Phî

Wikipedia hakwiki https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8u-Ya%CC%8Dp MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter 媒體特殊討論使用者使用者討論 Wikipedia Wikipedia討論檔案檔案討論 MediaWiki MediaWiki討論模板模板討論說明說明討論分類分類討論 TimedText TimedText talk 模組模組討論活動活動討論 Phî 0 1217 134679 127781 2026-10-08T00:33:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 134679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |name=Phî |enname=arsenic |allotropes=grey (most common), yellow, black |number=33 |symbol=As |left=[[germanium]] |right=[[selenium]] |above=[[Lìn|P]] |below=[[antimony|Sb]] |series=lui-kîm-su̍k |series comment= |group=15 |period=4 |block=p |series color= |appearance=metallic grey |image name=Arsen 1a.jpg |image name comment= |image name 2= |image name 2 comment= |atomic mass=74.921595 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2=6 |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=[[[argon|Ar]]] 3d10 4s2 4p3 |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 5 |color= |phase=ku-thí |phase comment= |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt=5.727 |density gpcm3mp=5.22 |sublimation point K=887 |sublimation point C=615 |sublimation point F=1137 |triple point K=1090 |triple point kPa=3628 |triple point ref=<ref name="Gokcen1989">{{cite journal|author=Gokcen, N. A|title=The As (arsenic) system|journal=Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams|year=1989|volume=10|pages=11–22|doi=10.1007/BF02882166}}</ref> |critical point K=1673 |critical point MPa=? |heat fusion=grey: 24.44 |heat vaporization=34.76 |heat vaporization comment=(?) |heat capacity=24.64 |vapor pressure 1=553 |vapor pressure 10=596 |vapor pressure 100=646 |vapor pressure 1 k=706 |vapor pressure 10 k=781 |vapor pressure 100 k=874 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=rhombohedral |crystal structure ref= |oxidation states='''5''', 4, '''3''', 2, 1,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic049281s|pmid=15360247|title=Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters|year=2004|last1=Ellis|first1=Bobby D.|last2=MacDonald|first2=Charles L. B.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=43|issue=19|pages=5981–6}}</ref> −1, −2, '''−3''' |oxidation states comment=(a mildly [[acid]]ic oxide) |electronegativity=2.18 |number of ionization energies=4 |ionization energy 1=947.0 |ionization energy 2=1798 |ionization energy 3=2735 |atomic radius=119 |covalent radius=119±4 |Van der Waals radius=185 |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref=<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf|chapter=Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds|title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=81|publisher=CRC press|isbn=0849304814|year=2000|editor=Lide, David R.|access-date=2018-06-07|archive-date=2011-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20=333 |thermal conductivity=50.2 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion=5.6 |thermal expansion ref=<ref>{{cite book|author=Cverna, Fran|title=ASM Ready Reference: Thermal properties of metals|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qvrq96gJFxIC&pg=PA8|date=2002|publisher=ASM International|isbn=978-0-87170-768-0|pages=8–}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20181123192002/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf pdf].</ref> |thermal expansion comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}}) |thermal expansion at 25= |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |Young's modulus=8 |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus=22 |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness=3.5 |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness=1440 |CAS number=7440-38-2 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes_decay2 | mn=73 | sym=As | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E6 s|80.3 d]] | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=– | link1=germanium-73 | pn1=73 | ps1=Ge | dm2=[[gamma radiation|γ]] | de2=0.05[[Delayed nuclear radiation|D]], 0.01D, [[Conversion electron|e]] | pn2= | ps2=– }} {{infobox element/isotopes_decay4 | mn=74 | sym=As | na=syn | hl=[[1 E6 s|17.78 d]] | dm1=ε | de1=– | link1=germanium-74 | pn1=74 | ps1=Ge | dm2=[[positron emission|β+]] | de2=0.941 | pn2=74 | ps2=Ge | dm3=γ | de3=0.595, 0.634 | pn3= | ps3=– | dm4=[[beta decay|β−]] | de4=1.35, 0.717 | link4=selenium-74 | pn4=74 | ps4=Se}} {{infobox element/isotopes_stable | mn=75 | sym=As | na=100% | n=42 }} |isotopes comment= |discovery date=Early [[Bronze Age]] ([[2500 BC]]) |first isolation by=[[Albertus Magnus]] |first isolation date=1250 }} '''Phî''' (砒), fe̍t-chá ham-cho '''phî-su''' (砒素), '''sṳ̂n''' (砷), he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''As''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''33''', chhai [[ngièn-su chû-khì-péu]] lî-tú phài thi 33 vi. