission|β⁻]] | de3=0.125 | link3=californium-249 | pn3=249 | ps3=Cf}} |isotopes comment= |naming=after [[Berkeley, California]], where it was discovered |discovered by=[[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] |discovery date=1949 }} '''Berkelium''' ({{lang-zh|鉳}} ''běi'' fe̍t-chá {{lang|zh|錇}} ''péi'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Bk''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''97'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] a0qoapfaee7k7qqjsh52nnj0ykx7v8v 0 24709 134482 133706 2026-08-13T13:48:08Z ~2026-44359-14 37419 城門尖 134482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Mountain | 名稱 = 針山 | 照片 = 針山.jpg | 照片說明 = 針山南脊 | 海拔 = {{Convert|532|m|ft|0|link=on}} | 位置 = [[香港]][[新界]]中部 | 座標 = {{coord|22|23|12.68|N|114|9|38.26|E}} | pushpin_map = Hong Kong | pushpin_map_caption = 針山的位置 | latd=22 |latm=23 |lats=13.52 |latNS=N | longd=114 |longm=9 |longs=37.75 |longEW=E }} [[File:Needle Hill Shing Mun.jpg|thumb|從城門水塘望向針山]] [[File:Peak of Needle Hill.jpg|thumb|針山山頂上的[[三角點]]及標示牌]] Chṳ̂m-sân（Needle Hill, Sàng-mùn Chiâm城門尖） he [[Hiông-kóng]] [[Sîn-kie]] ke sân-fûng, hói-pha̍t 532-mí, vi-yi [[Sàng-mùn kau-yâ kûng-yèn]]. [[Category:Sàng-mùn kau-yâ kûng-yèn]] [[Category:Hiông-kóng sân-fûng]] [[Category:Sîn-kie]] {{Navbox |name = 香港山峰 |title = [[香港山峰]]{{gray|（共300座以上）}} |bodyclass = hlist |state = collapsed |group1 = 900米或以上 |list1 = * [[大帽山]] * [[鳳凰山 (香港)|鳳凰山]] |group2 = 800至899米 |list2 = * [[大東山]] |group3 = 700至799米 |list3 = * [[四方山]] * [[妙高台]] * [[禾秧山]] * [[蓮花山 (大嶼山)|蓮花山]] * [[二東山]] * [[彌勒山]] * [[三山台]] * [[禾塘崗]] * [[馬鞍山 (香港山峰)|馬鞍山]] |group4 = 600至699米 |list4 = * [[禾塘崗 (南峰)]] * [[牛押山]] * [[草山 (香港)|草山]] * [[黃嶺]] * [[水牛山 (香港)|水牛山]] * [[黃牛山]] * [[飛鵝山]] |group5 = 500至599米 |list5 = * [[純陽峰]] * [[吊手岩]] * [[走馬崗]] * [[象山 (九龍)|象山]] * [[雞公嶺]] * [[青山 (香港)|青山]] * [[白石橋]] * [[大老山]] * [[大刀屻]] * [[太平山 (香港)|扯旗山]] * [[犁壁山 (大埔)|犁壁山]] * [[屏風山 (大埔)|屏風山]] * [[狗牙嶺]] * [[觀音山 (元朗區)|觀音山]] * [[東山 (香港)|東山]] * [[果老峰]] * [[石芽山]] * [[大金鐘]] * [[東洋山]] * [[針山]] * [[柏架山]] * [[薄刀屻]] * [[鍾離峰]] * [[拐李峰]] * [[芙蓉別]] * [[湘子峰]] * [[仙姑峰]] * [[曹舅峰]] * [[九逕山]] * [[奇力山]] |group6 = 400至499米<br>（節錄） |list6 = * [[獅子山 (香港)|獅子山]] * [[西高山]] * [[獅子頭山 (香港)|獅子頭山]] * [[紅花嶺]] * [[靈會山]] * [[采和峰]] * [[慈雲山 (山峰)|慈雲山]] * [[龜頭嶺]] * [[婆髻山]] * [[石屋山]] * [[北大刀屻]] * [[木魚山]] * [[歌賦山]] * [[石龍拱]] * [[蚺蛇尖]] * [[大磡森]] * [[老虎頭]] * [[羗山]] * [[筆架山 (香港)|筆架山]] * [[岩頭山]] * [[象山 (大嶼山)|象山]] * [[九龍坑山]] * [[雞胸山]] * [[畢拿山]] * [[觀音山 (大嶼山)|觀音山]] * [[紫羅蘭山]] * [[渣甸山]] * [[鷓鴣山 (香港)|鷓鴣山]] * [[聶高信山]] * [[小馬山]] * [[吊燈籠]] * [[枕田山]] * [[金馬倫山]] * [[牌額山]] * [[鹿山 (香港)|鹿山]] |group7 = 300至399米<br />（節錄） |list7 = * [[雞公山 (西貢)|雞公山]] * [[九肚山|狗肚山]] * [[女婆山]] * [[大上托]] * [[畫眉山]] * [[孖崗山]] * [[尖風山]] * [[雷打石]] * [[榴花峒]] * [[圓頭山]] * [[牙鷹山]] * [[水泉澳]] * [[大蚊山]] * [[龍山 (新界)|龍山]] * [[金山 (香港)|金山]] * [[担柴山]] * [[山地塘]] * [[歌連臣山]] * [[馬坑山]] * [[釣魚翁]] * [[桃坑峒]] * [[尖峰山]] * [[石獅山]] * [[孖指徑]] * [[牛潭山]] * [[三支香]] * [[廟仔墩]] * [[鶴咀山]] * [[禾寮墩]] * [[獅山 (香港)|獅山]] * [[寶雲山]] * [[太墩]] * [[西灣山 (西貢區)]] * [[葵坳山]] * [[砵甸乍山]] * [[雞仔峒]] * [[尖山 (香港)|尖山]] * [[老人山]] * [[五桂山 (香港)|五桂山]] |group8 = 200至299米<br />（節錄） |list8 = * [[東灣山]] * [[公庵山]] * [[馬頭峰]] * [[跌死狗]] * [[大嶺峒]] * [[大山 (香港)|大山]] * [[南朗山]] * [[打爛埕頂山]] * [[大蛇頂]] * [[大牛湖頂]] * [[田下山]] * [[花瓶頂]] * [[摩星嶺]] * [[雲枕山]] * [[牛湖墩]] * [[箕勒仔]] * [[龍虎山 (香港)|龍虎山]] * [[餓死雞]] * [[上洋山]] * [[龜山 (香港)|龜山]] * [[菱角山]] * [[照鏡環山]] * [[田灣山]] * [[茅湖山]] * [[班納山]] * [[東頭頂]] * [[橫頭墩]] * [[南堂頂]] * [[紅香爐峰]] * [[睇魚岩頂]] * [[琵琶山 (香港)|琵琶山]] * [[魔鬼山]] * [[麒麟山]] * [[神仙井山]] * [[吊鐘大山]] * [[花山 (香港)|花山]] * [[擺頭墩]] * [[掌牛山]] * [[寶馬山]] * [[野豬徑]] * [[白角山]] |group9 = 100至199米<br />（節錄） |list9 = * [[西灣山 (柴灣)]] * [[玉桂山]] * [[鴉巢山]] * [[平山 (香港)|平山]] * [[大陰頂]] * [[沈雲山]] * [[沙田嶺]] * [[長山 (北區)|長山 (北區)]] * [[石碑山 (香港)|石碑山]] * [[斧山]] * [[長山 (西貢)|長山 (西貢)]] * [[大嶺 (北區)|大嶺]] * [[蠔殼山]] * [[玉桂山#玉桂山副峰|假玉桂山]] * [[小欖山]] * [[壽臣山]] * [[白筆山]] * [[道風山]] * [[長牌墩]] * [[髻山]] * [[雞公嶺 (吉澳)|雞公嶺]] * [[菠蘿山]] * [[紅燈山]] * [[大石磨]] * [[鴨仔山]] * [[崇基山]] |group10 = 99米或以下<br />（節錄） |list10 = * [[格仔山]] * [[白虎山]] * [[手指山]] * [[黃麻地]] * [[喃嘸山]] * [[觀景山]] * [[白鶴山]] * [[虎山 (香港)|虎山]] * [[老鼠嶺]] * [[圓洲角|圓洲角山]] * [[茶果嶺]] * [[大井山]] * [[獅地山]] * [[高埔山]] * [[豬黃嶺]] * [[京士柏山]] * [[訊號山]] * [[窩仔山]] * [[細山]] * [[鱷魚山]] * [[天文台山]] * [[龍山 (九龍)|龍山]] * [[鶴岩頂]] * [[禮頓山]] * [[採石山]] * [[十二號山]] * [[老龍坑山]] * [[山貝嶺]] * [[白花嶺]] * [[天平山 (香港)|天平山]] * [[大環山]] |group11 = 統稱 |list11 = * [[香港三尖]] * [[西貢三尖]] * [[打爛埕頂山|龍脊]] * [[九龍群山]] * [[小八仙]] * [[九龍四山]] * [[八仙嶺]] * [[橫嶺]] * [[青山 (香港)#青山腹地|青山腹地]] |below = 參見：[[香港已消失山峰]] }}<includeonly>[[Category:香港山峰]]</includeonly><noinclude> [[Category:香港山峰|*]] [[Category:香港地理模板]] </noinclude> skqbnou33ayp5sw5vq9ct4k047l6u1a 0 24824 134483 2026-08-13T15:52:24Z Sdf 14758 Khôi sîn ya̍p-mien "[[File:MRT Route Map NE.svg|right|thumb|450px|Sîn-kâ-pô Thi-thiet Tûng-pet-sien.]] '''Sîn-kâ-pô Thi-thiet Tûng-pet-sien''' (新加坡地铁东北线, North–East Line, lu-sien thoi-péu-set vì [[chṳ́-set]]) he [[Sîn-kâ-pô Thi-thiet]] yit-thiàu yàng-yun chûng ke kô-yun-liòng lu-sien. ==Chhâ-cham khói-yeu == ==Li-yung chhong-khóng == ==Chhâ-cham chû-piên == ==Li̍t-sṳ́ == ==Cham-kháu chṳ̂-liau == *[[Kóng-vân Cham]] *Eû-nàm-y…" 134483 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MRT Route Map NE.svg|right|thumb|450px|Sîn-kâ-pô Thi-thiet Tûng-pet-sien.]] '''Sîn-kâ-pô Thi-thiet Tûng-pet-sien''' (新加坡地铁东北线, North–East Line, lu-sien thoi-péu-set vì [[chṳ́-set]]) he [[Sîn-kâ-pô Thi-thiet]] yit-thiàu yàng-yun chûng ke kô-yun-liòng lu-sien. ==Chhâ-cham khói-yeu == ==Li-yung chhong-khóng == ==Chhâ-cham chû-piên == ==Li̍t-sṳ́ == ==Cham-kháu chṳ̂-liau == *[[Kóng-vân Cham]] *[[Eû-nàm-yèn Cham]] *[[Ngiù-chhâ-súi Cham]] *[[Khiet-lâ Má-theù Cham]] *[[Tô-mî-kô Cham]] *[[Seú Yin-thu Cham]] *[[Fâ-lâ Kûng-yèn Cham]] *[[Vùn-khin Cham]] *[[Pô-tûng Pâ-sî Cham]] *[[Ngut-lî Cham]] *[[Sṳ̍t-liùng-kông Cham]] *[[Kô-vùn Cham]] *[[Heu-kóng Cham]] *[[Van-koet Cham]] *[[Sṳ̀n-kóng Cham]] *[[Póng-ngò Cham]] *[[Póng-ngò Hói-ngan Cham]] ==Lìn-khiûn chhâ-cham == ==Ngoi-phu lièn-kiet == [[Category:Sîn-kâ-pô Thi-thiet]] finr2yohiw7t9bn64p7xh8a70bn2ob0 14 24825 134489 2026-08-14T06:10:36Z PK2 26709 建立空白頁面 134489 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1