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] c0mjfd3huwhgmmyvw39jz18vsrgvdjo Technetium 0 1226 134683 133105 2026-10-08T00:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 134683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=Technetium |number=43 |symbol=Tc |left=[[molybdenum]] |right=[[ruthenium]] |above=[[manganese|Mn]] |below=[[rhenium|Re]] |series=ko-thu kîm-su̍k |series comment= |group=7 |period=5 |block=d |series color= |appearance=shiny gray metal |image name= |image alt= |image size= |image name comment= |image name 2= |image name 2 comment= |atomic mass=[98] |atomic mass 2= |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=[[[Krypton|Kr]]] 4d5 5s2 |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 13, 2 |color= |phase=ku-thí |phase comment= |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt=11 |density gpcm3mp= |melting point K=2430 |melting point C=2157 |melting point F=3915 |boiling point K=4538 |boiling point C=4265 |boiling point F=7709 |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |critical point K= |critical point MPa= |heat fusion=33.29 |heat vaporization=585.2 |heat capacity=24.27 |vapor pressure 1=2727 |vapor pressure 10=2998 |vapor pressure 100=3324 |vapor pressure 1 k=3726 |vapor pressure 10 k=4234 |vapor pressure 100 k=4894 |vapor pressure comment=''(extrapolated)'' |crystal structure=hexagonal close packed |oxidation states='''7''', 6, 5, '''4''', 3,<ref name="OpenMOPAC">{{cite web|url=http://openmopac.net/data_normal/technetium(iii)%20triiodide_jmol.html|title=Technetium: technetium(III) iodide compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=OpenMOPAC.net|archive-date=2008-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031601/http://openmopac.net/data_normal/technetium(iii)%20triiodide_jmol.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> 2, 1,<ref name="OpenMOPAC"/> −1, −3 |oxidation states comment=(a strongly [[acid]]ic oxide) |electronegativity=1.9 |number of ionization energies=3 |ionization energy 1=702 |ionization energy 2=1470 |ionization energy 3=2850 |atomic radius=136 |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=147±7 |Van der Waals radius= |magnetic ordering=[[Paramagnetic]] |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20=200 |thermal conductivity=50.6 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion=7.1 |thermal expansion ref=<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf |title=ASM ready reference. Thermal properties of metals |date=2002 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-0-87170-768-0 |editor-last=Cverna |editor-first=Fran |series=ASM materials data series |location=Materials Park, Ohio |chapter=Thermal Expansion |editor-last2=ASM International |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123192002/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf |dead-url=yes}}</ref> |thermal expansion comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}}) |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20=16,200 |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |Young's modulus= |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus= |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness= |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness= |CAS number=7440-26-8 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay3 | mn=95m | sym=Tc | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E6 s|61 d]] | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=– | link1=molybdenum-95 | pn1=95 | ps1=Mo | dm2=[[gamma radiation|γ]] | de2=0.204, 0.582, 0.835 | pn2= | ps2=– | dm3=[[internal conversion|IT]] | de3=0.0389, [[conversion electron|e]] | pn3=95 | ps3=Tc }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=96 | sym=Tc | na=syn | hl=[[1 E5 s|4.3 d]] | dm1=ε | de1=– | link1=molybdenum-96 | pn1=96 | ps1=Mo | dm2=γ | de2=0.778, 0.849, 0.812 | pn2= | ps2=– }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=97 | sym=Tc | na=syn | hl=[[1 E13 s|2.6×106 y]] | dm=ε | de=– | | link1=molybdenum-97 | pn=97 | ps=Mo }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=97m | sym=Tc | na=syn | hl=[[1 E6 s|91 d]] | dm=IT | de=0.965, e | pn=97 | ps=Tc }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=98 | sym=Tc | na=syn | hl=[[1 E14 s|4.2×106 y]] | dm1=[[beta emission|β−]] | de1=0.4 | link1=ruthenium-98 | pn1=98 | ps1=Ru | dm2=γ | de2=0.745, 0.652 | pn2= | ps2=– }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=99 | sym=Tc | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=[[1 E12 s|2.111×105 y]] | dm=β− | de=0.294 | link1=ruthenium-99 | pn=99 | ps=Ru }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=99[[nuclear isomer|m]] | sym=Tc | na=syn | hl=[[1 E4 s|6.01 h]] | dm1=IT | de1=0.142, 0.002 | pn1=99 | ps1=Tc | dm2=γ | de2=0.140 | pn2= | ps2=– }} |predicted by=[[Dmitri Mendeleev]] |prediction date=1871 |discovery and first isolation by=[[Emilio Segrè]] and [[Carlo Perrier]] |discovery date=1937 }} '''Technetium''' ({{lang-zh|鎝}} ''tǎ'' fe̍t-chá {{lang|zh|鍀}} ''dé'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Tc''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''43'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] 33njvq0osrf6smto05kei1h8nvwq2cc Tellurium 0 1231 134684 133107 2026-10-08T00:41:48Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 134684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |number=52 |symbol=Te |name=Tellurium |left=[[antimony]] |right=[[tién]] |above=[[selenium|Se]] |below=[[polonium|Po]] |series=lui-kîm-su̍k |group=16 |period=5 |block=p |image name=Tellurium2.jpg |appearance=silvery lustrous gray (crystalline), brown-black powder (amorphous) |atomic mass=127.60 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2=3 |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=[[[krypton|Kr]]] 4d10 5s2 5p4 |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 18, 6 |phase=ku-thí |density gpcm3nrt=6.24 |density gpcm3mp=5.70 |melting point K=722.66 |melting point C=449.51 |melting point F=841.12 |boiling point K=1261 |boiling point C=988 |boiling point F=1810 |heat fusion=17.49 |heat vaporization=114.1 |heat capacity=25.73 |vapor pressure 1=  |vapor pressure 10= |vapor pressure 100=(775) |vapor pressure 1 k=(888) |vapor pressure 10 k=1042 |vapor pressure 100 k=1266 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=hexagonal |crystal structure ref= |oxidation states='''6''', 5, '''4''', 3, '''2''', 1, −1, '''−2''' |oxidation states comment=(a mildly [[acid]]ic oxide) |electronegativity=2.1 |number of ionization energies=3 |ionization energy 1=869.3 |ionization energy 2=1790 |ionization energy 3=2698 |atomic radius=140 |covalent radius=138±4 |Van der Waals radius=206 |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref=<ref>{{cite book | url = http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | chapter = Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 | access-date = 2018-06-10 | archive-date = 2011-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | dead-url = unfit }}</ref> |thermal conductivity=1.97–3.38 |thermal expansion=18 |thermal expansion ref=<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf |title=ASM ready reference. Thermal properties of metals |date=2002 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-0-87170-768-0 |editor-last=Cverna |editor-first=Fran |series=ASM materials data series |location=Materials Park, Ohio |chapter=Thermal Expansion |editor-last2=ASM International |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123192002/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf |dead-url=yes}}</ref> |thermal expansion comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}}) |speed of sound rod at 20=2610 |Young's modulus=43 |Shear modulus=16 |Bulk modulus=65 |Mohs hardness=2.25 |Brinell hardness=180–270 |CAS number=13494-80-9 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=120 | sym=Te | na=0.09% | hl=>2.2×1016 y | dm=([[double beta decay|β+β+]]) | de=1.701 | link1=tin-120 | pn=120 | ps=Sn}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=121 | sym=Te | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=16.78 d | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=1.040 | link1=antimony-121 | pn=121 | ps=Sb}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=122 | sym=Te | na=2.55% | hl=– | dm=([[spontaneous fission|SF]]) | de=<30.974 | pn= | ps= }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=123 | sym=Te | na=0.89% | hl=>9.2×1016 y<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323|title=New limits on naturally occurring electron capture of 123Te|journal=Physical Review C|volume=67|pages=014323|year=2003|last1=Alessandrello|first1=A.|last2=Arnaboldi|first2=C.|last3=Brofferio|first3=C.|last4=Capelli|first4=S.|last5=Cremonesi|first5=O.|last6=Fiorini|first6=E.|last7=Nucciotti|first7=A.|last8=Pavan|first8=M.|last9=Pessina|first9=G.|last10=Pirro|first10=S.|last11=Previtali|first11=E.|last12=Sisti|first12=M.|last13=Vanzini|first13=M.|last14=Zanotti|first14=L.|last15=Giuliani|first15=A.|last16=Pedretti|first16=M.|last17=Bucci|first17=C.|last18=Pobes|first18=C.|bibcode=2003PhRvC..67a4323A}}</ref> | dm=(ε) | de=0.051 | link1=antimony-123 | pn=123 | ps=Sb}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=124 | sym=Te | na=4.74% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<28.221 | pn= | ps= }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=125 | sym=Te | na=7.07% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<26.966 | pn= | ps= }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=126 | sym=Te | na=18.84% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<26.011 | pn= | ps= }} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=127 | sym=Te | na=syn | hl=9.35 h | dm=[[beta emission|β−]] | de=0.698 | link1=iodine-127 | pn=127 | ps=I}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=128 | sym=Te | na=31.74% | hl=2.2×1024 y | dm=[[double beta decay|β−β−]] | de=0.867 | link1=xenon-128 | pn=128 | ps=Xe}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=129 | sym=Te | na=syn | hl=69.6 min | dm=β− | de=1.498 | link1=iodine-129 | pn=129 | ps=I}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=130 | sym=Te | na=34.08% | hl=7.9×1020 y | dm=β−β− | de=2.528 | link1=xenon-130 | pn=130 | ps=Xe}} |isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed |naming=after Roman ''{{lang|la|[[Terra (mythology)|Tellus]]}}'', deity of the Earth |discovered by=[[Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein]] |discovery date=1782 |first isolation by=[[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]] }} '''Tellurium''' ({{lang-zh|碲}} ''dì'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Te''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''52'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] 3547lcqgqk9ip9ce92kuc75apooizkd Protactinium 0 1256 134681 127782 2026-10-08T00:33:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 134681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |number=91 |symbol=Pa |name=Protactinium |left=[[thorium]] |right=[[uranium]] |above=[[praseodymium|Pr]] |below=(Uqt) |series=actinium-hi |period=7 |block=f |group=n/a |appearance=bright, silvery metallic luster |image name= |atomic mass=231.03588 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2=2 |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=[[[radon|Rn]]] 5f2 6d1 7s2 |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2 |phase=ku-thí |density gpcm3nrt=15.37 |melting point K=1841 |melting point C=1568 |melting point F=2854 |boiling point K=4300 |boiling point C=4027 |boiling point F=7280 |boiling point comment=(?) |heat fusion=12.34 |heat vaporization=481 |crystal structure=tetragonal |crystal structure ref=<ref name=str>{{cite journal|last1=Donohue|first1=J.|title=On the crystal structure of protactinium metal|journal=Acta Crystallographica|volume=12|pages=697|year=1959|doi=10.1107/S0365110X59002031|issue=9}}</ref> |oxidation states=2, 3, 4, '''5''' |oxidation states comment=(a weakly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) |electronegativity=1.5 |number of ionization energies=1 |ionization energy 1=568 |atomic radius=163 |covalent radius=200 |magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref=<ref name=magnet>{{cite book | url = http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | chapter = Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 | access-date = 2018-06-10 | archive-date = 2011-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | dead-url = unfit }}</ref> |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n |electrical resistivity at 0=177 |thermal conductivity=47 |thermal expansion=~9.9 |thermal expansion ref=<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 2. Thermal Expansion|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf|page=11|publisher=ASM International|title=ASM Ready Reference: Thermal Properties of Metals|editor=Cverna, Fran|year=2002|isbn=0871707683|access-date=2018-06-10|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123192002/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |thermal expansion comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}}) |CAS number=7440-13-3 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=229 | sym=Pa | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.5 d | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.311 | link1=thorium-229 | pn=229 | ps=Th}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=230 | sym=Pa | na=syn | hl=17.4 d | dm=ε | de=1.310 | | link1=thorium-230 | pn=230 | ps=Th}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=231 | sym=Pa | na=100% | hl=3.276×104 y | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=5.150 | link1=actinium-227 | pn=227 | ps=Ac}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=232 | sym=Pa | na=syn | hl=1.31 d | dm=[[beta emission|β−]] | de=1.337 | link1=uranium-232 | pn=232 | ps=U}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=233 | sym=Pa | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=26.967 d | dm=β− | de=0.5701 | link1=uranium-233 | pn=233 | ps=U}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=234 | sym=Pa | na=trace | hl=6.75 h | dm=β− | de=2.195 | pn=234 | ps=U}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=234[[Meta state|m]] | sym=Pa | na=trace | hl=1.17 min | dm=β− | de=2.29 | link1=uranium-234 | pn=234 | ps=U}} |isotopes comment= |predicted by=[[Dmitri Mendeleev]] |prediction date=1869 |discovery and first isolation by=[[William Crookes]] |discovery date=1900 |named by=[[Otto Hahn]] and [[Lise Meitner]] |named date=1917–8 }} '''Protactinium''' ({{lang-zh|鏷}} ''pú'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Pa''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''91'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] 39r4fehj5u17epenib6gik0cx51z900 Promethium 0 4370 134680 133111 2026-10-08T00:33:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 134680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |image name= |image alt= |image size= |image name comment= |image name 2=File:Promethium spectrum visible.png |image alt 2=Promethium spectrum visible.png |image size 2= |image name 2 comment=Spectral lines of promethium |number=61 |symbol=Pm |name=Promethium |left=[[neodymium]] |right=[[samarium]] |above=– |below=[[neptunium|Np]] |series=lanthanum-hi |period=6 |group=n/a |block=f |appearance=metallic |atomic mass= [145] |electron configuration=[[[xenon|Xe]]] 4f5 6s2 |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 |phase=ku-thí |density gpcm3nrt=7.26 |melting point K=1315 |melting point C=1042 |melting point F=1908 |boiling point K=3273 |boiling point C=3000 |boiling point F=5432 |heat fusion=7.13 |heat vaporization=289 |crystal structure=double hexagonal close packed |oxidation states='''3''', 2 |oxidation states comment=(a mildly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) |electronegativity=1.13 |electronegativity comment=(?) |number of ionization energies=3 |ionization energy 1=540 |ionization energy 2=1050 |ionization energy 3=2150 |atomic radius=183 |covalent radius=199 |magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref=<ref name=magnet>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref> |electrical resistivity unit prefix=µ |electrical resistivity=est. 0.75 |electrical resistivity comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}}) |thermal conductivity=17.9 |thermal expansion=9.0 |thermal expansion ref=<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf |title=ASM ready reference. Thermal properties of metals |date=2002 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-0-87170-768-0 |editor-last=Cverna |editor-first=Fran |series=ASM materials data series |location=Materials Park, Ohio |chapter=Thermal Expansion |editor-last2=ASM International |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123192002/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf |dead-url=yes}}</ref> |thermal expansion comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}}) |Young's modulus=α form: est. 46 |Shear modulus=α form: est. 18 |Bulk modulus=α form: est. 33 |Poisson ratio=α form: est. 0.28 |CAS number=7440-12-2 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=145 | sym=Pm | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=17.7 y | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.163 | link1=neodymium-145 | pn=145 | ps=Nd}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=146 | sym=Pm | na=syn | hl=5.53 y | dm1=ε | de1=1.472 | link1=neodymium-146 | pn1=146 | ps1=Nd | dm2=[[beta emission|β−]] | de2=1.542 | link2=samarium-146 | pn2=146 | ps2=Sm}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=147 | sym=Pm | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=2.6234 y | dm=β− | de=0.224 | link1=samarium-147 | pn=147 | ps=Sm}} |isotopes comment= |discovered by=[[Chien Shiung Wu]], [[Emilio Segrè]], [[Hans Bethe]] |discovery date=1942 |first isolation by=[[Charles D. Coryell]], [[Jacob A. Marinsky]], [[Lawrence E. Glendenin]], [[Harold G. Richter]] |first isolation date=1945 |named by=Grace Mary Coryell |named date=1945 }} '''Promethium''' ({{lang-zh|鉕}} ''pǒ'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Pm''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''61'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] houf513mdqq6ui5fuy7tfp4jhl8zln9 Rubidium 0 22699 134682 133338 2026-10-08T00:34:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 134682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |name=Rubidium |number=37 |symbol=Rb |left=[[krypton]] |right=[[strontium]] |above=[[Kap|K]] |below=[[caesium|Cs]] |series=kán-kîm-su̍k |series comment= |group=1 |period=5 |block=s |series color= |appearance=grey white |image name=Rb5.JPG |image size= |image name comment= |image name 2= |image size 2= |image name 2 comment= |atomic mass=85.4678 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2=3 |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration=[[[krypton|Kr]]] 5s1 |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 8, 1 |color= |phase=ku-thí |phase comment= |density gplstp= |density gpcm3nrt=1.532 |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3nrt 3= |density gpcm3mp=1.46 |melting point K=312.45 |melting point C=39.30 |melting point F=102.74 |sublimation point K= |sublimation point C= |sublimation point F= |boiling point K=961 |boiling point C=688 |boiling point F=1270 |triple point K=312.41 |triple point kPa=? |triple point ref=<ref name=b92/> |critical point K=2093 |critical point MPa=16 |critical point comment=''(extrapolated)''<ref name=b92>{{RubberBible92nd|page=4.122}}</ref> |heat fusion=2.19 |heat fusion 2= |heat vaporization=69 |heat capacity=31.060 |vapor pressure 1=434 |vapor pressure 10=486 |vapor pressure 100=552 |vapor pressure 1 k=641 |vapor pressure 10 k=769 |vapor pressure 100 k=958 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=body-centered cubic |oxidation states='''+1''', −1 |oxidation states comment=(a strongly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) |electronegativity=0.82 |number of ionization energies=3 |ionization energy 1=403 |ionization energy 2=2632.1 |ionization energy 3=3859.4 |atomic radius=248 |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=220±9 |Van der Waals radius=303 |magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]] |magnetic ordering ref=<ref name=magnet>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in {{RubberBible86th}}</ref> |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20=128 |thermal conductivity=58.2 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion=90 |thermal expansion ref=<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf |title=ASM ready reference. Thermal properties of metals |date=2002 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-0-87170-768-0 |editor-last=Cverna |editor-first=Fran |series=ASM materials data series |location=Materials Park, Ohio |chapter=Thermal Expansion |editor-last2=ASM International |access-date=2023-01-24 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123192002/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~msci301/ThermalExpansion.pdf |dead-url=yes}}</ref> |thermal expansion comment=(at {{abbr|r.t.|room temperature}}) |thermal expansion at 25= |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20=1300 |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |tensile strength= |Young's modulus=2.4 |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus=2.5 |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness=0.3 |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness=0.216 |CAS number=7440-17-7 |isotopes={{infobox element/isotopes_decay2 | mn=83 | sym=Rb | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=86.2 d | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=– | link1=krypton-83 | pn1=83 | ps1=Kr | dm2=[[gamma radiation|γ]] | de2=0.52, 0.53, 0.55 | pn2= | ps2=– }} {{infobox element/isotopes_decay4 | mn=84 | sym=Rb | na=syn | hl=32.9 d | dm1=ε | de1=– | link1=krypton-84 | pn1=84 | ps1=Kr | dm2=[[positron emission|β+]] | de2=1.66, 0.78 | pn2=84 | ps2=Kr | dm3=γ | de3=0.881 | pn3= | ps3=– | dm4=[[beta decay|β−]] | de4=0.892 | link4=strontium-84 | pn4=84 | ps4=Sr}} {{infobox element/isotopes_stable | mn=85 | sym=Rb | na=72.17% | n=48 }} {{infobox element/isotopes_decay2 | mn=86 | sym=Rb | na=syn | hl=18.65 d | dm1=β− | de1=1.775 | link1=strontium-86 | pn1=86 | ps1=Sr | dm2=γ | de2=1.0767 | pn2= | ps2=– }} {{infobox element/isotopes_decay | mn=87 | sym=Rb | na=27.83% | hl=4.9{{e|10}} y | dm=β− | de=0.283 | link1=strontium-87 | pn=87 | ps=Sr}} |isotopes comment= |discovered by=[[Robert Bunsen]] and [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] |discovery date=1861 |first isolation by=[[George de Hevesy]] }} '''Rubidium''' ({{lang-zh|銣}} ''lú'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k]] [[ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Rb''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''37'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] ogkvwfzzhzx4t9xe0ulmmys8xz07du9